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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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Hand SC, Denlinger DL, Podrabsky JE, Roy R. Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent developments from nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1193-211. [PMID: 27053646 PMCID: PMC4935499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarifying proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns. Overlapping themes are also seen in mechanisms that control cell cycle arrest. Evidence is emerging for epigenetic contributions to diapause regulation via small RNAs in nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Knockdown of circadian clock genes in selected insect species supports the importance of clock genes in the photoperiodic response that cues diapause. A large suite of chaperone-like proteins, expressed during diapause, protects biological structures during long periods of energy-limited stasis. More information is needed to paint a complete picture of how environmental cues are coupled to the signal transduction that initiates the complex diapause phenotype, as well as molecular explanations for how the state is terminated. Excellent examples of molecular memory in post-dauer animals have been documented in Caenorhabditis elegans It is clear that a single suite of mechanisms does not regulate diapause across all species and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason E Podrabsky
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Richard Roy
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Yang F, Jia SN, Yu YQ, Ye X, Liu J, Qian YQ, Yang WJ. Deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is involved in the formation and maintenance of the diapause embryos of Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:577-87. [PMID: 22374320 PMCID: PMC3535162 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of proteins by ubiquitination and deubiquitination plays an important role in various cellular processes. BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme whose function in the control of the cell cycle requires both its deubiquitinating activity and nuclear localization. In the present study, a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase belonging to the BAP1 family was identified and characterized from Artemia parthenogenetica, a member of a family of brine shrimp that, under certain conditions, produce and release diapause embryos in which cell division and turnover of macromolecules are arrested. Western blot analysis and in vitro enzyme activity assay revealed ArBAP1 to be a cytoplasmic protein with typical ubiquitin hydrolase activity. Northern blot analysis revealed that ArBAP1 was abundant in the abdomen of Artemia producing diapause-destined embryos. Furthermore, by in situ hybridization, ArBAP1 was located exclusively in the embryos. In vivo knockdown of ArBAP1 by RNA interference resulted in the formation of embryos with split shells and abortive nauplii. The present findings suggest that ArBAP1, the first reported cytoplasmic BAP1, participates in the formation of diapause embryos and plays an important role in the control of cell cycle arrest in these encysted embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jia
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Yu
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- />College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Qing Qian
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Hand SC, Menze MA. Mitochondria in energy-limited states: mechanisms that blunt the signaling of cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:1829-40. [PMID: 18515712 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular conditions experienced during energy-limited states--elevated calcium, shifts in cellular adenylate status, compromised mitochondrial membrane potential--are precisely those that trigger, at least in mammals, the mitochondrion to initiate opening of the permeability transition pore, to assemble additional protein release channels, and to release pro-apoptotic factors. These pro-apototic factors in turn activate initiator and executer caspases. How is activation of mitochondria-based pathways for the signaling of apoptotic and necrotic cell death avoided under conditions of hypoxia, anoxia, diapause, estivation and anhydrobiosis? Functional trade-offs in environmental tolerance may have occurred in parallel with the evolution of diversified pathways for the signaling of cell death in eukaryotic organisms. Embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, survive extended periods of anoxia and diapause, and evidence indicates that opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and release of cytochrome c (cyt-c) do not occur. Further, caspase activation in this crustacean is not dependent on cyt-c. Its caspases display regulation by nucleotides that is consistent with ;applying the brakes' to cell death during energy limitation. Unraveling the mechanisms by which organisms in extreme environments avoid cell death may suggest possible interventions during disease states and biostabilization of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Division of Cellular, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Eads BD, Hand SC. Mitochondrial mRNA stability and polyadenylation during anoxia-induced quiescence in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3681-92. [PMID: 12966060 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyadenylation of messenger RNA is known to be an important mechanism for regulating mRNA stability in a variety of systems, including bacteria, chloroplasts and plant mitochondria. By comparison, little is known about the role played by polyadenylation in animal mitochondrial gene expression. We have used embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana to test hypotheses regarding message stability and polyadenylation under conditions simulating anoxia-induced quiescence. In response to anoxia, these embryos undergo a profound and acute metabolic downregulation, characterized by a steep drop in intracellular pH (pH(i)) and ATP levels. Using dot blots of total mitochondrial RNA, we show that during in organello incubations both O(2) deprivation and acidic pH (pH 6.4) elicit increases in half-lives of selected mitochondrial transcripts on the order of five- to tenfold or more, relative to normoxic controls at pH 7.8. Polyadenylation of these transcripts was measured under the same incubation conditions using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assay. The results demonstrate that low pH and anoxia promote significant deadenylation of the stabilized transcripts in several cases, measured either as change over time in the amount of polyadenylation within a given size class of poly(A)(+) tail, or as the total amount of polyadenylation at the endpoint of the incubation. This study is the first direct demonstration that for a metazoan mitochondrion, polyadenylation is associated with destabilized mRNA. This pattern has also been demonstrated in bacteria, chloroplasts and plant mitochondria and may indicate a conserved mechanism for regulating message half-life that differs from the paradigm for eukaryotic cytoplasm, where increased mRNA stability is associated with polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Eads
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
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Hofmann GE, Hand SC. Global arrest of translation during invertebrate quiescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:8492-6. [PMID: 8078909 PMCID: PMC44632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparing the translational capacities of cell-free systems from aerobically developing embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana vs. quiescent embryos has revealed a global arrest of protein synthesis. Incorporation rates of [3H]leucine by lysates from 4-h anoxic embryos were 8% of those from aerobic (control) embryos, when assayed at the respective pH values measured for each treatment in vivo. Exposure of embryos to 4 h of aerobic acidosis (elevated CO2 in the presence of oxygen) suppressed protein synthesis to 3% of control values. These latter two experimental treatments promote developmental arrest of Artemia embryos and, concomitantly, cause acute declines in intracellular pH. When lysates from each treatment were assayed over a range of physiologically relevant pH values (pH 6.4-8.0), amino acid incorporation rates in lysates from quiescent embryos were consistently lower than values for the aerobic controls. Acute reversal of pH to alkaline values during the 6-min assays was not sufficient to return the incorporation rates of quiescent lysates to control values. Thus, a stable alteration in translational capacity of quiescent lysates is indicated. Addition of exogenous mRNA did not rescue the suppressed protein synthesis in quiescent lysates, which suggests that the acute blockage of amino acid incorporation is apparently not due to limitation in message. Thus, the results support a role for intracellular pH as an initial signaling event in translational control during quiescence yet, at the same time, indicate that a direct proton effect on the translational machinery is not the sole proximal agent for biosynthetic arrest in this primitive crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hofmann
- Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0334
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