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Abo-Salem HM, El Souda SSM, Shafey HI, Zoheir KMA, Ahmed KM, Mahmoud K, Mahrous KF, Fawzy NM. Synthesis, bioactivity assessment, molecular docking and ADMET studies of new chromone congeners exhibiting potent anticancer activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9636. [PMID: 38671055 PMCID: PMC11053072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In consideration of the chromones' therapeutic potential and anticancer activity, a new series of chromanone derivatives have been synthesized through a straightforward reaction between 6-formyl-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methylchromone (2) and various organic active compounds. The cytotoxic activity of the newly synthesized congeners was investigated against MCF-7 (human breast cancer), HCT-116 (colon cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), and normal skin fibroblast cells (BJ1). The obtained data indicated that compounds 14b, 17, and 19 induce cytotoxic activity in the breast MCF7, while compounds 6a, 6b, 11 and 14c showed highly potent activity in the colon cancer cell lines. Overall, the results demonstrate that the potential cytotoxic effects of the studied compounds may be based on their ability to induce DNA fragmentation in cancer cell lines, down-regulate the expression level of CDK4 as well as the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and up-regulate the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes P53 and Bax. Furthermore, compounds 14b and 14c showed a dual mechanism of action by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The docking studies showed that the binding affinity of the most active cytotoxic compounds within the active pocket of the CDK4 enzyme is stronger due to hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions. These results were found to be consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Abo-Salem
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sahar S M El Souda
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Heba I Shafey
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khadiga M Ahmed
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Kh Mahmoud
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Karima F Mahrous
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Fawzy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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2
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Assefa T, Tesso H, Ramachandran VP, Guta L, Demissie TB, Ombito JO, Eswaramoorthy R, Melaku Y. In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Activities of Constituents of Fruits of Cucumis dipsaceus. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1945-1955. [PMID: 38222496 PMCID: PMC10785779 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cucumis dipsaceus (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant traditionally used against diarrhea, teeth-ach, wounds, stomach ache, meningitis, and cancer. The extracts of C. dipsaceus after silica gel column chromatography gave nine compounds identified using spectroscopic methods such as hexacosane (1), octadecane (2), 17-(-5-ethyl-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-13-methylcyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-ol (3), erythrodiol (4), (9,12)-propyl icosa-9,12-dienoate (5), α-spinasterol (6), 16-dehydroxycucurbitacin (7), cucurbitacin D (8), and 23,24-dihydroisocucurbitacin D (9). Compounds 3 and 4 are new to the genus Cucumis. α-Spinasterol showed better inhibition zone diameter = 13.67 ± 0.57, 15.00 ± 0.10, and 13.33 ± 0.57 mm against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes compared with the other tested samples. α-Spinasterol (-8.0 kcal/mol) and 3 (-7.6 kcal/mol) displayed high binding affinity against DNA Gyrase compared to ciprofloxacin (-7.3 kcal/mol). α-Spinasterol and 16-dehydroxycucurbitacin showed better binding affinity against protein kinase. The cytotoxicity results revealed that the EtOAc extract showed the highest potency with IC50 = 16.05 μg/mL. 16-Dehydroxycucurbitacin showed a higher binding affinity (-7.7 kcal/mol) against human topoisomerase IIβ than etoposide. The cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities and in silico molecular docking analysis displayed by the constituents corroborate the traditional use of the plant against bacteria and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshale Assefa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and
Technology University, P.O. Box, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemichael Tesso
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and
Technology University, P.O. Box, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | | | - Leta Guta
- Department
of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology
University, P.O. Box, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Taye B. Demissie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Gaborone P/Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Japheth O. Ombito
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Gaborone P/Bag 00704, Botswana
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department
of Biomaterials, S Aveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Yadessa Melaku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and
Technology University, P.O. Box, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
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Suo Y, Wright NJ, Guterres H, Fedor JG, Butay KJ, Borgnia MJ, Im W, Lee SY. Molecular basis of polyspecific drug and xenobiotic recognition by OCT1 and OCT2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1001-1011. [PMID: 37291422 PMCID: PMC10895701 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic organic ions require facilitated transport systems to cross the plasma membrane for their disposition. In mammals, organic cation transporter (OCT) subtypes 1 and 2 (OCT1 and OCT2, also known as SLC22A1 and SLC22A2, respectively) are polyspecific transporters responsible for the uptake and clearance of structurally diverse cationic compounds in the liver and kidneys, respectively. Notably, it is well established that human OCT1 and OCT2 play central roles in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of many prescription medications, including metformin. Despite their importance, the basis of polyspecific cationic drug recognition and the alternating access mechanism for OCTs have remained a mystery. Here we present four cryo-electron microscopy structures of apo, substrate-bound and drug-bound OCT1 and OCT2 consensus variants, in outward-facing and outward-occluded states. Together with functional experiments, in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulations, these structures uncover general principles of organic cation recognition by OCTs and provide insights into extracellular gate occlusion. Our findings set the stage for a comprehensive structure-based understanding of OCT-mediated drug-drug interactions, which will prove critical in the preclinical evaluation of emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hugo Guterres
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin John Butay
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Meng C, Zhong L, Lu T, Gu Q, Du X, Liu F, Xia C. Complex components of Shengmai formula interact with organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) in MDCK cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116278. [PMID: 36813246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shengmai formula (SMF) is a well-known Chinese herbal compound preparation, which is utilized extensively for the treatment of myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia and other life-threatening conditions. Our previous researches have shown that some of the active ingredients in SMF can interact with organic anion transport polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), etc. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is a highly expressed uptake transporter in the kidney, and its interaction with the major active components in SMF remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY We purposed to explore OCT2-mediated interactions and compatibility mechanisms of the main active compounds in SMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen active ingredients of SMF, including ginsenoside Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rf, Ro and Rc, methylophiopogonanone A and B, ophiopogonin D and D', schizandrin A and B, schizandrol A and B, were selected to investigate OCT2-mediated interactions in Madin-Darby cacine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing OCT2. RESULTS Among the above 15 main active components, only ginsenosides Rd, Re and schizandrin B could significantly inhibit the uptake of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methyl pyridiniumiodide (ASP+), a classical substrate of OCT2. Ginsenoside Rb1 and methylophiopogonanone A can be transported by MDCK-OCT2 cells, and their uptake was significantly reduced when OCT2 inhibitor decynium-22 was added. Ginsenoside Rd could remarkably reduce the uptake of methylophiopogonanone A and ginsenoside Rb1 by OCT2, ginsenoside Re only decreased the uptake of ginsenoside Rb1, while schizandrin B had no effect on the uptake of both. CONCLUSIONS OCT2 mediates the interaction of the major active components in SMF. Ginsenosides Rd, Re and schizandrin B are the potential inhibitors of OCT2, while ginsenosides Rb1 and methylophiopogonanone A are the potential substrates of OCT2. There is an OCT2-mediated compatibility mechanism among these active ingredients of SMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Lanping Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Ting Lu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xinyue Du
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang, 330031, PR China.
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5
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Suo Y, Wright NJ, Guterres H, Fedor JG, Butay KJ, Borgnia MJ, Im W, Lee SY. Molecular basis of polyspecific drug binding and transport by OCT1 and OCT2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.532610. [PMID: 36993738 PMCID: PMC10055046 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic organic ions require facilitated transport systems to cross the plasma membrane for their disposition 1, 2 . In mammals, organic cation transporter subtypes 1 and 2 (OCT1 and OCT2, also known as SLC22A1 and SLC22A2, respectively) are polyspecific transporters responsible for the uptake and clearance of structurally diverse cationic compounds in the liver and kidneys, respectively 3, 4 . Notably, it is well established that human OCT1 and OCT2 play central roles in the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug-drug interactions (DDI) of many prescription medications, including metformin 5, 6 . Despite their importance, the basis of polyspecific cationic drug recognition and the alternating access mechanism for OCTs have remained a mystery. Here, we present four cryo-EM structures of apo, substrate-bound, and drug-bound OCT1 and OCT2 in outward-facing and outward-occluded states. Together with functional experiments, in silico docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, these structures uncover general principles of organic cation recognition by OCTs and illuminate unexpected features of the OCT alternating access mechanism. Our findings set the stage for a comprehensive structure-based understanding of OCT-mediated DDI, which will prove critical in the preclinical evaluation of emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Hugo Guterres
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Justin G. Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin John Butay
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mario J. Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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6
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Willems A, Kalaw A, Ecer A, Kotwal A, Roepe LD, Roepe PD. Structures of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) Isoforms and Their Interactions with Chloroquine. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1093-1110. [PMID: 36800498 PMCID: PMC10950298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Using a recently elucidated atomic-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure for the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) protein 7G8 isoform as template [Kim, J.; Nature 2019, 576, 315-320], we use Monte Carlo molecular dynamics (MC/MD) simulations of PfCRT embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) membrane to solve energy-minimized structures for 7G8 PfCRT and two additional PfCRT isoforms that harbor 5 or 7 amino acid substitutions relative to 7G8 PfCRT. Guided by drug binding previously defined using chloroquine (CQ) photoaffinity probe labeling, we also use MC/MD energy minimization to elucidate likely CQ binding geometries for the three membrane-embedded isoforms. We inventory salt bridges and hydrogen bonds in these structures and summarize how the limited changes in primary sequence subtly perturb local PfCRT isoform structure. In addition, we use the "AlphaFold" artificial intelligence AlphaFold2 (AF2) algorithm to solve for domain structure that was not resolved in the previously reported 7G8 PfCRT cryo-EM structure, and perform MC/MD energy minimization for the membrane-embedded AF2 structures of all three PfCRT isoforms. We compare energy-minimized structures generated using cryo-EM vs AF2 templates. The results suggest how amino acid substitutions in drug resistance-associated isoforms of PfCRT influence PfCRT structure and CQ transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayse Ecer
- Departments of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Amitesh Kotwal
- Departments of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | | | - Paul D. Roepe
- Departments of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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7
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Ashraf H, Dilshad E, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Shafique H, Razak S. Molecular Screening of Bioactive Compounds of Garlic for Therapeutic Effects against COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020643. [PMID: 36831179 PMCID: PMC9953069 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of pneumonia occurred on December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which caused a serious public health emergency by spreading around the globe. Globally, natural products are being focused on more than synthetic ones. So, keeping that in view, the current study was conducted to discover potential antiviral compounds from Allium sativum. Twenty-five phytocompounds of this plant were selected from the literature and databases including 3-(Allylsulphinyl)-L-alanine, Allicin, Diallyl sulfide, Diallyl disulfide, Diallyl trisulfide, Glutathione, L-Cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto-glutathione, Quercetin, Myricetin, Thiocysteine, Gamma-glutamyl-Lcysteine, Gamma-glutamylallyl-cysteine, Fructan, Lauricacid, Linoleicacid, Allixin, Ajoene, Diazinon Kaempferol, Levamisole, Caffeicacid, Ethyl linoleate, Scutellarein, and S-allylcysteine methyl-ester. Virtual screening of these selected ligands was carried out against drug target 3CL protease by CB-dock. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties defined the final destiny of compounds as drug or non-drug molecules. The best five compounds screened were Allicin, Diallyl Sulfide, Diallyl Disulfide, Diallyl Trisulfide, Ajoene, and Levamisole, which showed themselves as hit compounds. Further refining by screening filters represented Levamisole as a lead compound. All the interaction visualization analysis studies were performed using the PyMol molecular visualization tool and LigPlot+. Conclusively, Levamisole was screened as a likely antiviral compound which might be a drug candidate to treat SARS-CoV-2 in the future. Nevertheless, further research needs to be carried out to study their potential medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ashraf
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Erum Dilshad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Shafique
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (S.R.)
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8
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Han C, Zheng J, Wang F, Lu Q, Chen Q, Hu A, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Gai Z, Chu L. The Role of NF-kB in the Downregulation of Organic Cation Transporter 2 Expression and Renal Cation Secretion in Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:800421. [PMID: 35059420 PMCID: PMC8763702 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), encoded by the SLC22A2 gene, is the main cation transporter on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. OCT2 facilitates the entry step of the vectorial transport of most cations from the peritubular space into the urine. OCT2 downregulation in kidney disease models is apparent, yet not clear from a mechanistic vantage point. The aim of this study was to explore the role of inflammation, a common thread in kidney disease, and NF-kB in OCT2 modulation and tubular secretion. Among the OCTs, OCT2 was found consistently downregulated in the kidney of rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) and in patients diagnosed with CKD, and it was associated with the upregulation of TNFα renal expression. Exposure to TNFα reduced the expression and function of OCT2 in primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC). Silencing or pharmacological inhibition of NF-kB rescued the expression of OCT2 in the presence of TNFα, indicating that OCT2 repression was NF-kB-dependent. In silico prediction coupled to gene reporter assay demonstrated the presence of at least one functional NF-kB cis-element upstream the transcription starting site of the SLC22A2 gene. Acute inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharide injection induced TNFα expression and the downregulation of OCT2 in rat kidney. The inflammation did reduce the active secretion of the cation Rhodamine 123, with no impairment of the glomerular filtration. In conclusion, the NF-kB pathway plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of OCT2 and, in turn, in the overall renal secretory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Qingyang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tengzhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Zaozhuang, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Tengzhou Hospital of Jining Medical University, Zaozhuang, China
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9
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Substrate-Dependent Trans-Stimulation of Organic Cation Transporter 2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312926. [PMID: 34884730 PMCID: PMC8657912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search of substrates for solute carriers (SLCs) constitutes a major issue, owing notably to the role played by some SLCs, such as the renal electrogenic organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 (SLC22A2), in pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity. For this purpose, substrates have been proposed to be identified by their cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation properties towards transporter activity. To get insights on the sensitivity of this approach for identifying SLC substrates, 15 various exogenous and endogenous OCT2 substrates were analysed in the present study, using 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (DiASP) as a fluorescent OCT2 tracer substrate. All OCT2 substrates cis-inhibited DiASP uptake in OCT2-overexpressing HEK293 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.24 µM (for ipratropium) to 2.39 mM (for dopamine). By contrast, only 4/15 substrates, i.e., acetylcholine, agmatine, choline and metformin, trans-stimulated DiASP uptake, with a full suppression of the trans-stimulating effect of metformin by the reference OCT2 inhibitor amitriptyline. An analysis of molecular descriptors next indicated that trans-stimulating OCT2 substrates exhibit lower molecular weight, volume, polarizability and lipophilicity than non-trans-stimulating counterparts. Overall, these data indicated a rather low sensitivity (26.7%) of the trans-stimulation assay for identifying OCT2 substrates, and caution with respect to the use of such assay may therefore be considered.
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10
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Koepp TN, Tokaj A, Nedvetsky PI, Conchon Costa AC, Snieder B, Schröter R, Ciarimboli G. Properties of Transport Mediated by the Human Organic Cation Transporter 2 Studied in a Polarized Three-Dimensional Epithelial Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179658. [PMID: 34502566 PMCID: PMC8432172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal secretory clearance for organic cations (neurotransmitters, metabolism products and drugs) is mediated by transporters specifically expressed in the basolateral and apical plasma membrane domains of proximal tubule cells. Here, human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) is the main transporter for organic cations in the basolateral membrane domain. In this study, we stably expressed hOCT2 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and cultivated these cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix to obtain three-dimensional (3D) structures (cysts). The transport properties of hOCT2 expressed in MDCK cysts were compared with those measured using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) stably transfected with hOCT2 (hOCT2-HEK cells). In the MDCK cysts, hOCT2 was expressed in the basolateral membrane domain and showed a significant uptake of the fluorescent organic cation 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) with an affinity (Km) of 3.6 ± 1.2 µM, similar to what was measured in the hOCT2-HEK cells (Km = 3.1 ± 0.2 µM). ASP+ uptake was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA+), tetrapentylammonium (TPA+), metformin and baricitinib both in the hOCT2-HEK cells and the hOCT2- MDCK cysts, even though the apparent affinities of TEA+ and baricitinib were dependent on the expression system. Then, hOCT2 was subjected to the same rapid regulation by inhibition of p56lck tyrosine kinase or calmodulin in the hOCT2-HEK cells and hOCT2- MDCK cysts. However, inhibition of casein kinase II regulated only activity of hOCT2 expressed in MDCK cysts and not in HEK cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the 3D cell culture model is a suitable tool for the functional analysis of hOCT2 transport properties, depending on cell polarization.
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Novel, selective acrylamide linked quinazolines for the treatment of double mutant EGFR-L858R/T790M Non-Small-Cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105234. [PMID: 34399322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T790M mutation is the most common mechanism of acquired resistance to first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). To overcome this resistance, 4-anilinoquinazoline-based irreversible inhibitors afatinib, dacomitinib has been developed. However, the clinical application of these irreversible inhibitors is limited due to its narrow selectivity against L858R/T790M mutant EGFR. In an attempt to develop potent and selective EGFR T790M inhibitors, we have designed and synthesized two series of novel acrylamide linked quinazolines. Among them, compounds 2i (IC50 0.171 µM) and 11h (IC50 0.159 µM) were identified as potent compounds, which displayed selective and potent anti-proliferative activity on gefitinib-resistant cell line NCI-H1975 as compared to the gefitinib and WZ4002 in cellular assay. Furthermore, a molecular dynamic simulation of 11h was carried out to assess the stability to form a complex with the L858R/T790M EGFR Kinase domain, which demonstrated that complex was stable for the 100 ns and form strong crucial covalent binding contacts with the thiol group of Cys797 residue. Finally, satisfactory in silico pharmacokinetics properties of 2i, 11h and 11i compounds were predicted. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity/hepatotoxicity against HepG2 cell line through MTT assay. The results revealed that compounds exhibited lower cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells.
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12
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Vassileva V, Braga M, Barnes C, Przystal J, Ashek A, Allott L, Brickute D, Abrahams J, Suwan K, Carcaboso AM, Hajitou A, Aboagye EO. Effective Detection and Monitoring of Glioma Using [ 18F]FPIA PET Imaging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:811. [PMID: 34356874 PMCID: PMC8301305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogrammed cellular metabolism is a cancer hallmark. In addition to increased glycolysis, the oxidation of acetate in the citric acid cycle is another common metabolic phenotype. We have recently developed a novel fluorine-18-labelled trimethylacetate-based radiotracer, [18F]fluoro-pivalic acid ([18F]FPIA), for imaging the transcellular flux of short-chain fatty acids, and investigated whether this radiotracer can be used for the detection of glioma growth. METHODS We evaluated the potential of [18F]FPIA PET to monitor tumor growth in orthotopic patient-derived (HSJD-GBM-001) and cell line-derived (U87, LN229) glioma xenografts, and also included [18F]FDG PET for comparison. We assessed proliferation (Ki-67) and the expression of lipid metabolism and transport proteins (CPT1, SLC22A2, SLC22A5, SLC25A20) by immunohistochemistry, along with etomoxir treatment to provide insights into [18F]FPIA uptake. RESULTS Longitudinal PET imaging showed gradual increase in [18F]FPIA uptake in orthotopic glioma models with disease progression (p < 0.0001), and high tumor-to-brain contrast compared to [18F]FDG (p < 0.0001). [18F]FPIA uptake correlated positively with Ki-67 (p < 0.01), SLC22A5 (p < 0.001) and SLC25A20 (p = 0.001), and negatively with CPT1 (p < 0.01) and SLC22A2 (p < 0.01). Etomoxir reduced [18F]FPIA uptake, which correlated with decreased Ki-67 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of [18F]FPIA PET for the detection and longitudinal monitoring of glioma, showing a positive correlation with tumor proliferation, and suggest transcellular flux-mediated radiotracer uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vessela Vassileva
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Marta Braga
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Chris Barnes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Justyna Przystal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Burlington Danes, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.P.); (K.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ali Ashek
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Louis Allott
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Diana Brickute
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Joel Abrahams
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Burlington Danes, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.P.); (K.S.); (A.H.)
| | | | - Amin Hajitou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Burlington Danes, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.P.); (K.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; (M.B.); (C.B.); (L.A.); (D.B.); (J.A.)
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13
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Neul C, Hofmann U, Schaeffeler E, Winter S, Klein K, Giacomini KM, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Nies AT. Characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 drugs as substrates of human organic cation transporters and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1459-1474. [PMID: 33434947 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is highly variable and CYP2D6 genotypes insufficiently explain the extensive and intermediate metabolic phenotypes, limiting the prediction of drug response plus adverse drug reactions. Since CYP2D6 prototypic substrates are positively charged, the aim of this study was to evaluate the organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) as potential contributors to the variability of CYP2D6 hydroxylation of debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, perhexiline and sparteine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH OCT1/SLC22A1-, OCT2/SLC22A2-, OCT3/SLC22A3-, MATE1/SLC47A1-, and MATE2K/SLC47A2-overexpressing cell lines were used to investigate the transport of the selected drugs. Individuals from a study cohort, well defined with respect to CYP2D6 genotype and sparteine pharmacokinetics, were genotyped for the common OCT1 variants rs12208357 (OCT1-R61C), rs34130495 (OCT1-G401S), rs202220802 (OCT1-Met420del), rs34059508 (OCT1-G465R), OCT2 variant rs316019 (OCT2-A270S) and MATE1 variant rs2289669. Sparteine pharmacokinetics was stratified according to CYP2D6 and OCT1, OCT2 or MATE1 genotype. KEY RESULTS OCTs and MATE1 transport sparteine and debrisoquine with high affinity in vitro, but OCT- and MATE1-dependent transport of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and perhexiline was not detected. Sparteine and debrisoquine transport depends on OCT1 genotype; however, sparteine pharmacokinetics is independent from OCT1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Some drugs that are substrates of CYP2D6 are also substrates of OCTs and MATE1, suggesting overlapping specificities. Variability in sparteine hydroxylation in extensive and intermediate metabolizers cannot be explained by OCT1 genetic variants indicating presence of other factors. Dose-dependent toxicities of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and perhexiline appear to be independent from OCTs and MATEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Neul
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michel Eichelbaum
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Metry M, Shu Y, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Dressman JB, Groot DW, Parr A, Langguth P, Shah VP, Tajiri T, Mehta MU, Polli JE. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Metformin Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1513-1526. [PMID: 33450218 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Data are examined regarding possible waiver of in vivo bioequivalence testing (i.e. biowaiver) for approval of metformin hydrochloride (metformin) immediate-release solid oral dosage forms. Data include metformin's Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) properties, including potential excipient interactions. Metformin is a prototypical transporter-mediated drug and is highly soluble, but only 50% of an orally administered dose is absorbed from the gut. Therefore, metformin is a BCS Class III substance. A BCS-based approval approach for major changes to marketed products and new generics is admissible if test and reference dosage forms have the identical active pharmaceutical ingredient and if in vitro dissolution from both are very rapid (i.e. at least 85% within 15 min at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8). Recent International Council for Harmonisation BCS guidance indicates all excipients for Class III biowaivers are recommended to be qualitatively the same and quantitatively similar (except for preservatives, flavor agents, colorant, or capsule shell or film coating excipients). However, despite metformin being a prototypical transporter-mediated drug, there is no evidence that commonly used excipients impact metformin absorption, such that this restriction on excipients for BCS III drugs merits regulatory relief. Commonly used excipients in usual amounts are not likely to impact metformin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Division of Bioequivalence, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D W Groot
- RIVM-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Parr
- Bioceutics LCC, Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tomokazu Tajiri
- Astellas Pharma Inc, Analytical Research Laboratories, Yaizu, Japan
| | - Mehul U Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Yee SW, Buitrago D, Stecula A, Ngo HX, Chien HC, Zou L, Koleske ML, Giacomini KM. Deorphaning a solute carrier 22 family member, SLC22A15, through functional genomic studies. FASEB J 2020; 34:15734-15752. [PMID: 33124720 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001497r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family consists of 23 members, representing one of the largest families in the human SLC superfamily. Despite their pharmacological and physiological importance in the absorption and disposition of a range of solutes, eight SLC22A family members remain classified as orphans. In this study, we used a multifaceted approach to identify ligands of orphan SLC22A15. Ligands of SLC22A15 were proposed based on phylogenetic analysis and comparative modeling. The putative ligands were then confirmed by metabolomic screening and uptake assays in SLC22A15 transfected HEK293 cells. Metabolomic studies and transporter assays revealed that SLC22A15 prefers zwitterionic compounds over cations and anions. We identified eight zwitterions, including ergothioneine, carnitine, carnosine, gabapentin, as well as four cations, including MPP+ , thiamine, and cimetidine, as substrates of SLC22A15. Carnosine was a specific substrate of SLC22A15 among the transporters in the SLC22A family. SLC22A15 transport of several substrates was sodium-dependent and exhibited a higher Km for ergothioneine, carnitine, and carnosine compared to previously identified transporters for these ligands. This is the first study to characterize the function of SLC22A15. Our studies demonstrate that SLC22A15 may play an important role in determining the systemic and tissue levels of ergothioneine, carnosine, and other zwitterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dina Buitrago
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huy X Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Organic Cation Transporters in Human Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217890. [PMID: 33114309 PMCID: PMC7660683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells and epithelia control the chemical exchange with the surrounding environment by the fine-tuned expression, localization, and function of an array of transmembrane proteins that dictate the selective permeability of the lipid bilayer to small molecules, as actual gatekeepers to the interface with the extracellular space. Among the variety of channels, transporters, and pumps that localize to cell membrane, organic cation transporters (OCTs) are considered to be extremely relevant in the transport across the plasma membrane of the majority of the endogenous substances and drugs that are positively charged near or at physiological pH. In humans, the following six organic cation transporters have been characterized in regards to their respective substrates, all belonging to the solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family: the organic cation transporters 1, 2, and 3 (OCT1–3); the organic cation/carnitine transporter novel 1 and 2 (OCTN1 and N2); and the organic cation transporter 6 (OCT6). OCTs are highly expressed on the plasma membrane of polarized epithelia, thus, playing a key role in intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of nutrients (e.g., choline and carnitine), in the elimination of waste products (e.g., trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide), and in the kinetic profile and therapeutic index of several drugs (e.g., metformin and platinum derivatives). As part of the Special Issue Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations, this article critically presents the physio-pathological, pharmacological, and toxicological roles of OCTs in the tissues in which they are primarily expressed.
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