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Ling S, Kwak D, Takuwa Y, Ge C, Franceschi R, Kim KK. Discoidin domain receptor 2 signaling through PIK3C2α in fibroblasts promotes lung fibrosis. J Pathol 2024; 262:505-516. [PMID: 38332727 PMCID: PMC10940211 DOI: 10.1002/path.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), portends significant morbidity and mortality, and current therapeutic options are suboptimal. We have previously shown that type I collagen signaling through discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by fibroblasts, is critical for the regulation of fibroblast apoptosis and progressive fibrosis. However, the downstream signaling pathways for DDR2 remain poorly defined and could also be attractive potential targets for therapy. A recent phosphoproteomic approach indicated that PIK3C2α, a poorly studied member of the PI3 kinase family, could be a downstream mediator of DDR2 signaling. We hypothesized that collagen I/DDR2 signaling through PIK3C2α regulates fibroblast activity during progressive fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, we found that primary murine fibroblasts and IPF-derived fibroblasts stimulated with endogenous or exogenous type I collagen led to the formation of a DDR2/PIK3C2α complex, resulting in phosphorylation of PIK3C2α. Fibroblasts treated with an inhibitor of PIK3C2α or with deletion of PIK3C2α had fewer markers of activation after stimulation with TGFβ and more apoptosis after stimulation with a Fas-activating antibody. Finally, mice with fibroblast-specific deletion of PIK3C2α had less fibrosis after bleomycin treatment than did littermate control mice with intact expression of PIK3Cα. Collectively, these data support the notion that collagen/DDR2/PIK3C2α signaling is critical for fibroblast function during progressive fibrosis, making this pathway a potential target for antifibrotic therapy. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Doyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yoh Takuwa
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny Franceschi
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin K. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Kwak D, Bradley PB, Subbotina N, Ling S, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Osterholzer JJ, Sisson TH, Kim KK. CD36/Lyn kinase interactions within macrophages promotes pulmonary fibrosis in response to oxidized phospholipid. Respir Res 2023; 24:314. [PMID: 38098035 PMCID: PMC10722854 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data from human studies and animal models have established roles for type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC2) injury/apoptosis and monocyte/macrophage accumulation and activation in progressive lung fibrosis. Although the link between these processes is not well defined, we have previously shown that CD36-mediated uptake of apoptotic AEC2s by lung macrophages is sufficient to drive fibrosis. Importantly, apoptotic AEC2s are rich in oxidized phospholipids (oxPL), and amongst its multiple functions, CD36 serves as a scavenger receptor for oxPL. Recent studies have established a role for oxPLs in alveolar scarring, and we hypothesized that uptake and accrual of oxPL by CD36 would cause a macrophage phenotypic change that promotes fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, we treated wild-type and CD36-null mice with the oxPL derivative oxidized phosphocholine (POVPC) and found that CD36-null mice were protected from oxPL-induced scarring. Compared to WT mice, fewer macrophages accumulated in the lungs of CD36-null animals, and the macrophages exhibited a decreased accumulation of intracellular oxidized lipid. Importantly, the attenuated accrual of oxPL in CD36-null macrophages was associated with diminished expression of the profibrotic mediator, TGFβ. Finally, the pathway linking oxPL uptake and TGFβ expression was found to require CD36-mediated activation of Lyn kinase. Together, these observations elucidate a causal pathway that connects AEC2 injury with lung macrophage activation via CD36-mediated uptake of oxPL and suggest several potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick B Bradley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalia Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Ling S, Kwak D, Kim KK. Inhibition of discoidin domain receptor 2 reveals kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions in regulating fibroblast activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L342-L351. [PMID: 37489274 PMCID: PMC10625828 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00066.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating condition and current treatment is suboptimal. There has been considerable interest in the role of tyrosine kinase signaling as mediators of pro- and antifibrotic processes. Nintedanib is a nonspecific tyrosine kinase that has been shown to have therapeutic benefit in lung fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism of action remains unclear because nintedanib inhibits several tyrosine kinases, which are often expressed on multiple cell types with different activities during fibrosis. Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) has been suggested as a potential target of nintedanib. DDR2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by fibrillar collagens such as type I collagen. DDR2 is primarily expressed by fibroblasts. The effectiveness of specifically targeting DDR2 signaling during fibrosis remains undefined. In the present study, we show that nintedanib acts as a direct and indirect inhibitor of DDR2. We then utilize a novel allosteric inhibitor of DDR2, WRG-28, which blocks ligand binding and activation of DDR2. We find that WRG-28 augments fibroblast apoptosis and attenuates fibrosis. Finally, we show that fibroblast type I collagen autocrine signaling is regulated by DDR2 through both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of DDR2. These findings highlight the importance of type I collagen autocrine signaling by fibroblasts during fibrosis and demonstrate that DDR2 has a central role in this pathway making it a potential therapeutic target.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Type I collagen is a major component of fibrosis and can signal through cell surface receptors such as discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2). DDR2 activation can lead to further collagen deposition by fibroblasts setting up a profibrotic positive feedback loop. In this report, we find that inhibition of DDR2 with nintedanib or a specific DDR2 inhibitor, WRG-28, can disrupt this cycle and prevent fibrosis through augmented fibroblast apoptosis and inhibited activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Doyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Ayloo S, Lazo CG, Sun S, Zhang W, Cui B, Gu C. Pericyte-to-endothelial cell signaling via vitronectin-integrin regulates blood-CNS barrier. Neuron 2022; 110:1641-1655.e6. [PMID: 35294899 PMCID: PMC9119930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of blood vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) constitute blood-CNS barriers. Barrier properties are not intrinsic to these cells; rather they are induced and maintained by CNS microenvironment. Notably, the abluminal surfaces of CNS capillaries are ensheathed by pericytes and astrocytes. However, extrinsic factors from these perivascular cells that regulate barrier integrity are largely unknown. Here, we establish vitronectin, an extracellular matrix protein secreted by CNS pericytes, as a regulator of blood-CNS barrier function via interactions with its integrin receptor, α5, in endothelial cells. Genetic ablation of vitronectin or mutating vitronectin to prevent integrin binding, as well as endothelial-specific deletion of integrin α5, causes barrier leakage in mice. Furthermore, vitronectin-integrin α5 signaling maintains barrier integrity by actively inhibiting transcytosis in endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that signaling from perivascular cells to endothelial cells via ligand-receptor interactions is a key mechanism to regulate barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ayloo
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Gallego Lazo
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shenghuan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Korfei M, Mahavadi P, Guenther A. Targeting Histone Deacetylases in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Future Therapeutic Option. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101626. [PMID: 35626663 PMCID: PMC9139813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options, and there is a huge unmet need for new therapies. A growing body of evidence suggests that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of transcriptional corepressors has emerged as crucial mediators of IPF pathogenesis. HDACs deacetylate histones and result in chromatin condensation and epigenetic repression of gene transcription. HDACs also catalyse the deacetylation of many non-histone proteins, including transcription factors, thus also leading to changes in the transcriptome and cellular signalling. Increased HDAC expression is associated with cell proliferation, cell growth and anti-apoptosis and is, thus, a salient feature of many cancers. In IPF, induction and abnormal upregulation of Class I and Class II HDAC enzymes in myofibroblast foci, as well as aberrant bronchiolar epithelium, is an eminent observation, whereas type-II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) of IPF lungs indicate a significant depletion of many HDACs. We thus suggest that the significant imbalance of HDAC activity in IPF lungs, with a “cancer-like” increase in fibroblastic and bronchial cells versus a lack in AECII, promotes and perpetuates fibrosis. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which Class I and Class II HDACs mediate fibrogenesis and on the mechanisms by which various HDAC inhibitors reverse the deregulated epigenetic responses in IPF, supporting HDAC inhibition as promising IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Korfei
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9942425; Fax: +49-641-9942429
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, D-35398 Giessen, Germany
- European IPF Registry and Biobank, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Li FJ, Surolia R, Singh P, Dsouza KG, Stephens CT, Wang Z, Liu RM, Bae S, Kim YI, Athar M, Dransfield MT, Antony VB. Fibrinogen mediates cadmium-induced macrophage activation and serves as a predictor of cadmium exposure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L593-L606. [PMID: 35200041 PMCID: PMC8993524 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00475.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiologies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain unclear. Cadmium (Cd) causes both pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema; however, the predictors for Cd exposure and the mechanisms by which Cd causes COPD remain unknown. We demonstrated that Cd burden was increased in lung tissue from subjects with COPD and this was associated with cigarette smoking. Fibrinogen levels increased markedly in lung tissue of patients with smoked COPD compared with never-smokers and control subjects. Fibrinogen concentration also correlated positively with lung Cd load, but inversely with the predicted % of FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. Cd enhanced the secretion of fibrinogen in a cdc2-dependent manner, whereas fibrinogen further mediated Cd-induced peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2)-dependent macrophage activation. Using lung fibroblasts from CdCl2-treated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) wild-type and mutant mice, we demonstrated that fibrinogen enhanced Cd-induced TLR4-dependent collagen synthesis and cytokine/chemokine production. We further showed that fibrinogen complexed with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which in turn promoted the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) and fibrinogen and inhibited fibrinolysis in Cd-treated mice. The amounts of fibrinogen were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Cd-exposed mice. Positive correlations were observed between fibrinogen with hydroxyproline. Our data suggest that fibrinogen is involved in Cd-induced macrophage activation and increases in fibrinogen in patients with COPD may be used as a marker of Cd exposure and predict disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Jun Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ranu Surolia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pooja Singh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin G Dsouza
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Crystal T Stephens
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sejong Bae
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Sun T, Huang Z, Liang WC, Yin J, Lin WY, Wu J, Vernes JM, Lutman J, Caplazi P, Jeet S, Wong T, Wong M, DePianto DJ, Morshead KB, Sun KH, Modrusan Z, Vander Heiden JA, Abbas AR, Zhang H, Xu M, N'Diaye EN, Roose-Girma M, Wolters PJ, Yadav R, Sukumaran S, Ghilardi N, Corpuz R, Emson C, Meng YG, Ramalingam TR, Lupardus P, Brightbill HD, Seshasayee D, Wu Y, Arron JR. TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 isoforms drive fibrotic disease pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/605/eabe0407. [PMID: 34349032 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a key driver of fibrogenesis. Three TGFβ isoforms (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3) in mammals have distinct functions in embryonic development; however, the postnatal pathological roles and activation mechanisms of TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 have not been well characterized. Here, we show that the latent forms of TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 can be activated by integrin-independent mechanisms and have lower activation thresholds compared to TGFβ1. Unlike TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 expression is increased in human lung and liver fibrotic tissues compared to healthy control tissues. Thus, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 may play a pathological role in fibrosis. Inducible conditional knockout mice and anti-TGFβ isoform-selective antibodies demonstrated that TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 are independently involved in mouse fibrosis models in vivo, and selective TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 inhibition does not lead to the increased inflammation observed with pan-TGFβ isoform inhibition. A cocrystal structure of a TGFβ2-anti-TGFβ2/3 antibody complex reveals an allosteric isoform-selective inhibitory mechanism. Therefore, inhibiting TGFβ2 and/or TGFβ3 while sparing TGFβ1 may alleviate fibrosis without toxicity concerns associated with pan-TGFβ blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhe Sun
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei-Ching Liang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianping Yin
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei Yu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Vernes
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Lutman
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tiffany Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Manda Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daryle J DePianto
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katrina B Morshead
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kai-Hui Sun
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander R Abbas
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rajbharan Yadav
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Racquel Corpuz
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Y Gloria Meng
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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8
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New insights into the Hippo/YAP pathway in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105635. [PMID: 33930530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease characterised by an inexorable decline in lung function. The development of IPF involves multiple positive feedback loops; and a strong support role of the Hippo/YAP signalling pathway, which is essential for regulating cell proliferation and organ size, in IPF pathogenesis has been unveiled recently in cell and animal models. YAP/TAZ contributes to both pulmonary fibrosis and alveolar regeneration via the conventional Hippo/YAP signalling pathway, G protein-coupled receptor signalling, and mechanotransduction. Selectively inhibiting YAP/TAZ in lung fibroblasts may inhibit fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, while activating YAP/TAZ in alveolar epithelial cells may promote alveolar regeneration. In this review, we explore, for the first time, the bidirectional and cell-specific regulation of the Hippo/YAP pathway in IPF pathogenesis and discuss recent research progress and future prospects of IPF treatment based on Hippo/YAP signalling, thus providing a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to alleviate or even reverse IPF.
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Lv Q, Wang J, Ruan Z. Mechanism of Dandelion Sterol in Treating Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The paper aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Dandelion sterol in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, to study its effect on EMT of lung epithelial cells, and to find its target and downstream signaling pathways. Material and methods: The effects
of Dandelion sterol on parathyroid (PQ)-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells were studied by immunofluorescence method. Immunohistochemistry and western-blot methods were used to verify that Dandelion sterol inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT at the cellular level in animals, demonstrating
that Dandelion sterol targets TGF-β1 to exert an anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect. Results: Dandelion sterol significantly inhibited PQ-induced migration and invasion of lung epithelial cells, and also inhibited the induced EMT. Dandelion sterol had a proper binding activity with
the lung fibrosis-inducing factor TGF-β1. Dandelion sterol inhibited the TGF-β1-induced EMT process, and acted to treat pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Dandelion sterol can inhibit the pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the
EMT process of lung epithelial cells through targeting the TGF- β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ruan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. A Narrative Review on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its (Patho)Physiological Role: To Target or Not to Target? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052721. [PMID: 33800359 PMCID: PMC7962805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs) and is therefore an important inhibitor of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Being the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type PA (tPA), PAI-1 primarily attenuates fibrinolysis. Through inhibition of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and interaction with biological ligands such as vitronectin and cell-surface receptors, the function of PAI-1 extends to pericellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and other processes including cell migration. This review aims at providing a general overview of the properties of PAI-1 and the role it plays in many biological processes and touches upon the possible use of PAI-1 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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11
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Agarwal M, Goheen M, Jia S, Ling S, White ES, Kim KK. Type I Collagen Signaling Regulates Opposing Fibrotic Pathways through α 2β 1 Integrin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:613-622. [PMID: 32692932 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0150oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by fibroblast activation, leading to matrix remodeling culminating in a stiff, type I collagen-rich fibrotic matrix. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis is also a major feature of fibrogenesis, and AEC apoptosis is sufficient to initiate a robust lung fibrotic response. TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) is a major driver of fibrosis and can induce both AEC apoptosis and fibroblast activation. We and others have previously shown that changes in extracellular matrix stiffness and composition can regulate the cellular response to TGF-β. In the present study, we find that type I collagen signaling promotes TGF-β-mediated fibroblast activation and inhibits TGF-β-induced AEC death. Fibroblasts cultured on type I collagen or fibrotic decellularized lung matrix had augmented activation in response to TGF-β, whereas AECs on cultured on type I collagen or fibrotic lung matrix were more resistant to TGF-β-induced apoptosis. Both of these responses were mediated by integrin α2β1, a major collagen receptor. AECs treated with an α2 integrin inhibitor or with deletion of α2 integrin had loss of collagen-mediated protection from apoptosis. We found that mice with fibroblast-specific deletion of α2 integrin were protected from fibrosis whereas mice with AEC-specific deletion of α2 integrin had more lung injury and a greater fibrotic response to bleomycin. Intrapulmonary delivery of an α2 integrin-activating collagen peptide inhibited AEC apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and attenuated the fibrotic response. These studies underscore the need for a thorough understanding of the divergent response to matrix signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mitchell Goheen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shijing Jia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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Abstract
Significance: Fibrosis is a stereotypic, multicellular tissue response to diverse types of injuries that fundamentally result from a failure of cell/tissue regeneration. This complex tissue remodeling response disrupts cellular/matrix composition and homeostatic cell-cell interactions, leading to loss of normal tissue architecture and progressive loss of organ structure/function. Fibrosis is a common feature of chronic diseases that may affect the lung, kidney, liver, and heart. Recent Advances: There is emerging evidence to support a combination of genetic, environmental, and age-related risk factors contributing to susceptibility and/or progression of fibrosis in different organ systems. A core pathway in fibrogenesis involving these organs is the induction and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) family enzymes. Critical Issues: We explore current pharmaceutical approaches to targeting NOX enzymes, including repurposing of currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Specific inhibitors of various NOX homologs will aid establishing roles of NOXs in the various organ fibroses and potential efficacy to impede/halt disease progression. Future Directions: The discovery of novel and highly specific NOX inhibitors will provide opportunities to develop NOX inhibitors for treatment of fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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13
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Yang J, Agarwal M, Ling S, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Zemans RL, Osterholzer JJ, Sisson TH, Kim KK. Diverse Injury Pathways Induce Alveolar Epithelial Cell CCL2/12, Which Promotes Lung Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:622-632. [PMID: 31922885 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0297oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrosis is a multicellular process with contributions from alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), recruited monocytes/macrophages, and fibroblasts. We have previously shown that AEC injury is sufficient to induce fibrosis, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. Several cell types, including AECs, can produce CCL2 and CCL12, which can promote fibrosis through CCR2 activation. CCR2 signaling is critical for the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, in part through recruitment of profibrotic bone marrow-derived monocytes. Attempts at inhibiting CCL2 in patients with fibrosis demonstrated a marked upregulation of CCL2 production and no therapeutic response. To better understand the mechanisms involved in CCL2/CCR2 signaling, we generated mice with conditional deletion of CCL12, a murine homolog of human CCL2. Surprisingly, we found that mice with complete deletion of CCL12 had markedly increased concentrations of other CCR2 ligands and were not protected from fibrosis after bleomycin injury. In contrast, mice with lung epithelial cell-specific deletion of CCL12 were protected from bleomycin-induced fibrosis and had expression of CCL2 and CCL7 similar to that of control mice treated with bleomycin. Deletion of CCL12 within AECs led to decreased recruitment of exudate macrophages. Finally, injury to murine and human primary AECs resulted in increased production of CCL2 and CCL12, in part through activation of the mTOR pathway. In conclusion, these data suggest that targeting CCL2 may be a viable antifibrotic strategy once the pathways involved in the production and function of CCL2 and other CCR2 ligands are better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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14
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PTEN loss regulates alveolar epithelial cell senescence in pulmonary fibrosis depending on Akt activation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7492-7509. [PMID: 31527305 PMCID: PMC6781970 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aging-associated disease with poor prognosis. The mechanisms underlying the role of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) senescence in IPF remain poorly understood. We aimed to investigate if PTEN/Akt activates AEC senescence to induce pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the association between PTEN/Akt and cellular senescence in lung tissues from IPF patients. As a result, decreased PTEN and activated Akt pathway were found in AECs in fibrotic lung tissues detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Increased expression levels of aging-associated markers (P21WAF1 and SA-β-gal) in AECs treated with bleomycin were found. AEC senescence was accelerated by PTEN knockdown and attenuated by PTEN overexpression. Bleomycin induced AEC senescence was reversed by Akt2 knockdown and the pharmacological inhibitors (LY294002 and MK2206) of the Akt pathway. Reducing Akt activation dramatically improved lung fibrosis in a fibrotic mice model. In addition, a co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay demonstrated that PTEN physically associated with Akt. These indicated that senescent AECs modulated by the PTEN/Akt pathway promote lung fibrosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that as a trigger indicator in IPF, the senescence process in AECs should be a potential therapeutic target and that the PTEN/Akt pathway may be a promising candidate for intervention.
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15
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Jia S, Agarwal M, Yang J, Horowitz JC, White ES, Kim KK. Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 Signaling Regulates Fibroblast Apoptosis through PDK1/Akt. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:295-305. [PMID: 29652518 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis is a complication of many chronic diseases, and collectively, organ fibrosis is the leading cause of death in the United States. Fibrosis is characterized by accumulation of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, especially type I collagen. Extensive research has supported a role for matrix signaling in propagating fibrosis, but type I collagen itself is often considered an end product of fibrosis rather than an important regulator of continued collagen deposition. Type I collagen can activate several cell surface receptors, including α2β1 integrin and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2). We have previously shown that mice deficient in type I collagen have reduced activation of DDR2 and reduced accumulation of activated myofibroblasts. In the present study, we found that DDR2-null mice are protected from fibrosis. Surprisingly, DDR2-null fibroblasts have a normal and possibly exaggerated activation response to transforming growth factor-β and do not have diminished proliferation compared with wild-type fibroblasts. DDR2-null fibroblasts are significantly more prone to apoptosis, in vitro and in vivo, than wild-type fibroblasts, supporting a paradigm in which fibroblast resistance to apoptosis is critical for progression of fibrosis. We have identified a novel molecular mechanism by which DDR2 can promote the activation of a PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1)/Akt survival pathway, and we have found that inhibition of PDK1 can augment fibroblast apoptosis. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that DDR2 expression is heavily skewed to mesenchymal cells compared with epithelial cells and that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cells and tissue demonstrate increased activation of DDR2 and PDK1. Collectively, these findings identify a promising target for fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Jia
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jibing Yang
- 2 Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Eric S White
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kevin K Kim
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
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16
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a dynamic process with the potential for reversibility and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture and organ function. Herein, we review mechanisms for resolution of organ fibrosis, in particular that involving the lung, with an emphasis on the critical roles of myofibroblast apoptosis and clearance of deposited matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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17
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Sun L, Hult EM, Cornell TT, Kim KK, Shanley TP, Wilke CA, Agarwal M, Gurczynski SJ, Moore BB, Dahmer MK. Loss of myeloid-specific protein phosphatase 2A enhances lung injury and fibrosis and results in IL-10-dependent sensitization of epithelial cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1035-L1048. [PMID: 30838865 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr phosphatase is an important regulator of cytokine signaling and cell function. We previously showed that myeloid-specific deletion of PP2A (LysMcrePP2A-/-) increased mortality in a murine peritoneal sepsis model. In the current study, we assessed the role of myeloid PP2A in regulation of lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bleomycin delivered intratracheally. LysMcrePP2A-/- mice experienced increased lung injury in response to both LPS and bleomycin. LysMcrePP2A-/- mice developed more exuberant fibrosis in response to bleomycin, elevated cytokine responses, and chronic myeloid inflammation. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from LysMcrePP2A-/- mice showed exaggerated inflammatory cytokine release under conditions of both M1 and M2 activation. Notably, secretion of IL-10 was elevated under all stimulation conditions, including activation of BMDMs by multiple Toll-like receptor ligands. Supernatants collected from LPS-stimulated LysMcrePP2A-/- BMDMs induced epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro but this effect was mitigated when IL-10 was also depleted from the BMDMs by crossing LysMcrePP2A-/- mice with systemic IL-10-/- mice (LysMcrePP2A-/- × IL-10-/-) or when IL-10 was neutralized. Despite these findings, IL-10 did not directly induce epithelial cell apoptosis but sensitized epithelial cells to other mediators from the BMDMs. Taken together our results demonstrate that myeloid PP2A regulates production of multiple cytokines but that its effect is most pronounced on IL-10 production. Furthermore, IL-10 sensitizes epithelial cells to apoptosis in response to myeloid-derived mediators, which likely contributes to the pathogenesis of lung injury and fibrosis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elissa M Hult
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy T Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas P Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Lurie Children's Hospital , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen J Gurczynski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mary K Dahmer
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Silencing of Gal-7 inhibits TGF-β 1-induced apoptosis of human airway epithelial cells through JNK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 375:100-105. [PMID: 30594507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of epithelial cells is regarded as the initial pathological process of many lung diseases, including asthma. Previous studies have identified that galectin-7 (Gal-7), a regulator of apoptosis, was overexpressed in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma. However, the effect and mechanism of Gal-7 in the progression of asthma is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and role of Gal-7 in the apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B upon TGF-β1 stimulation. TGF-β1 significantly induced apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Western blot results revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Gal-7 were obviously increased after TGF-β1 stimulation. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Gal-7 abrogated TGF-β1-evoked cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, increased Bcl-2 expression, decreased Bax expression and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 activity were also monitored in TGF-β1-treated cells after Gal-7 siRNA transfection. Gal-7 silence also inhibited TGF-β1-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, anisomycin, a specific activator for JNK, reversed the effect of Gal-7 siRNA on cell apoptosis induced by TGF-β1. These results demonstrate that Gal-7 silence attenuates TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells through the inactivation of JNK pathway. Therefore, Gal-7 may act as a potential target for asthma treatment.
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19
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Kim KK, Dotson MR, Agarwal M, Yang J, Bradley PB, Subbotina N, Osterholzer JJ, Sisson TH. Efferocytosis of apoptotic alveolar epithelial cells is sufficient to initiate lung fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1056. [PMID: 30333529 PMCID: PMC6193049 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis is a prominent feature of fibrotic lung diseases and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. While there is growing recognition of the importance of AEC injury and apoptosis as a causal factor in fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms that link these processes remain unknown. We have previously shown that targeting the type II alveolar epithelium for injury by repetitively administering diphtheria toxin to transgenic mice expressing the diphtheria toxin receptor off of the surfactant protein C promoter (SPC-DTR) develop lung fibrosis, confirming that AEC injury is sufficient to cause fibrosis. In the present study, we find that SPC-DTR mice develop increased activation of caspase 3/7 after initiation of diphtheria toxin treatment consistent with apoptosis within AECs. We also find evidence of efferocytosis, the uptake of apoptotic cells, by alveolar macrophages in this model. To determine the importance of efferocytosis in lung fibrosis, we treated cultured alveolar macrophages with apoptotic type II AECs and found that the uptake induced pro-fibrotic gene expression. We also found that the repetitive intrapulmonary administration of apoptotic type II AEC or MLE-12 cells induces lung fibrosis. Finally, mice lacking a key efferocytosis receptor, CD36, developed attenuated fibrosis in response to apoptotic MLE-12 cells. Collectively, these studies support a novel mechanism linking AEC apoptosis with macrophage pro-fibrotic activation via efferocytosis and reveal previously unrecognized therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Megan R Dotson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jibing Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick B Bradley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalia Subbotina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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20
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Paulsson M, Che KF, Ahl J, Tham J, Sandblad L, Smith ME, Qvarfordt I, Su YC, Lindén A, Riesbeck K. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Vitronectin Release Into the Bronchoalveolar Space Conferring Protection From Complement-Mediated Killing. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1559. [PMID: 30061873 PMCID: PMC6055051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens causing pneumonia utilize the complement regulator vitronectin to evade complement-mediated killing. Although vitronectin is associated with several chronic lung diseases, the role of bronchoalveolar vitronectin in pneumonia has not been studied. This study sought to reveal the involvement of vitronectin in the bronchoalveolar space during pneumonia, to assess the effect of outer membrane vesicles and endotoxin on vitronectin release, and to determine whether bacterial pathogens utilize pulmonary vitronectin for evasion. Vitronectin was analyzed in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from patients with pneumonia (n = 8) and from healthy volunteers after subsegmental endotoxin instillation (n = 13). Vitronectin binding by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae was analyzed, and subsequent complement evasion was assessed by serum challenge. The effects of outer membrane vesicles on vitronectin production in mouse lungs and human type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were determined. We detected increased vitronectin concentrations in lavage fluid during pneumonia (p = 0.0063) and after bronchial endotoxin challenge (p = 0.016). The capture of vitronectin by bacteria significantly reduced complement-mediated lysis. Following challenge with vesicles, vitronectin was detected in mouse bronchoalveolar space, and mouse alveolar epithelial cells in vivo as well as A549 cells in vitro contained increased levels of vitronectin. Taken together, outer membrane vesicles and endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria induce vitronectin, which is released into the bronchoalveolar space, and used for evasion of complement-mediated clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Paulsson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F Che
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Tham
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Sandblad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Margaretha E Smith
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, New Karolinska Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Schuliga M, Grainge C, Westall G, Knight D. The fibrogenic actions of the coagulant and plasminogen activation systems in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:108-117. [PMID: 29474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis causes irreversible damage to lung structure and function in restrictive lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Extravascular coagulation involving fibrin formation in the intra-alveolar compartment is postulated to have a pivotal role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, serving as a provisional matrix for migrating fibroblasts. Furthermore, proteases of the coagulation and plasminogen activation (plasminergic) systems that form and breakdown fibrin respectively directly contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. The coagulants, thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) evoke fibrogenic effects via cleavage of the N-terminus of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Whilst the formation and activity of plasmin, the principle plasminergic mediator is suppressed in the airspaces of patients with IPF, localized increases are likely to occur in the lung interstitium. Plasmin-evoked proteolytic activation of factor XII (FXII), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and latent, matrix-bound growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) indirectly implicate plasmin in pulmonary fibrosis. Another plasminergic protease, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is associated with regions of fibrosis in the remodelled lung of IPF patients and elicits fibrogenic activity via binding its receptor (uPAR). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) formed in the injured alveolar epithelium also contributes to pulmonary fibrosis in a manner that involves vitronectin binding. This review describes the mechanisms by which components of the two systems primarily involved in fibrin homeostasis contribute to interstitial fibrosis, with a particular focus on IPF. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated mechanisms of coagulant and plasminergic proteases may limit pulmonary fibrosis, without the bleeding complications associated with conventional anti-coagulant and thrombolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Ding Q, Subramanian I, Luckhardt TR, Che P, Waghray M, Zhao XK, Bone N, Kurundkar AR, Hecker L, Hu M, Zhou Y, Horowitz JC, Vittal R, Thannickal VJ. Focal adhesion kinase signaling determines the fate of lung epithelial cells in response to TGF-β. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L926-L935. [PMID: 28360109 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00121.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury and apoptosis are prominent pathological features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). There is evidence of AEC plasticity in lung injury repair response and in IPF. In this report, we explore the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in determining the fate of lung epithelial cells in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Rat type II alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) were treated with or without TGF-β1, and the expressions of mesenchymal markers, phenotype, and function were analyzed. Pharmacological protein kinase inhibitors were utilized to screen for SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways. SMAD and FAK signaling was analyzed using siRNA knockdown, inhibitors, and expression of a mutant construct of FAK. Apoptosis was measured using cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. TGF-β1 induced the acquisition of mesenchymal markers, including α-smooth muscle actin, in RLE-6TN cells and enhanced the contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels. This phenotypical transition or plasticity, epithelial-myofibroblast plasticity (EMP), is dependent on SMAD3 and FAK signaling. FAK activation was found to be dependent on ALK5/SMAD3 signaling. We observed that TGF-β1 induces both EMP and apoptosis in the same cell culture system but not in the same cell. While blockade of SMAD signaling inhibited EMP, it had a minimal effect on apoptosis; in contrast, inhibition of FAK signaling markedly shifted to an apoptotic fate. The data support that FAK activation determines whether AECs undergo EMP vs. apoptosis in response to TGF-β1 stimulation. TGF-β1-induced EMP is FAK- dependent, whereas TGF-β1-induced apoptosis is favored when FAK signaling is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Indhu Subramanian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California
| | - Tracy R Luckhardt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pulin Che
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Meghna Waghray
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Nathaniel Bone
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ashish R Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Meng Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ragini Vittal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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23
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Wheaton AK, Agarwal M, Jia S, Kim KK. Lung epithelial cell focal adhesion kinase signaling inhibits lung injury and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L722-L730. [PMID: 28283477 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00478.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating consequence of many acute and chronic insults to the lung. Lung injury leads to alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) death, destruction of the basement membrane, and activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). There is subsequent resolution of the injury and a coordinated and concurrent initiation of fibrosis. Both of these processes may involve activation of similar intracellular signaling pathways regulated in part by dynamic changes to the extracellular matrix. Matrix signaling can augment the profibrotic fibroblast response to TGF-β. However, similar matrix/integrin signaling pathways may also be involved in the inhibition of ongoing TGF-β-induced AEC apoptosis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an integrin-associated signaling molecule expressed by many cell types. We used mice with AEC-specific FAK deletion to isolate the epithelial aspect of integrin signaling in the bleomycin model of lung injury and fibrosis. Mice with AEC-specific deletion of FAK did not exhibit spontaneous lung injury but did have significantly greater terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling-positive cells (18.6 vs. 7.1) per ×200 field, greater bronchoalveolar lavage protein (3.2 vs. 1.8 mg/ml), and significantly greater death (77 vs. 19%) after bleomycin injury compared with littermate control mice. Within primary AECs, activated FAK directly associates with caspase-8 and inhibits activation of the caspase cascade resulting in less apoptosis in response to TGF-β. Our studies support a model in which dynamic changes to the extracellular matrix after injury promote fibroblast activation and inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis in response to TGF-β through FAK activation potentially complicating attempts to nonspecifically target this pathway for antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Wheaton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shijing Jia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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