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Yun E, Kwon BS, Kim J, Lee A. Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:159-170. [PMID: 37554358 PMCID: PMC10405771 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2244549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and chronic lung disease characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and fibroblast proliferation. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) serves as a source of fibroblasts and contributes to PF progression. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a steroidal saponin extracted from ginseng, is known to have pharmacological effects on vascular diseases. We have previously demonstrated that Rg3 inhibits EndMT and prevents endothelial dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesized that Rg3 may be a potential therapeutic agent for PF-targeting EndMT. EndMT occurs in the lung tissue of a bleomycin-induced PF mouse model, which was confirmed by co-staining of endothelial and mesenchymal markers in the pulmonary vasculature and changes in the expression of these markers. Rg3 administration decreased EndMT and suppressed PF development. We also examined the effect of Rg3 in an in vitro EndMT model induced by co-treatment with TGF-β2 and IL-1β. Rg3 treatment alleviated the characteristics of EndMT such as spindle-shaped morphological changes, EndMT marker expression changes, Dil-Ac-LDL uptake and migratory properties. In addition, we demonstrated the mechanism by which Rg3 inhibits EndMT by regulating the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Collectively, Rg3 can be a potential therapeutic agent for PF using the EndMT inhibition strategy, furthermore, it can be considered Rg3 as a therapeutic candidate for various EndMT-associated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsik Yun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Su Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Deng J, He Y, Sun G, Yang H, Wang L, Tao X, Chen W. Tanreqing injection protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting STING-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116071. [PMID: 36584920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by excessive collagen deposition, is a progressive and typically fatal lung disease without effective therapeutic methods. Tanreqing injection (TRQ), a Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, has been widely used to treat inflammatory respiratory diseases clinically. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aims to elucidate the therapeutic effects and the possible mechanism of TRQ against pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS The pulmonary fibrosis murine model were constructed by the intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM). 7 days later, TRQ-L (2.6 ml/kg) and TRQ-H (5.2 ml/kg) were administered via intraperitoneal injection respectively for 21 days. The efficacy and underlying molecular mechanism of TRQ were investigated. RESULTS Here, we showed that TRQ significantly inhibited BLM-induced lung edema and pulmonary function. TRQ markedly reduced BLM-promoted inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and inflammatory cytokines release (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in serum and lung tissues. Meanwhile, TRQ also alleviated BLM-induced collagen synthesis and deposition. Simultaneously, TRQ attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through regulating the expression of fibrotic hallmarks, manifested by down-regulated α-SMA and up-regulated E-cadherin. Moreover, we found that TRQ significantly prevented STING, p-P65, BIP, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, and ATF4 expression in lung fibrosis mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicated that TRQ positively affects inflammatory responses and lung fibrosis by regulating STING-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiuLing Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - YuQiong He
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - GuangChun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215411, China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - WanSheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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3
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Hasan M, Paul NC, Paul SK, Saikat ASM, Akter H, Mandal M, Lee SS. Natural Product-Based Potential Therapeutic Interventions of Pulmonary Fibrosis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051481. [PMID: 35268581 PMCID: PMC8911636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease-refractive lung condition with an increased rate of mortality. The potential factors causing PF include viral infections, radiation exposure, and toxic airborne chemicals. Idiopathic PF (IPF) is related to pneumonia affecting the elderly and is characterized by recurring scar formation in the lungs. An impaired wound healing process, defined by the dysregulated aggregation of extracellular matrix components, triggers fibrotic scar formation in the lungs. The potential pathogenesis includes oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, inflammation, etc. Nintedanib and pirfenidone have been approved with a conditional endorsement for the management of IPF. In addition, natural product-based treatment strategies have shown promising results in treating PF. In this study, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products, classified into three types—isolated active compounds, crude extracts of plants, and traditional medicine, consisting of mixtures of different plant products—in treating PF. These natural products are promising in the treatment of PF via inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial mesenchymal transition, as well as affecting TGF-β-mediated cell signaling, etc. Based on the current review, we have revealed the signaling mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and the potential opportunities offered by natural product-based medicine in treating PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Nidhan Chandra Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Shamrat Kumar Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafeza Akter
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Medical Science Research Foundation, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.-S.L.)
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Golden TN, Venosa A, Gow AJ. Cell Origin and iNOS Function Are Critical to Macrophage Activation Following Acute Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:761496. [PMID: 35145401 PMCID: PMC8822172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the intratracheal bleomycin (ITB) model of acute lung injury (ALI), macrophages are recruited to the lung and participate in the inflammation and resolution that follows injury. Macrophage origin is influential in determining activation; however, the specific phenotype of recruited and resident macrophages is not known. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI; however, the effects of its inhibition are mixed. Here we examined how macrophage origin determines the phenotypic response to ALI. Further, we hypothesize cell specific iNOS is key to determining activation and recruitment. Using a chimeric mouse approach, we have identified recruited and resident macrophage populations. We also used the chimeric mouse approach to create either pulmonary or bone marrow NOS2-/- mice and systemically inhibited iNOS via 1400 W. We evaluated macrophage populations at the peak of inflammation (8 days) and the beginning of resolution (15 days) following ITB. These studies demonstrate tissue resident macrophages adopt a M2 phenotype specifically, but monocyte originated macrophages activate along a spectrum. Additionally, we demonstrated that monocyte originating macrophage derived iNOS is responsible for recruitment to the lung during the inflammatory phase. Further, we show that macrophage activation is dependent upon cellular origin. Finally, these studies suggest pulmonary derived iNOS is detrimental to the lung following ITB. In conclusion, macrophage origin is a key determinant in response to ALI and iNOS is central to recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea N. Golden
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Andrew J Gow,
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5
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Zou C, Yang H, Cui L, Cao X, Huang H, Chen T. Potential hazardous effects of printing room PM2.5 exposure include promotion of lung inflammation and subsequent injury. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3213-3224. [PMID: 32945461 PMCID: PMC7453667 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been few studies investigating the potential effects of indoor sources of particulate matter on human health. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from a printing room on lung health was examined using cultured cells and a mouse model. Further, the mechanism of lung injury was examined. The results indicated that PM2.5 significantly enhanced malondialdehyde activity (P<0.05), decreased superoxide dismutase activity (P<0.05), upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-, IL-6 and downregulated the expression of the inflammatory factor IL-2 (P<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that PM2.5 significantly enhanced expression of phosphorylated (p)-ERK relative to total ERK, cyclooxygenase-2, p-anti-nuclear-factor-κB (p-NF-κB) relative to NF-κB, transforming growth factor-β1 and Bax relative to Bcl-2 in inflammation (P<0.05), fibrosis and apoptosis signaling pathways. Furthermore, the results revealed that exposure was associated with an increased abundance of pathogens including Burkholderiales, Coriobacteriia, and Betaproteobacteria in in the lungs. In conclusion, exposure to PM2.5 from a printing room significantly increased inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, indicating that exposure is potential threat to individuals who spend a significant amount of time in printing rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zou
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Lanyue Cui
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
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6
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Litvin DG, Denstaedt SJ, Borkowski LF, Nichols NL, Dick TE, Smith CB, Jacono FJ. Peripheral-to-central immune communication at the area postrema glial-barrier following bleomycin-induced sterile lung injury in adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:610-633. [PMID: 32097765 PMCID: PMC8895345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways for peripheral-to-central immune communication (P → C I-comm) following sterile lung injury (SLI) are unknown. SLI evokes systemic and central inflammation, which alters central respiratory control and viscerosensory transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS). These functional changes coincide with increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the area postrema, a sensory circumventricular organ that connects P → C I-comm to brainstem circuits that control homeostasis. We hypothesize that IL-1β and its downstream transcriptional target, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mediate P → C I-comm in the nTS. In a rodent model of SLI induced by intratracheal bleomycin (Bleo), the sigh frequency and duration of post-sigh apnea increased in Bleo- compared to saline- treated rats one week after injury. This SLI-dependent change in respiratory control occurred concurrently with augmented IL-1β and COX-2 immunoreactivity (IR) in the funiculus separans (FS), a barrier between the AP and the brainstem. At this barrier, increases in IL-1β and COX-2 IR were confined to processes that stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and that projected basolaterally to the nTS. Further, FS radial-glia did not express TNF-α or IL-6 following SLI. To test our hypothesis, we blocked central COX-1/2 activity by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Indomethacin (Ind). Continuous ICV Ind treatment prevented Bleo-dependent increases in GFAP + and IL-1β + IR, and restored characteristics of sighs that reset the rhythm. These data indicate that changes in sighs following SLI depend partially on activation of a central COX-dependent P → C I-comm via radial-glia of the FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Litvin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Denstaedt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lauren F Borkowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Corey B Smith
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Frank J Jacono
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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7
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Zhao L, Mu B, Zhou R, Cheng Y, Huang C. Iguratimod ameliorates bleomycin‐induced alveolar inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:686-694. [PMID: 30666825 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Bingyao Mu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
- Department of Nephrology Miyun Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Rongwei Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Yongjing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Cibo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
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8
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Artlett CM. The IL-1 family of cytokines. Do they have a role in scleroderma fibrosis? Immunol Lett 2018; 195:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Piñeiro-Hermida S, López IP, Alfaro-Arnedo E, Torrens R, Iñiguez M, Alvarez-Erviti L, Ruíz-Martínez C, Pichel JG. IGF1R deficiency attenuates acute inflammatory response in a bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4290. [PMID: 28655914 PMCID: PMC5487362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF1R (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor) is a tyrosine kinase with pleiotropic cellular functions. IGF activity maintains human lung homeostasis and is implicated in pulmonary diseases such as cancer, ARDS, COPD, asthma and fibrosis. Here we report that lung transcriptome analysis in mice with a postnatally-induced Igf1r gene deletion showed differentially expressed genes with potentially protective roles related to epigenetics, redox and oxidative stress. After bleomycin-induced lung injury, IGF1R-deficient mice demonstrated improved survival within a week. Three days post injury, IGF1R-deficient lungs displayed changes in expression of IGF system-related genes and reduced vascular fragility and permeability. Mutant lungs presented reduced inflamed area, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers and up-regulation of resolution indicators. Decreased inflammatory cell presence in BALF was reflected in diminished lung infiltration mainly affecting neutrophils, also corroborated by reduced neutrophil numbers in bone marrow, as well as reduced lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage counts. Additionally, increased SFTPC expression together with hindered HIF1A expression and augmented levels of Gpx8 indicate that IGF1R deficiency protects against alveolar damage. These findings identify IGF1R as an important player in murine acute lung inflammation, suggesting that targeting IGF1R may counteract the inflammatory component of many lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Icíar P López
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Elvira Alfaro-Arnedo
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Raquel Torrens
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - María Iñiguez
- Genomics Core Facility, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain.
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10
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Kolahian S, Fernandez IE, Eickelberg O, Hartl D. Immune Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:309-22. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0121tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Guo C, Atochina-Vasserman E, Abramova H, George B, Manoj V, Scott P, Gow A. Role of NOS2 in pulmonary injury and repair in response to bleomycin. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 91:293-301. [PMID: 26526764 PMCID: PMC5059840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is derived from multiple isoforms of the Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOSs) within the lung for a variety of functions; however, NOS2-derived nitrogen oxides seem to play an important role in inflammatory regulation. In this study, we investigate the role of NOS2 in pulmonary inflammation/fibrosis in response to intratracheal bleomycin instillation (ITB) and to determine if these effects are related to macrophage phenotype. Systemic NOS2 inhibition was achieved by administration of 1400W, a specific and potent NOS2 inhibitor, via osmotic pump starting six days prior to ITB. 1400W administration attenuated lung inflammation, decreased chemotactic activity of the broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL), and reduced BAL cell count and nitrogen oxide production. S-nitrosylated SP-D (SNO-SP-D), which has a pro-inflammatory function, was formed in response to ITB; but this formation, as well as structural disruption of SP-D, was inhibited by 1400W. mRNA levels of IL-1β, CCL2 and Ptgs2 were decreased by 1400W treatment. In contrast, expression of genes associated with alternate macrophage activation and fibrosis Fizz1, TGF-β and Ym-1 was not changed by 1400W. Similar to the effects of 1400W, NOS2-/- mice displayed an attenuated inflammatory response to ITB (day 3 and day 8 post-instillation). The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was attenuated in NOS2-/- mice; in addition, expression of alternate activation genes (Fizz1, Ym-1, Gal3, Arg1) was increased. This shift towards an increase in alternate activation was confirmed by western blot for Fizz-1 and Gal-3 that show persistent up-regulation 15 days after ITB. In contrast arginase, which is increased in expression at 8 days post ITB in NOS2-/-, resolves by day 15. These data suggest that NOS2, while critical to the development of the acute inflammatory response to injury, is also necessary to control the late phase response to ITB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Atochina-Vasserman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Blessy George
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Veleeparambil Manoj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pamela Scott
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Yonezawa R, Yamamoto S, Takenaka M, Kage Y, Negoro T, Toda T, Ohbayashi M, Numata T, Nakano Y, Yamamoto T, Mori Y, Ishii M, Shimizu S. TRPM2 channels in alveolar epithelial cells mediate bleomycin-induced lung inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:101-13. [PMID: 26600069 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation is a major adverse effect of therapy with the antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM). Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel that is activated by oxidative stress through the production of ADP-ribose. We herein investigated whether TRPM2 channels contributed to BLM-induced lung inflammation. The intratracheal instillation of BLM into wild-type (WT) mice increased the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and inflammatory cytokine levels in the lung. Increases in inflammatory markers in WT mice were markedly reduced in trpm2 knockout (KO) mice, which demonstrated that the activation of TRPM2 channels was involved in BLM-induced lung inflammation. The expression of TRPM2 mRNA was observed in alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, and lung fibroblasts. Actually, TRPM2 protein was expressed in lung tissues. Of these, TRPM2 channels in epithelial cells were activated by the addition of H2O2 following a BLM pretreatment, resulting in the secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). The H2O2-induced activation of TRPM2 by the BLM pretreatment was blocked by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors PJ34 and 3-aminobenzamide. The accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) in the nucleus, a marker for ADP-ribose production, was strongly induced by H2O2 following the BLM pretreatment. Furthermore, administration of PRAP inhibitors into WT mice markedly reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells and MIP-2 secretion induced by BLM instillation. These results suggest that the induction of MIP-2 secretion through the activation of TRPM2 channels in alveolar epithelial cells is an important mechanism in BLM-induced lung inflammation, and the TRPM2 activation is likely to be mediated by ADP-ribose production via PARP pathway. TRPM2 channels may be new therapeutic target for BLM-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yonezawa
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamamoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miki Takenaka
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kage
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaharu Negoro
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohbayashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Numata
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nakano
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishii
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shimizu
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan.
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13
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Lin SE, Barrette AM, Chapin C, Gonzales LW, Gonzalez RF, Dobbs LG, Ballard PL. Expression of human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 and alveolar progenitor cells in normal and injured lungs of transgenic mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12657. [PMID: 26702074 PMCID: PMC4760449 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is expressed in the epithelium of various primate tissues, including lung airway and alveoli. In human lung, CEACAM6 is developmentally and hormonally regulated, protects surfactant function, has anti-apoptotic activity and is dysregulated in cancers. We hypothesized that alveolar CEACAM6 expression increases in lung injury and promotes cell proliferation during repair. Studies were performed in CEABAC transgenic mice-containing human CEACAM genes. The level of CEACAM6 in adult CEABAC lung was comparable to that in human infants; expression occurred in epithelium of airways and of some alveoli but rarely co-localized with markers of type I or type II cells. Ten days after bleomycin instillation, both the number of CEACAM6(+) cells and immunostaining intensity were elevated in injured lung areas, and there was increased co-localization with type I and II cell markers. To specifically address type II cells, we crossed CEABAC mice with animals expressing EGFP driven by the SP-C promoter. After bleomycin injury, partially flattened, elongated epithelial cells were observed that expressed type I cell markers and were primarily either EGFP(+) or CEACAM6(+). In cell cycle studies, mitosis was greater in CEACAM6(+) non-type II cells versus CEACAM6(+)/EGFP(+) cells. CEACAM6 epithelial expression was also increased after hyperoxic exposure and LPS instillation, suggesting a generalized response to acute lung injuries. We conclude that CEACAM6 expression is comparable in human lung and the CEABAC mouse. CEACAM6 in this model appears to be a marker of a progenitor cell population that contributes to alveolar epithelial cell replenishment after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-E Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anne Marie Barrette
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl Chapin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda W Gonzales
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert F Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leland G Dobbs
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip L Ballard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Willoughby JA. Predicting Respiratory Toxicity Using a Human 3D Airway (EpiAirway™) Model Combined with Multiple Parametric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Williamson JD, Sadofsky LR, Hart SP. The pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced lung injury in animals and its applicability to human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:57-73. [PMID: 25514507 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.979516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease of unknown etiology, for which there is no curative pharmacological therapy. Bleomycin, an anti-neoplastic agent that causes lung fibrosis in human patients has been used extensively in rodent models to mimic IPF. In this review, we compare the pathogenesis and histological features of human IPF and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BPF) induced in rodents by intratracheal delivery. We discuss the current understanding of IPF and BPF disease development, from the contribution of alveolar epithelial cells and inflammation to the role of fibroblasts and cytokines, and draw conclusions about what we have learned from the intratracheal bleomycin model of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Williamson
- Hull York Medical School, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Academic Respiratory Medicine , Castle Hill Hospital, Hull , United Kingdom
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16
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Wang Z, Guo QY, Zhang XJ, Li X, Li WT, Ma XT, Ma LJ. Corilagin attenuates aerosol bleomycin-induced experimental lung injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9762-79. [PMID: 24886817 PMCID: PMC4100119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressing lethal disease with few clinically effective therapies. Corilagin is a tannin derivative which shows anti-inflammatory and antifibrotics properties and is potentiated in treating IPF. Here, we investigated the effect of corilagin on lung injury following bleomycin exposure in an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis. Corilagin abrogated bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis as assessed by H&E; Masson's trichrome staining and lung hydroxyproline content in lung tissue. Corilagin reduced the number of apoptotic lung cells and prevented lung epithelial cells from membrane breakdown, effluence of lamellar bodies and thickening of the respiratory membrane. Bleomycin exposure induced expression of MDA, IKKα, phosphorylated IKKα (p-IKKα), NF-κB P65, TNF-α and IL-1β, and reduced I-κB expression in mice lung tissue or in BALF. These changes were reversed by high-dose corilagin (100 mg/kg i.p) more dramatically than by low dose (10 mg/kg i.p). Last, corilagin inhibits TGF-β1 production and α-SMA expression in lung tissue samples. Taken together, these findings confirmed that corilagin attenuates bleomycin-induced epithelial injury and fibrosis via inactivation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine release and NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling. Corilagin may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Qiong-Ya Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Xiao-Ju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Xi-Tao Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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Barlo NP, van Moorsel CHM, Korthagen NM, Heron M, Rijkers GT, Ruven HJT, van den Bosch JMM, Grutters JC. Genetic variability in the IL1RN gene and the balance between interleukin (IL)-1 receptor agonist and IL-1β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 166:346-51. [PMID: 22059992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown aetiology. Interleukin (IL)-1β plays an important role in inflammation and has been associated with fibrotic remodelling. We investigated the balance between IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum as well as the influence of genetic variability in the IL1B and IL1RN gene on disease susceptibility and cytokine levels. In 77 IPF patients and 349 healthy controls, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL1RN and IL1B genes were determined. Serum and BALF IL-1Ra and IL-1β levels were measured using a multiplex suspension bead array system and were correlated with genotypes. Both in serum and BALF a significantly decreased IL-1Ra/IL-1β ratio was found in IPF patients compared to healthy controls. In the IL1RN gene, one SNP was associated with both the susceptibility to IPF and reduced IL-1Ra/IL-1β ratios in BALF. Our results show that genetic variability in the IL1RN gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of IPF and that this role may be more important than thought until recently. The imbalance between IL-1Ra and IL-1β might contribute to a proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic environment in their lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Barlo
- Department of Pulmonology, Centre for Interstitial Lung Diseases, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Cappetti B, Casalini P, Chiodoni C, Piconese S, Santangelo A, Parenza M, Arioli I, Miotti S, Colombo MP. SPARC oppositely regulates inflammation and fibrosis in bleomycin-induced lung damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:3000-10. [PMID: 22001347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis results from inflammatory tissue damage and impaired regeneration. In the context of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, we demonstrated that the matricellular protein termed secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) distinctly regulates inflammation and collagen deposition, depending on its cellular origin. Reciprocal Sparc(-/-) and wild-type (WT) bone marrow chimeras revealed that SPARC expression in host fibroblasts is required and sufficient to induce collagen fibrosis in a proper inflammatory environment. Accordingly, Sparc(-/-) >WT chimeras showed exacerbated inflammation and fibrosis due to the inability of Sparc(-/-) macrophages to down-regulate tumor necrosis factor production because of impaired responses to tumor growth factor-β. Hence, the use of bone marrow cells expressing a dominant-negative form of tumor growth factor-β receptor type II under the monocyte-specific CD68 promoter, as a decoy, phenocopied Sparc(-/-) donor chimeras. Our results point to an unexpected dual role of SPARC in oppositely influencing the outcome of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Yamauchi K, Kasuya Y, Kuroda F, Tanaka K, Tsuyusaki J, Ishizaki S, Matsunaga H, Iwamura C, Nakayama T, Tatsumi K. Attenuation of lung inflammation and fibrosis in CD69-deficient mice after intratracheal bleomycin. Respir Res 2011; 12:131. [PMID: 21970554 PMCID: PMC3198935 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), an early activation marker antigen on T and B cells, is also expressed on activated macrophages and neutrophils, suggesting that CD69 may play a role in inflammatory diseases. To determine the effect of CD69 deficiency on bleomycin(BLM)-induced lung injury, we evaluated the inflammatory response following intratracheal BLM administration and the subsequent fibrotic changes in wild type (WT) and CD69-deficient (CD69-/-) mice. Methods The mice received a single dose of 3 mg/kg body weight of BLM and were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-instillation (dpi). Lung inflammation in the acute phase (7 dpi) was investigated by differential cell counts and cytokine array analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, lung fibrotic changes were evaluated at 14 dpi by histopathology and collagen assays. We also used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to measure the mRNA expression level of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the lungs of BLM-treated mice. Results CD69-/- mice exhibited less lung damage than WT mice, as shown by reductions in the following indices: (1) loss of body weight, (2) wet/dry ratio of lung, (3) cytokine levels in BALF, (4) histological evidence of lung injury, (5) lung collagen deposition, and (6) TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the lung. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that CD69 plays an important role in the progression of lung injury induced by BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yamauchi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Manali ED, Moschos C, Triantafillidou C, Kotanidou A, Psallidas I, Karabela SP, Roussos C, Papiris S, Armaganidis A, Stathopoulos GT, Maniatis NA. Static and dynamic mechanics of the murine lung after intratracheal bleomycin. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:33. [PMID: 21627835 PMCID: PMC3128859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its widespread use in pulmonary fibrosis research, the bleomycin mouse model has not been thoroughly validated from a pulmonary functional standpoint using new technologies. Purpose of this study was to systematically assess the functional alterations induced in murine lungs by fibrogenic agent bleomycin and to compare the forced oscillation technique with quasi-static pressure-volume curves in mice following bleomycin exposure. Methods Single intratracheal injections of saline (50 μL) or bleomycin (2 mg/Kg in 50 μL saline) were administered to C57BL/6 (n = 40) and Balb/c (n = 32) mice. Injury/fibrosis score, tissue volume density (TVD), collagen content, airway resistance (RN), tissue damping (G) and elastance coefficient (H), hysteresivity (η), and area of pressure-volume curve (PV-A) were determined after 7 and 21 days (inflammation and fibrosis stage, respectively). Statistical hypothesis testing was performed using one-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc tests. Results Both C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice developed weight loss and lung inflammation after bleomycin. However, only C57BL/6 mice displayed cachexia and fibrosis, evidenced by increased fibrosis score, TVD, and collagen. At day 7, PV-A increased significantly and G and H non-significantly in bleomycin-exposed C57BL/6 mice compared to saline controls and further increase in all parameters was documented at day 21. G and H, but not PV-A, correlated well with the presence of fibrosis based on histology, TVD and collagen. In Balb/c mice, no change in collagen content, histology score, TVD, H and G was noted following bleomycin exposure, yet PV-A increased significantly compared to saline controls. Conclusions Lung dysfunction in the bleomycin model is more pronounced during the fibrosis stage rather than the inflammation stage. Forced oscillation mechanics are accurate indicators of experimental bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Quasi-static PV-curves may be more sensitive than forced oscillations at detecting inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni D Manali
- 2nd Pulmonary Department, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Haidari, Greece
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:12-20. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Catalase is preferentially expressed in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, and acts as an endogenous antioxidant enzyme in normal lungs. We thus postulated epithelial damage would be associated with a functional deficiency of catalase during the development of lung fibrosis. METHODS The present study evaluates the expression of catalase mRNA and protein in human interstitial pneumonias and in mouse bleomycin-induced lung injury. We examined the degree of bleomycin-induced inflammation and fibrosis in the mice with lowered catalase activity. RESULTS In humans, catalase was decreased at the levels of activity, protein content and mRNA expression in fibrotic lungs (n = 12) compared to control lungs (n = 10). Immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in catalase in bronchiolar epithelium and abnormal re-epithelialization in fibrotic areas. In C57BL/6J mice, catalase activity was suppressed along with downregulation of catalase mRNA in whole lung homogenates after bleomycin administration. In acatalasemic mice, neutrophilic inflammation was prolonged until 14 days, and there was a higher degree of lung fibrosis in association with a higher level of transforming growth factor-β expression and total collagen content following bleomycin treatment compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate diminished catalase expression and activity in human pulmonary fibrosis and suggest the protective role of catalase against bleomycin-induced inflammation and subsequent fibrosis.
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 89:656-67. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Allan M Panganiban
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Tarrant JM. Blood cytokines as biomarkers of in vivo toxicity in preclinical safety assessment: considerations for their use. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:4-16. [PMID: 20447938 PMCID: PMC2923281 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the drive to develop drugs with well-characterized and clinically monitorable safety profiles, there is incentive to expand the repertoire of safety biomarkers for toxicities without routine markers or premonitory detection. Biomarkers in blood are pursued because of specimen accessibility, opportunity for serial monitoring, quantitative measurement, and the availability of assay platforms. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (here referred to collectively as cytokines) show robust modulation in proximal events of inflammation, immune response, and repair. These are key general processes in many toxicities; therefore, cytokines are commonly identified during biomarker discovery studies. In addition, multiplexed cytokine immunoassays are easily applied to biomarker discovery and routine toxicity studies to measure blood cytokines. However, cytokines pose several challenges as safety biomarkers because of a short serum half-life; low to undetectable baseline levels; lack of tissue-specific or toxicity-specific expression; complexities related to cytokine expression with multiorgan involvement; and species, strain, and interindividual differences. Additional challenges to their application are caused by analytical, methodological, and study design-related variables. A final consideration is the strength of the relationship between changes in cytokine levels and the development of phenotypic or functional manifestations of toxicity. These factors should inform the integrated judgment-based qualification of novel biomarkers in preclinical, and potentially clinical, risk assessment. The dearth of robust, predictive cytokine biomarkers for specific toxicities is an indication of the significant complexity of these challenges. This review will consider the current state of the science and recommendations for appropriate application of cytokines in preclinical safety assessment.
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The preclinical pharmacology of roflumilast--a selective, oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:235-56. [PMID: 20381629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) may become the first agent in this class to be approved for patient treatment worldwide. Within the PDE family of 11 known isoenzymes, roflumilast is selective for PDE4, showing balanced selectivity for subtypes A-D, and is of high subnanomolar potency. The active principle of roflumilast in man is its dichloropyridyl N-oxide metabolite, which has similar potency as a PDE4 inhibitor as the parent compound. The long half-life and high potency of this metabolite allows for once-daily, oral administration of a single, 500-microg tablet of roflumilast. The molecular mode of action of roflumilast--PDE4 inhibition and subsequent enhancement of cAMP levels--is well established. To further understand its functional mode of action in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), for which roflumilast is being developed, a series of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies has been performed. COPD is a progressive, devastating condition of the lung associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious particles and gases, particularly tobacco smoke. In addition, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), significant extrapulmonary effects, including comorbidities, may add to the severity of the disease in individual patients, and which may be addressed preferentially by orally administered remedies. COPD shows an increasing prevalence and mortality, and its treatment remains a high, unmet medical need. In vivo, roflumilast mitigates key COPD-related disease mechanisms such as tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation, mucociliary malfunction, lung fibrotic and emphysematous remodelling, oxidative stress, pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension. In vitro, roflumilast N-oxide has been demonstrated to affect the functions of many cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. These cellular effects are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of roflumilast on the disease mechanisms of COPD, which translate into reduced exacerbations and improved lung function. As a multicomponent disease, COPD requires a broad therapeutic approach that might be achieved by PDE4 inhibition. However, as a PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast is not a direct bronchodilator. In summary, roflumilast may be the first-in-class PDE4 inhibitor for COPD therapy. In addition to being a non-steroid, anti-inflammatory drug designed to target pulmonary inflammation, the preclinical pharmacology described in this review points to a broad functional mode of action of roflumilast that putatively addresses additional COPD mechanisms. This enables roflumilast to offer effective, oral maintenance treatment for COPD, with an acceptable tolerability profile and the potential to favourably affect the extrapulmonary effects of the disease.
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Matute-Bello G, Frevert CW, Martin TR. Animal models of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L379-99. [PMID: 18621912 PMCID: PMC2536793 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1225] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury in humans is characterized histopathologically by neutrophilic alveolitis, injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and microvascular thrombi. Different animal models of experimental lung injury have been used to investigate mechanisms of lung injury. Most are based on reproducing in animals known risk factors for ARDS, such as sepsis, lipid embolism secondary to bone fracture, acid aspiration, ischemia-reperfusion of pulmonary or distal vascular beds, and other clinical risks. However, none of these models fully reproduces the features of human lung injury. The goal of this review is to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of existing models of lung injury. We review the specific features of human ARDS that should be modeled in experimental lung injury and then discuss specific characteristics of animal species that may affect the pulmonary host response to noxious stimuli. We emphasize those models of lung injury that are based on reproducing risk factors for human ARDS in animals and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model and the extent to which each model reproduces human ARDS. The present review will help guide investigators in the design and interpretation of animal studies of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Medical Research Service of the Veterans Affairs/Puget Sound Health Care System, 815 Mercer St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Standardized quantification of pulmonary fibrosis in histological samples. Biotechniques 2008; 44:507-11, 514-7. [PMID: 18476815 DOI: 10.2144/000112729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ashcroft scale for the evaluation of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is the analysis of stained histological samples by visual assessment. Based on the knowledge that this procedure is not standardized in animals and results are highly variable, we hypothesized that modification of this method may improve quantification of lung fibrosis in small animals. To prove our hypothesis, we evaluated pulmonary fibrosis in Lewis rats induced by a single intratracheal injection of 0.3 mg/kg body weight bleomycin (n = 13) compared with the same amount of saline in a control group (n = 4). We modified the Ashcroft scale by precisely defining the assignment of grades from 0 to 8 for the increasing extent of fibrosis in lung histological samples. Thirty-two observers were randomly assigned to evaluate 108 photographs of slides using either the Ashcroft scale or the modified scale. Consistent with our hypothesis, there was a significant reduction in the variability of standard deviations with the modified scale compared with the Ashcroft scale (mean of variability 0.25 versus 0.62, P < 0.0001). Applying the kappa index, the Ashcroft scale showed only a fair to moderate agreement (0.23-0.59) between the observers and a low intra-observer agreement (0.51-0.74) in contrast to the modified scale, which demonstrated a moderate to good agreement between the observers (0.65-0.93, P < 0.0001) and a high intra-observer agreement (0.87-0.91, P < 0.05). To test the modified scale in vivo, we compared both scales with the results of computed tomography (CT) of the lungs obtained from the same mice. In agreement, the modified scale demonstrated a better correlation to CT scans (R = 0.58) compared with the Ashcroft scale (R = 0.33). In summary, quantification of lung fibrosis in histological lung sections using the modified scale is reliable and reproducible.
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Gallelli L, Falcone D, Pelaia G, Renda T, Terracciano R, Malara N, Vatrella A, Sanduzzi A, D'Agostino B, Rossi F, Vancheri C, Maselli R, Marsico SA, Savino R. Interleukin-6 receptor superantagonist Sant7 inhibits TGF-beta-induced proliferation of human lung fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:393-407. [PMID: 18435790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are crucially involved in fibrotic events that characterize interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in primary cultures of normal and fibrotic human lung fibroblasts (HLF), exposed to either IL-6 or TGF-beta1, the effects on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cell growth of IL-6 signalling inhibition, performed by the IL-6 receptor superantagonist Sant7. MATERIALS AND METHODS MAPK phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting, HLF viability and proliferation were evaluated using the trypan blue staining and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, respectively. RESULTS Sant7, at a concentration of 1 microg/mL, was capable of significantly inhibiting HLF proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation induced by cell exposure to IL-6 (100 ng/mL) or TGF-beta1 (10 ng/mL), whose actions were more evident in fibrotic cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in HLFs derived from patients with ILDs, the proliferative mechanisms activated by TGF-beta1 are at least in part mediated by an increased release of IL-6, leading to phosphorylation-dependent MAPK activation. Such preliminary findings may thus open new therapeutic perspectives for fibrogenic ILDs, based on inhibition of signal transduction pathways stimulated by the IL-6 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy
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Gasse P, Mary C, Guenon I, Noulin N, Charron S, Schnyder-Candrian S, Schnyder B, Akira S, Quesniaux VFJ, Lagente V, Ryffel B, Couillin I. IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling and the inflammasome are essential in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3786-99. [PMID: 17992263 DOI: 10.1172/jci32285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of acute lung injury resulting in inflammation and fibrosis are not well established. Here we investigate the roles of the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) and the common adaptor for Toll/IL-1R signal transduction, MyD88, in this process using a murine model of acute pulmonary injury. Bleomycin insult results in expression of neutrophil and lymphocyte chemotactic factors, chronic inflammation, remodeling, and fibrosis. We demonstrate that these end points were attenuated in the lungs of IL-1R1- and MyD88-deficient mice. Further, in bone marrow chimera experiments, bleomycin-induced inflammation required primarily MyD88 signaling from radioresistant resident cells. Exogenous rIL-1beta recapitulated a high degree of bleomycin-induced lung pathology, and specific blockade of IL-1R1 by IL-1 receptor antagonist dramatically reduced bleomycin-induced inflammation. Finally, we found that lung IL-1beta production and inflammation in response to bleomycin required ASC, an inflammasome adaptor molecule. In conclusion, bleomycin-induced lung pathology required the inflammasome and IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling, and IL-1 represented a critical effector of pathology and therapeutic target of chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Embryology, University of Orleans and CNRS, Orleans, France
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Saito F, Tasaka S, Inoue KI, Miyamoto K, Nakano Y, Ogawa Y, Yamada W, Shiraishi Y, Hasegawa N, Fujishima S, Takano H, Ishizaka A. Role of interleukin-6 in bleomycin-induced lung inflammatory changes in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:566-71. [PMID: 18096870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0299oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, but its role in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury and subsequent fibrotic changes remains to be determined. We evaluated the role of IL-6 in the lung inflammatory changes induced by BLM using wild-type (WT) and IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. The mice were treated intratracheally with 1 mg/kg BLM and killed 2, 7, or 21 days later. Lung Inflammation in the acute phase (Days 2 and 7) was assessed by differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cytokine levels in the lung. Lung fibrotic changes were evaluated on Day 21 by histopathology and collagen assay. On Day 2, BLM administration induced significant increases in the numbers of total cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in BAL fluid, which were attenuated in IL-6(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). Lung pathology also showed inflammatory cell accumulation, which was attenuated in the IL-6(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. In WT mice, elevated levels of TGF-beta(1) and CCL3 were observed 2 and 7 days after BLM challenge, respectively. On Day 7, BLM-induced inflammatory cell accumulation did not differ between the genotypes. Lung pathology 21 days after BLM challenge revealed significant fibrotic changes with increased collagen content, which was attenuated in IL-6(-/-) mice. Although the TGF-beta(1) level in the lung did not differ between the genotypes on Day 21, CCL3 was significantly lower in IL-6(-/-) mice. These results indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BLM-induced lung injury and subsequent fibrotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitake Saito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Pottier N, Chupin C, Defamie V, Cardinaud B, Sutherland R, Rios G, Gauthier F, Wolters PJ, Berthiaume Y, Barbry P, Mari B. Relationships between early inflammatory response to bleomycin and sensitivity to lung fibrosis: a role for dipeptidyl-peptidase I and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:1098-107. [PMID: 17673693 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-1051oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Different sensitivities to profibrotic compounds such as bleomycin are observed among mouse strains. OBJECTIVES To identify genetic factors contributing to the outcome of lung injury. METHODS Physiological comparison of C57BL/6 (sensitive) and BALB/c (resistant) mice challenged by intratracheal bleomycin instillation revealed several early differences: global gene expression profiles were thus established from lungs derived from the two strains, in the absence of any bleomycin administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Expression of 25 genes differed between the two strains. Among them, two molecules, not previously associated with pulmonary fibrosis, were identified. The first corresponded to dipeptidyl-peptidase I (DPPI), a cysteine peptidase (also known as cathepsin C) essential for the activation of serine proteinases produced by immune/inflammatory cells. The second corresponded to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which also inhibits members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family, such as the tumor necrosis factor-converting enzyme. In functional studies performed in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, the level of expression of these two genes was closely correlated with specific early events associated with lung fibrosis, namely activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived serine proteases and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent inflammatory syndrome. Surprisingly, genetic deletion of DPPI in the context of a C57BL/6 genetic background did not protect against bleomycin-mediated fibrosis, suggesting additional function(s) for this key enzyme. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the early inflammatory events that follow bleomycin instillation in the development of lung fibrosis, and describes for the first time the roles that DPPI and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 may play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pottier
- IPMC, CNRS UMR6097, 660, route des Lucioles, F06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Young LR, Pasula R, Gulleman PM, Deutsch GH, McCormack FX. Susceptibility of Hermansky-Pudlak mice to bleomycin-induced type II cell apoptosis and fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:67-74. [PMID: 17363777 PMCID: PMC1899346 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0469oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation, abnormalities in type II cell and macrophage morphology, and pulmonary fibrosis are features of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), a recessive disorder associated with intracellular trafficking defects. We have previously reported that "Pearl" (HPS2) and "Pale Ear" (HPS1) mouse models have pulmonary inflammatory dysregulation and constitutive alveolar macrophage (AM) activation (Young LR et al., J Immunol 2006;176:4361-4368). In the current study, we used these HPS models to investigate mechanisms of lung fibrosis. Unchallenged HPS1 and HPS2 mice have subtle airspace enlargement and foamy AMs, but little or no histologic evidence of lung fibrosis. Seven days after intratracheal bleomycin (0.025 units), HPS1 and HPS2 mice exhibited increased mortality and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis compared to strain-matched C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice. HPS mice had significantly increased collagen deposition, and reduced quasi-static and static compliance consistent with a restrictive defect. The early airway and parenchymal cellular inflammatory responses to bleomycin were similar in HPS2 and WT mice. Greater elevations in levels of TGF-beta and IL-12p40 were produced in the lungs and AMs from bleomycin-challenged HPS mice than in WT mice. TUNEL staining revealed apoptosis of type II cells as early as 5 h after low-dose bleomycin challenge in HPS mice, suggesting that type II cell susceptibility to apoptosis may play a role in the fibrotic response. We conclude that the trafficking abnormalities in HPS promote alveolar apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis in response to bleomycin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Young
- University of Cincinnati, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Manoury B, Caulet-Maugendre S, Guénon I, Lagente V, Boichot E. TIMP-1 is a key factor of fibrogenic response to bleomycin in mouse lung. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:471-87. [PMID: 17026855 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the interstitium, resulting in respiratory failure. The role of remodeling mediators such as metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in the fibrogenic process remains misunderstood. We investigated MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 in the fibrotic response to bleomycin of fibrosis prone C57BL/6J and fibrosis resistant BALB/c mice. Mice were administered with 0.1 mg bleomycin by intranasal administration. Either 24 h or 14 days after, the mice were anesthetized and underwent either bronchoalveolear lavage (BAL) or lung removal. Collagen deposition in lung tissue was determined by hydroxyproline measurement, MMP activity was analyzed by zymography, and other mediators were analyzed by ELISA. TIMP-1 was localized in lung sections by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR was performed to gene expression in lung. Non parametric Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests were used for statistical analysis. Fourteen days after bleomycin administration, hydroxyproline assay and histological study revealed that BALB/c mice developed significantly less fibrosis compared to C57BL/6J mice. At day 1, bleomycin enhanced TIMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels in BALF, and induced corresponding genes in lung tissue of both strains. The rise of Timp-1, Mmp-9 and Mmp-2 gene levels were significantly stronger in lungs of C57BL/6J, whereas gelatinase activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were similar. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TIMP-1 macrophages and epithelial cells were prominent TIMP-1 producers in both strains. At day 14, neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 levels exhibited strain-dependent protein level or gene expression, although TIMP-1 was strongly associated with fibrosis. Interestingly, bleomycin induced neither Timp-2 nor Timp-3 in lung tissue at any time of the study. The present study shows that early altered regulation of TIMP-1 following bleomycin administration may be involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Manoury
- INSERM U620, University of Rennes, France
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Golan-Gerstl R, Wallach-Dayan SB, Amir G, Breuer R. Epithelial cell apoptosis by fas ligand-positive myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:270-5. [PMID: 16990614 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0133oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) apoptotic pathway has been shown to be involved in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. We examined the hypothesis that myofibroblasts from fibrotic lungs possess a cytotoxic phenotype that causes apoptosis of epithelial cells via the Fas/FasL pathway. We show in vivo epithelial cell apoptosis and associated upregulation of Fas and apoptotic Fas pathway genes in epithelial cells of lungs with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. In addition, we show that FasL surface molecules are overexpressed on alpha-SMA-positive cells in mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis, and in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This enables the molecules to kill Fas-positive epithelial cells. In contrast, FasL-deficient myofibroblasts lose this myofibroblast cytotoxic phenotype, both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, there was no bleomycin-induced epithelial cell apoptosis, as assessed by specific M30 staining in chimeric FasL-deficient mice that lacked FasL-positive myofibroblasts. In vitro, FasL-positive, but not FasL-negative myofibroblasts, induce mouse lung epithelial cell apoptosis. Thus myofibroblast cytotoxicity may underlie the absence of re-epithelialization, resulting in persistent lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Golan-Gerstl
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Jacono FJ, Peng YJ, Nethery D, Faress JA, Lee Z, Kern JA, Prabhakar NR. Acute lung injury augments hypoxic ventilatory response in the absence of systemic hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1795-802. [PMID: 16888052 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of early stages of lung injury on ventilatory control by hypoxia and hypercapnia. Lung injury was induced with intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BM; 1 unit) in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Control animals underwent sham surgery with saline instillation. Five days after the injections, lung injury was present in BM-treated animals as evidenced by increased neutrophils and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as by changes in lung histology and computed tomography images. There was no evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, as indicated by lung collagen content. Basal core body temperature, arterial Po(2), and arterial Pco(2) were comparable between both groups of animals. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia (12% O(2)) and hypercapnia (7% CO(2)) were measured by whole body plethysmography in unanesthetized animals. Baseline respiratory rate and the hypoxic ventilatory response were significantly higher in BM-injected compared with control animals (P = 0.003), whereas hypercapnic ventilatory response was not statistically different. In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing animals, response to brief hyperoxia (Dejours' test, an index of peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity) and neural hypoxic ventilatory response were augmented in BM-exposed relative to control animals, as measured by diaphragmatic electromyelograms. The enhanced hypoxic sensitivity persisted following bilateral vagotomy, but was abolished by bilateral carotid sinus nerve transection. These data demonstrate that afferent sensory input from the carotid body contributes to a selective enhancement of hypoxic ventilatory drive in early lung injury in the absence of pulmonary fibrosis and arterial hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Jacono
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Barrio J, Cortijo J, Milara J, Mata M, Guijarro R, Blasco P, Morcillo EJ. In vitro tracheal hyperresponsiveness to muscarinic receptor stimulation by carbachol in a rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:327-33. [PMID: 16879498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1 Bleomycin-induced lung injury is widely used as an experimental model to investigate the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis but the alterations in the pharmacological responsiveness of airways isolated from bleomycin-exposed animals has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro tracheal responses to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol in a rat bleomycin model. 2 Concentration-response curves to carbachol (10 nm to 0.1 mm) were obtained in tracheal rings isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats 14 days after endotracheal bleomycin or saline. The intracellular calcium signal in response to carbachol (10 microm) was measured by epifluorescence microscopy using fura-2 in primary cultures of tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin- and saline-exposed rats. Circulating plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/interleukin (IL)-1beta levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 3 Maximal contraction in response to carbachol was significantly greater in tracheal rings from bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls (15.8 +/- 1.3 mN vs. 11.8 +/- 1.4 mN; n = 19, P < 0.05). 4 Carbachol (10 microm) elicited a transient increase of intracellular calcium with greater increment in tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls (372 +/- 42 nmvs. 176 +/- 20 nm; n = 7, P < 0.01). 5 Circulating plasma levels of TNF-alpha/IL-1beta were augmented in bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls. Tissue incubation with TNF-alpha (100 ng ml(-1))/IL-1beta (10 ng ml(-1)) increased in vitro tracheal responsiveness to carbachol. 6 In conclusion, tracheal contraction in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol was increased in bleomycin-exposed rats. This in vitro cholinergic hyperresponsiveness may be related to the augmented levels of inflammatory cytokines in bleomycin-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barrio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
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Lemay AM, Haston CK. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility genes in AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mice. Physiol Genomics 2006; 23:54-61. [PMID: 16179420 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis is largely unknown. Initially, in this study, loci regulating the response of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis were mapped using a set of recombinant congenic strains bred from pulmonary fibrosis-resistant A/J and susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Linkage was identified (logarithm of the odds score = 4.9) on chromosome 9, and other suggestive loci were detected. The putative loci included alleles from both the B6 and A/J strains as increasing the fibrosis response of congenic mice. Gene expression analysis with microarrays revealed 3,304 genes or expressed sequence tags to be differentially expressed (P < 0.01) in lung tissue between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice, and 246 of these genes mapped to potential susceptibility loci. Pulmonary genes differentially expressed between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice included those of heparin binding and extracellular matrix deposition pathways. A review of available genomic sequences revealed 809 (43% of total) genes in the linkage intervals to have variations predicted to alter the encoded proteins or their regulation, 68 (8.4%) of which were also differentially expressed. Genomic approaches were combined to produce a set of candidate genes that may influence susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the A/J:B6 mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lemay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Serlin DM, Kuang PP, Subramanian M, O'Regan A, Li X, Berman JS, Goldstein RH. Interleukin-1beta induces osteopontin expression in pulmonary fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:519-29. [PMID: 16211580 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin is a multifunctional matricellular protein identified as one of the most upregulated genes in pulmonary fibrosis. Experimental animal models have identified early pro-fibrotic cytokines as essential to the pathogenesis of inflammation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, the principal sources of osteopontin in the fibroproliferative lung, and the factors responsible for its induction, have not been fully defined. We isolated primary rat lung fibroblasts in culture to examine the expression and regulation of lung fibroblast-derived osteopontin. Our results demonstrate a potent and dramatic increase in osteopontin expression induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and angiotensin II had minimal effect. Stimulation with IL-1beta resulted in the secretion of soluble osteopontin protein. We found that osteopontin expression by IL-1beta was regulated via signaling primarily through the mitogen-activated protein kinase member ERK1/2, partially by p38 MAPK, but not at all by JNK. Finally, the mechanism of IL-1beta increase in osteopontin mRNA requires de novo transcription and translation. In conclusion, we find that osteopontin is expressed by primary lung fibroblasts and is potently upregulated by the early inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine IL-1beta. Activated fibroblasts may be a significant source of osteopontin production during lung fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Serlin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street R304, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and usually fatal pulmonary disease for which there are no proven drug therapies. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents have been largely ineffective. The precise relationship of IPF to other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) is not known, despite the observation that different histopathologic patterns of IIP may coexist in the same patient. We propose that these different histopathologic 'reaction' patterns may be determined by complex interactions between host and environmental factors that alter the local alveolar milieu. Recent paradigms in IPF pathogenesis have focused on dysregulated epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, an imbalance in T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokine profile and potential roles for aberrant angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss these evolving concepts in disease pathogenesis and emerging therapies designed to target pro-fibrogenic pathways in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Address correspondence to: Victor J. Thannickal, M.D. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Michigan Medical Center 6301 MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States of America Phone: 734−936−9371 Fax: 734−764−4556 e-mail:
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