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Kuek LE, Lee RJ. First contact: the role of respiratory cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L603-L619. [PMID: 32783615 PMCID: PMC7516383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections are still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immunoregulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Eon Kuek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Price ME, Sisson JH. Redox regulation of motile cilia in airway disease. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101146. [PMID: 30833143 PMCID: PMC6859573 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on airway cells are necessary for clearance of mucus-trapped particles out of the lung. Ciliated airway epithelial cells are uniquely exposed to oxidants through trapping of particles, debris and pathogens in mucus and the direct exposure to inhaled oxidant gases. Dynein ATPases, the motors driving ciliary motility, are sensitive to the local redox environment within each cilium. Several redox-sensitive cilia-localized proteins modulate dynein activity and include Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Protein Phosphatase 1. Moreover, cilia are rich in known redox regulatory proteins and thioredoxin domain-containing proteins that are critical in maintaining a balanced redox environment. Importantly, a nonsense mutation in TXNDC3, which contains a thioredoxin motif, has recently been identified as disease-causing in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a hereditary motile cilia disease resulting in impaired mucociliary clearance. Here we review current understanding of the role(s) oxidant species play in modifying airway ciliary function. We focus on oxidants generated in the airways, cilia redox targets that modulate ciliary beating and imbalances in redox state that impact health and disease. Finally, we review disease models such as smoking, asthma, alcohol drinking, and infections as well as the direct application of oxidants that implicate redox balance as a modulator of cilia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Price
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Interaction of Bacterial Phenazines with Colistimethate in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02349-17. [PMID: 29784845 PMCID: PMC6105780 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02349-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are being increasingly treated in clinics with polymyxins, a class of antibiotics associated with adverse effects on the kidney, nervous system, or airways of a significant proportion of human and animal patients. Although many of the resistant pathogens display enhanced virulence, the hazard of cytotoxic interactions between polymyxin antibiotics and bacterial virulence factors (VFs) has not been assessed, to date. We report here the testing of paired combinations of four Pseudomonas aeruginosa VF phenazine toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), and two commonly prescribed polymyxin drugs, colistin-colistimethate sodium (CMS) and polymyxin B, in three human airway cell lines, BEAS-2B, HBE-1, and CFT-1. Cytotoxicities of individual antibiotics, individual toxins, and their combinations were evaluated by the simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial metabolic, total transcriptional/translational, and Nrf2 stress response regulator activities in treated cells. Two phenazines, PYO and 1-HP, were cytotoxic at clinically relevant concentrations (100 to 150 μM) and prompted a significant increase in oxidative stress-induced transcriptional activity in surviving cells. The polymyxin antibiotics arrested cell proliferation at clinically achievable (<1 mM) concentrations as well, with CMS displaying surprisingly high cytotoxicity (50% effective dose [ED50] = 180 μM) in BEAS-2B cells. The dose-response curves were probed by a median-effect analysis, which established a synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity of the PYO-CMS combination in all three airway cell lines; a particularly strong effect on BEAS-2B cells was observed, with a combination index (CI) of 0.27 at the ED50. PCA, PCN, and 1-HP potentiated CMS cytotoxicity to a smaller extent. The cytotoxicity of CMS could be reduced with 10 mM N-acetyl-cysteine. Iron chelators, while ineffective against the polymyxins, could rescue all three bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with lethal PYO or CMS-PYO doses. These findings suggest that further evaluations of CMS safety are needed, along with a search for means to moderate potentially cytotoxic interactions.
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Wan WYH, Hollins F, Haste L, Woodman L, Hirst RA, Bolton S, Gomez E, Sutcliffe A, Desai D, Chachi L, Mistry V, Szyndralewiez C, Wardlaw A, Saunders R, O'Callaghan C, Andrew PW, Brightling CE. NADPH Oxidase-4 Overexpression Is Associated With Epithelial Ciliary Dysfunction in Neutrophilic Asthma. Chest 2016; 149:1445-59. [PMID: 26836936 PMCID: PMC4893823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial ciliary dysfunction is an important feature of asthma. We sought to determine the role in asthma of neutrophilic inflammation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases in ciliary dysfunction. METHODS Bronchial epithelial ciliary function was assessed by using video microscopy in fresh ex vivo epithelial strips from patients with asthma stratified according to their sputum cell differentials and in culture specimens from healthy control subjects and patients with asthma. Bronchial epithelial oxidative damage was determined by 8-oxo-dG expression. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)/dual oxidase (DUOX) expression was assessed in bronchial epithelial cells by using microarrays, with NOX4 and DUOX1/2 expression assessed in bronchial biopsy specimens. Ciliary dysfunction following NADPH oxidase inhibition, using GKT137831, was evaluated in fresh epithelial strips from patients with asthma and a murine model of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. RESULTS Ciliary beat frequency was impaired in patients with asthma with sputum neutrophilia (n = 11) vs those without (n = 10) (5.8 [0.6] Hz vs 8.8 [0.5] Hz; P = .003) and was correlated with sputum neutrophil count (r = -0.70; P < .001). Primary bronchial epithelial cells expressed DUOX1/2 and NOX4. Levels of 8-oxo-dG and NOX4 were elevated in patients with neutrophilic vs nonneutrophilic asthma, DUOX1 was elevated in both, and DUOX2 was elevated in nonneutrophilic asthma in vivo. In primary epithelial cultures, ciliary dysfunction did not persist, although NOX4 expression and reactive oxygen species generation was increased from patients with neutrophilic asthma. GKT137831 both improved ciliary function in ex vivo epithelial strips (n = 13), relative to the intensity of neutrophilic inflammation, and abolished ciliary dysfunction in the murine asthma model with no reduction in inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Ciliary dysfunction is increased in neutrophilic asthma associated with increased NOX4 expression and is attenuated by NADPH oxidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Heidi Wan
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Fay Hollins
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Louise Haste
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Lucy Woodman
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RK Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Sarah Bolton
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Edith Gomez
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Amanda Sutcliffe
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Dhananjay Desai
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Latifa Chachi
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Vijay Mistry
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | | | - Andrew Wardlaw
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Ruth Saunders
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | | | - Peter W Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester.
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The hierarchy quorum sensing network in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Protein Cell 2014; 6:26-41. [PMID: 25249263 PMCID: PMC4286720 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe and persistent infections in immune compromised individuals and cystic fibrosis sufferers. The infection is hard to eradicate as P. aeruginosa has developed strong resistance to most conventional antibiotics. The problem is further compounded by the ability of the pathogen to form biofilm matrix, which provides bacterial cells a protected environment withstanding various stresses including antibiotics. Quorum sensing (QS), a cell density-based intercellular communication system, which plays a key role in regulation of the bacterial virulence and biofilm formation, could be a promising target for developing new strategies against P. aeruginosa infection. The QS network of P. aeruginosa is organized in a multi-layered hierarchy consisting of at least four interconnected signaling mechanisms. Evidence is accumulating that the QS regulatory network not only responds to bacterial population changes but also could react to environmental stress cues. This plasticity should be taken into consideration during exploration and development of anti-QS therapeutics.
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Manzanares D, Monzon ME, Savani RC, Salathe M. Apical oxidative hyaluronan degradation stimulates airway ciliary beating via RHAMM and RON. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:160-8. [PMID: 17395888 PMCID: PMC1976543 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0413oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is synthesized in high-molecular-weight form at the apical pole of airway epithelial cells, covering the luminal surface. When human airway epithelial cells grown and redifferentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), ciliary beat frequency (CBF) increased. This effect was blocked by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis inhibited the CBF response to X/XO, while addition of exogenous HA amplified it. A functionally blocking antibody to the receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) reduced the CBF response to X/XO. Since RHAMM has no transmembrane domain and thus cannot signal on its own, the association of RHAMM with recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), a member of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor family, was explored. Immunohistochemistry of human airway epithelium showed co-localization of RHAMM and RON at the apex of ciliated cells. Physical association of RHAMM and RON was confirmed with co-immunoprecipitations. Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), an agonist of RON, stimulated CBF. Genistein, a nonspecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and MSP beta chain (beta-MSP), a specific RON inhibitor, blocked the X/XO-induced CBF increase. HA present in the apical secretions of human airway epithelial cells was shown to degrade upon exposure to X/XO, a process inhibited by SOD. Low-molecular-weight HA fragments stimulated CBF, an effect blocked by anti-RHAMM antibody and genistein. These data suggest that high molecular form HA is broken down by reactive oxygen species to form low-molecular-weight fragments that signal via RHAMM and RON to stimulate CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahis Manzanares
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave., RMSB 7063A (R-47), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Reszka KJ, Denning GM, Britigan BE. Photosensitized oxidation and inactivation of pyocyanin, a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:466-73. [PMID: 16613500 DOI: 10.1562/2005-07-29-ra-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PyO-) (1-hydroxy-5-methylphenazine) is a cytotoxic compound secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an omnipresent bacterium and a human pathogen. We report that visible light illumination in the presence of rose bengal, or riboflavin, in aerated solutions (pH 7.0-7.2) induces irreversible loss of the pigment's characteristic absorption band at 690 nm, indicating its oxidation. This photobleaching was paralleled by generation of a multiline Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrum attributed to a PyO(-)-derived radical. The reaction was dependent on the presence of air, sensitizers and light, was inhibited by sodium azide and was unaffected by ethanol. This suggests that PyO- was oxidized largely via singlet oxygen and that hydroxyl radicals were not involved. The photochemically modified pigment was less efficient in oxidizing NAD(P)H and generated less superoxide (by approximately 50%) than the intact PyO-, indicating its partial inactivation. 1-Methoxy-5-methylphenazine, a PyO- analog in which the -O- moiety was replaced by the methoxy group (-OMe), was resistant to oxidation, suggesting that oxidation of PyO- involves its phenolate moiety. These results also suggest that photosensitization could be a potentially useful method for inactivation of PyO- and, possibly, detoxification of superficial wounds (skin, eye) infected with P. aeruginosa.
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O'Malley YQ, Reszka KJ, Rasmussen GT, Abdalla MY, Denning GM, Britigan BE. The Pseudomonas secretory product pyocyanin inhibits catalase activity in human lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L1077-86. [PMID: 12871859 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00198.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has many deleterious effects on human cells that relate to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Human cells possess several mechanisms to protect themselves from ROS, including manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and catalase. Given the link between pyocyanin-mediated epithelial cell injury and oxidative stress, we assessed pyocyanin's effect on MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and catalase levels in the A549 human alveolar epithelial cell line and in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. In both cell types, CuZnSOD and MnSOD were unaltered, but over 24 h pyocyanin significantly decreased cellular catalase activity and protein content. Pyocyanin also decreased catalase mRNA. Overexpression of MnSOD in A549 cells prevented pyocyanin-mediated loss of catalase protein, but catalase activity still declined. Furthermore, pyocyanin decreased catalase activity, but not protein, in A549 cells overexpressing human catalase. These data suggest a direct effect of pyocyanin on catalase activity. Addition of pyocyanin to catalase in a cell-free system also decreased catalase activity. Mammalian catalase binds four NADPH molecules, helping maintain enzyme activity. Spin-trapping data suggest that pyocyanin directly oxidizes this NADPH, producing superoxide. We conclude that pyocyanin may decrease cellular catalase activity via both transcriptional regulation and direct inactivation of the enzyme. Decreased cellular catalase activity and failure to augment MnSOD could contribute to pyocyanin-dependent cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Q O'Malley
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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9
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Denning GM, Iyer SS, Reszka KJ, O'Malley Y, Rasmussen GT, Britigan BE. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, a secondary metabolite of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alters expression of immunomodulatory proteins by human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L584-92. [PMID: 12765878 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00086.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that causes both acute and chronic lung disease in susceptible patient populations. P. aeruginosa secretes numerous proteins and secondary metabolites, many of which have biological effects that likely contribute to disease pathogenesis. An unidentified small-molecular-weight factor was previously reported to increase IL-8 release both in vitro and in vivo. To identify this factor, we subjected the <3-kDa fraction from P. aeruginosa-conditioned medium to HPLC analysis. A peak fraction that stimulated IL-8 release was found by mass spectrometry to have a molecular mass (MM) of 224 Da. On the basis of this MM and other biochemical properties, we hypothesized that the factor was phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). Subsequent studies and comparison with purified PCA confirmed this hypothesis. Purified PCA exhibited a number of biological effects in human airway epithelial cells, including increasing IL-8 release and ICAM-1 expression, as well as decreasing RANTES and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) release. PCA also increased intracellular oxidant formation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and by an intracellular oxidant-sensitive probe. Antioxidants inhibited PCA-dependent increases in IL-8 and ICAM-1, suggesting that oxidants contributed to these effects. However, in contrast to the related phenazine compound pyocyanin, PCA did not oxidize NAD(P)H at physiologically relevant pH, providing preliminary evidence that PCA and pyocyanin may have distinct redox chemistries within the cell. Thus PCA is a biologically active factor secreted by P. aeruginosa that has several activities that could alter the host immune and inflammatory response and thereby contribute to bacterial disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerene M Denning
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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10
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O'Malley YQ, Abdalla MY, McCormick ML, Reszka KJ, Denning GM, Britigan BE. Subcellular localization of Pseudomonas pyocyanin cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L420-30. [PMID: 12414438 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00316.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretory product pyocyanin damages lung epithelium, likely due to redox cycling of pyocyanin and resultant superoxide and H(2)O(2) generation. Subcellular site(s) of pyocyanin redox cycling and toxicity have not been well studied. Therefore, pyocyanin's effects on subcellular parameters in the A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cell line were examined. Confocal and electron microscopy studies suggested mitochondrial redox cycling of pyocyanin and extracellular H(2)O(2) release, respectively. Pyocyanin decreased mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aconitase activity, ATP levels, cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, and mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects were transient at low pyocyanin concentrations and were linked to apparent cell-mediated metabolism of pyocyanin. Overexpression of MnSOD, but not CuZnSOD or catalase, protected cellular aconitase, but not ATP, from pyocyanin-mediated depletion. This suggests that loss of aconitase activity is not responsible for ATP depletion. How pyocyanin leads to ATP depletion, the mechanism of cellular metabolism of pyocyanin, and the impact of mitochondrial pyocyanin redox cycling on other cellular events are important areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Q O'Malley
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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11
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Van Der Vliet A, Nguyen MN, Shigenaga MK, Eiserich JP, Marelich GP, Cross CE. Myeloperoxidase and protein oxidation in cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L537-46. [PMID: 10956629 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.l537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with chronic pulmonary inflammation and progressive lung dysfunction, possibly associated with the formation of neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived oxidants. Expectorated sputum specimens from adult CF patients were analyzed for MPO characteristic protein modifications and found to contain large amounts of active MPO as well as high levels of protein-associated 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,3'-dityrosine, products that result from MPO activity, compared with expectorated sputum from non-CF subjects. Sputum levels of nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)), indicating local production of nitric oxide (NO. ), were not elevated but in fact were slightly reduced in CF. However, there was a slight increase in protein-associated 3-nitrotyrosine in CF sputum compared with controls, reflecting the formation of reactive nitrogen intermediates, possibly through MPO-catalyzed oxidation of NO(2)(-). CF sputum MPO was found to contribute to oxidant-mediated cytotoxicity toward cultured tracheobronchial epithelial cells; however, peroxidase-dependent protein oxidation occurred primarily within sputum proteins, suggesting scavenging of MPO-derived oxidants by CF mucus and perhaps formation of secondary cytotoxic products within CF sputum. Our findings demonstrate the formation of MPO-derived oxidizing and possibly nitrating species within the respiratory tract of subjects with CF, which collectively may contribute to bronchial injury and respiratory failure in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Der Vliet
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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12
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Hirst RA, Sikand KS, Rutman A, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, O'Callaghan C. Relative roles of pneumolysin and hydrogen peroxide from Streptococcus pneumoniae in inhibition of ependymal ciliary beat frequency. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1557-62. [PMID: 10678974 PMCID: PMC97315 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1557-1562.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated ependymal cells line the ventricular system of the brain and the cerebral aqueducts. This study characterizes the relative roles of pneumolysin and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pneumococcal meningitis, using the in vitro ependymal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) as an indicator of toxicity. We have developed an ex vivo model to examine the ependymal surface of the brain slices cut from the fourth ventricle. The ependymal cells had cilia beating at a frequency of between 38 and 44Hz. D39 (wild-type) and PLN-A (pneumolysin-negative) pneumococci at 10(8) CFU/ml both caused ciliary slowing. Catalase protected against PLN-A-induced ciliary slowing but afforded little protection from D39. Lysed PLN-A did not reduce CBF, whereas lysed D39 caused rapid ciliary stasis. There was no effect of catalase, penicillin, or catalase plus penicillin on the CBF. H(2)O(2) at a concentration as low as 100 microM caused ciliary stasis, and this effect was abolished by coincubation with catalase. An additive inhibition of CBF was demonstrated using a combination of both toxins. A significant inhibition of CBF at between 30 and 120 min was demonstrated with both toxins compared with either H(2)O(2) (10 microM) or pneumolysin (1 HU/ml) alone. D39 released equivalent levels of H(2)O(2) to those released by PLN-A, and these concentrations were sufficient to cause ciliary stasis. The brain slices did not produce H(2)O(2), and in the presence of 10(8) CFU of D39 or PLN-A per ml there was no detectable bacterially induced increase of H(2)O(2) release from the brain slice. Coincubation with catalase converted the H(2)O(2) produced by the pneumococci to H(2)O. Penicillin-induced lysis of bacteria dramatically reduced H(2)O(2) production. The hemolytic activity released from D39 was sufficient to cause rapid ciliary stasis, and there was no detectable release of hemolytic activity from the pneumolysin-negative PLN-A. These data demonstrate that D39 bacteria released pneumolysin, which caused rapid ciliary stasis. D39 also released H(2)O(2), which contributed to the toxicity, but this was masked by the more severe effects of pneumolysin. H(2)O(2) released from intact PLN-A was sufficient to cause rapid ciliary stasis, and catalase protected against H(2)O(2)-induced cell toxicity, indicating a role for H(2)O(2) in the response. There is also a slight additive effect of pneumolysin and H(2)O(2) on ependymal toxicity; however, the precise mechanism of action and the role of these toxins in pathogenesis remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hirst
- Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom.
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13
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Abstract
Reactive oxidant species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypohalous acid, and nitric oxide) are involved in many of the complex interactions between the invading microorganism and its host. Regardless of the source of these compounds or whether they are produced under normal conditions or those of oxidative stress, these oxidants exhibit a broad range of toxic effects to biomolecules that are essential for cell survival. Production of these oxidants by microorganisms enables them to have a survival advantage in their environment. Host oxidant production, especially by phagocytes, is a counteractive mechanism aimed at microbial killing. However, this mechanism may be contribute to a deleterious consequence of oxidant exposure, i.e., inflammatory tissue injury. Both the host and the microorganism have evolved complex adaptive mechanisms to deflect oxidant-mediated damage, including enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidant-scavenging systems. This review discusses the formation of reactive oxidant species in vivo and how they mediate many of the processes involved in the complex interplay between microbial invasion and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Piecková E, Jesenská Z. Ciliostatic effect of fungi on the respiratory tract ciliary movement of one-day-old chickens in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1996; 41:517-20. [PMID: 9131806 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ciliostatic activity of exo- and endometabolites of 243 filamentous fungal strains was evaluated by in vitro bioassay using tracheal organ cultures of 1-d-old chicks. Chloroform-extractable metabolites produced in the cultivation medium (25 degrees C/10 d) by 30 out of 72 (41%) investigated strains displayed the ciliostatic activity as did metabolites from the biomass of the spores and the mycelium of 46 other strains (26%). This result could contribute to the clarification of the correlation between fungi and respiratory disorders in some working places and in damp dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Piecková
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Stovakia
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Piecková E, Jesenská Z. The effect of chloroform-extractable secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi on the movement of respiratory tract cilia of one-day-old chicks in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1995; 40:123-7. [PMID: 8851467 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ciliostatic activity of the chloroform-extractable metabolites of 72 strains of filamentous fungi growing in a liquid medium, on tracheal cilia from 1-d-old chicks in vitro was evaluated. Forty-eight of the investigated strains produced ciliostatic metabolites; 13, 11, 16, and 25% of the strains stopped the movement of cilia after 1, 2, 3, 6 d, respectively. The results are discussed in relationship with chronic bronchitis of people working with mouldy materials, living in mouldy dwellings and with the "sick-building syndrome".
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Affiliation(s)
- E Piecková
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kantar A, Oggiano N, Giorgi PL, Braga PC, Fiorini R. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-generated oxygen metabolites decrease beat frequency of human respiratory cilia. Lung 1994; 172:215-22. [PMID: 8028389 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-generated oxygen metabolites on the ciliary beat frequency. PMNs were incubated with human respiratory cilia obtained by nasal brushing. The oxidative metabolism was stimulated by opsonized zymosan, and ciliary beat frequency was evaluated before and after activation of PMNs. Ciliary beat frequency was studied using video microscopy. Our results demonstrate a significant decrease in ciliary beat frequency after activation of PMNs. This effect was reduced by catalase. These data suggest that the PMN-generated oxygen metabolites, particularly H2O2, decrease beat frequency of human respiratory cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kantar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ancona, Italy
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17
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Massion PP, Inoue H, Richman-Eisenstat J, Grunberger D, Jorens PG, Housset B, Pittet JF, Wiener-Kronish JP, Nadel JA. Novel Pseudomonas product stimulates interleukin-8 production in airway epithelial cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:26-32. [PMID: 8282796 PMCID: PMC293717 DOI: 10.1172/jci116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Because high concentrations of IL-8 are found in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients, we hypothesized that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) induces the production of IL-8 in airway epithelial cells and in monocytes. Therefore, we incubated the supernatant from PA culture with human transformed bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) or with monocytes. The culture medium of 16-HBE cells that had been incubated with PA supernatant for 6 h had chemotactic activity that was inhibited by an antibody to human IL-8. The PA supernatant induced IL-8 production by primary bronchial epithelial cells, by 16-HBE cells, and by monocytes. After incubation with PA supernatant, 16-HBE cells showed a marked increase in the levels of IL-8 gene expression. The PA product responsible for IL-8 production resisted freezing, boiling, and proteolysis. This product was not lipid extractable and was present in a 1-kD filtrate. We conclude that a small molecular mass product of PA stimulates IL-8 production by 16-HBE cells and by monocytes, and that the chemotactic activity produced by 16-HBE cells after exposure to PA is due principally to IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Massion
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130
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18
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Britigan BE, Roeder TL, Rasmussen GT, Shasby DM, McCormick ML, Cox CD. Interaction of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretory products pyocyanin and pyochelin generates hydroxyl radical and causes synergistic damage to endothelial cells. Implications for Pseudomonas-associated tissue injury. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:2187-96. [PMID: 1469082 PMCID: PMC443369 DOI: 10.1172/jci116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin, a secretory product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has the capacity to undergo redox cycling under aerobic conditions with resulting generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. By using spin trapping techniques in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR), superoxide was detected during the aerobic reduction of pyocyanin by NADH or porcine endothelial cells. No evidence of hydroxyl radical formation was detected. Chromium oxalate eliminated the EPR spectrum of the superoxide-derived spin adduct resulting from endothelial cell exposure to pyocyanin, suggesting superoxide formation close to the endothelial cell plasma membrane. We have previously reported that iron bound to the P. aeruginosa siderophore pyochelin (ferripyochelin) catalyzes the formation of hydroxyl free radical from superoxide and hydrogen peroxide via the Haber-Weiss reaction. In the present study, spin trap evidence of hydroxyl radical formation was detected when NADH and pyocyanin were allowed to react in the presence of ferripyochelin. Similarly, endothelial cell exposure to pyocyanin and ferripyochelin also resulted in hydroxyl radical production which appeared to occur in close proximity to the cell surface. As assessed by 51Cr release, endothelial cells which were treated with pyocyanin or ferripyochelin alone demonstrated minimal injury. However, endothelial cell exposure to the combination of pyochelin and pyocyanin resulted in 55% specific 51Cr release. Injury was not observed with the substitution of iron-free pyochelin and was diminished by the presence of catalase or dimethyl thiourea. These data suggest the possibility that the P. aeruginosa secretory products pyocyanin and pyochelin may act synergistically via the generation of hydroxyl radical to damage local tissues at sites of pseudomonas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Britigan
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
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