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Sjöros T, Laine S, Garthwaite T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Koivumäki M, Eskola O, Löyttyniemi E, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski KK, Sievänen H, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. The effects of a 6-month intervention aimed to reduce sedentary time on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E152-E162. [PMID: 37378623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00018.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior (SB) and physical inactivity associate with impaired insulin sensitivity. We investigated whether an intervention aimed at a 1-h reduction in daily SB during 6 mo would improve insulin sensitivity in the weight-bearing thigh muscles. Forty-four sedentary inactive adults [mean age 58 (SD 7) yr; 43% men] with metabolic syndrome were randomized into intervention and control groups. The individualized behavioral intervention was supported by an interactive accelerometer and a mobile application. SB, measured with hip-worn accelerometers in 6-s intervals throughout the 6-mo intervention, decreased by 51 (95% CI 22-80) min/day and physical activity (PA) increased by 37 (95% CI 18-55) min/day in the intervention group with nonsignificant changes in these outcomes in the control group. Insulin sensitivity in the whole body and in the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles, measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with [18F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose PET, did not significantly change during the intervention in either group. However, the changes in hamstring and whole body insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with the change in SB and positively with the changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA and daily steps. In conclusion, these results suggest that the more the participants were able to reduce their SB, the more their individual insulin sensitivity increased in the whole body and in the hamstring muscles but not in quadriceps femoris. However, according to our primary randomized controlled trial results, this kind of behavioral interventions targeted to reduce sedentariness may not be effective in increasing skeletal muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity in people with metabolic syndrome at the population level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aiming to reduce daily SB by 1 h/day had no impact on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in the weight-bearing thigh muscles. However, successfully reducing SB may increase insulin sensitivity in the postural hamstring muscles. This emphasizes the importance of both reducing SB and increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity in functionally different muscles of the body and thus induce a more comprehensive change in insulin sensitivity in the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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2
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Garthwaite T, Sjöros T, Laine S, Koivumäki M, Vähä-Ypyä H, Eskola O, Rajander J, Kallio P, Saarenhovi M, Löyttyniemi E, Sievänen H, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski K, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen I. Associations of sedentary time, physical activity, and fitness with muscle glucose uptake in adults with metabolic syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:353-358. [PMID: 36517882 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the associations of sedentary time, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness with skeletal muscle glucose uptake (GU). METHODS Sedentary time and physical activity were measured with accelerometers and VO2 max with cycle ergometry in 44 sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome. Thigh muscle GU was determined with [18 F]FDG-PET imaging. RESULTS Sedentary time (β = -0.374), standing (β = 0.376), steps (β = 0.351), and VO2 max (β = 0.598) were associated with muscle GU when adjusted for sex, age, and accelerometer wear time. Adjustment for body fat-% turned all associations non-significant. CONCLUSION Body composition is a more important determinant of muscle GU in this population than sedentary time, physical activity, or fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rajander
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kallio
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarenhovi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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3
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Khalafi M, Ravasi AA, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK. The impact of high-intensity interval training on postprandial glucose and insulin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 186:109815. [PMID: 35271876 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) versus non-exercise control and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in participants with both normal and impaired glucose. METHODS The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched up to October 2021 for randomized trials evaluating HIIT versus control and/or versus MICT on glucose and insulin AUC using oral glucose tolerance testing. Subgroup analyses based on intervention duration (short-duration < 8 weeks, moderate-duration ≥ 8 weeks), baseline glucose levels (normal glucose and impaired glucose) and type of HIIT (L-HIIT and SIT) were also conducted across included studies. RESULTS A total of 25 studies involving 870 participants were included in the current meta-analysis. HIIT effectively reduced glucose [-0.37 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.13), p = 0.002] and insulin [-0.36 (95% CI -0.68 to -0.04), p = 0.02] AUC when compared with a CON group. Reductions in glucose AUC were significant for those with impaired glucose at baseline (p = 0.03), but not for those with normal glucose levels (p = 0.11) and following moderate-duration (p = 0.01), but not short-duration interventions (p = 0.18). However, there were no differences in glucose (p = 0.76) or insulin (p = 0.43) AUC between HIIT and MICT intervention arms. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that both HIIT and MICT are effective for reducing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia, particularly by moderate-duration interventions, and in those with impaired glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Ali A Ravasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Malandish
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Kinetic analysis and optimisation of 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 PET imaging of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3723-3731. [PMID: 33846844 PMCID: PMC8440272 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This phase 1 open-label study evaluated the uptake kinetics of a novel theranostic PET radiopharmaceutical, 18F-rhPSMA-7.3, to optimise its use for imaging of prostate cancer. Methods Nine men, three with high-risk localised prostate cancer, three with treatment-naïve hormone-sensitive metastatic disease and three with castration-resistant metastatic disease, underwent dynamic 45-min PET scanning of a target area immediately post-injection of 300 MBq 18F-rhPSMA-7.3, followed by two whole-body PET/CT scans acquired from 60 and 90 min post-injection. Volumes of interest (VoIs) corresponding to prostate cancer lesions and reference tissues were recorded. Standardised uptake values (SUV) and lesion-to-reference ratios were calculated for 3 time frames: 35–45, 60–88 and 90–118 min. Net influx rates (Ki) were calculated using Patlak plots. Results Altogether, 44 lesions from the target area were identified. Optimal visual lesion detection started 60 min post-injection. The 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 signal from prostate cancer lesions increased over time, while reference tissue signals remained stable or decreased. The mean (SD) SUV (g/mL) at the 3 time frames were 8.4 (5.6), 10.1 (7) and 10.6 (7.5), respectively, for prostate lesions, 11.2 (4.3), 13 (4.8) and 14 (5.2) for lymph node metastases, and 4.6 (2.6), 5.7 (3.1) and 6.4 (3.5) for bone metastases. The mean (SD) lesion-to-reference ratio increases from the earliest to the 2 later time frames were 40% (10) and 59% (9), respectively, for the prostate, 65% (27) and 125% (47) for metastatic lymph nodes and 25% (19) and 32% (30) for bone lesions. Patlak plots from lesion VoIs signified almost irreversible uptake kinetics. Ki, SUV and lesion-to-reference ratio estimates showed good agreement. Conclusion 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 uptake in prostate cancer lesions was high. Lesion-to-background ratios increased over time, with optimal visual detection starting from 60 min post-injection. Thus, 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 emerges as a very promising PET radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic imaging of prostate cancer. Trial Registration NCT03995888 (24 June 2019). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05346-8.
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5
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Comparison of High-Intensity Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat Percentage in Persons With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:610-623. [PMID: 33837165 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity training is comprised of sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study compared high-intensity training with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage for overweight or obese persons. METHODS A systematic search of randomized controlled trials using the health science databases occurred up to April, 2020. Twenty-six studies were included for complete analysis. A total of 784 participations were analyzed. The unstandardized mean difference for each outcome measurement was extracted from the studies and pooled with the random effects model. RESULTS MICT was significantly better at improving CRF compared with SIT (mean difference = -0.92; 95% confidence interval, -1.63 to -0.21; P = .01; I2 = 10%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between MICT versus HIIT on CRF (mean difference = -0.52; 95% confidence interval, -1.18 to 0.13; P = .12; I2 = 23%). There was no significant difference in body fat percentage between MICT versus HIIT and MICT versus SIT. CONCLUSIONS MICT was significantly better at improving CRF than SIT in overweight or obese persons.
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6
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Poon ETC, Wongpipit W, Ho RST, Wong SHS. Interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training for cardiorespiratory fitness improvements in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1996-2005. [PMID: 33825615 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1912453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interval training has been promoted as a superior, time-efficient exercise strategy for enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness in the ageing population. This study assessed the effectiveness of interval training compared with that of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness in middle-aged and older adults. Six databases were systematically searched for studies with exercise interventions (minimum 2-week duration). Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Sub-group analysis was performed using the nature of interval training (high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]). Of 3,257 studies, 14 were included (429 participants). Within-group analyses demonstrated significant VO2max improvements (mL/kg/min) following interval training (mean difference: MD = 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50-3.02) and MICT (MD = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.45-2.23]. When comparing the modes of training, the gain in VO2max was significantly greater following interval training (MD = 1.10; CI = 0.55-1.64). Sub-group analysis showed that HIIT (MD = 1.04; CI = 0.21-1.88) and SIT (MD = 1.18; CI = 0.60-1.76) resulted in superior VO2max gain than MICT. This study provides evidence synthesis for interval training as a viable exercise strategy to improve cardiorespiratory function in healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Waris Wongpipit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robin Sze-Tak Ho
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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7
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Exercise intensity regulates cytokine and klotho responses in men. Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:5. [PMID: 33414377 PMCID: PMC7791135 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short-term exercise training programs that consist of moderate intensity endurance training or high intensity interval training have become popular choices for healthy lifestyle modifications, with as little as two weeks of training being shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and whole-body glucose metabolism. An emerging concept in exercise biology is that exercise stimulates the release of cytokines and other factors into the blood that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism, but whether these factors behave similarly in response to moderate and high intensity short term training is not known. Here, we determined the effects of two short-term exercise training programs on the concentrations of select secreted cytokines and Klotho, a protein involved in anti-aging. Methods Healthy, sedentary men (n = 22) were randomized to moderate intensity training (MIT) or sprint intensity training (SIT) treatment groups. SIT consisted of 6 sessions over 2 weeks of 6 × 30 s all out cycle ergometer sprints with 4 min of recovery between sprints. MIT consisted of 6 sessions over 2 weeks of cycle ergometer exercise at 60% VO2peak, gradually increasing in duration from 40 to 60 min. Blood was taken before the intervention and 48 h after the last training session, and glucose uptake was measured using [18F]FDG‐PET/CT scanning. Cytokines were measured by multiplex and Klotho concentrations by ELISA. Results Both training protocols similarly increased VO2peak and decreased fat percentage and visceral fat (P < 0.05). MIT and SIT training programs both reduced the concentrations of IL-6, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Leptin. Interestingly, MIT, but not SIT increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations, an exercise-induced cytokine, as well as Klotho concentrations. Conclusion Short-term exercise training at markedly different intensities similarly improves cardiovascular fitness but results in intensity-specific changes in cytokine responses to exercise.
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8
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Laine S, Högel H, Ishizu T, Toivanen J, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Grönroos TJ, Rantala J, Mäkelä R, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK, Heinonen I. Effects of Different Exercise Training Protocols on Gene Expression of Rac1 and PAK1 in Healthy Rat Fast- and Slow-Type Muscles. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584661. [PMID: 33329033 PMCID: PMC7711069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rac1 and its downstream target PAK1 are novel regulators of insulin and exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, it is not yet understood how different training intensities affect the expression of these proteins. Therefore, we studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on Rac1 and PAK1 expression in fast-type (gastrocnemius, GC) and slow-type (soleus, SOL) muscles in rats after HIIT and MICT swimming exercises. Methods The mRNA expression was determined using qPCR and protein expression levels with reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPA). Results HIIT significantly decreased Rac1 mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT (p = 0.003) and to the control group (CON) (p = 0.001). At the protein level Rac1 was increased in GC in both training groups, but only the difference between HIIT and CON was significant (p = 0.02). HIIT caused significant decrease of PAK1 mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT (p = 0.007) and to CON (p = 0.001). At the protein level, HIIT increased PAK1 expression in GC compared to MICT and CON (by ∼17%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3, p = 0.2, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Rac1 or PAK1 expression in SOL between the groups. Conclusion Our results indicate that HIIT, but not MICT, decreases Rac1 and PAK1 mRNA expression and increases the protein expression of especially Rac1 but only in fast-type muscle. These exercise training findings may reveal new therapeutic targets to treat patients with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Toivanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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9
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Ojala R, Motiani KK, Ivaska KK, Arponen M, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Heiskanen MA, U-Din M, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Bone Marrow Metabolism Is Impaired in Insulin Resistance and Improves After Exercise Training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5891759. [PMID: 32785654 PMCID: PMC7526736 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise training improves bone mineral density, but little is known about the effects of training on bone marrow (BM) metabolism. BM insulin sensitivity has been suggested to play an important role in bone health and whole-body insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of exercise training on BM metabolism. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Sedentary healthy (n = 28, 40-55 years, all males) and insulin resistant (IR) subjects (n = 26, 43-55 years, males/females 16/10). INTERVENTION Two weeks of sprint interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured femoral, lumbar, and thoracic BM insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) using positron-emission tomography and bone turnover markers from plasma. RESULTS At baseline, GU was highest in lumbar, followed by thoracic, and lowest in femoral BM (all Ps < 0.0001). FFAU was higher in lumbar and thoracic than femoral BM (both Ps < 0.0001). BM FFAU and femoral BM GU were higher in healthy compared to IR men and in females compared to males (all Ps < 0.05). Training increased femoral BM GU similarly in all groups and decreased lumbar BM FFAU in males (all Ps < 0.05). Osteocalcin and PINP were lower in IR than healthy men and correlated positively with femoral BM GU and glycemic status (all Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BM metabolism differs regarding anatomical location. Short-term training improves BM GU and FFAU in healthy and IR subjects. Bone turnover rate is decreased in insulin resistance and associates positively with BM metabolism and glycemic control. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01344928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Ojala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Milja Arponen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mueez U-Din
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Jarna C. Hannukainen, PhD, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Finland. E-mail:
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10
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Honkala SM, Motiani P, Kivelä R, Hemanthakumar KA, Tolvanen E, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Kemppainen J, Heiskanen MA, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training improves adipose tissue metabolism and vasculature regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000830. [PMID: 32816872 PMCID: PMC7437884 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effects of a supervised progressive sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue metabolism and function; we also tested whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 26 insulin-resistant (IR) and 28 healthy participants were randomized into 2-week-long SIT (4-6×30 s at maximum effort) and MICT (40-60 min at 60% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak)). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting-free fatty acid uptake in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues (SATs) were quantified with positron emission tomography. Abdominal SAT biopsies were collected to determine adipocyte morphology, gene expression markers of lipolysis, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. RESULTS Training increased glucose uptake in VAT (p<0.001) and femoral SAT (p<0.001) and decreased fatty acid uptake in VAT (p=0.01) irrespective of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. In IR participants, training increased adipose tissue vasculature and decreased CD36 and ANGPTL4 gene expression in abdominal SAT. SIT was superior in increasing VO2peak and VAT glucose uptake in the IR group, whereas MICT reduced VAT fatty acid uptake more than SIT. CONCLUSIONS Short-term training improves adipose tissue metabolism both in healthy and IR participants independently of the sex. Adipose tissue angiogenesis and gene expression was only significantly affected in IR participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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11
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Haapala EA, Wiklund P, Lintu N, Tompuri T, Väistö J, Finni T, Tarkka IM, Kemppainen T, Barker AR, Ekelund U, Brage S, Lakka TA. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1144-1152. [PMID: 31764464 PMCID: PMC7358077 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children age 6 to 8 yr. METHODS We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (Wmax) for lean body mass (LM) and body mass (BM) as measures of CRF. The BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The PA energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. RESULTS Wmax/LM was not associated with glucose (β = 0.065, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β = -0.079, 95% CI = -0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β = -0.065, 95% CI = -0.161 to 0.030). Wmax/BM was inversely associated with insulin (β = -0.289, 95% CI = -0.377 to -0.200) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.269, 95% CI = -0.359 to -0.180). The BF% was directly associated with insulin (β = 0.409, 95% CI = 0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.390, 95% CI = 0.304 to 0.475). Higher Wmax/BM, but not Wmax/LM, was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Cardiorespiratory fitness appropriately controlled for body size and composition using LM was not related to insulin resistance among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | | | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Titta Kemppainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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12
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Klén R, Honka MJ, Hannukainen JC, Huovinen V, Bucci M, Latva-Rasku A, Venäläinen MS, Kalliokoski KK, Virtanen KA, Lautamäki R, Iozzo P, Elo LL, Nuutila P. Predicting Skeletal Muscle and Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Using NMR-Metabolomic Profiling. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa026. [PMID: 32232183 PMCID: PMC7093091 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal lipoprotein and amino acid profiles are associated with insulin resistance and may help to identify this condition. The aim of this study was to create models estimating skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity using fasting metabolite profiles and common clinical and laboratory measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cross-sectional study population included 259 subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in whom skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity (M-value) were measured during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Muscle glucose uptake (GU) was measured directly using [18F]FDG-PET. Serum metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We used linear regression to build the models for the muscle GU (Muscle-insulin sensitivity index [ISI]) and M-value (whole-body [WB]-ISI). The models were created and tested using randomly selected training (n = 173) and test groups (n = 86). The models were compared to common fasting indices of insulin sensitivity, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). RESULTS WB-ISI had higher correlation with actual M-value than HOMA-IR or revised QUICKI (ρ = 0.83 vs -0.67 and 0.66; P < 0.05 for both comparisons), whereas the correlation of Muscle-ISI with the actual skeletal muscle GU was not significantly stronger than HOMA-IR's or revised QUICKI's (ρ = 0.67 vs -0.58 and 0.59; both nonsignificant) in the test dataset. CONCLUSION Muscle-ISI and WB-ISI based on NMR-metabolomics and common laboratory measurements from fasting serum samples and basic anthropometrics are promising rapid and inexpensive tools for determining insulin sensitivity in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Klén
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Ville Huovinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mikko S Venäläinen
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lautamäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Olver TD, Laughlin MH, Padilla J. Exercise and Vascular Insulin Sensitivity in the Skeletal Muscle and Brain. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2019; 47:66-74. [PMID: 30883470 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present the hypothesis that exercise-induced hyperemia, perhaps through vascular shear stress, represents an important factor responsible for the effects of physical activity (PA) on vascular insulin sensitivity. Specifically, we postulate PA involving the greatest amount of skeletal muscle mass and the greatest central neural recruitment maximizes perfusion and consequently enhances vascular insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, and.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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14
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Toivanen J, Eskelinen JJ, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Saunavaara V, Heiskanen MA, Parkkola R, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Effects of short-term sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training on liver fat content, lipoprotein profile, and substrate uptake: a randomized trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1756-1768. [PMID: 30998125 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00900.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and increased liver fat content (LFC) alter lipoprotein profile and composition and impair liver substrate uptake. Exercise training mitigates T2D and reduces LFC, but the benefits of different training intensities in terms of lipoprotein classes and liver substrate uptake are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT) on LFC, liver substrate uptake, and lipoprotein profile in subjects with normoglycemia or prediabetes/T2D. We randomized 54 subjects (normoglycemic group, n = 28; group with prediabetes/T2D, n = 26; age = 40-55 yr) to perform either MICT or SIT for 2 wk and measured LFC with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, lipoprotein composition with NMR, and liver glucose uptake (GU) and fatty acid uptake (FAU) using PET. At baseline, the group with prediabetes/T2D had higher LFC, impaired lipoprotein profile, and lower whole body insulin sensitivity and aerobic capacity compared with the normoglycemic group. Both training modes improved aerobic capacity (P < 0.001) and lipoprotein profile (reduced LDL and increased large HDL subclasses; all P < 0.05) with no training regimen (SIT vs. MICT) or group effect (normoglycemia vs. prediabetes/T2D). LFC tended to be reduced in the group with prediabetes/T2D compared with the normoglycemic group posttraining (P = 0.051). When subjects were divided according to LFC (high LFC, >5.6%; low LFC, <5.6%), training reduced LFC in subjects with high LFC (P = 0.009), and only MICT increased insulin-stimulated liver GU (P = 0.03). Short-term SIT and MICT are effective in reducing LFC in subjects with fatty liver and in improving lipoprotein profile regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. Short-term MICT is more efficient in improving liver insulin sensitivity compared with SIT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the short term, both sprint interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) reduce liver fat content and improve lipoprotein profile; however, MICT seems to be preferable in improving liver insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory Turku, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
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15
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Sjöros T, Saunavaara V, Löyttyniemi E, Koivumäki M, Heinonen IHA, Eskelinen J, Virtanen KA, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Intramyocellular lipid accumulation after sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in healthy and diabetic subjects. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13980. [PMID: 30740933 PMCID: PMC6369060 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on intramyocellular (IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) lipid accumulation are unclear. We tested the effects of SIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on IMCL and EMCL accumulation in a randomized controlled setting in two different study populations; healthy untrained men (n 28) and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or prediabetes (n 26). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) was used to determine IMCL and EMCL in the Tibialis anterior muscle (TA) before and after a 2-week exercise period. The exercise period comprised six sessions of SIT or MICT cycling on a cycle ergometer. IMCL increased after SIT compared to MICT (P = 0.042) in both healthy and T2D/prediabetic subjects. On EMCL the training intervention had no significant effect. In conclusion, IMCL serves as an important energy depot during exercise and can be extended by high intensity exercise. The effects of high intensity interval exercise on IMCL seem to be similar regardless of insulin sensitivity or the presence of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET CentreTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsDivision of Medical ImagingTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirsi A. Virtanen
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku PET CentreTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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16
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Honkala SM, Johansson J, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Short-term interval training alters brain glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin resistance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1828-1838. [PMID: 28959911 PMCID: PMC6168908 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17734998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) is increased in obese and insulin resistant subjects but normalizes after weight loss along with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to study whether short-term exercise training (moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT)) alters substrates for brain energy metabolism in insulin resistance. Sedentary subjects ( n = 21, BMI 23.7-34.3 kg/m2, age 43-55 y) with insulin resistance were randomized into MICT ( n = 11, intensity≥60% of VO2peak) or SIT ( n = 10, all-out) groups for a two-week training intervention. Brain GU during insulin stimulation and fasting brain free fatty acid uptake (FAU) was measured using PET. At baseline, brain GU was positively associated with the fasting insulin level and negatively with the whole-body insulin sensitivity. The whole-body insulin sensitivity improved with both training modes (20%, p = 0.007), while only SIT led to an increase in aerobic capacity (5%, p = 0.03). SIT also reduced insulin-stimulated brain GU both in global cortical grey matter uptake (12%, p = 0.03) and in specific regions ( p < 0.05, all areas except the occipital cortex), whereas no changes were observed after MICT. Brain FAU remained unchanged after the training in both groups. These findings show that short-term SIT effectively decreases insulin-stimulated brain GU in sedentary subjects with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- 3 Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,4 Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- 1 Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,4 Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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17
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Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Mari A, Saunavaara V, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Koivumäki M, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training decreases pancreatic fat content and improves beta cell function regardless of baseline glucose tolerance: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1817-1828. [PMID: 29717337 PMCID: PMC6061150 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pancreatic fat accumulation may contribute to the development of beta cell dysfunction. Exercise training improves whole-body insulin sensitivity, but its effects on pancreatic fat content and beta cell dysfunction are unclear. The aim of this parallel-group randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on pancreatic fat and beta cell function in healthy and prediabetic or type 2 diabetic participants and to test whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. METHODS Using newspaper announcements, a total of 97 sedentary 40-55-year-old individuals were assessed for eligibility. Prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and type 2 diabetes were defined by ADA criteria. Of the screened candidates, 28 healthy men and 26 prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men and women met the inclusion criteria and were randomised into 2-week-long sprint interval or moderate-intensity continuous training programmes in a 1:1 allocation ratio using random permuted blocks. The primary outcome was pancreatic fat, which was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As secondary outcomes, beta cell function was studied using variables derived from OGTT, and whole-body insulin sensitivity and pancreatic fatty acid and glucose uptake were measured using positron emission tomography. The measurements were carried out at the Turku PET Centre, Finland. The analyses were based on an intention-to-treat principle. Given the nature of the intervention, blinding was not applicable. RESULTS At baseline, the group of prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men had a higher pancreatic fat content and impaired beta cell function compared with the healthy men, while glucose and fatty acid uptake into the pancreas was similar. Exercise training decreased pancreatic fat similarly in healthy (from 4.4% [3.0%, 6.1%] to 3.6% [2.4%, 5.2%] [mean, 95% CI]) and prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men (from 8.7% [6.0%, 11.9%] to 6.7% [4.4%, 9.6%]; p = 0.036 for time effect) without any changes in pancreatic substrate uptake (p ≥ 0.31 for time effect in both insulin-stimulated glucose and fasting state fatty acid uptake). In prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men and women, both exercise modes similarly improved variables describing beta cell function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Two weeks of exercise training improves beta cell function in prediabetic or type 2 diabetic individuals and decreases pancreatic fat regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. This study shows that short-term training efficiently reduces ectopic fat within the pancreas, and exercise training may therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01344928 FUNDING: This study was funded by the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes, the Finnish Diabetes Foundation, the Orion Research Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grants 251399, 256470, 281440, and 283319), the Ministry of Education of the State of Finland, the Paavo Nurmi Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Hospital District of Southwest Finland, the Turku University Foundation, and the Finnish Medical Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Heiskanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Kumail K Motiani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Saanijoki T, Nummenmaa L, Koivumäki M, Löyttyniemi E, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Affective Adaptation to Repeated SIT and MICT Protocols in Insulin-Resistant Subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:18-27. [PMID: 28857909 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate affective responses to repeated sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in insulin-resistant subjects. METHODS Twenty-six insulin-resistant adults (age, 49 (4) yr; 10 women) were randomized into SIT (n = 13) or MICT (n = 13) groups. Subjects completed six supervised training sessions within 2 wk (SIT session, 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session, 40-60 min at 60% peak work load). Perceived exertion, stress, and affective state were assessed with questionnaires before, during and after each training session. RESULTS Perceived exertion, displeasure, and arousal were higher during the SIT compared with MICT sessions (all P < 0.01). These, however, alleviated similarly in response to SIT and MICT over the 6 d of training (all P < 0.05). SIT versus MICT exercise increased perceived stress and decreased positive affect and feeling of satisfaction acutely after exercise especially in the beginning of the intervention (all P < 0.05). These negative responses declined significantly during the training period: perceived stress and positive activation were no longer different between the training groups after the third, and satisfaction after the fifth training session (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The perceptual and affective responses are more negative both during and acutely after SIT compared with MICT in untrained insulin-resistant adults. These responses, however, show significant improvements already within six training sessions, indicating rapid positive affective and physiological adaptations to continual exercise training, both SIT and MICT. These findings suggest that even very intense SIT is mentally tolerable alternative for untrained people with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Saanijoki
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 2Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 3Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; and 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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19
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Savisto N, Viljanen T, Kokkomäki E, Bergman J, Solin O. Automated production of [18
F]FTHA according to GMP. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:84-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Savisto
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Tapio Viljanen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Esa Kokkomäki
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Jörgen Bergman
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Accelerator Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
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20
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Honkala SM, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Savolainen A, Saunavaara V, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Kapanen J, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise Training Reduces Intrathoracic Fat Regardless of Defective Glucose Tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [PMID: 28628064 PMCID: PMC5473372 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Epicardial (EAT) and pericardial (PAT) fat masses and myocardial triglyceride content (MTC) are enlarged in obesity and insulin resistance. We studied whether the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) similarly decrease ectopic fat in and around the heart and whether the decrease is similar in healthy subjects and subjects with defective glucose tolerance (DGT). Methods A total of 28 healthy men (body mass index = 20.7–30.0 kg·m−2, age = 40–55 yr) and 16 men with DGT (body mass index = 23.8–33.5 kg·m−2, age = 43–53 yr) were randomized into HIIT and MICT interventions for 2 wk. EAT and PAT were determined by computed tomography and MTC by 1H-MRS. Results At baseline, DGT subjects had impaired aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity and higher levels of whole body fat, visceral fat, PAT, and EAT (P < 0.05, all) compared with healthy subjects. In the whole group, HIIT increased aerobic capacity (HIIT = 6%, MICT = 0.3%; time × training P = 0.007) and tended to improve insulin sensitivity (HIIT = 24%, MICT = 8%) as well as reduce MTC (HIIT = −42%, MICT = +23%) (time × training P = 0.06, both) more efficiently compared with MICT, and without differences in the training response between the healthy and the DGT subjects. However, both training modes decreased EAT (−5%) and PAT (−6%) fat (time P < 0.05) and not differently between the healthy and the DGT subjects. Conclusion Whole body fat, visceral fat, PAT, and EAT masses are enlarged in DGT. Both HIIT and MICT effectively reduce EAT and PAT in healthy and DGT subjects, whereas HIIT seems to be superior as regards improving aerobic capacity, whole-body insulin sensitivity, and MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna M Honkala
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 2Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; 3Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; and 5Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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21
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Luszczyk M, Flis DJ, Szadejko I, Laskowski R, Ziolkowski W. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and fat oxidation in recreationally trained men following exercise of equal energy expenditure: comparisons of spinning and constant endurance exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1781-1789. [PMID: 29072037 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinning exercise is one of the most popular types of exercise in fitness industry. Its effects on the post exercise metabolism compared to the isocaloric cyclic endurance exercise are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of isocaloric (299.1±10.8 kcal) spinning vs. endurance exercise on fat and carbohydrate utilization, glucose, lactate, glycerol and NEFA blood concentration during exercise and recovery. METHODS Six recreationally active males (age: 23.5±0.71) were tested in two conditions: 1) 30-min spinning; 2) isocaloric continuous exercise. Each trial was followed by a 3-h recovery. Rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation, the blood glucose, lactate, glycerol and NEFA concentration were assessed at rest, during exercise and recovery. RESULTS Spinning induced significantly higher fat and lower carbohydrate oxidation rate during a recovery period in comparison to isocaloric endurance exercise trial. Spinning induced almost six-fold higher increase in lipid to carbohydrate oxidation rate ratio at the beginning of second hour of postexercise period in comparison to constant intensity trial and reached similar values at 3 hours after exercise. Blood lactate was higher (P<0.01) at the end of exercise in spinning than continuous exercise (8.57±0.9 vs. 0.72±0.1 mmol·L-1), but became similar at the 60 min of recovery. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that spinning induces higher metabolic responses during recovery period, and most effectively shifts the pattern of substrate use toward lipids vs. isocaloric endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Luszczyk
- Departments of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian J Flis
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ilona Szadejko
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Departments of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Ziolkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland -
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22
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Motiani P, Virtanen KA, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Middelbeek RJ, Goodyear LJ, Savolainen AM, Kemppainen J, Jensen J, Din MU, Saunavaara V, Parkkola R, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Decreased insulin-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake after short-term exercise training in healthy middle-aged men. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1379-1388. [PMID: 28318098 PMCID: PMC5607085 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) improve brown adipose tissue (BAT) insulin sensitivity. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Healthy middle-aged men (n = 18, age 47 years [95% confidence interval {CI} 49, 43], body mass index 25.3 kg/m2 [95% CI 24.1-26.3], peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) 34.8 mL/kg/min [95% CI 32.1, 37.4] ) were recruited and randomized into six HIIT or MICT sessions within 2 weeks. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured using 2-[18 F]flouro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-emission tomography in BAT, skeletal muscle, and abdominal and femoral subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots before and after the training interventions. RESULTS Training improved VO2peak (P = .0005), insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the quadriceps femoris muscle (P = .0009) and femoral subcutaneous WAT (P = .02) but not into BAT, with no difference between the training modes. Using pre-intervention BAT glucose uptake, we next stratified subjects into high BAT (>2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 6) or low BAT (<2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 12) groups. Interestingly, training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in the high BAT group (4.0 [2.8, 5.5] vs 2.5 [1.7, 3.6]; training*BAT, P = .02), whereas there was no effect of training in the low BAT group (1.5 [1.2, 1.9] vs 1.6 [1.2, 2.0] µmol/100 g/min). Participants in the high BAT group had lower levels of inflammatory markers compared with those in the low BAT group. CONCLUSIONS Participants with functionally active BAT have an improved metabolic profile compared with those with low BAT activity. Short-term exercise training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in participants with active BAT, suggesting that training does not work as a potent stimulus for BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roeland J. Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusetts
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | | | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of EndocrinologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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23
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Sprint interval training decreases left-ventricular glucose uptake compared to moderate-intensity continuous training in subjects with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10531. [PMID: 28874821 PMCID: PMC5585392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with reduced myocardial glucose uptake (GU) and increased free fatty acid uptake (FFAU). Sprint interval training (SIT) improves physical exercise capacity and metabolic biomarkers, but effects of SIT on cardiac function and energy substrate metabolism in diabetic subjects are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that SIT is more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adaptations in left and right ventricle (LV and RV) glucose and fatty acid metabolism in diabetic subjects. Twenty-six untrained men and women with T2DM or prediabetes were randomized into two-week-long SIT (n = 13) and MICT (n = 13) interventions. Insulin-stimulated myocardial GU and fasted state FFAU were measured by positron emission tomography and changes in LV and RV structure and function by cardiac magnetic resonance. In contrast to our hypothesis, SIT significantly decreased GU compared to MICT in LV. FFAU of both ventricles remained unchanged by training. RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and RV mass increased only after MICT, whereas LV EDV, LV mass, and RV and LV end-systolic volumes increased similarly after both training modes. As SIT decreases myocardial insulin-stimulated GU compared to MICT which may already be reduced in T2DM, SIT may be metabolically less beneficial than MICT for a diabetic heart.
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24
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Schmitz B, Schelleckes K, Nedele J, Thorwesten L, Klose A, Lenders M, Krüger M, Brand E, Brand SM. Dose-Response of High-Intensity Training (HIT) on Atheroprotective miRNA-126 Levels. Front Physiol 2017; 8:349. [PMID: 28611681 PMCID: PMC5447767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) exerts beneficial effects on vascular integrity, angiogenesis, and atherosclerotic plaque stability. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the dose-response relationship of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on miR-126-3p and -5p levels. Methods: Sixty-one moderately trained individuals (females = 31 [50.8%]; 22.0 ± 1.84 years) were consecutively recruited and allocated into three matched groups using exercise capacity. During a 4-week intervention a HIIT group performed three exercise sessions/week of 4 × 30 s at maximum speed (all-out), a progressive HIIT (proHIIT) group performed three exercise sessions/week of 4 × 30 s at maximum speed (all-out) with one extra session every week (up to 7 × 30 s) and a low-intensity training (LIT) control group performed three exercise sessions/week for 25 min <75% of maximum heart rate. Exercise miR-126-3p/-5p plasma levels were determined using capillary blood from earlobes. Results: No exercise-induced increase in miR-126 levels was detected at baseline, neither in the LIT (after 25 min low-intensity running) nor the HIIT groups (after 4 min of high-intensity running). After the intervention, the LIT group presented an increase in miR-126-3p, while in the HIIT group, miR-126-3p levels were still reduced (all p < 0.05). An increase for both, miR-126-3p and -5p levels (all p < 0.05, pre- vs. during and post-exercise) was detected in the proHIIT group. Between group analysis revealed that miR-126-3p levels after LIT and proHIIT increased by 2.12 ± 2.55 and 1.24 ± 2.46 units (all p < 0.01), respectively, compared to HIIT (-1.05 ± 2.6 units). Conclusions: LIT and proHIIT may be performed to increase individual miR-126 levels. HIIT without progression was less effective in increasing miR-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Katrin Schelleckes
- Internal Medicine D, Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Johanna Nedele
- Internal Medicine D, Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Lothar Thorwesten
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Klose
- Department of Physical Education and Sports History, University of MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Michael Krüger
- Department of Physical Education and Sports History, University of MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany
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25
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Sjöros TJ, Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Löyttyniemi E, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Savisto NJ, Solin O, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both leg and arm muscles after sprint interval and moderate-intensity training in subjects with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:77-87. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | | | - K. K. Motiani
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - E. Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | | | - K. A. Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - N. J. Savisto
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - O. Solin
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
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26
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Eskelinen JJ, Toivanen J, Ishizu T, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Parkkola R, Kapanen J, Grönroos TJ, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Ahotupa M, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Two weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training, but not high-intensity interval training, increases insulin-stimulated intestinal glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1188-1197. [PMID: 28183816 PMCID: PMC5451533 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00431.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes. Similar to muscles, the intestine is also insulin resistant in obese subjects and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Exercise training improves muscle insulin sensitivity, but its effects on intestinal metabolism are not known. We studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on intestinal glucose and free fatty acid uptake from circulation in humans. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged, sedentary men were randomized for 2 wk of HIIT or MICT. Intestinal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting free fatty acid uptake from circulation were measured using positron emission tomography and [18F]FDG and [18F]FTHA. In addition, effects of HIIT and MICT on intestinal GLUT2 and CD36 protein expression were studied in rats. Training improved aerobic capacity (P = 0.001) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P = 0.04), but not differently between HIIT and MICT. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased only after the MICT in the colon (HIIT = 0%; MICT = 37%) (P = 0.02 for time × training) and tended to increase in the jejunum (HIIT = −4%; MICT = 13%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). Fasting free fatty acid uptake decreased in the duodenum in both groups (HIIT = −6%; MICT = −48%) (P = 0.001 time) and tended to decrease in the colon in the MICT group (HIIT = 0%; MICT = −38%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). In rats, both training groups had higher GLUT2 and CD36 expression compared with control animals. This study shows that already 2 wk of MICT enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, while both training modes reduce fasting free fatty acid uptake in the intestine in healthy, middle-aged men, providing an additional mechanism by which exercise training can improve whole body metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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27
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Abstract
This minireview focuses on selected, noninvasive imaging techniques that have been used in the study of exercise physiology. These imaging modalities can be roughly divided into two categories: tracer based and nontracer based. Tracer-based methods use radiolabeled substrates whose location and quantity can subsequently be imaged once they are incorporated into metabolic processes. Nontracer-based imaging modalities rely on specific properties of substrates to identify metabolites and determine their concentrations. Identification and quantification of metabolites is usually based on magnetic properties or on differences in light absorption. In this review, we will highlight two tracer-based imaging modalities, positron emission tomography and single-photon-emission computed tomography, as well as two nontracer-based methods, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy. Some of the recent findings that each technique has provided on cerebral and skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise, as well as the strengths and limitations of each technique, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rudroff
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nathaniel B Ketelhut
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John H Kindred
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
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28
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Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen I, Löyttyniemi E, Hakala J, Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Virtanen K, Pärkkä JP, Knuuti J, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Left ventricular vascular and metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training: a randomized trial in healthy middle-aged men. J Physiol 2016; 594:7127-7140. [PMID: 27500951 DOI: 10.1113/jp273089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become popular, time-sparing alternative to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), although the cardiac vascular and metabolic effects of HIIT are incompletely known. We compared the effects of 2-week interventions with HIIT and MICT on myocardial perfusion and free fatty acid and glucose uptake. Insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake was decreased by training without any significantly different response between the groups, whereas free fatty acid uptake remained unchanged. Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for interaction) and was correlated with myocardial glucose uptake for the entire dataset and especially after HIIT training. HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT, and this should be considered when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects. ABSTRACT High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient way of obtaining the health benefits of exercise, although the cardiac effects of this training mode are incompletely known. We compared the effects of short-term HIIT and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) interventions on myocardial perfusion and metabolism and cardiac function in healthy, sedentary, middle-aged men. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged men were randomized to either HIIT or MICT groups (n = 14 in both) and underwent six cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 weeks (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4 min recovery, MICT session 40-60 min at 60% V̇O2 peak ). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) was performed to measure cardiac structure and function and positron emission tomography was used to measure myocardial perfusion at baseline and during adenosine stimulation, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (MGU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (MFFAU). End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased and ejection fraction slightly decreased with both training modes, although no other changes in CMRI were observed. MFFAU and basal myocardial perfusion remained unchanged. MGU was decreased by training (HIIT from 46.5 to 35.9; MICT from 47.4 to 44.4 mmol 100 g-1 min-1 , P = 0.007 for time, P = 0.11 for group × time). Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for group × time interaction). HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT. This should be taken into account when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Juuso Hakala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jussi P Pärkkä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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29
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Heiskanen MA, Leskinen T, Heinonen IHA, Löyttyniemi E, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen K, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Right ventricular metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H667-75. [PMID: 27448554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00399.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent studies on structural and functional adaptations of the right ventricle (RV) to exercise training, adaptations of its metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the effects of short-term, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on RV glucose and fat metabolism. Twenty-eight untrained, healthy 40-55 yr-old-men were randomized into HIIT (n = 14) and MICT (n = 14) groups. Subjects performed six supervised cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 wk (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session: 40-60 min at 60% peak O2 uptake). Primary outcomes were insulin-stimulated RV glucose uptake (RVGU) and fasted state RV free fatty acid uptake (RVFFAU) measured by positron emission tomography. Secondary outcomes were changes in RV structure and function, determined by cardiac magnetic resonance. RVGU decreased after training (-22% HIIT, -12% MICT, P = 0.002 for training effect), but RVFFAU was not affected by the training (P = 0.74). RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, respectively, increased +5 and +7% for HIIT and +4 and +8% for MICT (P = 0.002 and 0.005 for training effects, respectively), but ejection fraction mildly decreased (-2% HIIT, -4% MICT, P = 0.034 for training effect). RV mass and stroke volume remained unaltered. None of the observed changes differed between the training groups (P > 0.12 for group × training interaction). Only 2 wk of physical training in previously sedentary subjects induce changes in RV glucose metabolism, volumes, and ejection fraction, which precede exercise-induced hypertrophy of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and
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30
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Influence of triple disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug therapy on carotid artery inflammation in drug-naive patients with recent onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1777-85. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Ema R, Sakaguchi M, Akagi R, Kawakami Y. Unique activation of the quadriceps femoris during single- and multi-joint exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1031-41. [PMID: 27032805 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine whether muscle activation of the quadriceps femoris differs between single- and multi-joint exercises, and to explore the factors resulting in muscle and exercise specificity in activation. METHODS Eleven adults developed isometric hip extension torque gradually while maintaining submaximal isometric knee extension torque (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, 15 men performed knee extension and leg press separately at intensities of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of their one repetition maximum (1RM) load, and 14 men conducted leg press at intensities of 40 and 80 % of 1RM until exhaustion (Experiment 3). Muscle activation during exercises was measured using surface electromyography from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis. RESULTS The addition of isometric hip extension torque significantly decreased rectus femoris activation (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the rectus femoris activation was significantly higher during knee extension than during leg press, whereas no differences were observed in the vasti. The rectus femoris activation was not significantly different between leg press at 80 % and knee extension at 20 % of 1RM. The results of Experiment 3 showed significant increases in vasti activation at both intensities, whereas rectus femoris activation did not change at 80 % of 1RM. CONCLUSION The results revealed that even at high intensity, the rectus femoris activation during multi-joint exercise is low and does not increase with fatigue, unlike the vasti, and that the inter-muscle and inter-exercise differences in activation depend on whether hip extension torque is exerted in the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, 337-8570, Saitama, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masanori Sakaguchi
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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32
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Olver TD, Laughlin MH. Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H337-50. [PMID: 26408541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters capillary hemodynamics, causes capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle, and alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, resulting in impaired vasodilatory responses. These changes contribute to altered blood flow responses to physiological stimuli, such as exercise and insulin secretion. T2D-induced microvascular dysfunction impairs glucose and insulin delivery to skeletal muscle (and other tissues such as skin and nervous), thereby reducing glucose uptake and perpetuating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In patients with T2D, exercise training (EX) improves microvascular vasodilator and insulin signaling and attenuates capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle. EX-induced changes subsequently augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptions occur in a sufficient amount of tissue, and skeletal muscle in particular, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and the risk of microvascular complications in all vascular beds will decrease. We postulate that EX programs that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible and recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will generate the greatest improvements in microvascular function, providing that the duration of the stimulus is sufficient. Primary improvements in microvascular function occur in tissues (skeletal muscle primarily) engaged during exercise, and secondary improvements in microvascular function throughout the body may result from improved blood glucose control. We propose that the added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic EX programs and of vigorous intensity EX programs is not simply "more is better." Rather, we believe the additional benefit is the result of EX-induced adaptations in and around more muscle fibers, resulting in more muscle mass and the associated microvasculature being changed. Thus, to acquire primary and secondary improvements in microvascular function and improved blood glucose control, EX programs should involve upper and lower body exercise and modulate intensity to augment skeletal muscle fiber recruitment. Under conditions of limited mobility, it may be necessary to train skeletal muscle groups separately to maximize whole body skeletal muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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