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Guo Z, Niu Q, Mi X, Yang B, Cai M, Liang Y. Sirt1 activation prevents high glucose-induced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 downregulation in renal tubular cells by regulating the TIMP3/ADAM17 pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:81. [PMID: 38183511 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) exerts renoprotective effects in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) by converting angiotensin (Ang) II into Ang (1-7). Previous studies have demonstrated that ACE2 expression in renal tubules is downregulated in DKD, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) is a protein deacetylase that may regulate the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. The present study investigated the effects of Sirt1 on ACE2 expression under high glucose (HG) conditions and the underlying signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats with DKD and NRK-52E cells cultured with HG were employed in this study. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry detection and qRT-PCR were performed for protein and mRNA expression analyses. Rats subjected to DKD displayed downregulated expression of Sirt1 and ACE2 in kidneys. Resveratrol, an activator of Sirt1, restored ACE2 expression and ameliorated renal injuries. Similarly, pharmacological activation of Sirt1 with SRT1720 markedly upregulated ACE2 in NRK-52E cells cultured with HG, while Sirt1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) further suppressed ACE2 expression. In addition, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 was observed to be upregulated, and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), was downregulated in the kidneys of diabetic rats and NRK-52E cells incubated with HG. The TIMP3/ADAM17 pathway was involved in the regulation of ACE2 expression, as evidenced by decreased ACE2 expression levels after TIMP3-siRNA pretreatment. SRT1720 ameliorated the imbalance of TIMP3/ADAM17 induced by HG and consequently enhanced the expression of ACE2. Notably, the above effect of SRT1720 on ACE2 was interrupted by TIMP3-siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Sirt1 activation may prevent HG-induced downregulation of renal tubular ACE2 by modulating the TIMP3/ADAM17 pathway. Sirt1 stimulation might be a potential strategy for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qingyu Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Meishun Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yaoxian Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Chen CY, Lin MW, Xie XY, Lin CH, Yang CW, Wu PC, Liu DH, Wu CJ, Lin CS. Studying the Roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Accelerating the Disease of High-Fat-Diet-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in a db/db and ACE2 Double-Gene-Knockout Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:329. [PMID: 38203500 PMCID: PMC10779113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a crucial metabolic health problem. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well known to play an important role in DN. Abnormal RAS activity can cause the over-accumulation of angiotensin II (Ang II). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) administration has been proposed as a therapy, but previous studies have also indicated that chymase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensin I to Ang II in an ACE-independent pathway, may play an important role in the progression of DN. Therefore, this study established a model of severe DN progression in a db/db and ACE2 KO mouse model (db and ACE2 double-gene-knockout mice) to explore the roles of RAS factors in DNA and changes in their activity after short-term (only 4 weeks) feeding of a high-fat diet (HFD) to 8-week-old mice. The results indicate that FD-fed db/db and ACE2 KO mice fed an HFD represent a good model for investigating the role of RAS in DN. An HFD promotes the activation of MAPK, including p-JNK and p-p38, as well as the RAS signaling pathway, leading to renal damage in mice. Blocking Ang II/AT1R could alleviate the progression of DN after administration of ACEI or chymase inhibitor (CI). Both ACE and chymase are highly involved in Ang II generation in HFD-induced DN; therefore, ACEI and CI are potential treatments for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Xing-Yang Xie
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Dung-Huan Liu
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Speth R, Dell'Italia LJ. Is chymase 1 a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:645-656. [PMID: 37565266 PMCID: PMC10529260 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-angiotensin converting enzyme mechanisms of angiotensin II production remain underappreciated in part due to the success of current therapies to ameliorate the impact of primary hypertension and atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and the blood vessels. This review scrutinize the current literature to highlight chymase role as a critical participant in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. AREAS COVERED We review the contemporaneous understanding of circulating and tissue biotransformation mechanisms of the angiotensins focusing on the role of chymase as an alternate tissue generating pathway for angiotensin II pathological mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION While robust literature documents the singularity of chymase as an angiotensin II-forming enzyme, particularly when angiotensin converting enzyme is inhibited, this knowledge has not been fully recognized to clinical medicine. This review discusses the limitations of clinical trials' that explored the benefits of chymase inhibition in accounting for the failure to duplicate in humans what has been demonstrated in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
- Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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5
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Veiras LC, Bernstein EA, Cao D, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Gibb DR, Roach A, Skelton R, Williams RM, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Tubular IL-1β Induces Salt Sensitivity in Diabetes by Activating Renal Macrophages. Circ Res 2022; 131:59-73. [PMID: 35574842 PMCID: PMC9233055 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal inflammation has been widely recognized as a major promoter of several forms of high blood pressure including salt-sensitive hypertension. In diabetes, IL (interleukin)-6 induces salt sensitivity through a dysregulation of the epithelial sodium channel. However, the origin of this inflammatory process and the molecular events that culminates with an abnormal regulation of epithelial sodium channel and salt sensitivity in diabetes are largely unknown. METHODS Both in vitro and in vivo approaches were used to investigate the molecular and cellular contributors to the renal inflammation associated with diabetic kidney disease and how these inflammatory components interact to develop salt sensitivity in db/db mice. RESULTS Thirty-four-week-old db/db mice display significantly higher levels of IL-1β in renal tubules compared with nondiabetic db/+ mice. Specific suppression of IL-1β in renal tubules prevented salt sensitivity in db/db mice. A primary culture of renal tubular epithelial cells from wild-type mice releases significant levels of IL-1β when exposed to a high glucose environment. Coculture of tubular epithelial cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that tubular epithelial cell-derived IL-1β promotes the polarization of macrophages towards a proinflammatory phenotype resulting in IL-6 secretion. To evaluate whether macrophages are the cellular target of IL-1β in vivo, diabetic db/db mice were transplanted with the bone marrow of IL-1R1 (IL-1 receptor type 1) knockout mice. db/db mice harboring an IL-1 receptor type 1 knockout bone marrow remained salt resistant, display lower renal inflammation and lower expression and activity of epithelial sodium channel compared with db/db transplanted with a wild-type bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS Renal tubular epithelial cell-derived IL-1β polarizes renal macrophages towards a proinflammatory phenotype that promotes salt sensitivity through the accumulation of renal IL-6. When tubular IL-1β synthesis is suppressed or in db/db mice in which immune cells lack the IL-1R1, macrophage polarization is blunted resulting in no salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Z.K., D.R.G., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Z.K., D.R.G., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arantxa Roach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York' New York' NY (A.R., R.S., R.M.W.)
| | - Rachel Skelton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York' New York' NY (A.R., R.S., R.M.W.)
| | - Ryan M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York' New York' NY (A.R., R.S., R.M.W.)
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Z.K., D.R.G., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C.V., E.A.B., D.C., Z.K., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Z.K., D.R.G., K.E.B., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Berghaus RD, Tarigo JL, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:647-655. [PMID: 35352404 PMCID: PMC8965263 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood. Objective To characterize components of the intrarenal renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in cats with CKD. Animals Eleven cats with naturally occurring CKD (CKD group) and 8 healthy control cats. Methods Renal tissue samples were evaluated by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction for renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor transcript levels, and by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for quantification of angiotensin I, II, III, and IV concentrations. Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcript levels and concentrations of angiotensin peptides between groups. Results Cats of the CKD group were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to be neutered (P = .007) than healthy control cats. Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of angiotensinogen (P < .001) and lower transcript levels of ACE (P < .001) than those from control cats. Renal angiotensin I concentrations were increased in CKD compared with control kidneys (P = .001). No other significant differences in renal transcript levels or angiotensin peptide concentrations were noted between groups. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The intrarenal RAS might be activated in cats with CKD. Small sample size and differences in age, neuter status, and dietary sodium intake between groups might have limited the ability to identify a significant difference in concentration of renal angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Wu J, Wang M, Guo M, Du XY, Tan XZ, Teng FY, Xu Y. Angiotensin Receptor Blocker is Associated with a Lower Fracture Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:7581110. [PMID: 35910069 PMCID: PMC9303078 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7581110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in the treatment of hypertension. Hypertension is often accompanied by osteoporosis. However, the relationship between ACEI/ARB and fractures remains controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the potential relationship between ACEI/ARB and fractures. METHODS This meta-analysis was identified through PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Related studies about ACEI/ARB with the risk of fracture were published from inception to June 2022. RESULTS Nine qualified prospective designed studies, involving 3,649,785 subjects, were included in this analysis. Overall, the RRs of ACEI compared with the nonusers were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.10; P < 0.001) for composite fractures and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.05; P=0.048) for hip fractures; the RRs of ARB compared to the nonusers were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.91; P < 0.001) for composite fractures and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.97; P=0.028) for hip fractures. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis, male may benefit from ARB (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.89, P=0.028), and the European may also benefit from ARB (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.93, P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS ACEI usage will not decrease the risk of osteoporosis fracture. On the contrary, ARB usage can decrease the risk of total fracture and hip fracture, especially for males and Europeans. Compared with ACEI, for patients at higher risk of fracture in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, the protective effect of ARB should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Nephrology Department, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 641300, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xin-Yi Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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8
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Mehranfard D, Perez G, Rodriguez A, Ladna JM, Neagra CT, Goldstein B, Carroll T, Tran A, Trivedi M, Speth RC. Alterations in Gene Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components and Related Proteins in Colorectal Cancer. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9987115. [PMID: 34285715 PMCID: PMC8277508 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9987115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative expression of the RNA of these 17 genes in normal and cancerous tissues obtained using chip arrays from the public functional genomics data repository, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) application, was compared statistically. RESULTS Expression of four genes, AGT (angiotensinogen), ENPEP (aminopeptidase A) MME (neprilysin), and PREP (prolyl endopeptidase), was significantly upregulated in CRC specimens. Expression of REN (renin), THOP (thimet oligopeptidase), NLN (neurolysin), PRCP (prolyl carboxypeptidase), ANPEP (aminopeptidase N), and MAS1 (Mas receptor) was downregulated in CRC specimens. CONCLUSIONS Presuming gene expression parallel protein expression, these results suggest that increased production of the angiotensinogen precursor of angiotensin (ANG) peptides, with the reduction of the enzymes that metabolize it to ANG II, can lead to accumulation of angiotensinogen in CRC tissues. Downregulation of THOP, NLN, PRCP, and MAS1 gene expression, whose proteins contribute to the ACE2/ANG 1-7/Mas axis, suggests that reduced activity of this RAS branch could be permissive for oncogenicity. Components of the RAS may be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Mehranfard
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, FL, USA
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Carroll
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Alice Tran
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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9
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Giani JF, Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Cao D, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Bernstein KE. Novel roles of the renal angiotensin-converting enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111257. [PMID: 33781839 PMCID: PMC8127398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The observation that all components of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed in the kidney and the fact that intratubular angiotensin (Ang) II levels greatly exceed the plasma concentration suggest that the synthesis of renal Ang II occurs independently of the circulating RAS. One of the main components of this so-called intrarenal RAS is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Although the role of ACE in renal disease is demonstrated by the therapeutic effectiveness of ACE inhibitors in treating several conditions, the exact contribution of intrarenal versus systemic ACE in renal disease remains unknown. Using genetically modified mouse models, our group demonstrated that renal ACE plays a key role in the development of several forms of hypertension. Specifically, although ACE is expressed in different cell types within the kidney, its expression in renal proximal tubular cells is essential for the development of high blood pressure. Besides hypertension, ACE is involved in several other renal diseases such as diabetic kidney disease, or acute kidney injury even when blood pressure is normal. In addition, studies suggest that ACE might mediate at least part of its effect through mechanisms that are independent of the Ang I conversion into Ang II and involve other substrates such as N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), Ang-(1-7), and bradykinin, among others. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the contribution of intrarenal ACE to different pathological conditions and provide insight into the many roles of ACE besides the well-known synthesis of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Baranowska I, Gawrys O, Roszkowska-Chojecka MM, Badzynska B, Tymecka D, Olszynski KH, Kompanowska-Jezierska E. Chymase Dependent Pathway of Angiotensin II Generation and Rapeseed Derived Peptides for Antihypertensive Treatment of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:658805. [PMID: 34079459 PMCID: PMC8165439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.658805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of chymase, one of the enzymes responsible for angiotensin II generation in non-ACE pathway, remains unclear in the development of hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate chymase inhibition as potential antihypertensive therapy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). To block chymase we employed chymostatin, a commercial inhibitor, and new analogues of rapeseed-derived peptides, VWIS and RIY. These simple and easy to obtain peptides not only block chymase, but also possess weak activity to inhibit ACE. This is a first attempt to evaluate the impact of chronic administration of selected inhibitors on blood pressure of SHR in two phases of hypertension. Male SHR (6 or 16 weeks old) were treated daily for two weeks with chymostatin (CH; 2 mg/kg/day), the peptides VWIS (12.5 mg/kg/day) or RIY (7.5 mg/kg/day); control groups received chymostatin solvent (0.15% DMSO in saline) or peptide solvent (saline). The substances were administered intravenously to conscious animals via a chronically cannulated femoral vein. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by telemetry. Metabolic parameters were measured weekly, and tissue samples were harvested after two weeks of treatment. None of the administered chymase inhibitors affected the development of hypertension in young rats. Only RIY exhibited beneficial properties when administered in the established phase of hypertension: SBP decreased from 165 ± 10 to 157 ± 7 mmHg while the excretion of nitric oxide metabolites increased significantly. The glomerulosclerosis index was lower after RIY treatment in both age groups (significant only in young rats 0.29 ± 0.05 vs 0.48 ± 0.04 in the control group; p < 0.05). Hence, it seems that peptide RIY exhibits some positive effect on renal morphology. The results obtained suggest that the peptide RIY may be a useful tool in the treatment of hypertension, especially in cases when ACE inhibitors are not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Gawrys
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malwina M Roszkowska-Chojecka
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Badzynska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof H Olszynski
- Behaviour and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Regis GC, Cao D, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Gibb DR, Dominici FP, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Renal Inflammation Induces Salt Sensitivity in Male db/db Mice through Dysregulation of ENaC. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1131-1149. [PMID: 33731332 PMCID: PMC8259671 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is considered a major risk factor for the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Clinical studies show that men have higher risk than premenopausal women for the development of diabetic kidney disease. However, the renal mechanisms that predispose to salt sensitivity during diabetes and whether sexual dimorphism is associated with these mechanisms remains unknown. METHODS Female and male db/db mice exposed to a high-salt diet were used to analyze the progression of diabetic kidney disease and the development of hypertension. RESULTS Male, 34-week-old, db/db mice display hypertension when exposed to a 4-week high-salt treatment, whereas equivalently treated female db/db mice remain normotensive. Salt-sensitive hypertension in male mice was associated with no suppression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in response to a high-salt diet, despite downregulation of several components of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Male db/db mice show higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and more immune-cell infiltration in the kidney than do female db/db mice. Blocking inflammation, with either mycophenolate mofetil or by reducing IL-6 levels with a neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibody, prevented the development of salt sensitivity in male db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory response observed in male, but not in female, db/db mice induces salt-sensitive hypertension by impairing ENaC downregulation in response to high salt. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the sexual dimorphism associated with the development of diabetic kidney disease and salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C. Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin Z. Y. Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen A. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giovanna C. Regis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David R. Gibb
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Patel S, Hussain T. Synergism between Angiotensin receptors ligands: Role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in modulating AT 2 R agonist response on nitric oxide in kidney cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00667. [PMID: 33197136 PMCID: PMC7668194 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7), an endogenous agonist for the MasR, has been shown to interact with ang-II AT1 R and AT2 R. Earlier we showed a physical and functional interaction between MasR and AT2 R in response to their respective agonists ang-(1-7) and C21. Moreover, ang-(1-7) is cardio-protective via AT1 R and alters ang-II function. Such complex nature of ang-(1-7) function is not clearly understood, particularly in relation to its functional interaction with these receptors. We tested how ang-(1-7) affects AT2 R function by utilizing HK-2 cells. The HK-2 cells were treated with a wide range of concentrations of angiotensin receptor agonists. The generation of NO• in response to agonists was determined as a readout and subjected to Bliss definition (δ score) to assess the nature of functional interaction between these receptors. Preincubation with ang-(1-7) followed by incubation with endogenous AT1 R/AT2 R agonist ang-II (δ = 162) or selective AT2 R agonist C21 (δ = 304) synergized NO• formation. The synergism was also observed when the order of incubation with ang-(1-7)/C21 was reversed (δ = 484), but not when the cells were simultaneously incubated with a mixture of ang-(1-7) and C21 (δ = 76). The synergism with nonpeptidic MasR agonist AVE0991 followed by C21 (δ = 45) was minimal. Ligand binding experiment suggested the binding of ang-(1-7) with these three receptors. However, the synergism observed with ang-(1-7) and ang-II/C21 was sensitive to the antagonists of AT2 R (PD123319) and AT1 R (candesartan), but not MasR (A779). Ang-(1-7) at lower concentrations synergies the AT2 R function in an AT1 R-dependent but MasR-independent manner. This phenomenon may have a physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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13
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Bivona BJ, Takai S, Seth DM, Satou R, Harrison-Bernard LM. Chymase inhibition retards albuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14302. [PMID: 31872559 PMCID: PMC6928241 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase released from mast cells produces pro‐fibrotic, inflammatory, and vasoconstrictor agents. Studies were performed to test the hypothesis that chronic chymase inhibition provides a renal protective effect in type 2 diabetes. Diabetic (db/db) and control mice (db/m) were chronically infused with a chymase‐specific inhibitor or vehicle for 8 weeks. Baseline urinary albumin excretion (UalbV) averaged 42 ± 3 and 442 ± 32 microg/d in control (n = 22) and diabetic mice (n = 27), respectively (p < .05). After administration of chymase inhibitor to diabetic mice, the change in UalbV was significantly lower (459 ± 57 microg/d) than in vehicle‐treated diabetic mice (645 ± 108 microg/d). UNGALV was not different at baseline between diabetic mice that would receive the chymase inhibitor (349 ± 56 ng/d, n = 6) and vehicle (373 ± 99 ng/d, n = 6) infusions, but increased significantly only in the vehicle‐treated diabetic mice (p < .05). Glomeruli of diabetic kidneys treated chronically with chymase inhibition demonstrated reduced mesangial matrix expansion compared to glomeruli from untreated diabetic mice. Plasma angiotensin II levels were not altered by chymase inhibitor treatment. In summary, chronic chymase inhibition slowed the progression of urinary albumin excretion in diabetic mice. In conclusion, renal chymase may contribute to the progression of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bivona
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dale M Seth
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lisa M Harrison-Bernard
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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14
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Froogh G, Kandhi S, Duvvi R, Le Y, Weng Z, Alruwaili N, Ashe JO, Sun D, Huang A. The contribution of chymase-dependent formation of ANG II to cardiac dysfunction in metabolic syndrome of young rats: roles of fructose and EETs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H985-H993. [PMID: 32167781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00633.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The roles of ACE-independent ANG II production via chymase and therapeutic potential of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the adolescent population remain elusive. Thus we tested the hypothesis that a high-fructose diet (HFD) in young rats elicits chymase-dependent increases in ANG II production and oxidative stress, responses that are reversible by 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that metabolizes EETs. Three groups of weanling rats (21-day-old) were fed a normal diet, 60% HFD, and HFD with TPPU, respectively, for 30 days. HFD rats developed MetS, characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension and associated with decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume and loss of nitric oxide (NO) modulation of myocardial oxygen consumption; all impairments were normalized by TPPU that significantly elevated circulating 11,12-EET, a major cardiac EET isoform. In the presence of comparable cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression/activity among the three groups, HFD rats exhibited significantly greater chymase-dependent ANG II formation in hearts, as indicated by an augmented cardiac chymase content as a function of enhanced mast cell degranulation. The enhanced chymase-dependent ANG II production was paralleled with increases in ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and NADPH oxidase (Nox)-induced superoxide, alterations that were significantly reversed by TPPU. Conversely, HFD-induced downregulation of cardiac ACE2, followed by a lower Ang-(1-7) level displayed in an TPPU-irreversible manner. In conclusion, HFD-driven adverse chymase/ANG II/Nox/superoxide signaling in young rats was prevented by inhibition of sEH via, at least in part, an EET-mediated stabilization of mast cells, highlighting chymase and sEH as therapeutic targets during treatment of MetS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY As the highest fructose consumers, the adolescent population is highly susceptible to the metabolic syndrome, where increases in mast cell chymase-dependent formation of ANG II, ensued by cardiometabolic dysfunction, are reversible in response to inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). This study highlights chymase and sEH as therapeutic targets and unravels novel avenues for the development of optimal strategies for young patients with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghezal Froogh
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Roopa Duvvi
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Yicong Le
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Zan Weng
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Norah Alruwaili
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jonathan O Ashe
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dong Sun
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - An Huang
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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15
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Satou R, Cypress MW, Woods TC, Katsurada A, Dugas CM, Fonseca VA, Navar LG. Blockade of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 suppresses high glucose-induced angiotensinogen augmentation in renal proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F67-F75. [PMID: 31682172 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00402.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) is increased by hyperglycemia (HG) in diabetes mellitus, which augments intrarenal angiotensin II formation, contributing to the development of hypertension and kidney injury. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is abundantly expressed in proximal tubular cells (PTCs). The present study investigated the effects of canagliflozin (CANA), a SGLT2 inhibitor, on HG-induced AGT elevation in cultured PTCs. Mouse PTCs were treated with 5-25 mM glucose. CANA (0-10 µM) was applied 1 h before glucose treatment. Glucose (10 mM) increased AGT mRNA and protein levels at 12 h (3.06 ± 0.48-fold in protein), and 1 and 10 µM CANA as well as SGLT2 shRNA attenuated the AGT augmentation. CANA did not suppress the elevated AGT levels induced by 25 mM glucose. Increased AGT expression induced by treatment with pyruvate, a glucose metabolite that does not require SGLT2 for uptake, was not attenuated by CANA. In HG-treated PTCs, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were elevated compared with baseline (4.24 ± 0.23-fold), and these were also inhibited by CANA. Furthermore, tempol, an antioxidant, attenuated AGT upregulation in HG-treated PTCs. HG-induced AGT upregulation was not inhibited by an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, indicating that HG stimulates AGT expression in an angiotensin II-independent manner. These results indicate that enhanced glucose entry via SGLT2 into PTCs elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species generation by stimulation of glycolysis and consequent AGT augmentation. SGLT2 blockade limits HG-induced AGT stimulation, thus reducing the development of kidney injury in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michael W Cypress
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - T Cooper Woods
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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16
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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17
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Nehme A, Zouein FA, Zayeri ZD, Zibara K. An Update on the Tissue Renin Angiotensin System and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019. [PMID: 30934934 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6020014.pmid:30934934;pmcid:pmc6617132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrinesystem involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the emergingconcept of tissue RAS, along with the discovery of new RAS components, increased thephysiological and clinical relevance of the system. Indeed, RAS has been shown to be expressed invarious tissues where alterations in its expression were shown to be involved in multiple diseasesincluding atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal fibrosis. In thischapter, we describe the new components of RAS, their tissue-specific expression, and theiralterations under pathological conditions, which will help achieve more tissue- and conditionspecifictreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional genomics of arterial hypertension, Univeristy Claude Bernard Lyon-1 (UCBL-1),69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division, Faculty of Medicine,American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz JundishapurUniversity of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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18
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Nehme A, Zouein FA, Zayeri ZD, Zibara K. An Update on the Tissue Renin Angiotensin System and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6020014. [PMID: 30934934 PMCID: PMC6617132 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrine system involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the emerging concept of tissue RAS, along with the discovery of new RAS components, increased the physiological and clinical relevance of the system. Indeed, RAS has been shown to be expressed in various tissues where alterations in its expression were shown to be involved in multiple diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal fibrosis. In this chapter, we describe the new components of RAS, their tissue-specific expression, and their alterations under pathological conditions, which will help achieve more tissue- and condition-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional genomics of arterial hypertension, Univeristy Claude Bernard Lyon-1 (UCBL-1),69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division, Faculty of Medicine,American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz JundishapurUniversity of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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19
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Woods TC, Satou R, Miyata K, Katsurada A, Dugas CM, Klingenberg NC, Fonseca VA, Navar LG. Canagliflozin Prevents Intrarenal Angiotensinogen Augmentation and Mitigates Kidney Injury and Hypertension in Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Nephrol 2019; 49:331-342. [PMID: 30921791 DOI: 10.1159/000499597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and renal injury are common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia stimulates renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression via elevated oxidative stress contributing to the development of high blood pressure and diabetic nephropathy. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in proximal tubules is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption by renal tubules. We tested the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin (CANA) prevents intrarenal AGT augmentation and ameliorates kidney injury and hypertension in T2DM. METHODS We induced T2DM in New Zealand obese mice with a high fat diet (DM, 30% fat) with control mice receiving regular fat diet (ND, 4% fat). When DM mice exhibited > 350 mg/dL blood glucose levels, both DM- and ND-fed mice were treated with 10 mg/kg/day CANA or vehicle by oral gavage for 6 weeks. We evaluated intrarenal AGT, blood pressure, and the development of kidney injury. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure in DM mice (133.9 ± 2.0 mm Hg) was normalized by CANA (113.9 ± 4.0 mm Hg). CANA treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia-associated augmentation of renal AGT mRNA (148 ± 21 copies/ng RNA in DM, and 90 ± 16 copies/ng RNA in DM + CANA) and protein levels as well as elevation of urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Tubular fibrosis in DM mice (3.4 ± 0.9-fold, fibrotic score, ratio to ND) was suppressed by CANA (0.9 ± 0.3-fold). Furthermore, CANA attenuated DM associated increased macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in kidneys of DM mice. CONCLUSIONS CANA prevents intrarenal AGT upregulation and oxidative stress and which may mitigate high blood pressure, renal tubular fibrosis, and renal inflammation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cooper Woods
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Natasha C Klingenberg
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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20
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Advanced Glycation End Products Stimulate Angiotensinogen Production in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells. Am J Med Sci 2018; 357:57-66. [PMID: 30466736 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated advanced glycation end products (AGE) in diabetes mellitus (DM) are implicated in the progression of DM-associated tissue injury, including diabetic nephropathy. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, in particular augmentation of angiotensinogen (AGT) in proximal tubular cells (PTC), plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. This study investigated hypothesis that AGE stimulates AGT production in PTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary AGT and AGE levels in streptozotocin-induced DM mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AGT expression and secretion were evaluated in cultured rat PTC receiving 0-200 µg/ml AGE-BSA treatments for 24 hours. Furthermore, intracellular signaling pathways activated by AGE were elucidated. RESULTS DM mice exhibited greater urinary AGT and AGE levels compared to control mice (AGT: 21.6 ± 5.5 ng/day vs. 190.1 ± 57.8 ng/day, AGE: 139.1 ± 21.6 μg/day vs. 332.8 ± 102.7 μg/day). In cultured PTC, treatment with AGE-BSA enhanced AGT mRNA expression (3.43 ± 0.11-fold compared to control), intracellular AGT protein levels (3.60 ± 0.38-fold), and secreted AGT levels (2.11 ± 0.18-fold). On the other hand, AGT levels were not altered in PTC receiving nonglycated BSA. Recombinant soluble AGE receptor, which competes with endogenous AGE receptor, diminished the AGE-induced AGT upregulation, suggesting that AGE-BSA stimulates AGT expression via activation of the AGE receptor. Enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun, but not p38 MAP kinase, were observed in AGE-BSA-treated PTC. AGE-induced AGT augmentation was attenuated by an ERK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that AGE enhances proximal tubular AGT expression via ERK1/2, which can exacerbate the development of diabetic related kidney injury.
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21
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Eriguchi M, Bernstein EA, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Cao DY, Fuchs S, McDonough AA, Toblli JE, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. The Absence of the ACE N-Domain Decreases Renal Inflammation and Facilitates Sodium Excretion during Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2546-2561. [PMID: 30185469 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence emphasizes the critical role of inflammation in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an active role in regulating the renal inflammatory response associated with diabetes. Studies have also shown that ACE has roles in inflammation and the immune response that are independent of angiotensin II. ACE's two catalytically independent domains, the N- and C-domains, can process a variety of substrates other than angiotensin I. METHODS To examine the relative contributions of each ACE domain to the sodium retentive state, renal inflammation, and renal injury associated with diabetic kidney disease, we used streptozotocin to induce diabetes in wild-type mice and in genetic mouse models lacking either a functional ACE N-domain (NKO mice) or C-domain (CKO mice). RESULTS In response to a saline challenge, diabetic NKO mice excreted 32% more urinary sodium compared with diabetic wild-type or CKO mice. Diabetic NKO mice also exhibited 55% less renal epithelial sodium channel cleavage (a marker of channel activity), 55% less renal IL-1β, 53% less renal TNF-α, and 53% less albuminuria than diabetic wild-type mice. This protective phenotype was not associated with changes in renal angiotensin II levels. Further, we present evidence that the anti-inflammatory tetrapeptide N-acetyl-seryl-asparyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), an ACE N-domain-specific substrate that accumulates in the urine of NKO mice, mediates the beneficial effects observed in the NKO. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that increasing AcSDKP by blocking the ACE N-domain facilitates sodium excretion and ameliorates diabetic kidney disease independent of intrarenal angiotensin II regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastien Fuchs
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jorge E Toblli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Romer A Gonzalez-Villalobos
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,Cardiovascular and Metabolism Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Qiu M, Li S, Jin L, Feng P, Kong Y, Zhao X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Li C, Wang W. Combination of Chymostatin and Aliskiren attenuates ER stress induced by lipid overload in kidney tubular cells. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:183. [PMID: 30064425 PMCID: PMC6069859 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. Our previous study demonstrated that activation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was involved in saturated free fatty acids palmitic acid (PA)-induced tubular cell injuries. The current study aims to investigate whether suppression of RAS by combination of direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and noncanonical RAS pathway chymase inhibitor chymostatin attenuates PA or cholesterol induced-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and apopotosis in cultured human proximal tubular HK2 cells. Methods HK2 cells were treated with saturated fatty acid PA (0.6 mM) for 24 h or cholesterol (10 μg/ml) for 6d with or without chymostatin and/or aliskiren. Expressions of the ER stress associated proteins and apoptosis markers were detected by western blotting. The mRNA levels of RAS components were measured by real-time qPCR. Results Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress, as reflected by increased BiP, IRE1α, phosphorylated-eIF2α and ATF4 as well as proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, two markers of apoptosis were upregulated by PA or cholesterol treatment. PA treatment was also associated with increased levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA expression. Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress and apoptosis. The protective effect of two inhibitors was also observed in primary cultured cortical tubular cells treated with PA. In contrast, chymostatin and/or aliskiren failed to prevent ER stress induced by tunicamycin. Conclusions These results suggested that combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren attenuates lipid-induced renal tubular cell injury, likely through suppressing activation of intracellular RAS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojuan Qiu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Suchun Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizi Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The 5th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yonglun Kong
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Eriguchi M, Lin M, Yamashita M, Zhao TV, Khan Z, Bernstein EA, Gurley SB, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Renal tubular ACE-mediated tubular injury is the major contributor to microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F531-F542. [PMID: 29187372 PMCID: PMC5966765 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00523.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. While angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat diabetic nephropathy, how intrarenal ACE contributes to diabetic renal injury is uncertain. Here, two mouse models with different patterns of renal ACE expression were studied to determine the specific contribution of tubular vs. glomerular ACE to early diabetic nephropathy: it-ACE mice, which make endothelial ACE but lack ACE expression by renal tubular epithelium, and ACE 3/9 mice, which lack endothelial ACE and only express renal ACE in tubular epithelial cells. The absence of endothelial ACE normalized the glomerular filtration rate and endothelial injury in diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. However, these mice developed tubular injury and albuminuria and displayed low renal levels of megalin that were similar to those observed in diabetic wild-type mice. In diabetic it-ACE mice, despite hyperfiltration, the absence of renal tubular ACE greatly reduced tubulointerstitial injury and albuminuria and increased renal megalin expression compared with diabetic wild-type and diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. These findings demonstrate that endothelial ACE is a central regulator of the glomerular filtration rate while tubular ACE is a key player in the development of tubular injury and albuminuria. These data suggest that tubular injury, rather than hyperfiltration, is the main cause of microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Eriguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mercury Lin
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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24
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Park S, Bivona BJ, Harrison-Bernard LM. Lack of contribution of nitric oxide synthase to cholinergic vasodilation in murine renal afferent arterioles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1197-F1204. [PMID: 29412691 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00433.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported significant increases in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunostaining in renal arterioles of angiotensin type 1A receptor (AT1A) knockout mice, and in arterioles and macula densa cells of AT1A/AT1B knockout mice. The contribution of nitric oxide derived from endothelial and macula densa cells in the maintenance of afferent arteriolar tone and acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was functionally determined in kidneys of wild-type, AT1A, and AT1A/AT1B knockout mice. Acetylcholine-induced changes in arteriolar diameters of in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephrons were measured during control conditions, in the presence of the nonspecific NOS inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (NLA), or the highly selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, N5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-l-ornithine (VNIO). Acetylcholine (0.1 mM) produced a significant vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles of AT1A/AT1B mice (-10.9 ± 5.1%) and no changes in afferent arteriolar diameters of AT1A knockout mice. NLA (0.01-1 mM) or VNIO (0.01-1 μM) induced significant dose-dependent vasoconstrictions (-19.8 ± 4.0% 1 mM NLA; -7.8 ± 3.5% 1 μM VNIO) in afferent arterioles of kidneys of wild-type mice. VNIO had no effect on afferent arteriole diameters of AT1A knockout or AT1A/AT1B knockout mice, suggesting nonfunctional neuronal nitric oxide synthase. These data indicate that acetylcholine produces a significant renal afferent arteriole vasodilation independently of nitric oxide synthases in wild-type mice. AT1A receptors are essential for the manifestation of renal afferent arteriole responses to neuronal nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmi Park
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Benjamin J Bivona
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lisa M Harrison-Bernard
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Wang J, Shibayama Y, Kobori H, Liu Y, Kobara H, Masaki T, Wang Z, Nishiyama A. High glucose augments angiotensinogen in human renal proximal tubular cells through hepatocyte nuclear factor-5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185600. [PMID: 29053707 PMCID: PMC5650141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose has been demonstrated to induce angiotensinogen (AGT) synthesis in the renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) of rats, which may further activate the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and contribute to diabetic nephropathy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high glucose on AGT in the RPTCs of human origin and identify the glucose-responsive transcriptional factor(s) that bind(s) to the DNA sequences of AGT promoter in human RPTCs. Human kidney (HK)-2 cells were treated with normal glucose (5.5 mM) and high glucose (15.0 mM), respectively. Levels of AGT mRNA and AGT secretion of HK-2 cells were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Consecutive 5’-end deletion mutant constructs and different site-directed mutagenesis products of human AGT promoter sequences were respectively transfected into HK-2 cells, followed by AGT promoter activity measurement through dual luciferase assay. High glucose significantly augmented the levels of AGT mRNA and AGT secretion of HK-2 cells, compared with normal glucose treatment. High glucose also significantly augmented AGT promoter activity in HK-2 cells transfected with the constructs of human AGT promoter sequences, compared with normal glucose treatment. Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-5 was found to be one of the glucose-responsive transcriptional factors of AGT in human RPTCs, since the mutation of its binding sites within AGT promoter sequences abolished the above effects of high glucose on AGT promoter activity as well as levels of AGT mRNA and its secretion. The present study has demonstrated, for the first time, that high glucose augments AGT in human RPTCs through HNF-5, which provides a potential therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Immuno-oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Yuki Shibayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology and of Nephrology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Immuno-oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Roehm B, Simoni J, Pruszynski J, Wesson DE. Cigarette Smoking Attenuates Kidney Protection by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol 2017; 46:260-267. [PMID: 28930715 DOI: 10.1159/000481206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking exacerbates the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) despite the kidney protection that is achieved by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI). Whether smoking cessation restores ACEI-related kidney protection is not known. METHODS This 5-year, prospective, prevention trial recruited 108 smokers and 108 nonsmokers with stage-2 nondiabetic CKD with primary hypertension and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (Ualb) >200 mg/g. All smokers underwent smoking cessation intervention programs. Blood pressure was reduced in all participants toward achieving a goal of <130 mm Hg with regimens including ACEI. The primary outcome was eGFR change, and secondary outcomes included Ualb and urine levels of angiotensinogen (UATG), a surrogate for kidney angiotensin II (AII) levels, and isoprostane 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (U8-iso), an indicator of oxidative stress. RESULTS One-year Ualb was lower than baseline in nonsmokers but not in either smoking group, supporting greater ACEI-related kidney protection in nonsmokers than smokers. Higher Ualb at 1 year in continued smokers was associated with higher UATG and higher U8-iso, consistent with smoking-induced AII and increased oxidative stress contributing to less ACEI-related kidney protection in smokers. Baseline eGFR was not different among groups (p = 0.92), but 5-year eGFR was higher in quitters than in continued smokers (62.0 ± 5.4 vs. 52.9 ± 5.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.001); this value was lower in quitters than in nonsmokers (64.7 ± 5.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation compared with continued smoking ameliorates eGFR decline in nondiabetic CKD treated with ACEI, possibly by restoring kidney-protective effects of ACEI through reductions in kidney AII and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Roehm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Wang K, Xu Y, Yang W, Zhang Y. Insufficient hypothalamic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is associated with hypertension in SHR rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20244-20251. [PMID: 28423630 PMCID: PMC5386759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated the expression of ACE2 in the hypothalamus and pituitary tissues and its relationship to hypertension by comparing them in male WKY and SHR rats. We observed that the plasma levels of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and aldosterone (ALD) were all lower in SHR than WKY rats (P<0.05), whereas plasma angiotensin II (AngII) levels were higher in SHR rats (P<0.05). Levels of ACE mRNA and protein were higher in the hypothalamus of SHR than WKY rats (P<0.05). By contrast, hypothalamic expression of ACE2 protein was lower in SHR rats (P<0.05), despite comparable mRNA levels in SHR and WKY rats. There were no differences in the expression levels of ACE, ACE2, AT1 or Mas mRNA in the pituitaries of SHR and WKY rats (P>0.05). These results suggest that insufficiency of hypothalamic ACE2 is associated with hypertension in SHR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Nehme A, Zibara K. Efficiency and specificity of RAAS inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases: how to achieve better end-organ protection? Hypertens Res 2017; 40:903-909. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Froogh G, Pinto JT, Le Y, Kandhi S, Aleligne Y, Huang A, Sun D. Chymase-dependent production of angiotensin II: an old enzyme in old hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H223-H231. [PMID: 27815252 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-dependent alteration of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) are well documented. By contrast, RAS-independent generation of Ang II in aging and its responses to exercise have not been explored. To this end, we examined the effects of chymase, a secretory serine protease, on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-independent conversion of Ang I to Ang II. We hypothesized that age-dependent alteration of cardiac Ang II formation is chymase dependent in nature and is prevented by exercise training. Experiments were conducted on hearts isolated from young (3 mo), aged sedentary (24 mo), and aged rats chronically exercised on a treadmill. In the presence of low Ang I levels and downregulation of ACE expression/activity, cardiac Ang II levels were significantly higher in aged than young rats, suggesting an ACE-independent response. Aged hearts also displayed significantly increased chymase expression and activity, as well as upregulation of tryptase, a biological marker of mast cells, confirming a mast cell-sourced increase in chymase. Coincidently, cardiac superoxide produced from NADPH oxidase (Nox) was significantly enhanced in aged rats and was normalized by exercise. Conversely, a significant reduction in cardiac expression of ACE2 followed by lower Ang 1-7 levels and downregulation of the Mas receptor (binding protein of Ang 1-7) in aged rats were completely reversed by exercise. In conclusion, local formation of Ang II is increased in aged hearts, and chymase is primarily responsible for this increase. Chronic exercise is able to normalize the age-dependent alterations via compromising chymase/Ang II/angiotensin type 1 receptor/Nox actions while promoting ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging increases angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-independent production of cardiac angiotensin II (Ang II), a response that is driven by chymase in an exercise-reversible manner. These findings highlight chymase, in addition to ACE, as an important therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of Ang II-induced deterioration of cardiac function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghezal Froogh
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Yicong Le
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Yeabsra Aleligne
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - An Huang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
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Abstract
Experimental models of hypertension and patients with inappropriately increased renin formation due to a stenotic kidney, arteriosclerotic narrowing of the renal arterioles or a rare juxtaglomerular cell tumor have shown a progressive augmentation of the intrarenal/intratubular renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The increased intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits renal vasoconstriction and enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption in proximal and distal nephron segments. The enhanced intrarenal Ang II levels are due to both increased Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor mediated Ang II uptake and AT1 receptor dependent stimulation of renal angiotensinogen (AGT) mRNA and augmented AGT production. The increased AGT formation and secretion into the proximal tubular lumen leads to local formation of Ang II, which stimulates proximal transporters such as the sodium/hydrogen exchanger. Enhanced AGT production also leads to spillover of AGT into the distal nephron segments as reflected by AGT in the urine, which provides an index of intrarenal RAS activity. There is also increased Ang II concentration in distal nephron with stimulation of distal sodium transport. Increased urinary excretion of AGT has been demonstrated in patients with hypertension, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and several types of chronic kidney diseases indicating an upregulation of intrarenal RAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology and the Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Weijian Shao
- Department of Physiology and the Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, SL39, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Farag E, Maheshwari K, Morgan J, Sakr Esa WA, Doyle DJ. An update of the role of renin angiotensin in cardiovascular homeostasis. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:275-92. [PMID: 25602448 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to be the body's main vasoconstrictor system, with physiological effects mediated via the interaction of angiotensin II with angiotensin I receptors (the "classic" RAS model). However, since the discovery of the heptapeptide angiotensin 1-7 and the development of the concept of the "alternate" RAS system, with its ability to reduce arterial blood pressure, our understanding of this physiologic system has changed dramatically. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered functions of the RAS, particularly the potential clinical significance of these developments, especially in the realm of new pharmacologic interventions for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- From the Departments of *General Anesthesia and †Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and §Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University/Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Choi HJ, Park C, Lee YK, Ha YC, Jang S, Shin CS. Risk of fractures in subjects with antihypertensive medications: A nationwide claim study. Int J Cardiol 2015; 184:62-67. [PMID: 25697872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of antihypertensives on fracture has important clinical implications, since antihypertensives are frequently prescribed with lifelong exposure. This study aimed to compare risk of fracture between antihypertensive medication classes and non-users among adults. METHODS Nationwide claim data from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011 were analyzed. Among 8,315,709 subjects with antihypertensive prescriptions in nationwide medical claim database in South Korea, 528,522 subjects, who initiated single-drug antihypertensives or non-users, were analyzed. Subjects were classified as non-user, alpha-blocker (AB), angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin-receptor-blocker (ARB), beta-blocker (BB), calcium-channel-blocker (CCB), and diuretic users. Subjects with combination antihypertensive medications were excluded. RESULTS A total of 16,805 fracture outcomes were observed during mean follow-up duration of 1.9 years. Fracture rate per 10,000 person-years varied significantly across type of antihypertensives, with ARB having the lowest rate (152.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 145.4-160.4), and AB having the highest rate (323.7, 95% CI 237.4-441.4). Non-users had fracture rates (152.2, 95% CI 148.7-155.7) similar to ARB users. In models adjusting for age, gender, comorbidity score, diagnosis of diabetes, diagnosis of osteoporosis, osteoporosis treatment, and osteoporosis related diseases, AB users (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=2.26), ACEI users (aHR=1.68), diuretic users (aHR=1.45), CCB users (aHR=1.23), and BB users (aHR=1.15) showed significantly increased risk of fractures compared with non-users (P<0.05). Only the fracture risk of ARB users (aHR=1.00, 95% CI 0.95-1.05) was not significantly different from the non-users. CONCLUSIONS The use of antihypertensives except for ARB is associated with increased risk of fracture, with ACEI and AB having higher risk among hypertensive adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmi Park
- Division for Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmee Jang
- College of Pharmacy Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Bertoncello N, Moreira RP, Arita DY, Aragão DS, Watanabe IKM, Dantas PS, Santos R, Mattar-Rosa R, Yokota R, Cunha TS, Casarini DE. Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Increased Ace Gene Dosage Is Associated with High Renal Levels of Angiotensin (1-7) and Bradykinin. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:674047. [PMID: 26442284 PMCID: PMC4579315 DOI: 10.1155/2015/674047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Population studies have shown an association between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (ACE in humans, Ace in mice). The aim was to evaluate the modulation of Ace copies number and diabetes mellitus (DM) on renal RAS and correlate it with indicators of kidney function. Increased number of copies of the Ace gene, associated with DM, induces renal dysfunction. The susceptibility to the development of DN in 3 copies of animals is associated with an imbalance in activity of RAS enzymes leading to increased synthesis of Ang II and Ang-(1-7). Increased concentration of renal Ang-(1-7) appears to potentiate the deleterious effects triggered by Ang II on kidney structure and function. Results also show increased bradykinin concentration in 3 copies diabetic group. Taken together, results indicate that the deleterious effects described in 3 copies diabetic group are, at least in part, due to a combination of factors not usually described in the literature. Thus, the data presented here show up innovative and contribute to understanding the complex mechanisms involved in the development of DN, in order to optimize the treatment of patients with this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Bertoncello
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roseli Peres Moreira
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle S. Aragão
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Kazue Mizuno Watanabe
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia S. Dantas
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ralmony Santos
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Mattar-Rosa
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Science and Technology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Dulce Elena Casarini:
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Onuigbo MAC, Agbasi N. Chronic kidney disease prediction is an inexact science: The concept of “progressors” and “nonprogressors”. World J Nephrol 2014; 3:31-49. [PMID: 25332895 PMCID: PMC4202491 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2002, the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) instituted new guidelines that established a novel chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging paradigm. This set of guidelines, since updated, is now very widely accepted around the world. Nevertheless, the authoritative United States Preventative Task Force had in August 2012 acknowledged that we know surprisingly little about whether screening adults with no signs or symptoms of CKD improve health outcomes and that we deserve better information on CKD. More recently, the American Society of Nephrology and the American College of Physicians, two very well respected United States professional physician organizations were strongly at odds coming out with exactly opposite recommendations regarding the need or otherwise for ”CKD screening” among the asymptomatic population. In this review, we revisit the various angles and perspectives of these conflicting arguments, raise unanswered questions regarding the validity and veracity of the NKF KDOQI CKD staging model, and raise even more questions about the soundness of its evidence-base. We show clinical evidence, from a Mayo Clinic Health System Renal Unit in Northwestern Wisconsin, United States, of the pitfalls of the current CKD staging model, show the inexactitude and unpredictable vagaries of current CKD prediction models and call for a more cautious and guarded application of CKD staging paradigms in clinical practice. The impacts of acute kidney injury on CKD initiation and CKD propagation and progression, the effects of such phenomenon as the syndrome of late onset renal failure from angiotensin blockade and the syndrome of rapid onset end stage renal disease on CKD initiation, CKD propagation and CKD progression to end stage renal disease all demand further study and analysis. Yet more research on CKD staging, CKD prognostication and CKD predictions is warranted. Finally and most importantly, cognizant of the very serious limitations and drawbacks of the NKF K/DOQI CKD staging model, the need to individualize CKD care, both in terms of patient care and prognostication, cannot be overemphasized.
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Wilson BA, Marshall AC, Alzayadneh EM, Chappell MC. The ins and outs of angiotensin processing within the kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R487-9. [PMID: 24944244 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00177.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a key target organ for bioactive components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS); however, various renal cells such as the tubular epithelium contain an intrinsic RAS. The renal RAS can be functionally divided into ANG II-AT1 receptor and ANG-(1-7)-AT7/Mas receptor arms that functionally oppose one another. The current review considers both extracellular and intracellular pathways that potentially govern the formation and metabolism of angiotensin peptides within the renal proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Wilson
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Allyson C Marshall
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ebaa M Alzayadneh
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Kamiyama M, Garner MK, Farragut KM, Sofue T, Hara T, Morikawa T, Konishi Y, Imanishi M, Nishiyama A, Kobori H. Detailed localization of augmented angiotensinogen mRNA and protein in proximal tubule segments of diabetic kidneys in rats and humans. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:530-42. [PMID: 24910532 PMCID: PMC4046880 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, angiotensinogen levels are well known to be increased in diabetes, and these enhanced intrarenal angiotensinogen levels may initiate the development and accelerate the progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, the specific localization of the augmented angiotensinogen in proximal tubule segments in diabetes is still unknown. We investigated the detailed localization of angiotensinogen in 3 proximal tubule segments in the diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats and the control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. We also prepared OLETF rats treated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, olmesartan or with a combination of vasodilator agents. Moreover, biopsied samples of human kidney cortex were used to confirm the results of animal studies. We examined the co-localization of angiotensinogen with segment-specific markers by double staining using fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or immunofluorescence. Angiotensinogen mRNA expression was barely detectable in segment 1. In segment 3, the area of angiotensinogen mRNA expression was augmented in the OLETF rats compared with the LETO rats. Angiotensinogen protein expression areas in segments 1 and 3 were also increased in the OLETF rats compared with the LETO rats. Chronic treatment with olmesartan ameliorated these areas of augmented angiotensinogen expression. Biopsied human kidney samples showed similar results. These data suggest that the augmented angiotensinogen mRNA levels in segment 3 and angiotensinogen protein levels in segments 1 and 3 may contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Kamiyama
- 1. Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 2. Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle K Garner
- 1. Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 2. Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kristina M Farragut
- 1. Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 2. Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tadashi Sofue
- 4. Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Hara
- 4. Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Morikawa
- 6. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshio Konishi
- 6. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Masahito Imanishi
- 6. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- 5. Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- 1. Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 2. Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 3. Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; 5. Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Dhakarwal P, Agrawal V, Kumar A, Goli KM, Agrawal V. Update on role of direct renin inhibitor in diabetic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2014; 36:963-9. [PMID: 24678880 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.900425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in the development of DKD with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) being the mainstay of treatment. Systemic RAAS activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DKD, but lately interest has shifted to intrarenal RAAS effect. With the discovery of the (pro)renin receptor and ACE independent pathways of angiotensin II production, our understanding of role of renin in end organ damage has improved significantly. SUMMARY We summarize our current understanding of ACE dependent and independent pathways in the development of DKD and the preclinical models demonstrating renal effects of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs). We then review clinical studies and trials performed so far evaluating the efficacy of aliskiren on renal outcomes and safety in DKD. KEY MESSAGE At present, there is little evidence for renal benefit of aliskiren in DKD beyond that offered by ACEIs or ARBs. Combining aliskiren with ACEI or ARB in DKD did not significantly improve renal outcomes in comparison with ACEI or ARB monotherapy in clinical trials. Slightly more adverse events including hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury and hypotension were observed in the combination therapy as compared to the monotherapy. Thus, current evidence suggests that aliskiren, because of its antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects, maybe used as monotherapy in DKD and considered an equivalent alternative to ACEIs or ARBs. Careful monitoring for renal adverse effects would allow safe clinical use of DRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Dhakarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Lehigh Valley Health Network , Allentown, PA , USA
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Haschke M, Schuster M, Poglitsch M, Loibner H, Salzberg M, Bruggisser M, Penninger J, Krähenbühl S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:783-92. [PMID: 23681967 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) converts angiotensin II (Ang1-8) to angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7), a functional antagonist of Ang1-8, with vasodilatory, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In conditions with an unbalanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with elevated Ang1-8, administration of ACE2 has shown promising effects in a variety of animal models. Enhancing ACE2 activity by exogenous administration of ACE2 might also be beneficial in human diseases with pathologically elevated Ang1-8. As a first step we performed a first-in-man study to determine pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of recombinant ACE2 in healthy volunteers. METHODS Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) was administered intravenously to healthy human subjects in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation study followed by an open-label multiple-dose study. ACE2 concentrations were determined by quantifying ACE2 activity and ACE2 content in plasma samples. Concentrations of the angiotensin system effector peptides Ang1-8, Ang1-7, and Ang1-5 were determined using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Single rhACE2 doses of 100-1,200 μg/kg caused a dose-dependent increase of systemic exposure with biphasic elimination and a dose-independent terminal half-life of 10 h. In all single-dose cohorts, Ang1-8 decreased within 30 min postinfusion, angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) either increased (100 and 200 μg/kg doses), decreased, or remained unchanged (400-1,200 μg/kg doses), whereas angiotensin 1-5 (Ang1-5) transiently increased for all doses investigated. With the exception of the lowest rhACE2 dose, the decrease in Ang1-8 levels lasted for at least 24 h. Repeated dosing (400 μg/kg for 3 or 6 days) caused only minimal accumulation of ACE2, and Ang1-8 levels were suppressed over the whole application period. CONCLUSIONS Administration of rhACE2 was well tolerated by healthy human subjects. Exposure was dose dependent with a dose-independent terminal elimination half-life in the range of 10 h. Despite marked changes in angiotensin system peptide concentrations, cardiovascular effects were absent, suggesting the presence of effective compensatory mechanisms in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Haschke
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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Tikellis C, Brown R, Head GA, Cooper ME, Thomas MC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mediates hyperfiltration associated with diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F773-80. [PMID: 24477684 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00264.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of ANG II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading to the formation of ANG(1-7), is an important step in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and one that is significantly altered in the diabetic kidney. This study examined the role of ACE2 in the hyperfiltration associated with diabetes. Streptozotocin diabetes was induced in male C57BL6 mice and ACE2 knockout (KO) mice. C57BL6 mice were further randomized to receive the selective ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760. After 2 wk of study, animals were subjected to micropuncture experiments. The renal reserve was further assessed in C57BL6 mice and ACE2 KO mice after exposure to a high-protein diet. The induction of diabetes in wild-type mice was associated with increased renal ACE2 activity, hyperfiltration, and renal hypertrophy. On micropuncture, diabetes was associated with increased tubular free flow and stop-flow pressure, enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback reactivity, and an increased maximal response indicative of increased glomerular hydrostatic capillary pressure. Each of these increases were prevented in diabetic ACE2 KO mice and diabetic mice treated with a selective ACE2 inhibitor for 2 wk. However, unlike chronically treated animals, ACE2 inhibition with MLN-4760 had no acute effect on stop-flow pressure or tubuloglomerular feedback reactivity. ACE2 KO mice also failed to increase their creatinine clearance in response to a high-protein diet. The results of our study suggest that ACE2 plays a key role in the recruitment of the renal reserve and hyperfiltration associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tikellis
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Central, Melbourne 8008, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Ali Q, Wu Y, Nag S, Hussain T. Estimation of angiotensin peptides in biological samples by LC/MS method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:215-222. [PMID: 24489613 PMCID: PMC3904384 DOI: 10.1039/c3ay41305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The low abundance of angiotensin peptides in biological tissues such as the kidney cortex, adipose tissue, urine and plasma makes their detection and quantification a challenge. A few available methods used to quantify these peptides involve lengthy processes of sample preparation and are hardly quantitative. Here, we report a mass spectrometry approach for quantifying angiotensin peptides [Ang II, Ang-(1-7)] in the kidney cortex, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), urine and plasma of male mice. Tissue homogenates, urine and plasma samples were solid-phase extracted with C18 Sep-Pak cartridges and eluted off proteinaceous compounds. These extracted peptide samples were separated on C18 column with a linear acetonitrile gradient and detected by Q-ToF mass analyzer in ESI+-MS ion mode based on their retention time, accurate mass measurement of peptides, the isotope pattern of doubly charged molecular ion, and quantitation of peak area (or ion count) when referencing to the angiotensin peptide standards. The lower limit of quantitation for each angiotensin peptide was 10 pgmg-1 with the percent recovery at 100.6%. The intra-batch precision for Ang-(1-7) and Ang II were 24.0 and 12.7%, accuracy 84.0-123.0% and 100.2-116.0% respectively. Using this method, we determined the levels of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in the kidney cortex, eWAT, urine and plasma. Quantification of angiotensin peptides could help target subtle therapeutics changes against pathophysiological conditions such as obesity, kidney disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaisar Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Mass Spec Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn. AL 36849
| | - Sourashish Nag
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Tahir Hussain
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
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41
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Kobori H, Kamiyama M, Harrison-Bernard LM, Navar LG. Cardinal role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Investig Med 2013. [PMID: 23266706 DOI: 10.231/jim.0b013e31827c28bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases and is associated with increased incidence of structural and functional derangements in the kidneys, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease in a significant fraction of afflicted individuals. The renoprotective effects of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade have been established; however, the mechanistic pathways have not been fully elucidated. In this review article, the cardinal role of an activated RAS in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is discussed with a focus on 4 themes: (1) introduction to RAS cascade, (2) intrarenal RAS in diabetes, (3) clinical outcomes of RAS blockade in DN, and (4) potential of urinary angiotensinogen as an early biomarker of intrarenal RAS status in DN. This review article provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that an activated intrarenal RAS contributes to the pathogenesis of DN and that urinary angiotensinogen levels provide an index of intrarenal RAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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42
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Kamiyama M, Urushihara M, Morikawa T, Konishi Y, Imanishi M, Nishiyama A, Kobori H. Oxidative stress/angiotensinogen/renin-angiotensin system axis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23045-62. [PMID: 24284398 PMCID: PMC3856105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have proven that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockades retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy, the detailed mechanisms of their reno-protective effects on the development of diabetic nephropathy remain uncertain. In rodent models, it has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) augmentation in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, no direct evidence is available to demonstrate that AGT expression is enhanced in the kidneys of patients with diabetes. To examine whether the expression levels of ROS- and RAS-related factors in kidneys are increased with the progression of diabetic nephropathy, biopsied samples from 8 controls and 27 patients with type 2 diabetes were used. After the biopsy, these patients were diagnosed with minor glomerular abnormality or diabetes mellitus by clinical and pathological findings. The intensities of AGT, angiotensin II (Ang II), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry. Expression levels were greater in patients with diabetes than in control subjects. Moreover, the augmented intrarenal AGT mRNA expression paralleled renal dysfunction in patients with diabetes. These data suggest the importance of the activated oxidative stress/AGT/RAS axis in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Kamiyama
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; E-Mails: (M.K.); (M.U.)
- Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; E-Mails: (M.K.); (M.U.)
- Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Takashi Morikawa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-Hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; E-Mails: (T.M.); (Y.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Yoshio Konishi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-Hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; E-Mails: (T.M.); (Y.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Masahito Imanishi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-Hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; E-Mails: (T.M.); (Y.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Miki, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; E-Mails: (M.K.); (M.U.)
- Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Miki, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; E-Mail:
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-2591; Fax: +1-504-988-0911
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43
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Sullivan JC. Response to "Determination of sex differences in activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) requires an activity assay that doesn't underestimate ACE2". Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1173. [PMID: 23939417 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pedersen KB, Lazartigues E. Determination of sex differences in activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) requires an activity assay that doesn't underestimate ACE2. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1172. [PMID: 23939416 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Pedersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Wysocki J, Garcia-Halpin L, Ye M, Maier C, Sowers K, Burns KD, Batlle D. Regulation of urinary ACE2 in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F600-11. [PMID: 23761674 PMCID: PMC3891267 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00600.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) enhances the degradation of ANG II and its expression is altered in diabetic kidneys, but the regulation of this enzyme in the urine is unknown. Urinary ACE2 was studied in the db/db model of type 2 diabetes and stretozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes during several physiological and pharmacological interventions. ACE2 activity in db/db mice was increased in the serum and to a much greater extent in the urine compared with db/m controls. Neither a specific ANG II blocker, telmisartan, nor an ACE inhibitor, captopril, altered the levels of urinary ACE2 in db/db or db/m control mice. High-salt diet (8%) increased whereas low-salt diet (0.1%) decreased urinary ACE2 activity in the urine of db/db mice. In STZ mice, urinary ACE2 was also increased, and insulin decreased it partly but significantly after several weeks of administration. The increase in urinary ACE2 activity in db/db mice reflected an increase in enzymatically active protein with two bands identified of molecular size at 110 and 75 kDa and was associated with an increase in kidney cortex ACE2 protein at 110 kDa but not at 75 kDa. ACE2 activity was increased in isolated tubular preparations but not in glomeruli from db/db mice. Administration of soluble recombinant ACE2 to db/m and db/db mice resulted in a marked increase in serum ACE2 activity, but no gain in ACE2 activity was detectable in the urine, further demonstrating that urinary ACE2 is of kidney origin. Increased urinary ACE2 was associated with more efficient degradation of exogenous ANG II (10(-9) M) in urine from db/db compared with that from db/m mice. Urinary ACE2 could be a potential biomarker of increased metabolism of ANG II in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wysocki
- Div. of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dept. of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Univ., 320 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611.
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46
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Divergent localization of angiotensinogen mRNA and protein in proximal tubule segments of normal rat kidney. J Hypertens 2013; 30:2365-72. [PMID: 23032142 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283598eed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiotensinogen in the kidneys is formed primarily in the proximal tubule cells and is secreted into the tubular fluid. Structurally, proximal tubules can be divided into three segments. The first segment, segment 1 (S1) is mainly confined to the pars convoluta, the second segment, segment 2 (S2) comprises the end of pars convoluta, and the third segment, segment 3 (S3) includes the major part of the pars recta. There are some reports describing angiotensinogen localization in kidneys; however, it remains uncertain which proximal tubule segments express angiotensinogen. To determine the detailed localization of angiotensinogen in the three proximal tubule segments, we established multistaining methods using segment-specific protein markers. METHODS Using kidneys from Wistar-Kyoto rats, we performed immunohistochemistry and double or triple staining by fluorescence in-situ hybridization and/or immunofluorescence. RESULTS Our results show that angiotensinogen mRNA and protein are expressed in the cortex and outer medulla of the normal rat kidney. Angiotensinogen mRNA was hardly detected in S1, detected weakly in S2 and strongly in S3 segments. In contrast, angiotensinogen protein was detected in S1 at high levels and less in S2 and S3 segments. CONCLUSION These data indicate divergence of angiotensinogen mRNA transcription and angiotensinogen protein synthesis and metabolism in different segments of the normal rat proximal tubules.
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47
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Bhatia K, Zimmerman MA, Sullivan JC. Sex differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme modulation of Ang (1-7) levels in normotensive WKY rats. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:591-8. [PMID: 23547034 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hps088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of the vasodilatory peptide angiotensin (Ang) (1-7) have been reported to be greater in females than in males, although the molecular mechanism responsible for this is unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, and neprilysin are key enzymes regulating Ang (1-7) formation. We conducted a study to determine the effect of sex on the activities of ACE, ACE2, and neprilysin in the kidneys of normotensive rats. We hypothesized that greater ACE2 or neprilysin activity in females would result in enhanced Ang (1-7) formation as compared with that in males. METHODS We measured the enzymatic activities of ACE, ACE2, and neprilysin in the renal cortex and medulla of 12-week-old male and female WKY rats. We treated additional rats with vehicle or enalapril (10 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for 14 days, and measured their Ang II and Ang (1-7) levels. RESULTS Renal cortical activity of ACE was greater in female than in male WKY rats (P < 0.05), but the activity of ACE in the renal medulla was not significantly different in the two sexes. Renal cortical and medullary ACE2 and neprilysin activities were comparable in male and female WKY rats. Treatment with enalapril significantly decreased Ang II levels in the renal cortex and medulla of male and female WKY rats as compared with those in vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05); enalapril did not change the plasma levels of Ang II. Cortical levels of Ang (1-7) were higher in vehicle-treated females than in vehicle-treated males (P < 0.05), and treatment with enalapril decreased Ang (1-7) levels only in females (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data supports a role for ACE in the formation of renal cortical Ang (1-7) in female WKY rats that is absent in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bhatia
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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48
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Kobori H, Kamiyama M, Harrison-Bernard LM, Navar LG. Cardinal Role of the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Investig Med 2013; 61:256-264. [DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e31827c28bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases and is associated with increased incidence of structural and functional derangements in the kidneys, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease in a significant fraction of afflicted individuals. The renoprotective effects of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade have been established; however, the mechanistic pathways have not been fully elucidated. In this review article, the cardinal role of an activated RAS in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is discussed with a focus on 4 themes: (1) introduction to RAS cascade, (2) intrarenal RAS in diabetes, (3) clinical outcomes of RAS blockade in DN, and (4) potential of urinary angiotensinogen as an early biomarker of intrarenal RAS status in DN. This review article provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that an activated intrarenal RAS contributes to the pathogenesis of DN and that urinary angiotensinogen levels provide an index of intrarenal RAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobori
- *Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center
| | - Masumi Kamiyama
- *Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center
| | | | - L. Gabriel Navar
- *Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center
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49
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Schwacke JH, Spainhour JCG, Ierardi JL, Chaves JM, Arthur JM, Janech MG, Velez JCQ. Network modeling reveals steps in angiotensin peptide processing. Hypertension 2013; 61:690-700. [PMID: 23283355 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
New insights into the intrarenal renin-angiotensin (Ang) system have modified our traditional view of the system. However, many finer details of this network of peptides and associated peptidases remain unclear. We hypothesized that a computational systems biology approach, applied to peptidomic data, could help to unravel the network of enzymatic conversions. We built and refined a Bayesian network model and a dynamic systems model starting from a skeleton created with established elements of the renin-Ang system and further developed it with archived matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectra from experiments conducted in mouse podocytes exposed to exogenous Ang substrates. The model-building process suggested previously unrecognized steps, 3 of which were confirmed in vitro, including the conversion of Ang(2-10) to Ang(2-7) by neprilysin, Ang(1-9) to Ang(2-9), and Ang(1-7) to Ang(2-7) by aminopeptidase A. These data suggest a wider role of neprilysin and aminopeptidase A in glomerular formation of bioactive Ang peptides and shunting their formation. Other steps were also suggested by the model, and supporting evidence for those steps was evaluated using model-comparison methods. Our results demonstrate that systems biology methods applied to peptidomic data are effective in identifying novel steps in the Ang peptide processing network, and these findings improve our understanding of the glomerular renin-Ang system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Schwacke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Harrison-Bernard LM, de Garavilla L, Bivona BJ. Enhanced vascular chymase-dependent conversion of endothelin in the diabetic kidney. Ochsner J 2013; 13:49-55. [PMID: 23532714 PMCID: PMC3603188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is associated with enhanced renal, plasma, and urinary endothelin (ET)-1 levels. Chymase cleaves Big ET-1 (1-38) to ET-1 (1-31), which is further cleaved by neutral endopeptidase to ET-1 (1-21). The current study tested the hypothesis that afferent arterioles (AA) of diabetic kidneys exhibit enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to chymase-dependent intrarenal ET formation compared to control kidneys. METHODS In situ juxtamedullary AA vasoconstrictor responses to the intrarenal conversion of Big ET-1 (1-38) to ET-1 (1-21) were performed in the absence and presence of chymase inhibition in type 2 diabetic db/db and control db/m mice studied under in vitro experimental conditions. RESULTS AA vasoconstrictor responses to Big ET-1 (1-38) were significantly enhanced in diabetic compared to control kidneys. In the presence of chymase inhibition (JNJ-18054478), AA vasoconstrictor responses of diabetic kidneys to Big ET-1 (1-38) were significantly less than the responses of control kidneys. AA diameters decreased similarly to ET-1 (1-21) in diabetic and control kidneys. CONCLUSIONS AA responses to the intrarenal conversion of Big ET-1 (1-38) to ET-1 in the absence of chymase enzymatic activity were significantly reduced in kidneys of diabetic compared to control mice, while the magnitude of the vasoconstriction to ET-1 (1-21) was not different. These data suggest that AA vasoconstriction produced by the chymase-dependent pathway is significantly greater in diabetic compared to control kidneys. We propose that intrarenal chymase-dependent ET-1 production contributes to the decline in function and progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin J. Bivona
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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