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Evaporative water loss in seven species of fossorial rodents: Does effect of degree of fossoriality and sociality exist? J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Agugliaro J, Lind CM, Lorch JM, Farrell TM. An emerging fungal pathogen is associated with increased resting metabolic rate and total evaporative water loss rate in a winter‐active snake. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Agugliaro
- Department of Biological & Allied Health Sciences Fairleigh Dickinson University Madison NJ USA
| | - Craig M. Lind
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Stockton University Galloway NJ USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Lorch
- U.S. Geological SurveyNational Wildlife Health Center Madison WI USA
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Riddell EA, Apanovitch EK, Odom JP, Sears MW. Physical calculations of resistance to water loss improve predictions of species range models. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Riddell
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Evan K. Apanovitch
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Jonathan P. Odom
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Michael W. Sears
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
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Baldo MB, Luna F, Antenucci CD. Does acclimation to contrasting atmospheric humidities affect evaporative water loss in the South American subterranean rodentCtenomys talarum? J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Baldo MB, Antenucci CD, Luna F. Effect of ambient temperature on evaporative water loss in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. J Therm Biol 2015; 53:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cooper CE, Withers PC. Physiological responses of a rodent to heliox reveal constancy of evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1042-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Total evaporative water loss of endotherms is assumed to be determined essentially by biophysics, at least at temperatures below thermoneutrality, with evaporative water loss determined by the water vapor deficit between the animal and the ambient air. We present here evidence, based on the first measurements of evaporative water loss for a small mammal in heliox, that mammals may have a previously unappreciated ability to maintain acute constancy of total evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions. Thermoregulatory responses of ash-grey mice ( Pseudomys albocinereus) to heliox were as expected, with changes in metabolic rate, conductance, and respiratory ventilation consistent with maintaining constancy of body temperature under conditions of enhanced heat loss. However, evaporative water loss did not increase in heliox. This is despite our confirmation of the physical effect that heliox augments evaporation from nonliving surfaces, which should increase cutaneous water loss, and increases minute volume of live ash-grey mice in heliox to accommodate their elevated metabolic rate, which should increase respiratory water loss. Therefore, mice had not only a thermoregulatory but also a hygroregulatory response to heliox. We interpret these results as evidence that ash-grey mice can acutely control their evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions and suggest that hygroregulation at and below thermoneutrality is an important aspect of the physiology of at least some small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Elizabeth Cooper
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University Perth, Western Australia; and Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Philip Carew Withers
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University Perth, Western Australia; and Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
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Withers PC, Cooper CE. Physiological regulation of evaporative water loss in endotherms: is the little red kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae) an exception or the rule? Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140149. [PMID: 24741015 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a central paradigm of comparative physiology that the effect of humidity on evaporative water loss (EWL) is determined for most mammals and birds, in and below thermoneutrality, essentially by physics and is not under physiological regulation. Fick's law predicts that EWL should be inversely proportional to ambient relative humidity (RH) and linearly proportional to the water vapour pressure deficit (Δwvp) between animal and air. However, we show here for a small dasyurid marsupial, the little kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae), that EWL is essentially independent of RH (and Δwvp) at low RH (as are metabolic rate and thermal conductance). These results suggest regulation of a constant EWL independent of RH, a hitherto unappreciated capacity of endothermic vertebrates. Independence of EWL from RH conserves water and heat at low RH, and avoids physiological adjustments to changes in evaporative heat loss such as thermoregulation. Re-evaluation of previously published data for mammals and birds suggests that a lesser dependence of EWL on RH is observed more commonly than previously thought, suggesting that physiological independence of EWL of RH is not just an unusual capacity of a few species, such as the little kaluta, but a more general capability of many mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Withers
- School of Animal Biology M092, University of Western Australia, , Crawley, Western Australia , 6009, Australia, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, , PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia , 6845, Australia
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Sadowski-Fugitt LM, Tracy CR, Christian KA, Williams JB. Cocoon and epidermis of Australian Cyclorana frogs differ in composition of lipid classes that affect water loss. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 85:40-50. [PMID: 22237288 DOI: 10.1086/663695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For amphibians to survive in environments that experience annual droughts, they must minimize evaporative water loss. One genus of Australian hylid frogs, Cyclorana, prevents desiccation by burrowing in the soil and forming cocoons composed of alternating layers of shed epidermis and glandular secretions. Previous data are inconclusive about the role that lipids play in reducing evaporative water loss through skin (cutaneous water loss [CWL]) when Cyclorana spp. are within cocoons. In this study, we measured CWL and lipids in the epidermis and in cocoons of five species of Cyclorana. CWL was significantly lower in frogs within cocoons than in frogs without cocoons. Surface-area-specific CWL for the three small species was significantly higher than that of the two larger species of Cyclorana, but this difference was not apparent in frogs within cocoons. Although lipids were responsible for more of the dry mass of the epidermis (approximately 20%) than of the cocoons (approximately 7%) we found that cerebrosides and ceramides, two polar lipid classes, were almost exclusively found in cocoons. This suggests that these lipid classes are in the glandular secretions rather than in the epidermis. Because these polar lipids are the types that reduce water loss in birds (cerebrosides and ceramides) and mammals (ceramides), we conclude that they are important not only for holding together the shed layers of skin but also for contributing to the barrier against water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Sadowski-Fugitt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 318 West 12th Avenue, Aronoff Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Cooper C, Withers P. Effects of Measurement Duration on the Determination of Basal Metabolic Rate and Evaporative Water Loss of Small Marsupials: How Long Is Long Enough? Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:438-46. [DOI: 10.1086/603654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cooper CE, Withers PC. Allometry of evaporative water loss in marsupials: implications of the effect of ambient relative humidity on the physiology of brushtail possums(Trichosurus vulpecula). J Exp Biol 2008; 211:2759-66. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.019463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
To better understand the effects of ambient relative humidity (RH) on physiological variables and the implications of RH-correcting evaporative water loss (EWL) data for marsupials, we examined the effect of RH on EWL,body temperature (Tb), metabolic rate (MR) and thermal conductance (C) of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a medium-sized marsupial. Correcting EWL data for 27 species of marsupial for water vapour pressure deficit (ΔWVP) in the chamber during measurement significantly increased, rather than decreased, the variability of the allometric relationship for EWL. For the brushtail possum,both ambient temperature (Ta) and RH significantly affected EWL. At Ta=25°C, EWL was independent of RH at≤63% RH, but decreased linearly at higher RH values. At Ta=30°C, EWL was significantly related to RH from 26%to 92% RH. There was a significant effect of Ta on Tb and dry thermal conductance (Cdry;higher at 30°C), but no effect of RH. For MR and wet thermal conductance(Cwet) there was a significant effect of Ta (MR higher and Cwet lower at 25°C), and RH at Ta=30°C (MR higher and Cwet lower at the lowest RH) but not at 25°C. Our results indicate that brushtail possums do not necessarily show the linear relationship between ambient RH and EWL expected for an endotherm, possibly because of behavioural modification of their immediate microclimate. This may account for the failure of WVP deficit correction to improve the allometric EWL relationship for marsupials. Chamber RH is an important environmental factor to be considered when measuring standard physiological variables such as MR and Cwet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Cooper
- Centre for Ecosystem Diversity and Dynamics in the Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845
- Zoology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley,Western Australia, 6009
| | - P. C. Withers
- Centre for Ecosystem Diversity and Dynamics in the Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845
- Zoology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley,Western Australia, 6009
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Tracy CR, Christian KA, Betts G, Tracy CR. Body temperature and resistance to evaporative water loss in tropical Australian frogs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 150:102-8. [PMID: 16829148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the skin of most amphibians measured to date offers no resistance to evaporative water loss (EWL), some species, primarily arboreal frogs, produce skin secretions that increase resistance to EWL. At high air temperatures, it may be advantageous for amphibians to increase EWL as a means to decrease body temperature. In Australian hylid frogs, most species do not decrease their resistance at high air temperature, but some species with moderate resistance (at moderate air temperatures) gradually decrease resistance with increasing air temperature, and some species with high resistance (at moderate air temperatures) abruptly decrease resistance at high air temperatures. Lower skin resistance at high air temperatures decreases the time to desiccation, but the lower body temperatures allow the species to avoid their critical thermal maximum (CT(Max)) body temperatures. The body temperatures of species with low to moderate resistances to EWL that do not adjust resistance at high air temperatures do not warm to their CT(Max), although for some species, this is because they have high CT(Max) values. As has been reported previously for resistance to EWL generally, the response pattern of change of EWL at high air temperatures has apparently evolved independently among Australian hylids. The mechanisms involved in causing resistance and changes in resistance are unknown.
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Marom S, Korine C, Wojciechowski MS, Tracy CR, Pinshow B. Energy metabolism and evaporative water loss in the European free-tailed bat and Hemprich's long-eared bat (Microchiroptera): species sympatric in the Negev Desert. Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:944-56. [PMID: 16927241 DOI: 10.1086/505999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We compared the thermoregulatory abilities of two insectivorous bat species, Tadarida teniotis (mean body mass 32 g) and Otonycteris hemprichii (mean body mass 25 g), that are of different phylogenetic origins and zoogeographic distributions but are sympatric in the Negev Desert. At night, both were normothermic. By day, both were torpid when exposed to ambient temperatures (T(a)) below 25 degrees Celsius, with concomitant adjustments in metabolic rate (MR). Otonycteris hemprichii entered torpor at higher T(a) than T. teniotis, and, when torpid, their body temperatures (T(b)) were 1 degrees -2 degrees Celsius and 5 degrees -8 degrees Celsius above T(a), respectively; MR was correspondingly reduced. At night, the lower critical temperature of T. teniotis was 31.5 degrees Celsius, and that of O. hemprichii was 33 degrees Celsius. Mean nocturnal thermoneutral MR of T. teniotis was 37% greater than that of O. hemprichii. At high T(a), evaporative water loss (EWL) increased markedly in both species, but it was significantly higher in T. teniotis above 38 degrees Celsius. In both species, the dry heat transfer coefficient (thermal conductance) followed the expected pattern for small mammals, by day and by night. Total EWL was notably low in normothermic and torpid animals of both species, much lower than values reported for other bats, indicating efficient water conservation mechanisms in the study species. Comparing thermoregulatory abilities suggests that O. hemprichii is better adapted to hot, arid environments than T. teniotis, which may explain its wider desert distribution. By both standard and phylogenetically informed ANCOVA, we found no differences in basal metabolic rate (BMR) between desert and nondesert species of insectivorous bats, substantiating previous studies suggesting that low BMR is a characteristic common to insectivorous bats in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Marom
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Young JE, Christian KA, Donnellan S, Tracy CR, Parry D. Comparative analysis of cutaneous evaporative water loss in frogs demonstrates correlation with ecological habits. Physiol Biochem Zool 2005; 78:847-56. [PMID: 16052451 DOI: 10.1086/432152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most frog species show little resistance to evaporative water loss (EWL), but some arboreal species are known to have very high resistances. We measured EWL and cutaneous resistance to evaporation (Rc) in 25 species of frogs from northern Australia, including 17 species in the family Hylidae, six species in the Myobatrachidae, and one each in the Bufonidae and the Microhylidae. These species display a variety of ecological habits, including aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal specialisations, with the complete range of habits displayed within just the one hylid genus, Litoria. The 25 species measured in this study have resistances that range from Rc=0 to 63.1. These include low values indistinguishable from a free water surface to high values typical of "waterproof" anuran species. There was a strong correlation between ecological habit and Rc, even taking phylogenetic relationships into account; arboreal species had the highest resistance, aquatic species tended to have little or no resistance, and terrestrial species tended to have resistance between those of arboreal and aquatic frogs. For one species, Litoria rubella, we found no significant changes in EWL along a 1,500-km aridity gradient. This study represents the strongest evidence to date of a link between ecological habits and cutaneous resistance to water loss among species of frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Young
- School of Science, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia.
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Genoud M, Ruedi M. Rate of metabolism, temperature regulations, and evaporative water loss in the lesser gymnureHylomys suillus(Insectivora, Mammalia). J Zool (1987) 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ward D, Pinshow B. Temperature regulation of the great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) in the Negev desert—I. Laboratory measurements of metabolic rate and evaporative water loss. J Therm Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(94)00050-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lang E, Foerster A, Pfannmüller D, Handwerker HO. Quantitative assessment of sudomotor activity by capacitance hygrometry. Clin Auton Res 1993; 3:107-15. [PMID: 8324373 DOI: 10.1007/bf01818995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A commercial capacitive hygrometer device manufactured for use in technical or chemical laboratory environments has been used for quantitative and dynamic assessment of sweat gland activity in selected skin areas. For this purpose the hygrometer device was supplemented by a chamber attached to the skin for collecting evaporated water and a supply of dry nitrogen gas providing a gas flow through the chamber and through the hygrometer capsule. The accuracy of the technique was proven in pilot experiments in which fixed amounts of water were evaporated. A positive correlation was found between the weight of the water and the water evaporation computed from the hygrometer readings (r = 0.997). The time constant of the device was in the range of 10 s. This time constant appears to be fast enough for recording physiological changes in the sweating rate of human subjects. In experiments on healthy subjects sudomotor reflexes were assessed and compared to vasoconstrictor responses and to thermographically measured temperature changes of the skin during the Valsalva manoeuvre and a painful mechanical stimulus. Direct measurement of water evaporation such as by this technique may provide information on sympathetic reactions which could be utilized in both physiological and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lang
- Institut für Physiologie und Biokybernetik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Hinsley SA, Ferns PN, Thomas DH, Pinshow B. Black-Bellied Sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis) and Pin-Tailed Sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata): Closely Related Species with Differing Bioenergetic Adaptations to Arid Zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.66.1.30158285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Powers DR. Diurnal Variation in Mass, Metabolic Rate, and Respiratory Quotient in Anna's and Costa's Hummingbirds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.64.3.30158211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Webster MD, King JR. Temperature and humidity dynamics of cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in pigeons, Columba livia. J Comp Physiol B 1987; 157:253-60. [PMID: 3571575 DOI: 10.1007/bf00692370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a two-compartment metabolism chamber, we measured oxygen consumption simultaneously with evaporative water loss (EWL) separately from the skin and respiratory tract of pigeons exposed to various air temperatures and humidities. Both respiratory (REWL) and cutaneous (CEWL) water loss increased markedly with increasing air temperature, and latent heat loss through both routes dissipated large fractions of internal heat production during mild heat stress. CEWL as a percentage of total EWL significantly exceeded REWL (60 +/- 1.5%) at thermoneutral air temperatures, and was also a substantial fraction of total EWL at lower and higher temperatures. Both REWL and CEWL were inverse functions (apparently linear) of ambient humidity at 20 and 30 degrees C. These observations verify suggestions by other investigators that CEWL in birds plays a greater role in water balance and in counteracting heat stress than was previously believed.
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Frumkin R, Pinshow B, Weinstein Y. Metabolic Heat Production and Evaporative Heat Loss in Desert Phasianids: Chukar and Sand Partridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hinds DS, MacMillen RE. Scaling of Energy Metabolism and Evaporative Water Loss in Heteromyid Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.58.3.30155999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Conley KE. Evaporative water loss: thermoregulatory requirements and measurements in the deer mouse and white rabbit. J Comp Physiol B 1985; 155:433-6. [PMID: 3837024 DOI: 10.1007/bf00684672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a physical model of the capacity for non-evaporative heat loss and measurements of metabolic heat production, I evaluated the evaporative requirements for thermoregulation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and the white rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. The physical limit to non-evaporative heat loss was calculated from the heat transfer properties of the two animals and expressed as a maximum thermal conductance (Cmax). Two physiologically-based thermal conductances were derived from evaporative water loss, respiratory gas exchange and core temperature measurements made between 8 and 34 degrees C on the deer mouse, and taken from published data for the white rabbit. The thermal conductance for non-evaporative heat loss (C) was calculated from net heat production, whereas Cm represented the thermal conductance required to dissipate metabolic heat production. Evaporation is required when metabolic heat production exceeds the capacity for non-evaporative heat loss (as shown by Cm greater than Cmax). However, evaporation increased in both animals although additional capacity to lose heat remained (i.e., C less than Cmax). Evaporation increased with C above 30 degrees C for the mouse and at each 5 degrees C measurement interval from 15 to 30 degrees C for the rabbit. Thus, evaporation was greater than that required for thermoregulation for both animals as determined from a physical model of heat loss because both evaporation and C increased together to regulate heat loss.
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Paladino FV, King JR. Thermoregulation and Oxygen Consumption during Terrestrial Locomotion by White-Crowned Sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.57.2.30163708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Adams T, Steinmetz MA, Manner DB, Baldwin DM, Heisey SR. An improved method for water vapor detection. Ann Biomed Eng 1983; 11:117-29. [PMID: 6625257 DOI: 10.1007/bf02367495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe improvements in and details for the construction, calibration and use of a device using a thermal conductivity cell for the measurement of low-level rates of water evaporation (E) from a small surface area. E is measured from 0.0 to 1.0 mg . min-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 between measured and independently verified rates and amounts of water evaporation. Data are available as a recordable analog d.c. voltage as well as in digital display for E and for the amount of water evaporated during an operator defined time period. The device we describe is noninvasive and it is designed to be constructed of conventional components. It is useful not only for measuring transcutaneous water diffusion in normal and diseased skin, but also it is adequately sensitive and rapidly responding to follow thermoregulatory and psychogenic sweating in small (nom. 1.0 cm2) skin areas. It can also be used to measure accurately and precisely the rates at which water is adsorbed by and removed from inanimate materials, as well as to determine how much water they store.
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Dawson WR. Evaporative losses of water by birds. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 71:495-509. [PMID: 6124338 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Birds lose water in evaporation from the respiratory tract and, in many species, through the skin. Anatomical arrangements in the nasal passages to conservation of water and hear from the expired air in the absence of heat loads. However, most species still expend more water in evaporation than they produce in metabolism when either quiescent or vigorously active. Certain small birds, several of them associated with arid environments, represent exceptions to this and their more favorable situation appears in part to reflect as an ability to curtail cutaneous water loss. 2. Birds typically resort to panting in dealing with substantial heat loads developing in hot environments or accumulated over bouts of activity. In a number of species this form of evaporative cooling is supplemented by gular fluttering. 3. The ubiquitousness of active heat defense appears to reflect more the importance for birds of dealing with heat loads existing following flight or sustained running than any universal affinity for hot climates. Panting can be sustained for hours, despite progressive dehydration and, in some instances, hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis. The prominent involvement of thermoreceptors in the spinal cord in its initiation is of considerable interest.
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Weathers W, Shapiro C, Astheimer L. Metabolic responses of Cassin's Finches (Carpodacus cassinii) to temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(80)90231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effects of ambient water vapor pressure and temperature on evaporative water loss inPeromyscus maniculatus andMus musculus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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