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Shen J, Wang X, Wang M, Zhang H. Potential molecular mechanism of exercise reversing insulin resistance and improving neurodegenerative diseases. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1337442. [PMID: 38818523 PMCID: PMC11137309 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1337442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating nervous system disorders attributed to various conditions such as body aging, gene mutations, genetic factors, and immune system disorders. Prominent neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Insulin resistance refers to the inability of the peripheral and central tissues of the body to respond to insulin and effectively regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance has been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and has been suggested to induce the occurrence, development, and exacerbation of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have suggested that reversing insulin resistance may be a critical intervention for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the numerous measures available to improve insulin sensitivity, exercise is a widely accepted strategy due to its convenience, affordability, and significant impact on increasing insulin sensitivity. This review examines the association between neurodegenerative diseases and insulin resistance and highlights the molecular mechanisms by which exercise can reverse insulin resistance under these conditions. The focus was on regulating insulin resistance through exercise and providing practical ideas and suggestions for future research focused on exercise-induced insulin sensitivity in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Shen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xianping Wang
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Wang R, Jin Z, Zhen Q, Qi L, Liu C, Wang P, Liu Y, Fang J, Liu Y, Su Y, Wang Y, Meng D, Yan H, Zhen Y, Li Z, Fang B. Hyperglycemia affects axial signs in patients with Parkinson's disease through mechanisms of insulin resistance or non-insulin resistance. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2011-2019. [PMID: 38146011 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on motor symptoms, especially axial signs, and potential mechanisms related to insulin resistance (IR) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PWP). METHODS According to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, PWP were divided into the low-HbA1c and the high-HbA1c groups. Demographic information, glucose metabolism-related variables, Hoehn-Yahr stage, and motor function were compared between the two groups. Correlations between levels of HbA1c and the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR and motor function in PWP were further analyzed. RESULTS HbA1c level was significantly and positively correlated with the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III score, axial signs subscore, the Timed Get Up and Go test time, the center of pressure displacement of standing with eyes open and closed, and significantly and negatively correlated with the 10-m walk test comfortable gait speed. HOMA-IR level was significantly and negatively correlated with 10-m walk test comfortable gait speed, but not with others. CONCLUSIONS PWP with high HbA1c showed worse axial symptoms, including dysfunction of automatic walking, dynamic balance, and postural control than those with low HbA1c. In PWP, the effects of hyperglycemia on automatic walking speed may be associated with the IR-related mechanisms, and the effects on dynamic balance and postural control may be related to mechanisms other than IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Wang
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhen
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Jinping Fang
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Detao Meng
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Hongjiao Yan
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yi Zhen
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Boyan Fang
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Ay M, Charli A, Langley M, Jang A, Padhi P, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kalyanaraman B, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Mito-metformin protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration by activating upstream PKD1 signaling in cell culture and MitoPark animal models of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1356703. [PMID: 38449738 PMCID: PMC10915001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1356703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function and biogenesis have strongly been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, identifying the key signaling mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis is crucial to developing new treatment strategies for PD. We previously reported that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) activation protects against neuronal cell death in PD models by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. To further harness the translational drug discovery potential of targeting PKD1-mediated neuroprotective signaling, we synthesized mito-metformin (Mito-Met), a mitochondria-targeted analog derived from conjugating the anti-diabetic drug metformin with a triphenylphosphonium functional group, and then evaluated the preclinical efficacy of Mito-Met in cell culture and MitoPark animal models of PD. Mito-Met (100-300 nM) significantly activated PKD1 phosphorylation, as well as downstream Akt and AMPKα phosphorylation, more potently than metformin, in N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells. Furthermore, treatment with Mito-Met upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) implying that Mito-Met can promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, Mito-Met significantly increased mitochondrial bioenergetics capacity in N27 dopaminergic cells. Mito-Met also reduced mitochondrial fragmentation induced by the Parkinsonian neurotoxicant MPP+ in N27 cells and protected against MPP+-induced TH-positive neurite loss in primary neurons. More importantly, Mito-Met treatment (10 mg/kg, oral gavage for 8 week) significantly improved motor deficits and reduced striatal dopamine depletion in MitoPark mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Mito-Met possesses profound neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of PD, suggesting that pharmacological activation of PKD1 signaling could be a novel neuroprotective translational strategy in PD and other related neurocognitive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Monica Langley
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ahyoung Jang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Piyush Padhi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Li H, Zeng F, Huang C, Pu Q, Thomas ER, Chen Y, Li X. The potential role of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14411. [PMID: 37577934 PMCID: PMC10848100 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, which can cause progressive deterioration of motor function causing muscle stiffness, tremor, and bradykinesia. In this review, we hope to describe approaches that can improve the life of PD patients through modifications of energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The main pathological features of PD are the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the production of Lewy bodies. Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) leading to the formation of Lewy bodies is closely associated with neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The main causes of PD are said to be mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregation. Presence of abnormal energy metabolism is another cause of PD. Many studies have found significant differences between neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic decompensation, which has become a biological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we highlight the relationship between abnormal energy metabolism (Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism) and PD. Improvement of key molecules in glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, and amino acid metabolism (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and levodopa) might be potentially beneficial in PD. Some of these metabolic indicators may serve well during the diagnosis of PD. In addition, modulation of these metabolic pathways may be a potential target for the treatment and prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Qiqi Pu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Kueck PJ, Morris JK, Stanford JA. Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:111-129. [PMID: 38196559 PMCID: PMC10774290 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kueck
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Doroszkiewicz J, Farhan JA, Mroczko J, Winkel I, Perkowski M, Mroczko B. Common and Trace Metals in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15721. [PMID: 37958705 PMCID: PMC10649239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements and metals play critical roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), and their dysregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In a healthy CNS, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese play vital roles as enzyme cofactors, supporting neurotransmission, cellular metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Imbalances in these trace elements can lead to oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. In AD, copper and zinc imbalances are associated with amyloid-beta and tau pathology, impacting cognitive function. PD involves the disruption of iron and manganese levels, leading to oxidative damage and neuronal loss. Toxic metals, like lead and cadmium, impair synaptic transmission and exacerbate neuroinflammation, impacting CNS health. The role of aluminum in AD neurofibrillary tangle formation has also been noted. Understanding the roles of these elements in CNS health and disease might offer potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. The Codex Alimentarius standards concerning the mentioned metals in foods may be one of the key legal contributions to safeguarding public health. Further research is needed to fully comprehend these complex mechanisms and develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Ali Farhan
- Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Winkel
- Dementia Disorders Centre, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Scinawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Perkowski
- Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Zhang Z, Shi M, Li Z, Ling Y, Zhai L, Yuan Y, Ma H, Hao L, Li Z, Zhang Z, Hölscher C. A Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Is More Effective than Liraglutide in the A53T Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:7427136. [PMID: 37791037 PMCID: PMC10545468 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7427136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex syndrome with many elements, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of dopaminergic neurons, build-up of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in cells, and energy depletion in neurons, that drive the disease. We and others have shown that treatment with mimetics of the growth factor glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can normalize energy utilization, neuronal survival, and dopamine levels and reduce inflammation. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analogue that recently showed protective effects in phase 2 clinical trials in PD patients and in Alzheimer disease patients. We have developed a novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier and showed good protective effects in animal models of PD. Here, we test liraglutide against the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist DA5-CH (KP405) in the A53T tg mouse model of PD which expresses a human-mutated gene of α-synuclein. Drug treatment reduced impairments in three different motor tests, reduced levels of α-syn in the substantia nigra, reduced the inflammation response and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, and normalized biomarker levels of autophagy and mitochondrial activities in A53T mice. DA5-CH was superior in almost all parameters measured and therefore may be a better drug treatment for PD than liraglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhang
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhengmin Li
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Ling
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Luke Zhai
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - He Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Li Hao
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
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Khan E, Hasan I, Haque ME. Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Different Animal Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109088. [PMID: 37240432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling in non-human subjects is an essential part of any clinical research. To gain proper understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of any disease, experimental models are required to replicate the disease process. Due to the huge diversity in pathophysiology and prognosis in different diseases, animal modeling is customized and specific accordingly. As in other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder coupled with varying forms of physical and mental disabilities. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are associated with the accumulation of misfolded protein called α-synuclein as Lewy body, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) area affecting the patient's motor activity. Extensive research has already been conducted regarding animal modeling of Parkinson's diseases. These include animal systems with induction of Parkinson's, either pharmacologically or via genetic manipulation. In this review, we will be summarizing and discussing some of the commonly employed Parkinson's disease animal model systems and their applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engila Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ikramul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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Yan F, Liu Y, Zhang T, Shen Y. Identifying TNF and IL6 as potential hub genes and targeted drugs associated with scleritis: A bio-informative report. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098140. [PMID: 37063831 PMCID: PMC10102337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundScleritis is a serious inflammatory eye disease that can lead to blindness. The etiology and pathogenesis of scleritis remain unclear, and increasing evidence indicates that some specific genes and proteins are involved. This study aimed to identify pivotal genes and drug targets for scleritis, thus providing new directions for the treatment of this disease.MethodsWe screened candidate genes and proteins associated with scleritis by text-mining the PubMed database using Python, and assessed their functions by using the DAVID database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used to identify the functional enrichment of these genes and proteins. Then, the hub genes were identified with CytoHubba and assessed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. And the serum from patients with active scleritis and healthy subjects were used for the validation of hub genes. Finally, the DGIdb database was used to predict targeted drugs for the hub genes for treating scleritis.ResultsA total of 56 genes and proteins were found to be linked to scleritis, and 65 significantly altered pathways were identified in the KEGG analysis (FDR < 0.05). Most of the top five pathways involved the categories “Rheumatoid arthritis,” “Inflammatory bowel disease”, “Type I diabetes mellitus,” and “Graft-versus-host disease”. TNF and IL6 were considered to be the top 2 hub genes through CytoHubba. Based on our serum samples, hub genes are expressed at high levels in active scleritis. Five scleritis-targeting drugs were found among 88 identified drugs.ConclusionsThis study provides key genes and drug targets related to scleritis through bioinformatics analysis. TNF and IL6 are considered key mediators and possible drug targets of scleritis. Five drug candidates may play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of scleritis in the future, which is worthy of the further experimental and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Yan
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yizong Liu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianlu Zhang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yin Shen,
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Actions and Consequences of Insulin in the Striatum. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030518. [PMID: 36979453 PMCID: PMC10046598 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions in the hypothalamus, as well as at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. Notably, insulin also acts in the striatum, which shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons. A striking functional consequence of insulin elevation in the striatum is promoting an increase in stimulated dopamine release. This boosting of dopamine release involves InsRs on cholinergic interneurons, and requires activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopamine axons. Opposing this dopamine-enhancing effect, insulin also increases dopamine uptake through the action of insulin at InsRs on dopamine axons. Insulin acts on other striatal cells as well, including striatal projection neurons and astrocytes that also influence dopaminergic transmission and striatal function. Linking these cellular findings to behavior, striatal insulin signaling is required for the development of flavor–nutrient learning, implicating insulin as a reward signal in the brain. In this review, we discuss these and other actions of insulin in the striatum, including how they are influenced by diet and other physio-logical states.
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12
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Sen CK, Roy S, Khanna S. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Foot Ulcer: One of a Kind. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023. [PMID: 35850520 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) associated with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is likely to be complicated with critical factors such as biofilm infection and compromised skin barrier function of the diabetic skin. Repaired skin with a history of biofilm infection is known to be compromised in barrier function. Loss of barrier function is also observed in the oxidative stress affected diabetic and aged skin. Recent Advances: Loss of barrier function makes the skin prone to biofilm infection and cellulitis, which contributes to chronic inflammation and vasculopathy. Hyperglycemia favors biofilm formation as glucose lowering led to reduction in biofilm development. While vasculopathy limits oxygen supply, the O2 cost of inflammation is high increasing hypoxia severity. Critical Issues: The host nervous system can be inhabited by bacteria. Because electrical impulses are a part of microbial physiology, polymicrobial colonization of the host's neural circuit is likely to influence transmission of action potential. The identification of perineural apatite in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy suggests bacterial involvement. DPN starts in both feet at the same time. Future Directions: Pair-matched studies of DPN in the foot affected with DFU (i.e., DFU-DPN) compared with DPN in the without ulcer, and intact skin barrier function, are likely to provide critical insight that would help inform effective care strategies. This review characterizes DFU-DPN from a translational science point of view presenting a new paradigm that recognizes the current literature in the context of factors that are unique to DFU-DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Yu H, Sun T, He X, Wang Z, Zhao K, An J, Wen L, Li JY, Li W, Feng J. Association between Parkinson's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: From Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Prevention to Treatment. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1591-1605. [PMID: 36465171 PMCID: PMC9662283 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both age-related diseases of global concern being among the most common chronic metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. While both diseases can be genetically inherited, environmental factors play a vital role in their pathogenesis. Moreover, DM and PD have common underlying molecular mechanisms, such as misfolded protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis. Recently, epidemiological and experimental studies have reported that DM affects the incidence and progression of PD. Moreover, certain antidiabetic drugs have been proven to decrease the risk of PD and delay its progression. In this review, we elucidate the epidemiological and pathophysiological association between DM and PD and summarize the antidiabetic drugs used in animal models and clinical trials of PD, which may provide reference for the clinical translation of antidiabetic drugs in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kaidong Zhao
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Zhang L, Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Jin QQ, Li L, Hölscher C. DA5-CH and Semaglutide Protect against Neurodegeneration and Reduce α-Synuclein Levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:1428817. [PMID: 36419409 PMCID: PMC9678466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1428817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin desensitization has been observed in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Semaglutide is a novel long-actingglucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is on the market as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It is in a phase II clinical trial in patients with PD. Two previous phase II trials in PD patients showed good effects with the older GLP-1 receptor agonists, exendin-4 and liraglutide. We have developed a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (DA5-CH) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a higher rate than semaglutide. We tested semaglutide and DA5-CH in the 6-OHDA-lesion rat model of PD. Treatment was semaglutide or DA5-CH (25 nmol/kg, i.p.) daily for 30 days postlesion. Both drugs reduced the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and alleviated dopamine depletion and the inflammation response in the lesioned striatum as shown in reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels, with DA5-CH being more effective. In addition, both drugs protected dopaminergic neurons and increased TH expression in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the level of monomer and aggregated α-synuclein was reduced by the drugs, and insulin resistance as shown in reduced pIRS-1ser312 phosphorylation was also attenuated after drug treatment, with DA5-CH being more effective. Therefore, while semaglutide showed good effects in this PD model, DA5-CH was superior and may be a better therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative disorders such as PD than GLP-1 receptor agonists that do not easily cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Jin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Second Hospital Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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15
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Faizan M, Sarkar A, Singh MP. Type 2 diabetes mellitus augments Parkinson's disease risk or the other way around: Facts, challenges and future possibilities. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101727. [PMID: 36038113 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
About 10% of the adult population is living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 1% of the population over 60 years of age is suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). A school of thought firmly believes that T2DM, an age-related disease, augments PD risk. Such relationship is reflected from the severity of PD symptoms in drug naive subjects possessing T2DM. Onset of Parkinsonian feature in case controls possessing T2DM corroborates the role of hyperglycemia in PD. A few cohort, meta-analysis and animal studies have shown an increased PD risk owing to insulin resistance. High fat diet and role of insulin signaling in the regulation of sugar metabolism, oxidative stress, α-synuclein aggregation and accumulation, inflammatory response and mitochondrial function in PD models and sporadic PD further connect the two. Although little is reported about the implication of PD in hyperglycemia and T2DM, a few studies have also contradicted. Ameliorative effect of anti-diabetic drugs on Parkinsonian symptoms and vague outcome of anti-PD medications in T2DM patients also suggest a link. The article reviews the literature supporting augmented risk of one by the other, analysis of proof of the concept, facts, challenges, future possibilities and standpoint on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizan
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alika Sarkar
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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16
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Wang Z, Cui Y, Wen L, Yu H, Feng J, Yuan W, He X. Dietary Restriction against Parkinson's Disease: What We Know So Far. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194108. [PMID: 36235760 PMCID: PMC9571011 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is defined as a moderate reduction in food intake while avoiding malnutrition. The beneficial effects of DR are being increasingly acknowledged in aging and in a series of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, the pathogenesis of PD remains elusive and there is no cure for it in spite of intensive research over decades. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the efficacy of DR on PD, focusing on the underlying mechanisms involving general metabolism, neuroendocrinolgy, neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and so on. We anticipate that this review will provide future perspectives for PD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yueran Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-024-8328-3360 (W.Y.); +86-024-96615-28111 (X.H.)
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-024-8328-3360 (W.Y.); +86-024-96615-28111 (X.H.)
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17
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Kilzheimer A, Hentrich T, Rotermund C, Kahle PJ, Schulze-Hentrich JM. Failure of diet-induced transcriptional adaptations in alpha-synuclein transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 32:450-461. [PMID: 36001352 PMCID: PMC9851747 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional influences have been discussed as potential modulators of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology through various epidemiological and physiological studies. In animal models, a high-fat diet (HFD) with greater intake of lipid-derived calories leads to accelerated disease onset and progression. The underlying molecular mechanisms of HFD-induced aggravated pathology, however, remain largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to further illuminate the effects of a fat-enriched diet in PD by examining the brainstem and hippocampal transcriptome of alpha-synuclein transgenic mice exposed to a life-long HFD. Investigating individual transcript isoforms, differential gene expression and co-expression clusters, we observed that transcriptional differences between wild-type (WT) and transgenic animals intensified in both regions under HFD. Both brainstem and hippocampus displayed strikingly similar transcriptomic perturbation patterns. Interestingly, expression differences resulted mainly from responses in WT animals to HFD, while these genes remained largely unchanged or were even slightly oppositely regulated by diet in transgenic animals. Genes and co-expressed gene groups exhibiting this dysregulation were linked to metabolic and mitochondrial pathways. Our findings propose the failure of metabolic adaptions as the potential explanation for accelerated disease unfolding under exposure to HFD. From the identified clusters of co-expressed genes, several candidates lend themselves to further functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carola Rotermund
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Schulze-Hentrich
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Tel: +49-7071-2972276; Fax: +49-7071-29-5171;
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18
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Relationship between Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Neurodegenerative Disease: Lessons from ADH1B, CYP1A2 and MTHFR. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081498. [PMID: 36011409 PMCID: PMC9408177 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, the main features involved in the susceptibility and progression of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) have been discussed, with the purpose of highlighting their potential application for promoting the management and treatment of patients with NDDs. In particular, the impact of genetic and epigenetic factors, nutrients, and lifestyle will be presented, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Metabolism, dietary habits, physical exercise and microbiota are part of a complex network that is crucial for brain function and preservation. This complex equilibrium can be disrupted by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors causing perturbations in central nervous system homeostasis, contributing thereby to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Diet and physical activity can directly act on epigenetic modifications, which, in turn, alter the expression of specific genes involved in NDDs onset and progression. On this subject, the introduction of nutrigenomics shed light on the main molecular players involved in the modulation of health and disease status. In particular, the review presents data concerning the impact of ADH1B, CYP1A2, and MTHFR on the susceptibility and progression of NDDs (especially AD and PD) and how they may be exploited for developing precision medicine strategies for the disease treatment and management.
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19
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Parkinson's Disease and Sugar Intake-Reasons for and Consequences of a Still Unclear Craving. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153240. [PMID: 35956417 PMCID: PMC9370710 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lately, studies have shown that patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) report a strong craving for sweets and consume significantly more fast-acting carbohydrates than healthy controls. Consuming food with a high-sugar content is assumed to lead to an increase in insulin concentration, which could positively influence dopamine concentration in the brain and unconsciously be used by patients as kind of “self-medication” to compensate for a lack of dopamine in PD. On the other hand, high-sugar intake could also lead to insulin resistance and diabetes, which is discussed as a causative factor for progressive neurodegeneration in PD. In this critical appraisal, we discuss the role of sugar intake and insulin on dopamine metabolism in patients with PD and how this could influence the potential neurodegeneration mediated by insulin resistance.
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20
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Cavalheiro EKFF, da Silva LE, Oliveira MP, Silva MG, Damiani AP, Ribeiro CB, Magenis ML, Cucker L, Michels M, Joaquim L, Machado RS, Vilela TC, Bitencourt RM, Andrade VM, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F, Tuon T, Rezin GT. Effects of obesity on neuroinflammatory and neurochemical parameters in an animal model of reserpine-induced Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114019. [PMID: 35872330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, affecting the brain's reward system by decreasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. It is known that dopaminergic neurotransmission is also reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD), and high adiposity is considered a risk factor for the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. This study aimed to assess the effects of obesity on neuroinflammatory and neurochemical parameters in an animal model of reserpine-induced PD. The obese group showed increased inflammation and oxidative damage as well as inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II and DNA damage in the evaluated structures. The PD group did not show inflammation or mitochondrial dysfunction but exhibited oxidative damage in the hippocampus. The combination group (obesity + PD) showed reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and increased activity of complexes I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in most of the analyzed structures. On the other hand, obesity + PD caused oxidative damage to proteins in the liver, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebral cortex and oxidative stress in the hypothalamus, resulting in reduced catalase activity. Furthermore, the combination group showed DNA damage in blood, liver, and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, it was observed that the association of obesity and PD did not increase inflammation, oxidative stress, or mitochondrial dysfunction in most of the evaluated structures but increased oxidative damage and induced mechanisms that led to DNA damage in peripheral tissues and brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulla Keimili Fernandes Ferreira Cavalheiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina G Silva
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriani P Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Catharina B Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marina L Magenis
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luana Cucker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thais C Vilela
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Talita Tuon
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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21
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Yang X, Feng P, Ji R, Ren Y, Wei W, Hölscher C. Therapeutic application of GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:445-460. [PMID: 35584372 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2079492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and shares similar dysregulated insulin pathways. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs originally designed to treat diabetes have shown potent neuroprotective activity in preclinical studies of PD. They are neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammation, improving neuronal survival, maintenance of synapses, and dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Building on this, three clinical studies have reported impressive effects in patients with PD, testing exendin-4 (Exenatide, Bydureon) or liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is another peptide hormone that has shown good effects in animal models of PD. Novel dual GLP-1/GIP agonists have been developed that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and show superior effects in animal models compared to GLP-1 drugs. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies testing GLP-1R agonists and dual GLP-1/GIPR agonists in PD and discusses possible mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION Current strategies to treat PD by lowering the levels of alpha-synuclein have not shown effects in clinical trials. It is time to move on from the 'misfolding protein' hypothesis. Growth factors such as GLP-1 that can cross the BBB have already shown impressive effects in patients and are the future of drug discovery in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Ren
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 233 Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Fakih W, Zeitoun R, AlZaim I, Eid AH, Kobeissy F, Abd-Elrahman KS, El-Yazbi AF. Early metabolic impairment as a contributor to neurodegenerative disease: Mechanisms and potential pharmacological intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:982-993. [PMID: 35470973 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome comprises a family of clinical and laboratory findings, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and hypertension, in addition to central obesity. The syndrome confers a high risk of cardiovascular mortality. Indeed, metabolic dysfunction has been shown to cause a direct insult to smooth muscle and endothelial components of the vasculature, which leads to vascular dysfunction and hyperreactivity. This, in turn, causes cerebral vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion, eventually contributing to cognitive deficits. Moreover, the metabolic syndrome disrupts key homeostatic processes in the brain, including apoptosis, autophagy, and neurogenesis. Impairment of such processes in the context of metabolic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role that the metabolic syndrome plays in the pathogenesis of the latter disorders, with a focus on the role of perivascular adipose inflammation in the peripheral-to-central transduction of the inflammatory insult. This review delineates common signaling pathways that contribute to these pathologies. Moreover, the role of therapeutic agents aimed at treating the metabolic syndrome, as well as their risk factors that interfere with the aforementioned pathways, are discussed as potential interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Fakih
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Zeitoun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, New Alamein City, Egypt
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Cheng D, Yang S, Zhao X, Wang G. The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA) in Diabetes-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:665-684. [PMID: 35340338 PMCID: PMC8943601 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical guidelines have emphasized the importance of screening for cognitive impairment in older adults with diabetes, however, there is still a lack of understanding about the drug therapy. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and potential applications may include the treatment of obesity as well as the adjunctive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in combination with insulin. Growing evidence suggests that GLP-1 RA has the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in diabetes-related Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 RA in diabetes-related degenerative diseases, including AD and PD, and their potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihe Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071425. [PMID: 35406040 PMCID: PMC9003269 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a strong link between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Indeed, epidemiologic studies have described solid associations between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration, whereas animal models contributed for the clarification of the mechanistic underlying the complex relationships between these conditions, having the development of an insulin resistance state a pivotal role in this relationship. Herein, we review in a concise manner the association between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. We start by providing concepts regarding the role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms that are in the genesis of metabolic diseases. Then, we focus on the role of insulin in the brain, with special attention to its function in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, feeding, and cognition. Moreover, we extensively report on the association between neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases, with a particular emphasis on the evidence observed in animal models of dysmetabolism induced by hypercaloric diets. We also debate on strategies to prevent and/or delay neurodegeneration through the normalization of whole-body glucose homeostasis, particularly via the modulation of the carotid bodies, organs known to be key in connecting the periphery with the brain.
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Zhao Y, Gagliano Taliun SA. Lipid-lowering drug targets and Parkinson's disease: A sex-specific Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:940118. [PMID: 36119674 PMCID: PMC9477004 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.940118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and it is the second most common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. There is no cure and current treatments only alleviate symptoms. Modifiable risk factors have been explored as possible options for decreasing risk or developing drug targets to treat PD, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). There is evidence of sex differences for cholesterol levels as well as for PD risk. Genetic datasets of increasing size are permitting association analyses with increased power, including sex-stratified analyses. These association results empower Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, which, given certain assumptions, test whether there is a causal relationship between the risk factor and the outcome using genetic instruments. Sex-specific causal inference approaches could highlight sex-specific effects that may otherwise be masked by sex-agnostic approaches. We conducted a sex-specific two-sample cis-MR analysis based on genetic variants in LDL-C target encoding genes to assess the impact of lipid-lowering drug targets on PD risk. To complement the cis-MR analysis, we also conducted a sex-specific standard MR analysis (using genome-wide independent variants). We did not find evidence of a causal relationship between LDL-C levels and PD risk in females [OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.60, 1.69), IVW random-effects] or males [OR (95% CI) = 0.93 (0.55, 1.56)]. The sex-specific standard MR analysis also supported this conclusion. We encourage future work assessing sex-specific effects using causal inference techniques to better understand factors that may contribute to complex disease risk differently between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Short-term high-fat feeding exacerbates degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa by promoting retinal oxidative stress and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100566118. [PMID: 34667124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100566118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) can induce hyperglycemia and metabolic syndromes that, in turn, can trigger visual impairment. To evaluate the acute effects of HFD feeding on retinal degeneration, we assessed retinal function and morphology, inflammatory state, oxidative stress, and gut microbiome in dystrophic retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice, a model of retinitis pigmentosa, fed an HFD for 2 to 3 wk. Short-term HFD feeding impaired retinal responsiveness and visual acuity and enhanced photoreceptor degeneration, microglial cell activation, and Müller cell gliosis. HFD consumption also triggered the expression of inflammatory and oxidative markers in rd10 retinas. Finally, an HFD caused gut microbiome dysbiosis, increasing the abundance of potentially proinflammatory bacteria. Thus, HFD feeding drives the pathological processes of retinal degeneration by promoting oxidative stress and activating inflammatory-related pathways. Our findings suggest that consumption of an HFD could accelerate the progression of the disease in patients with retinal degenerative disorders.
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Lian H, Zhang Y, Tong S, Wang Z. Dopamine receptor 2 downregulation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation in the paraventricular nucleus are correlated with brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats with bilateral substantia nigra lesions. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102016. [PMID: 34454019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The thermogenesis resulting from brown adipose tissue (BAT)-induced energy consumption is an important method of energy regulation. It has been reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) can regulate adaptive thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), but the upstream regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Our previous studies have found that a large number of dopamine (DA) receptors (DRs) are expressed on BDNF-positive neurons in the PVN and that the substantia nigra (SN) can directly project to the PVN (forming the SN-PVN pathway). Therefore, we speculate that DA in the SN can regulate the expression of BDNF via DRs and then affect IBAT thermogenesis. In this study, bilateral SN lesions were induced in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and the altered expression of DRs and BDNF in the PVN and the metabolic changes in IBAT were studied via double immunofluorescence and western blotting. The results showed that BDNF-positive neurons in the PVN expressed DR 1 (D1) and DR 2 (D2) and were surrounded by a large number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive nerve fibers. Compared with the control group, the 6-OHDA group exhibited significantly fewer TH-positive neurons and significantly lower TH expression in the SN, but body weight, IBAT weight and food consumption did not differ between the groups. In the PVN, BDNF expression was upregulated in the 6-OHDA group, while D2 and TH expression was downregulated. In IBAT, the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL), TH and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) was increased, while the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was decreased. The IBAT cell diameter was also decreased in the 6-OHDA group. The results suggest that the SN-PVN pathway may be an upstream neural pathway that can affect BDNF expression in the PVN and that DRs may mediate its regulatory effects. This study expands our understanding of the relationship between DA and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shilin Tong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Noninvasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Vaccari C, Grotto D, Pereira TDV, de Camargo JLV, Lopes LC. GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Translational systematic review and meta-analysis protocol of clinical and preclinical studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255726. [PMID: 34383800 PMCID: PMC8360366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive multifactorial neurodegenerative condition. Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM2) are at increased risk for developing PD, indicating a possible insulin-modulating role in this latter condition. We hypothesized that drugs similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), used in the treatment of T2DM2, may play a role in PD. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyze data of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 and GIP drugs in the treatment of PD. METHODS Two reviewers will independently evaluate the studies available in the Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cinahl, and Lilacs databases. Preclinical rodent or non-human primate studies and randomized controlled human clinical trials will be included, without language or publication period restrictions. Outcomes of interest in preclinical studies will be primarily locomotor improvements and adverse effects in animal models of PD. For clinical trials, we will evaluate clinical improvements rated by the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-parts I, II, III, and IV, and adverse effects. The risk of bias of preclinical studies will be assessed by the SYRCLE tool and CAMARADES checklist and the clinical studies by the Cochrane tool; the certainty of the evidence will be rated by GRADE. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There is an urge for new PD treatments that may slow the progression of the disease rather than just restoring dopamine levels. This study will comprehensively review and update the state of the art of what is known about incretin hormones and PD and highlight the strengths and limitations of translating preclinical data to the clinic whenever possible. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42020223435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vaccari
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- Graduate Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago da V. Pereira
- Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luciane C. Lopes
- Graduate Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Elabi OF, Cunha JPMCM, Gaceb A, Fex M, Paul G. High-fat diet-induced diabetes leads to vascular alterations, pericyte reduction, and perivascular depletion of microglia in a 6-OHDA toxin model of Parkinson disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:175. [PMID: 34376193 PMCID: PMC8353816 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes has been recognized as a risk factor contributing to the incidence and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although several hypotheses suggest a number of different mechanisms underlying the aggravation of PD caused by diabetes, less attention has been paid to the fact that diabetes and PD share pathological microvascular alterations in the brain. The characteristics of the interaction of diabetes in combination with PD at the vascular interface are currently not known. Methods We combined a high-fat diet (HFD) model of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) with the 6-OHDA lesion model of PD in male mice. We analyzed the association between insulin resistance and the achieved degree of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathology. We further assessed the impact of the interaction of the two pathologies on motor deficits using a battery of behavioral tests and on microglial activation using immunohistochemistry. Vascular pathology was investigated histologically by analyzing vessel density and branching points, pericyte density, blood–brain barrier leakage, and the interaction between microvessels and microglia in the striatum. Results Different degrees of PD lesion were obtained resulting in moderate and severe dopaminergic cell loss. Even though the HFD paradigm did not affect the degree of nigrostriatal lesion in the acute toxin-induced PD model used, we observed a partial aggravation of the motor performance of parkinsonian mice by the diet. Importantly, the combination of a moderate PD pathology and HFD resulted in a significant pericyte depletion, an absence of an angiogenic response, and a significant reduction in microglia/vascular interaction pointing to an aggravation of vascular pathology. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence for an interaction of DMT2 and PD at the brain microvasculature involving changes in the interaction of microglia with microvessels. These pathological changes may contribute to the pathological mechanisms underlying the accelerated progression of PD when associated with diabetes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02218-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama F Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - João Paulo M C M Cunha
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Fex
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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Alexaki VI. The Impact of Obesity on Microglial Function: Immune, Metabolic and Endocrine Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071584. [PMID: 34201844 PMCID: PMC8307603 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy in combination with modern life style and high prevalence of obesity are important risk factors for development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are central players in it. The present review discusses the effects of obesity, chronic peripheral inflammation and obesity-associated metabolic and endocrine perturbations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased glucocorticoid levels, on microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Park SH, Nam GE, Han K, Huh Y, Kim W, Lee MK, Koh ES, Kim ES, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Kim SM, Cho KH, Park YG. Association of Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status with the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1751-1759. [PMID: 34120914 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longitudinal association between dynamic changes in the metabolic syndrome (MS) status and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been poorly studied. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dynamic changes in MS status are associated with altered risk for PD. METHODS This study was a nationwide retrospective cohort study. We enrolled 5,522,813 individuals aged≥40 years who had undergone health examinations under the National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2010 (two health examinations with a 2-year interval). Participants were followed up until the end of 2017. The participants were categorized into four groups according to MS status changes over 2 years: non-MS, improved MS, incident MS, and persistent MS groups. Multivariable Cox hazard regression was performed. RESULTS During the 7-year median follow-up, there were 20,524 cases of newly developed PD. Compared with non-MS group, improved, incident, and persistent MS groups for 2 years were significantly associated with higher risks of PD (model 3; hazard ratio: 1.12, 95%confidence interval: 1.06-1.19 [improved MS]; 1.15, 1.09-1.22 [incident MS]; and 1.25, 1.20-1.30 [persistent MS]). Individuals with incident and persistent abdominal obesity, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia had a significantly increased risks of PD compared with those without either condition over 2 years. CONCLUSION Persistent and incident MS and its components may be risk factors for incident PD. Ever exposure to MS may also be associated with PD risk. Appropriate intervention for preventing and improving MS may be crucial in decreasing the PD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Huh
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsock Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Koh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Al Hussein Al Awamlh S, Wareham LK, Risner ML, Calkins DJ. Insulin Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4672. [PMID: 33925119 PMCID: PMC8124776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease that is conventionally managed with treatments to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). Despite these efforts, many patients continue to lose their vision. The degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons in the optic tract that characterizes glaucoma is similar to neurodegeneration in other age-related disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Identifying the different molecular signaling pathways that contribute to early neuronal dysfunction can be utilized for neuroprotective strategies that prevent degeneration. The discovery of insulin and its receptor in the CNS and retina led to exploration of the role of insulin signaling in the CNS. Historically, insulin was considered a peripherally secreted hormone that regulated glucose homeostasis, with no obvious roles in the CNS. However, a growing number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of modulating insulin signaling in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will highlight the role that insulin signaling plays in RGC neurodegeneration. We will focus on how this pathway can be therapeutically targeted to promote RGC axon survival and preserve vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al Hussein Al Awamlh
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.A.H.A.A.); (L.K.W.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Lauren K. Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.A.H.A.A.); (L.K.W.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Michael L. Risner
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.A.H.A.A.); (L.K.W.); (M.L.R.)
| | - David J. Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.A.H.A.A.); (L.K.W.); (M.L.R.)
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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PGC-1s in the Spotlight with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073487. [PMID: 33800548 PMCID: PMC8036867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In recent years, the detailed analyses of both genetic and idiopathic forms of the disease have led to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways involved in PD, pointing to the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenic process. Failure of mitochondrial quality control is now considered a hallmark of the disease. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) family acts as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, keeping PGC-1 level in a proper range is fundamental to guarantee functional neurons. Here we review the major findings that tightly bond PD and PGC-1s, raising important points that might lead to future investigations.
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Han J, Nepal P, Odelade A, Freely FD, Belton DM, Graves JL, Maldonado-Devincci AM. High-Fat Diet-Induced Weight Gain, Behavioral Deficits, and Dopamine Changes in Young C57BL/6J Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 7:591161. [PMID: 33553228 PMCID: PMC7855171 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.591161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) may predispose individuals to neuropathologies and behavioral deficits. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal effects of a HFD on weight gain, behavioral deficits, and dopamine changes in young mice. One-month old C57BL/6J male and female mice were fed either a control diet (containing 10% calories from fat) or a HFD (containing 45% of calories from fat) for 5 months. Physiological measures such as food consumption, body weight, blood glucose, and behaviors such as motor activity, sensorimotor integration, and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated monthly. Dopamine (DA), dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), and dopamine transporter (DT) protein expression levels were measured in the midbrain after 5 months of dietary exposure. Results showed that body weight was significantly greater in the HFD-exposed group compared to the control-group at the end of the 4th month, while food consumption was similar in both groups. For behavioral effects, the HFD group exhibited a significant decrease in motor activity in the open field test after 3 months, and rearing frequency after 4 months of dietary exposure. The HFD group also showed deficits in sensorimotor integration after 3 months. Specifically, chronic HFD exposure increased contact time and time to remove the first adhesive tape in the adhesive-tape removal test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the HFD group showed significant deficits in balance/coordination compared to the control group after 4 months of dietary exposure using the beam traverse test, and increased anxiety-like behavior tested by both the open field and light/dark box tests (p < 0.05). Neurochemical measurements showed that HFD-exposed mice had significantly higher midbrain DA and DRD2 protein levels compared to the control group after 5 months of dietary exposure (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the impact of HFD on the C57BL/6J mouse strain began at the 3rd month of dietary exposure. Behavioral deficits occurred at a similar time point as increased body weight, at about 3–4 months. Overall, this study provides a critical understanding on how HFD-induced changes in weight gain and behavioral deficits in this strain occur over time. The behavioral changes support the idea that changes also occurred in neurochemical pathways such as dopamine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Pragya Nepal
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Anuoluwapo Odelade
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Frederick D Freely
- Department of Psychology, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Destiny M Belton
- Department of Psychology, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Joseph L Graves
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Antoniette M Maldonado-Devincci
- Department of Psychology, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Dai L, Zou L, Meng L, Qiang G, Yan M, Zhang Z. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2183-2201. [PMID: 33411241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an indispensable component of the cell membrane and plays vital roles in critical physiological processes. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large portion of total cholesterol in the human body, and its content must be tightly regulated to ensure normal brain function. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in the brain are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other atypical cognitive deficits that arise at old age. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism disorder in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Statins that are a class of lipid-lowering drugs have been reported to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the physiological and pathological conditions of cholesterol metabolism and discussed the possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and statin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Shabir O, Moll TA, Matuszyk MM, Eyre B, Dake MD, Berwick J, Francis SE. Preclinical models of disease and multimorbidity with focus upon cardiovascular disease and dementia. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lee D, Jo MG, Kim SY, Chung CG, Lee SB. Dietary Antioxidants and the Mitochondrial Quality Control: Their Potential Roles in Parkinson's Disease Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111056. [PMID: 33126703 PMCID: PMC7692176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in medicine and dietary standards over recent decades have remarkably increased human life expectancy. Unfortunately, the chance of developing age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), increases with increased life expectancy. High metabolic demands of neurons are met by mitochondria, damage of which is thought to contribute to the development of many NDDs including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitochondrial damage is closely associated with the abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are widely known to be toxic in various cellular environments, including NDD contexts. Thus, ways to prevent or slow mitochondrial dysfunction are needed for the treatment of these NDDs. In this review, we first detail how ROS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and review the cellular mechanisms, such as the mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system, by which neurons defend against both abnormal production of ROS and the subsequent accumulation of damaged mitochondria. We next highlight previous studies that link mitochondrial dysfunction with PD and how dietary antioxidants might provide reinforcement of the MQC system. Finally, we discuss how aging plays a role in mitochondrial dysfunction and PD before considering how healthy aging through proper diet and exercise may be salutary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (D.L.); (M.G.J.); (S.Y.K.)
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Min Gu Jo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (D.L.); (M.G.J.); (S.Y.K.)
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (D.L.); (M.G.J.); (S.Y.K.)
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (D.L.); (M.G.J.); (S.Y.K.)
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.G.C.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (D.L.); (M.G.J.); (S.Y.K.)
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.G.C.); (S.B.L.)
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Bittencourt A, Brum PO, Ribeiro CT, Gasparotto J, Bortolin RC, de Vargas AR, Heimfarth L, de Almeida RF, Moreira JCF, de Oliveira J, Gelain DP. High fat diet-induced obesity causes a reduction in brain tyrosine hydroxylase levels and non-motor features in rats through metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1026-1040. [PMID: 33078695 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1831261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a health problem that has been associated with neuroinflammation, decreased cognitive functions and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor and non-motor abnormalities, increased brain inflammation, α-synuclein protein aggregation and dopaminergic neuron loss that is associated with decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. Diet-induced obesity is a global epidemic and its role as a risk factor for PD is not clear. Herein, we showed that 25 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD) promotes significant alterations in the nigrostriatal axis of Wistar rats. Obesity induced by HFD exposure caused a reduction in TH levels and increased TH phosphorylation at serine 40 in the ventral tegmental area. These effects were associated with insulin resistance, increased tumor necrosis factor-α levels, oxidative stress, astrogliosis and microglia activation. No difference was detected in the levels of α-synuclein. Obesity also induced impairment of locomotor activity, total mobility and anxiety-related behaviors that were identified in the open-field and light/dark tasks. There were no changes in motor coordination or memory. Together, these data suggest that the reduction of TH levels in the nigrostriatal axis occurs through an α-synuclein-independent pathway and can be attributed to brain inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and metabolic disorders induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bittencourt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ozorio Brum
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Tiefensee Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Amanda Rodrigues de Vargas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Farina de Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zhang F, Yue L, Fang X, Wang G, Li C, Sun X, Jia X, Yang J, Song J, Zhang Y, Guo C, Ma G, Sang M, Chen F, Wang P. Altered gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease patients/healthy spouses and its association with clinical features. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:84-88. [PMID: 33099131 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play important roles in the occurrence and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the findings are inconsistent. Besides, the effect of family environment on gut microbiota dysbiosis remains unclear. METHODS We characterized the gut microbial compositions of 63 PD patients, 63 healthy spouses (HS) and 74 healthy people (HP) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Clinical phenotypes and microbial composition were analyzed comprehensively. RESULTS There were markedly different microbial compositions among PD, HS and HP samples by alpha/beta diversity. We also found differential microbial compositions among Hoehn & Yahr stage/disease duration. Eight inflammation-associated microbial genera shared a continuously increase trend with increased Hoehn & Yahr stage and disease duration, indicating characteristic bacteria associated with deterioration in PD. Additionally, seven bacterial markers were identified for accurately differentiating PD patients from the controls (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.856). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows altered gut microbiota in PD patients. Importantly, inflammation-associated microbial genera may play roles in PD progression. Differential microbial compositions in HS and HP samples demonstrate that the gut microbiota are also affected by family environment. Disease-associated metagenomics studies should consider the family environmental factor. Our research provides an important reference and improves the understanding of gut microbiota in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Liya Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuidan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xinmiao Jia
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhui Song
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Chongye Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Puqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
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Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Antidiabetic drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Repurposing insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:37-64. [PMID: 32854858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical and scientific communities have been striving to disentangle the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), in order to develop a cure or effective treatment for these diseases. Along this journey, it has become important to identify the early events occurring in the prodromal phases of these diseases and the disorders that increase the risk of neurodegeneration highlighting common pathological features. This strategy has led to a wealth of evidence identifying diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a main risk factor for the onset and progression of AD and PD. Impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction are features common to both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and AD and PD, and they appear before clinical diagnosis of the two neurodegenerative diseases. These could represent the strategic nodes of therapeutic intervention. Following this line of thought, a conceivable approach is to repurpose antidiabetic drugs as valuable agents that may prevent or reduce the risk of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the past and current findings that link AD and PD with T2DM, emphasizing the common pathological mechanisms. The efficacy of antidiabetic drugs, namely intranasal insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones, in the prevention and/or treatment of AD and PD is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Miranda-Díaz AG, García-Sánchez A, Cardona-Muñoz EG. Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6281454. [PMID: 32832004 PMCID: PMC7424374 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6281454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress appears to be responsible for the gradual dysfunction that manifests via numerous cellular pathways throughout PD progression. This review will describe the prooxidant effect of excessive consumption of processed food. Processed meat can affect health due to its high sodium content, advanced lipid oxidation end-products, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. During cooking, lipids can react with proteins to form advanced end-products of lipid oxidation. Excessive consumption of different types of carbohydrates is a risk factor for PD. The antioxidant effects of some foods in the regular diet provide an inconclusive interpretation of the environment's mechanisms with the modulation of oxidation stress-induced PD. Some antioxidant molecules are known whose primary mechanism is the neuroprotective effect. The melatonin mechanism consists of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing antioxidant enzyme's expression and activity. N-acetylcysteine protects against the development of PD by restoring levels of brain glutathione. The balanced administration of vitamin B3, ascorbic acid, vitamin D and the intake of caffeine every day seem beneficial for brain health in PD. Excessive chocolate intake could have adverse effects in PD patients. The findings reported to date do not provide clear benefits for a possible efficient therapeutic intervention by consuming the nutrients that are consumed regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés García-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Percie du Sert N, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Hurst V, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000411. [PMID: 32663221 PMCID: PMC7360025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 940] [Impact Index Per Article: 235.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) were developed in 2010 to help authors and journals identify the minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments. Despite widespread endorsement by the scientific community, the impact of ARRIVE on the transparency of reporting in animal research publications has been limited. We have revised the ARRIVE guidelines to update them and facilitate their use in practice. The revised guidelines are published alongside this paper. This explanation and elaboration document was developed as part of the revision. It provides further information about each of the 21 items in ARRIVE 2.0, including the rationale and supporting evidence for their inclusion in the guidelines, elaboration of details to report, and examples of good reporting from the published literature. This document also covers advice and best practice in the design and conduct of animal studies to support researchers in improving standards from the start of the experimental design process through to publication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Innes C. Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Natasha A. Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ole H. Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny Reynolds
- Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Hanno Würbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bajracharya R, Bustamante S, O Ballard JW. Stearic Acid Supplementation in High Protein to Carbohydrate (P:C) Ratio Diet Improves Physiological and Mitochondrial Functions of Drosophila melanogaster parkin Null Mutants. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1564-1572. [PMID: 29236963 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing dietary macronutrients benefits the prevention and management of many human diseases but there is conflicting dietary advice for Parkinson's disease (PD), and no single strategy is universally recommended. Recently, it was shown that dietary stearic acid (C18:0) improves survival and mitochondrial functions in the parkin null Drosophila model of PD. Here, we incorporate stearic acid into high protein and high carbohydrate diets and study survival, climbing ability, mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, basal reactive oxygen species, and conduct lipidomics assays. We observed that parkin null flies showed improvement in all assays tested when stearic acid was added to the high protein diet but not to the high carbohydrate diet. When lipid proportion was examined, we observed higher levels in flies fed the high protein diet with stearic acid diet and the high carbohydrate diet. Unexpectedly, free levels of fatty acids exhibited opposite trend. Combined, these data suggest that dietary Protein: Carbohydrate ratio and stearic acid influences levels of bound fatty acids. The mechanisms that influence free and bound fatty-acid levels remain to be explored, but one possible explanation is that breakdown products can bind to membranes and improve the mitochondrial functions of parkin null flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijan Bajracharya
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Cheng H, Gang X, Liu Y, Wang G, Zhao X, Wang G. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases in diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E750-E764. [PMID: 31714795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have an essential function in cell survival due to their role in bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species generation, calcium buffering, and other metabolic activities. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are commonly found in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and diabetes is a risk factor for NDs. However, the role of mitochondria in diabetic neurodegeneration is still unclear. In the present study, we review the latest evidence on the role of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the development of diabetes-related NDs and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Hypoglycemic agents, especially metformin, have been proven to have neuroprotective effects in the treatment of diabetes, in which mitochondria could act as one of the underlying mechanisms. Other hypoglycemic agents, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, have gained more attention because of their beneficial effects on NDs, presumably by improving mitochondrial function. Our review highlights the notion that mitochondria could be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of NDs in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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46
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Insulin Resistance Promotes Parkinson's Disease through Aberrant Expression of α-Synuclein, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Deregulation of the Polo-Like Kinase 2 Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030740. [PMID: 32192190 PMCID: PMC7140619 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR), considered a hallmark of diabetes at the cellular level, is implicated in pre-diabetes, results in type 2 diabetes, and negatively affects mitochondrial function. Diabetes is increasingly associated with enhanced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the probable culpability of IR in the pathogenesis of PD. Methods: Using MitoPark mice in vivo models, diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet in the in vivo models, and IR was induced by protracted pulse-stimulation with 100 nM insulin treatment of neuronal cells, in vitro to determine the molecular mechanism(s) underlying altered cellular functions in PD, including mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein (SNCA) aberrant expression. Findings: We observed increased SNCA expression in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of both the wild-type and diabetic MitoPark mice, coupled with enhanced degeneration of DA neurons in the diabetic MitoPark mice. Ex vivo, in differentiated human DA neurons, IR was associated with increased SNCA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, as well as mitochondrial depolarization. Moreover, we demonstrated concomitant hyperactivation of polo-like kinase-2 (PLK2), and upregulated p-SNCA (Ser129) and proteinase K-resistant SNCA proteins level in IR SH-SY5Y cells, however the inhibition of PLK2 reversed IR-related increases in phosphorylated and total SNCA. Similarly, the overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC)-1α suppressed ROS production, repressed PLK2 hyperactivity, and resulted in downregulation of total and Ser129-phosphorylated SNCA in the IR SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that IR-associated diabetes promotes the development and progression of PD through PLK2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, upregulated ROS production, and enhanced SNCA signaling, suggesting the therapeutic targetability of PLK2 and/or SNCA as potential novel disease-modifying strategies in patients with PD.
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47
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Athauda D, Gulyani S, Karnati HK, Li Y, Tweedie D, Mustapic M, Chawla S, Chowdhury K, Skene SS, Greig NH, Kapogiannis D, Foltynie T. Utility of Neuronal-Derived Exosomes to Examine Molecular Mechanisms That Affect Motor Function in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Secondary Analysis of the Exenatide-PD Trial. JAMA Neurol 2020; 76:420-429. [PMID: 30640362 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist used in type 2 diabetes, was recently found to have beneficial effects on motor function in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulating evidence suggests that impaired brain insulin and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling play a role in PD pathogenesis; however, exploring the extent to which drugs engage with putative mechnisms in vivo remains a challenge. Objective To assess whether participants in the Exenatide-PD trial have augmented activity in brain insulin and Akt signaling pathways. Design, Setting, and Participants Serum samples were collected from 60 participants in the single-center Exenatide-PD trial (June 18, 2014, to June 16, 2016), which compared patients with moderate PD randomized to 2 mg of exenatide once weekly or placebo for 48 weeks followed by a 12-week washout period. Serum extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, were extracted, precipitated, and enriched for neuronal source by anti-L1 cell adhesion molecule antibody absorption, and proteins of interest were evaluated using electrochemiluminescence assays. Statistical analysis was performed from May 1, 2017, to August 31, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was augmented brain insulin signaling that manifested as a change in tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 within neuronal extracellular vesicles at the end of 48 weeks of exenatide treatment. Additional outcome measures were changes in other insulin receptor substrate proteins and effects on protein expression in the Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Results Sixty patients (mean [SD] age, 59.9 [8.4] years; 43 [72%] male) participated in the study: 31 in the exenatide group and 29 in the placebo group (data from 1 patient in the exenatide group were excluded). Patients treated with exenatide had augmented tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at 48 weeks (0.27 absorbance units [AU]; 95% CI, 0.09-0.44 AU; P = .003) and 60 weeks (0.23 AU; 95% CI, 0.05-0.41 AU; P = .01) compared with patients receiving placebo. Exenatide-treated patients had elevated expression of downstream substrates, including total Akt (0.35 U/mL; 95% CI, 0.16-0.53 U/mL; P < .001) and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (0.22 AU; 95% CI, 0.04-0.40 AU; P = .02). Improvements in Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part 3 off-medication scores were associated with levels of total mTOR (F4,50 = 5.343, P = .001) and phosphorylated mTOR (F4,50 = 4.384, P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study are consistent with target engagement of brain insulin, Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways by exenatide and provide a mechanistic context for the clinical findings of the Exenatide-PD trial. This study suggests the potential of using exosome-based biomarkers as objective measures of target engagement in clinical trials using drugs that target neuronal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Athauda
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seema Gulyani
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sahil Chawla
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kashfia Chowdhury
- University College London Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S Skene
- University College London Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Emerging neuroprotective effect of metformin in Parkinson's disease: A molecular crosstalk. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104593. [PMID: 31843673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and Lewy pathology. PD is a major concern of today's aging population and has emerged as a global health burden. Despite the rapid advances in PD research over the past decades, the gold standard therapy provides only symptomatic relief and fails to halt disease progression. Therefore, exploring novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategies is highly demanded. Metformin, which is currently used as a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has recently demonstrated to exert a neuroprotective role in several neurodegenerative disorders including PD, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we explore the neuroprotective potential of metformin based on emerging evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, metformin has been shown to inhibit α-synuclein (SNCA) phosphorylation and aggregation, prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuate oxidative stress, modulate autophagy mainly via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, as well as prevent neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Overall, the neuroprotective effects of metformin in PD pathogenesis present a novel promising therapeutic strategy that might overcome the limitations of current PD treatment.
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49
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Kovalenko M, Milnerwood A, Giordano J, St Claire J, Guide JR, Stromberg M, Gillis T, Sapp E, DiFiglia M, MacDonald ME, Carroll JB, Lee JM, Tappan S, Raymond L, Wheeler VC. HttQ111/+ Huntington's Disease Knock-in Mice Exhibit Brain Region-Specific Morphological Changes and Synaptic Dysfunction. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:17-33. [PMID: 29480209 PMCID: PMC5869998 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Successful disease-modifying therapy for Huntington’s disease (HD) will require therapeutic intervention early in the pathogenic process. Achieving this goal requires identifying phenotypes that are proximal to the HTT CAG repeat expansion. Objective: To use Htt CAG knock-in mice, precise genetic replicas of the HTT mutation in patients, as models to study proximal disease events. Methods: Using cohorts of B6J.HttQ111/+ mice from 2 to 18 months of age, we analyzed pathological markers, including immunohistochemistry, brain regional volumes and cortical thickness, CAG instability, electron microscopy of striatal synapses, and acute slice electrophysiology to record glutamatergic transmission at striatal synapses. We also incorporated a diet perturbation paradigm for some of these analyses. Results: B6J.HttQ111/+ mice did not exhibit significant neurodegeneration or gliosis but revealed decreased striatal DARPP-32 as well as subtle but regional-specific changes in brain volumes and cortical thickness that parallel those in HD patients. Ultrastructural analyses of the striatum showed reduced synapse density, increased postsynaptic density thickness and increased synaptic cleft width. Acute slice electrophysiology showed alterations in spontaneous AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents, evoked NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents, and elevated extrasynaptic NMDA currents. Diet influenced cortical thickness, but did not impact somatic CAG expansion, nor did it show any significant interaction with genotype on immunohistochemical, brain volume or cortical thickness measures. Conclusions: These data show that a single HttQ111 allele is sufficient to elicit brain region-specific morphological changes and early neuronal dysfunction, highlighting an insidious disease process already apparent in the first few months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kovalenko
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Austen Milnerwood
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Giordano
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason St Claire
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jolene R Guide
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Stromberg
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lynn Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Fiory F, Perruolo G, Cimmino I, Cabaro S, Pignalosa FC, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F. The Relevance of Insulin Action in the Dopaminergic System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:868. [PMID: 31474827 PMCID: PMC6706784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in medicine, together with lifestyle modifications, led to a rising life expectancy. Unfortunately, however, aging is accompanied by an alarming boost of age-associated chronic pathologies, including neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Interestingly, a non-negligible interplay between alterations of glucose homeostasis and brain dysfunction has clearly emerged. In particular, epidemiological studies have pointed out a possible association between Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Insulin resistance, one of the major hallmark for etiology of T2D, has a detrimental influence on PD, negatively affecting PD phenotype, accelerating its progression and worsening cognitive impairment. This review aims to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent evidences supporting the key role of insulin resistance in PD pathogenesis. It will focus on the relevance of insulin in the brain, working as pro-survival neurotrophic factor and as a master regulator of neuronal mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Insulin action as a modulator of dopamine signaling and of alpha-synuclein degradation will be described in details, too. The intriguing idea that shared deregulated pathogenic pathways represent a link between PD and insulin resistance has clinical and therapeutic implications. Thus, ongoing studies about the promising healing potential of common antidiabetic drugs such as metformin, exenatide, DPP IV inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and bromocriptine, will be summarized and the rationale for their use to decelerate neurodegeneration will be critically assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Pignalosa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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