1
|
Mensinger AF. So many toadfish, so little timea). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:817-825. [PMID: 38299939 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, has been a valuable biomedical model for a wide diversity of studies. However, its vocalization ability arguably has attracted the most attention, with numerous studies focusing on its ecology, behavior, and neurophysiology in regard to its sound production and reception. This paper reviews 30 years of research in my laboratory using this model to understand how aquatic animals detect, integrate, and respond to external environment cues. The dual vestibular and auditory role of the utricle is examined, and its ability to integrate multimodal input is discussed. Several suggestions for future research are provided, including in situ auditory recording, interjecting natural relevant ambient soundscapes into laboratory sound studies, adding transparency to the field of acoustic deterrents, and calls for fish bioacoustics teaching modules to be incorporated in K-12 curricula to excite and diversify the next generation of scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen F Mensinger
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogers LS, Van Wert JC, Mensinger AF. Response of toadfish ( Opsanus tau) utricular afferents to multimodal inputs. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:364-377. [PMID: 35830608 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00483.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear of teleost fishes is composed of three paired multimodal otolithic end organs (saccule, utricle, and lagena), which encode auditory and vestibular inputs via the deflection of hair cells contained within the sensory epithelia of each organ. However, it remains unclear how the multimodal otolithic end organs of the teleost inner ear simultaneously integrate vestibular and auditory inputs. Therefore, microwire electrodes were chronically implanted using a 3D printed micromanipulator into the utricular nerve of oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) to determine how utricular afferents respond to conspecific mate vocalizations termed boatwhistles (180 Hz fundamental frequency) during movement. Utricular afferents were recorded while fish were passively moved using a sled system along an underwater track at variable speeds (velocity: 4.0 - 12.5 cm/s; acceleration: 0.2 - 2.6 cm/s2) and while fish freely swam (velocity: 3.5 - 18.6 cm/s; acceleration: 0.8 - 29.8 cm/s2). Afferent fiber activities (spikes/s) increased in response to the onset of passive and active movements; however, afferent fibers differentially adapted to sustained movements. Additionally, utricular afferent fibers remained sensitive to playbacks of conspecific male boatwhistle vocalizations during both passive and active movements. Here, we demonstrate in alert toadfish that utricular afferents exhibit enhanced activity levels (spikes/s) in response to behaviorally-relevant acoustic stimuli during swimming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loranzie S Rogers
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | | | - Allen F Mensinger
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fontana BD, Alnassar N, Parker MO. Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222) Has Short-Term Effects on Young Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility, but Not on Aging Fish. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:686102. [PMID: 34421552 PMCID: PMC8371240 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.686102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to anesthetic drugs is common in biomedical sciences being part of routine procedures in different translational species, however its impacts on memory and cognition are still debated, having different impacts depending on drug and age. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a translational species widely used in behavioral neuroscience, where tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) is the most acceptable and used drug when conducting routine procedures. Based on this, we investigated the effects of MS222 (100 mg/l) in young adults and aging zebrafish 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after exposure. Animals' were submitted to the anesthetic procedure until loss of body posture, slowing of opercular movements and lack of response to tail touch with a plastic pipette were achieved, then further left in the drug for 3 min. After that, animals (6 mpf vs. 24 mpf) were transferred to a recovery tank until fully recovered and transferred back to their housing system until further testing in the free movement pattern (FMP) Y-maze, which assesses zebrafish working memory and cognitive lexibility. Young animals had significant impairment in their working memory and cognitive flexibility 1 and 2 days after the exposure to MS222, being fully recovered by day 3 and with no effects 7 days post drug exposure. Increased repetitions were also observed for animals exposed to MS222 which could indicate increased stress-related response in animals up to 2 days after drug exposure. No drug effect was observed in aging animals besides their natural decreased alternations and working memory. Overall, behavioral experiments after routine procedures using MS222 should be performed with caution and need to be delayed, at least 3 days after exposure where working memory, cognitive flexibility, and repetitive behavior are back to normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D. Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew O. Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Putland R, Rogers L, Giuffrida B, Mensinger A. Anesthetic effects of AQUI-S 20E® (eugenol) on the afferent neural activity of the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2213-2226. [PMID: 32901327 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia is used to sedate aquatic animals during transportation or to immobilize them for surgery. However, most studies have focused on the behavioral effects of induction and recovery, without addressing the effect of anesthetic on neural activity. This study investigated the neural response of anterior lateral line afferent fibers in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, during exposure to incremental increases of AQUI-S 20E (0.001-0.006%), to determine if eugenol (the active ingredient of AQUI-S 20E) influences neural activity of the fish lateral line system. Ventilation rate significantly decreased following AQUI-S 20E exposure with the surgical plane of anesthesia reached at 0.003%, characterized by shallow ventilation, equilibrium loss, and no response to tactile stimuli. Spontaneous and evoked firing rates of anterior lateral line fibers also significantly decreased following exposure, although the effect was transitory as neural activity recovered in the majority of fibers (70%) within 30 min of anesthetic withdrawal. While AQUI-S 20E proved effective in inducing the surgical plane of anesthesia without compromising survival, it is not recommended for acute neural preparations due to its depression of neural activity. However, the depression of lateral line sensitivity at low concentrations could play a role in reducing the stress response during fish transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn Putland
- Department of Biology, Swenson Science Building, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Loranzie Rogers
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Beth Giuffrida
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Wareham High School, Wareham, MA, 02571, USA
| | - Allen Mensinger
- Department of Biology, Swenson Science Building, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lei X, Xu X, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu L, Hao C. Immunochromatographic test strip for the rapid detection of tricaine in fish samples. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1752155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianlu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changlong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mensinger AF, Van Wert JC, Rogers LS. Lateral line sensitivity in free-swimming toadfish Opsanus tau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.190587. [PMID: 30446535 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding question in aquatic animal sensory physiology is the impact of self-generated movement on lateral line sensitivity. One hypothesis is that efferent modulation of the sensory hair cells cancels self-generated noise and allows fish to sample their surroundings while swimming. In this study, microwire electrodes were chronically implanted into the anterior lateral line nerve of oyster toadfish and neural activity was monitored during forward movement. Fish were allowed to freely swim or were moved by a tethered sled. In all cases, neural activity increased during movement with no evidence of efferent modulation. The anterior lateral line of moving fish responded to a vibrating sphere or the tail oscillations of a robotic fish, indicating that the lateral line also remains sensitive to outside stimulus during self-generated movement. The results suggest that during normal swim speeds, lateral line neuromasts are not saturated and retain the ability to detect external stimuli without efferent modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen F Mensinger
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA .,University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | | | - Loranzie S Rogers
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.,University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chance RJ, Cameron GA, Fordyce M, Noguera P, Wang T, Collins C, Secombes CJ, Collet B. Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:1069-1081. [PMID: 30242832 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish are the second most widely utilized vertebrate group used for scientific procedures in the United Kingdom, but the development and application of 3Rs (the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement) in aquaculture disease research lags behind methodologies in place for mammalian studies. With a need for individual monitoring and non-lethal sampling, the effect of repeat anaesthesia on experimental fish needs to be better understood. This study analyses the effect of repeat anaesthesia with MS-222, metomidate and AQUI-S upon the gill and general health of post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. A single, lethal dose of anaesthetic was compared with seven anaesthetizing time points over 28 days, terminating in a lethal dose. No anaesthetic showed significant differences in accumulation in the muscle tissue, or changes in plasma glucose after repeated or single dosing. Fish repeatedly anaesthetized with MS-222 or AQUI-S exhibited upregulation of osmoregulatory genes in the gill and AQUI-S-treated individuals showed, histologically, epithelial lifting from the lamellae capillary irrespective of whether they had a single or repeated dose history. No significant changes were seen in inflammatory or stress genes in the head kidney of fish repeatedly anaesthetized with AQUI-S or metomidate, however MS-222 treatment resulted in upregulation of tnfα3. Repeated anaesthesia with MS-222 and metomidate gave a significant decrease and increase in peripheral blood neutrophils, respectively. This study concludes that no increase in cumulative stress or inflammation is induced by the repeated anaesthetization of S. salar with any of the tested anaesthetics, however gill osmotic regulation and blood parameters may be affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Chance
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gary A Cameron
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark Fordyce
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Winlow W, Polese G, Moghadam HF, Ahmed IA, Di Cosmo A. Sense and Insensibility - An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 30197598 PMCID: PMC6117391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from the rest of the nervous system. To date, the sorts of study outlined above have never been performed on cephalopods in the same way as on gastropods. However, criteria previously applied to gastropods and vertebrates have proved successful in developing a method for humanely anesthetizing Octopus with clinical doses of isoflurane, i.e., changes in respiratory rate, color pattern and withdrawal responses. However, in the long term, further refinements will be needed, including recordings from the CNS of intact animals in the presence of a variety of different anesthetic agents and their adjuvants. Clues as to their likely responsiveness to other appropriate anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants can be gained from background studies on gastropods such as Lymnaea, given their evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadi-Fathi Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Balko JA, Oda A, Posner LP. Use of tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1555-1561. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.12.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Cardinal EA, Radford CA, Mensinger AF. The potential for the anterior lateral line to function for sound localization in toadfish (Opsanus tau). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.180679. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Male oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) acoustically attract females to nesting sites using a boatwhistle call. The rapid speed of sound underwater combined with the close proximity of the otolithic organs makes inner ear interaural time differences an unlikely mechanism to localize sound. To determine the role that the mechanosensory lateral line may play in sound localization, microwire electrodes were bilaterally implanted into the anterior lateral line nerve to record neural responses to vibrational stimuli. Highest spike rates and strongest phase-locking occurred at distances close to the fish and decreased as the stimulus was moved further from the fish. Bilateral anterior lateral line neuromasts displayed differential directional sensitivity to incoming vibrational stimuli, which suggests the potential for the lateral line to be used for sound localization in the near field. The present study also demonstrates that the spatially separated neuromasts of the toadfish may provide sufficient time delays between sensory organs for determining sound localization cues. Multimodal sensory input processing through both the inner ear (far field) and lateral line (near field) may allow for effective sound localization in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Cardinal
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Craig A. Radford
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - Allen F. Mensinger
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Medan V, Mäki-Marttunen T, Sztarker J, Preuss T. Differential processing in modality-specific Mauthner cell dendrites. J Physiol 2017; 596:667-689. [PMID: 29148564 DOI: 10.1113/jp274861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The present study examines dendritic integrative processes that occur in many central neurons but have been challenging to study in vivo in the vertebrate brain. The Mauthner cell of goldfish receives auditory and visual information via two separate dendrites, providing a privileged scenario for in vivo examination of dendritic integration. The results show differential attenuation properties in the Mauthner cell dendrites arising at least partly from differences in cable properties and the nonlinear behaviour of the respective dendritic membranes. In addition to distinct modality-dependent membrane specialization in neighbouring dendrites of the Mauthner cell, we report cross-modal dendritic interactions via backpropagating postsynaptic potentials. Broadly, the results of the present study provide an exceptional example for the processing power of single neurons. ABSTRACT Animals process multimodal information for adaptive behavioural decisions. In fish, evasion of a diving bird that breaks the water surface depends on integrating visual and auditory stimuli with very different characteristics. How do neurons process such differential sensory inputs at the dendritic level? For that, we studied the Mauthner cells (M-cells) in the goldfish startle circuit, which receive visual and auditory inputs via two separate dendrites, both accessible for in vivo recordings. We investigated whether electrophysiological membrane properties and dendrite morphology, studied in vivo, play a role in selective sensory processing in the M-cell. The results obtained show that anatomical and electrophysiological differences between the dendrites combine to produce stronger attenuation of visually evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) than to auditory evoked PSPs. Interestingly, our recordings showed also cross-modal dendritic interaction because auditory evoked PSPs invade the ventral dendrite (VD), as well as the opposite where visual PSPs invade the lateral dendrite (LD). However, these interactions were asymmetrical, with auditory PSPs being more prominent in the VD than visual PSPs in the LD. Modelling experiments imply that this asymmetry is caused by active conductances expressed in the proximal segments of the VD. The results obtained in the present study suggest modality-dependent membrane specialization in M-cell dendrites suited for processing stimuli of different time domains and, more broadly, provide a compelling example of information processing in single neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Medan
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, OUS, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.,Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Julieta Sztarker
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Preuss
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bronson DR, Preuss T. Cellular Mechanisms of Cortisol-Induced Changes in Mauthner-Cell Excitability in the Startle Circuit of Goldfish. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:68. [PMID: 29033795 PMCID: PMC5625080 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator pressure and olfactory cues (alarm substance) have been shown to modulate Mauthner cell (M-cell) initiated startle escape responses (C-starts) in teleost fish. The regulation of such adaptive responses to potential threats is thought to involve the release of steroid hormones such as cortisol. However, the mechanism by which cortisol may regulate M-cell excitability is not known. Here, we used intrasomatic, in vivo recordings to elucidate the acute effects of cortisol on M-cell membrane properties and sound evoked post-synaptic potentials (PSPs). Cortisol tonically decreased threshold current in the M-cell within 10 min before trending towards baseline excitability over an hour later, which may indicate the involvement of non-genomic mechanisms. Consistently, current ramp injection experiments showed that cortisol increased M-cell input resistance in the depolarizing membrane, i.e., by a voltage-dependent postsynaptic mechanism. Cortisol also increases the magnitude of sound-evoked M-cell PSPs by reducing the efficacy of local feedforward inhibition (FFI). Interestingly, another pre-synaptic inhibitory network mediating prepulse inhibition (PPI) remained unaffected. Together, our results suggest that cortisol rapidly increases M-cell excitability via a post-synaptic effector mechanism, likely a chloride conductance, which, in combination with its dampening effect on FFI, will modulate information processing to reach threshold. Given the central role of the M-cell in initiating startle, these results are consistent with a role of cortisol in mediating the expression of a vital behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Bronson
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Preuss
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mogdans J, Müller C, Frings M, Raap F. Adaptive responses of peripheral lateral line nerve fibres to sinusoidal wave stimuli. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:329-342. [PMID: 28405761 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensory adaptation is characterized by a reduction in the firing frequency of neurons to prolonged stimulation, also called spike frequency adaptation. This has been documented for sensory neurons of the visual, olfactory, electrosensory, and auditory system both in response to constant-amplitude and to sinusoidal stimuli, but has thus far not been described systematically for the lateral line system. We recorded neuronal activity from primary afferent nerve fibres in the lateral line in goldfish in response to sinusoidal wave stimuli. Depending on stimulus characteristics, afferent fibre responses exhibited a distinct onset followed by a decline in firing rate to an apparent steady-state level, i.e., they exhibited adaptation. The degree of adaptation, measured as the percent decrease in firing rate between onset and steady-state, increased with stimulus amplitude and frequency and with increasing steepness of the rising flank of the stimulus. This may in part be due to the velocity and/or acceleration sensitivity of the lateral line receptors. The time course of the response decline, i.e., the time course of adaptation was best-fit by a power function. This is consistent with the previous studies on spike frequency adaptation in sensory afferents of weakly electric fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mogdans
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloß, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christina Müller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (BMZ1), Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Frings
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloß, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Raap
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloß, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferreira CIA, Calisto V, Otero M, Nadais H, Esteves VI. Removal of tricaine methanesulfonate from aquaculture wastewater by adsorption onto pyrolysed paper mill sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:139-146. [PMID: 27776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) has been widely used in intensive aquaculture systems to control stress during handling and confinement operations. This compound is dissolved in the water tanks and, once it is present in the Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RASs), MS-222 can reach the environment by the discharge of contaminated effluents. The present work proposes the implementation of the adsorption process in the RASs, using pyrolysed biological paper mill sludge as adsorbent, to remove MS-222 from aquaculture wastewater. Adsorption experiments were performed under extreme operating conditions, simulating those corresponding to different farmed fish species: temperature (from 8 to 30 °C), salinity (from 0.8 to 35‰) and different contents of organic and inorganic matter in the aquaculture wastewater. Furthermore, the MS-222 adsorption from a real aquaculture effluent was compared with that from ultrapure water. Under the studied conditions, the performance of the produced adsorbent remained mostly the same, removing satisfactorily MS-222 from water. Therefore, it may be concluded that the produced adsorbent can be employed in intensive aquaculture wastewater treatment with the same performance independently of the farmed fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina I A Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Otero
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, University of Léon, Campus de Vegazana, Léon, Spain
| | - Helena Nadais
- Environmental and Planning Department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Olt J, Allen CE, Marcotti W. In vivo physiological recording from the lateral line of juvenile zebrafish. J Physiol 2016; 594:5427-38. [PMID: 27161862 PMCID: PMC5043028 DOI: 10.1113/jp271794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Zebrafish provide a unique opportunity to investigate in vivo sensory transduction in mature hair cells. We have developed a method for studying the biophysical properties of mature hair cells from the lateral line of juvenile zebrafish. The method involves application of the anaesthetic benzocaine and intubation to maintain ventilation and oxygenation through the gills. The same approach could be used for in vivo functional studies in other sensory and non-sensory systems from juvenile and adult zebrafish. ABSTRACT Hair cells are sensory receptors responsible for transducing auditory and vestibular information into electrical signals, which are then transmitted with remarkable precision to afferent neurons. The zebrafish lateral line is emerging as an excellent in vivo model for genetic and physiological analysis of hair cells and neurons. However, research has been limited to larval stages because zebrafish become protected from the time of independent feeding under European law (from 5.2 days post-fertilization (dpf) at 28.5°C). In larval zebrafish, the functional properties of most of hair cells, as well as those of other excitable cells, are still immature. We have developed an experimental protocol to record electrophysiological properties from hair cells of the lateral line in juvenile zebrafish. We found that the anaesthetic benzocaine at 50 mg l(-1) was an effective and safe anaesthetic to use on juvenile zebrafish. Concentrations up to 300 mg l(-1) did not affect the electrical properties or synaptic vesicle release of juvenile hair cells, unlike the commonly used anaesthetic MS-222, which reduces the size of basolateral membrane K(+) currents. Additionally, we implemented a method to maintain gill movement, and as such respiration and blood oxygenation, via the intubation of > 21 dpf zebrafish. The combination of benzocaine and intubation provides an experimental platform to investigate the physiology of mature hair cells from live zebrafish. More generally, this method would allow functional studies involving live imaging and electrophysiology from juvenile and adult zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Olt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Claire E Allen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mensinger AF. Multimodal Sensory Input in the Utricle and Lateral Line of the Toadfish, Opsanus tau. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 877:271-89. [PMID: 26515319 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The utricular otolith and the mechanosensory lateral line of the toadfish, Opsanus tau, were investigated for sensitivity to multimodal sensory input by recording neural activity from free swimming fish. The utricle was sensitive to horizontal body movement, and displayed broad sensitivity to low frequency (80-200 Hz) sound. The lateral line was sensitive to water currents, swimming, prey movements, and sound with maximal sensitivity at 100 Hz. Both systems showed directional sensitivity to pure tones and toadfish vocalizations, indicating potential for sound localization. Thus, toadfish possess two hair cell based sensory systems that integrate information from disparate sources. However, swimming movements or predation strikes can saturate each system and it is unclear the effect that self-generated movement has on sensitivity. It is hypothesized that the toadfish's strategy of short distance swim movements allows it to sample the acoustical environment while static. Further study is needed to determine the integration of the two systems and if they are able to segregate and/or integrate multimodal sensory input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen F Mensinger
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. .,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Curtin PCP, Preuss T. Glycine and GABAA receptors mediate tonic and phasic inhibitory processes that contribute to prepulse inhibition in the goldfish startle network. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:12. [PMID: 25852486 PMCID: PMC4371714 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is understood as a sensorimotor gating process that attenuates sensory flow to the startle pathway during early stages (20–1000 ms) of information processing. Here, we applied in vivo electrophysiology and pharmacology to determine if PPI is mediated by glycine receptors (GlyRs) and/or GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in the goldfish auditory startle circuit. Specifically, we used selective antagonists to dissect the contributions of target receptors on sound-evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) recorded in the neurons that initiate startle, the Mauthner-cells (M-cell). We found that strychnine, a GlyR antagonist, disrupted a fast-activated (5 ms) and rapidly (<50 ms) decaying (feed-forward) inhibitory process that contributes to PPI at 20 ms prepulse/pulse inter-stimulus intervals (ISI). Additionally we observed increases of the evoked postsynaptic potential (PSP) peak amplitude (+87.43 ± 21.53%, N = 9) and duration (+204 ± 48.91%, N = 9). In contrast, treatment with bicuculline, a GABAAR antagonist, caused a general reduction in PPI across all tested interstimulus intervals (ISIs) (20–500 ms). Bicuculline also increased PSP peak amplitude (+133.8 ± 10.3%, N = 5) and PSP duration (+284.95 ± 65.64%, N = 5). Treatment with either antagonist also tonically increased post-synaptic excitability in the M-cells, reflected by an increase in the magnitude of antidromically-evoked action potentials (APs) by 15.07 ± 3.21%, N = 7 and 16.23 ± 7.08%, N = 5 for strychnine and bicuculline, respectively. These results suggest that GABAARs and GlyRs are functionally segregated to short- and longer-lasting sound-evoked (phasic) inhibitory processes that contribute to PPI, with the mediation of tonic inhibition by both receptor systems being critical for gain control within the M-cell startle circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C P Curtin
- Graduate Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Preuss
- Hunter College, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maruska KP, Mensinger AF. Directional sound sensitivity in utricular afferents in the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1759-66. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.115345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear of fishes contains three paired otolithic endorgans, the saccule, lagena, and utricle, which function as biological accelerometers. The saccule is the largest otolithin most fishes and much of our current understanding on auditory function in this diverse group of vertebrates is derived from anatomical and neurophysiological studies on this endorgan. In contrast, less is known about how the utricle contributes to auditory functions. Chronically implanted electrodes were used, along with neural telemetry or tethers to record primary afferent responses from the utricular nerve in free-ranging and naturally behaving oyster toadfish Opsanus tau Linnaeus. The hypothesis was that the utricle plays a role in detecting underwater sounds, including conspecific vocalizations, and exhibits directional sensitivity. Utricular afferents responded best to low frequency (80-200 Hz) pure tones and to playbacks of conspecific boatwhistles and grunts (80 to 180 Hz fundamental frequency), with the majority of the units (∼75%) displaying a clear, directional response, which may allow the utricle to contribute to sound detection and localization during social interactions. Responses were well within the sound intensity levels of toadfish vocalization (approximately 140 SPL dBrms re: 1µPa with fibers sensitive to thresholds of approximately 120 SPL dBrms re: 1µPa). Neurons were also stimulated by self-generated body movements such as opercular movements and swimming. This study is the first to investigate underwater sound-evoked response properties of primary afferents from the utricle of an unrestrained/unanesthetized free-swimming teleost fish. These data provide experimental evidence that the utricle has an auditory function, and can contribute to directional hearing to facilitate sound localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen P. Maruska
- Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Biology Department University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Allen F. Mensinger
- Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Biology Department University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Polese G, Winlow W, Di Cosmo A. Dose-dependent effects of the clinical anesthetic isoflurane on Octopus vulgaris: a contribution to cephalopod welfare. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2014; 26:285-294. [PMID: 25369208 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.945047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation relating to invertebrates has provoked interest in methods for the anesthesia of cephalopods, for which different approaches to anesthesia have been tried but in most cases without truly anesthetizing the animals. For example, several workers have used muscle relaxants or hypothermia as forms of "anesthesia." Several inhalational anesthetics are known to act in a dose-dependent manner on the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a pulmonate mollusk. Here we report, for the first time, on the effects of clinical doses of the well-known inhalational clinical anesthetic isoflurane on the behavioral responses of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris. In each experiment, isoflurane was equilibrated into a well-aerated seawater bath containing a single adult O. vulgaris. Using a web camera, we recorded each animal's response to touch stimuli eliciting withdrawal of the arms and siphon and observed changes in the respiratory rate and the chromatophore pattern over time (before, during, and after application of the anesthetic). We found that different animals of the same size responded with similar behavioral changes as the isoflurane concentration was gradually increased. After gradual application of 2% isoflurane for a maximum of 5 min (at which time all the responses indicated deep anesthesia), the animals recovered within 45-60 min in fresh aerated seawater. Based on previous findings in gastropods, we believe that the process of anesthesia induced by isoflurane is similar to that previously observed in Lymnaea. In this study we showed that isoflurane is a good, reversible anesthetic for O. vulgaris, and we developed a method for its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Polese
- a Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II , Via Cinthia, Building 7, Campus MSA, 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oda A, Bailey KM, Lewbart GA, Griffith EH, Posner LP. Physiologic and biochemical assessments of koi (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:1286-91. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.11.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Ramlochansingh C, Branoner F, Chagnaud BP, Straka H. Efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an anesthetic agent for blocking sensory-motor responses in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101606. [PMID: 24984086 PMCID: PMC4077833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are drugs that reversibly relieve pain, decrease body movements and suppress neuronal activity. Most drugs only cover one of these effects; for instance, analgesics relieve pain but fail to block primary fiber responses to noxious stimuli. Alternately, paralytic drugs block synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions, thereby effectively paralyzing skeletal muscles. Thus, both analgesics and paralytics each accomplish one effect, but fail to singularly account for all three. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is structurally similar to benzocaine, a typical anesthetic for anamniote vertebrates, but contains a sulfate moiety rendering this drug more hydrophilic. MS-222 is used as anesthetic in poikilothermic animals such as fish and amphibians. However, it is often argued that MS-222 is only a hypnotic drug and its ability to block neural activity has been questioned. This prompted us to evaluate the potency and dynamics of MS-222-induced effects on neuronal firing of sensory and motor nerves alongside a defined motor behavior in semi-intact in vitro preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Electrophysiological recordings of extraocular motor discharge and both spontaneous and evoked mechanosensory nerve activity were measured before, during and after administration of MS-222, then compared to benzocaine and a known paralytic, pancuronium. Both MS-222 and benzocaine, but not pancuronium caused a dose-dependent, reversible blockade of extraocular motor and sensory nerve activity. These results indicate that MS-222 as benzocaine blocks the activity of both sensory and motor nerves compatible with the mechanistic action of effective anesthetics, indicating that both caine-derivates are effective as single-drug anesthetics for surgical interventions in anamniotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Branoner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Boris P. Chagnaud
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gardiner JM, Atema J, Hueter RE, Motta PJ. Multisensory integration and behavioral plasticity in sharks from different ecological niches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93036. [PMID: 24695492 PMCID: PMC3973673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underwater sensory world and the sensory systems of aquatic animals have become better understood in recent decades, but typically have been studied one sense at a time. A comprehensive analysis of multisensory interactions during complex behavioral tasks has remained a subject of discussion without experimental evidence. We set out to generate a general model of multisensory information extraction by aquatic animals. For our model we chose to analyze the hierarchical, integrative, and sometimes alternate use of various sensory systems during the feeding sequence in three species of sharks that differ in sensory anatomy and behavioral ecology. By blocking senses in different combinations, we show that when some of their normal sensory cues were unavailable, sharks were often still capable of successfully detecting, tracking and capturing prey by switching to alternate sensory modalities. While there were significant species differences, odor was generally the first signal detected, leading to upstream swimming and wake tracking. Closer to the prey, as more sensory cues became available, the preferred sensory modalities varied among species, with vision, hydrodynamic imaging, electroreception, and touch being important for orienting to, striking at, and capturing the prey. Experimental deprivation of senses showed how sharks exploit the many signals that comprise their sensory world, each sense coming into play as they provide more accurate information during the behavioral sequence of hunting. The results may be applicable to aquatic hunting in general and, with appropriate modification, to other types of animal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne M. Gardiner
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jelle Atema
- Boston University, Biology Department, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Motta
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nordgreen J, Tahamtani FM, Janczak AM, Horsberg TE. Behavioural effects of the commonly used fish anaesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relevance for the acetic acid pain test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92116. [PMID: 24658262 PMCID: PMC3962382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pros and cons of using anaesthesia when handling fish in connection with experiments are debated. A widely adopted practice is to wait thirty minutes after anaesthesia before behavioural observations are initiated, but information about immediate effects of a treatment is then lost. This is pertinent for responses to acute stressors, such as acid injection in the acetic acid pain test. However, omission of anaesthetics in order to obtain data on immediate responses will compromise the welfare of fish and contribute to experimental noise due to stress. We therefore tested the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate on the behaviour of zebrafish. We predicted that tricaine (MS 222) would decrease swimming velocity and that the control fish would show an increased level of anxiety- and stress-related behaviours compared to the tricaine group. Following acclimatization to the test tank, baseline behaviour was recorded before immersion in either tricaine (168 mg l−1, treatment group, N = 8) or tank water (control group, N = 7). Latencies to lose equilibrium and to lose response to touch were registered. The fish was then returned to the test tank, and the latency to regain equilibrium was registered in anaesthetized fish. When equilibrium was regained, and at five, thirty and sixty minutes after the fish had been returned to the test tank, behaviour was recorded. The tricaine fish showed the following responses (mean ± sd): latency to lose equilibrium 22.6 s±3.9; latency to lose response to touch 101.9 s±26.8; latency to regain equilibrium 92.0 s±54.4. Contrary to our predictions, neither treatment caused a change in any of the behaviours registered. This indicates that tricaine has no effect on several commonly used behavioural parameters, and that it may be unnecessary to postpone behavioural observations to 30 min after anaesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernanda M. Tahamtani
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M. Janczak
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Einar Horsberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elemans CPH, Mensinger AF, Rome LC. Vocal production complexity correlates with neural instructions in the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:1887-93. [PMID: 24577450 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.097444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sound communication is fundamental to many social interactions and essential to courtship and agonistic behaviours in many vertebrates. The swimbladder and associated muscles in batrachoidid fishes (midshipman and toadfish) is a unique vertebrate sound production system, wherein fundamental frequencies are determined directly by the firing rate of a vocal-acoustic neural network that drives the contraction frequency of superfast swimbladder muscles. The oyster toadfish boatwhistle call starts with an irregular sound waveform that could be an emergent property of the peripheral nonlinear sound-producing system or reflect complex encoding in the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that the start of the boatwhistle is indicative of a chaotic strange attractor, and tested whether its origin lies in the peripheral sound-producing system or in the vocal motor network. We recorded sound and swimbladder muscle activity in awake, freely behaving toadfish during motor nerve stimulation, and recorded sound, motor nerve and muscle activity during spontaneous grunts. The results show that rhythmic motor volleys do not cause complex sound signals. However, arrhythmic recruitment of swimbladder muscle during spontaneous grunts correlates with complex sounds. This supports the hypothesis that the irregular start of the boatwhistle is encoded in the vocal pre-motor neural network, and not caused by peripheral interactions with the sound-producing system. We suggest that sound production system demands across vocal tetrapods have selected for muscles and motorneurons adapted for speed, which can execute complex neural instructions into equivalently complex vocalisations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coen P H Elemans
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Allen F Mensinger
- The Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Lawrence C Rome
- The Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Radford CA, Mensinger AF. Anterior lateral line nerve encoding to tones and play back vocalisations in free swimming oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:1570-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the underwater environment, sound propagates both as a pressure wave and particle motion, with particle motions dominating close to the source. At the receptor level, the fish ear and the neuromast hair cells act as displacement detectors, and both are potentially stimulated by the particle motion component of sound. The encoding of the anterior lateral line nerve to acoustic stimuli in freely behaving oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, was examined. Nerve sensitivity and directional responses were determined using spike rate and vector strength analysis, a measure of phase-locking of spike times to the stimulus waveform. All units showed greatest sensitivity to 100 Hz stimulus. While sensitivity was independent of stimulus orientation, the neuron's ability to phase-lock was correlated with stimuli origin. Two different types of units were classified, Type 1 (tonic), and Type 2 (phasic). The Type 1 fibers were further classified into two sub-types based on their frequency response (Type 1-1 and Type 1-2), which was hypothesised to be related to canal (Type 1-1) and superficial (Type 1-2) neuromast innervation. Lateral line units also exhibited sensitivity and phase locking to boatwhistle vocalisations, with greatest spike rates exhibited at the onset of the call. These results provide direct evidence that oyster toadfish can use their lateral line to detect behaviourally relevant acoustic stimuli, which could provide a sensory pathway to aid in sound source localisation.
Collapse
|
26
|
The 5-HT5A receptor regulates excitability in the auditory startle circuit: functional implications for sensorimotor gating. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10011-20. [PMID: 23761896 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4733-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we applied behavioral testing, pharmacology, and in vivo electrophysiology to determine the function of the serotonin 5-HT5A receptor in goldfish startle plasticity and sensorimotor gating. In an initial series of behavioral experiments, we characterized the effects of a selective 5-HT5A antagonist, SB-699551 (3-cyclopentyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-[(4'-{[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}-4-biphenylyl)methyl]propanamide dihydrochloride), on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Those experiments showed a dose-dependent decline in startle rates in prepulse conditions. Subsequent behavioral experiments showed that SB-699551 also reduced baseline startle rates (i.e., without prepulse). To determine the cellular mechanisms underlying these behaviors, we tested the effects of two distinct selective 5-HT5A antagonists, SB-699551 and A-843277 (N-(2,6-dimethoxybenzyl)-N'[4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]guanidine), on the intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic sound response of the Mauthner cell (M-cell), the decision-making neuron of the startle circuit. Auditory-evoked postsynaptic potentials recorded in the M-cell were similarly attenuated after treatment with either 5-HT5A antagonist (SB-699551, 26.41 ± 3.98% reduction; A-843277, 17.52 ± 6.24% reduction). This attenuation was produced by a tonic (intrinsic) reduction in M-cell input resistance, likely mediated by a Cl(-) conductance, that added to the extrinsic inhibition produced by an auditory prepulse. Interestingly, the effector mechanisms underlying neural prepulse inhibition itself were unaffected by antagonist treatment. In summary, these results provide an in vivo electrophysiological characterization of the 5-HT5A receptor and its behavioral relevance and provide a new perspective on the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic modulatory mechanisms in startle plasticity and sensorimotor gating.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu Z, DeSmidt AA. Early development of hearing in zebrafish. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2013; 14:509-21. [PMID: 23575600 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-013-0386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a valuable vertebrate model for human hearing and balance disorders because it combines powerful genetics, excellent embryology, and exceptional in vivo visualization in one organism. In this study, we investigated auditory function of zebrafish at early developmental stages using the microphonic potential method. This is the first study to report ontogeny of response of hair cells in any fish during the first week post fertilization. The right ear of each zebrafish embedded in agarose was linearly stimulated with a glass probe that was driven by a calibrated piezoelectric actuator. Using beveled micropipettes filled with standard fish saline, extracellular microphonic potentials were recorded from hair cells in the inner ear of zebrafish embryos or larvae in response to 20, 50, 100, and 200-Hz stimulation. Saccular hair cells expressing green fluorescent protein of the transgenic zebrafish from 2 to 7 days post fertilization (dpf) were visualized and quantified using confocal microscopy. The otic vesicles' areas, otoliths' areas, and saccular hair cell count and density increased linearly with age and standard body length. Microphonic responses increased monotonically with stimulus intensity, stimulus frequency, and age of zebrafish. Microphonic threshold at 200 Hz gradually decreased with zebrafish age. The increases in microphonic response and sensitivity correlate with the increases in number and density of hair cells in the saccule. These results enhance our knowledge of early development of auditory function in zebrafish and provide the control data that can be used to evaluate hearing of young zebrafish morphants or mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hellinger J, Hoffmann KP. Magnetic field perception in the rainbow trout Oncorynchus mykiss: magnetite mediated, light dependent or both? J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2012; 198:593-605. [PMID: 22592858 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-012-0732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate the role of the trigeminal system in the perception process of different magnetic field parameters by heartbeat conditioning, i.e. a significantly longer interval between two consecutive heartbeats after magnetic stimulus onset in the salmonid fish Oncorhynchus mykiss. The electrocardiogram was recorded with subcutaneous silver wire electrodes in freely swimming fish. Inactivation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve by local anaesthesia revealed its role in the perception of intensity/inclination of the magnetic field by abolishing the conditioned response (CR). In contrast, experiments with 90° direction shifts clearly showed the normal conditioning effect during trigeminal inactivation. In experiments under red light and in darkness, CR occurred in case of both the intensity/inclination stimulation and 90° direction shifts, respectively. With regard to the data obtained, we propose the trigeminal system to perceive the intensity/inclination of the magnetic field in rainbow trouts and suggest the existence of another light-independent sensory structure that enables fish to detect the magnetic field direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hellinger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Zoologie und Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mirjany M, Faber DS. Characteristics of the anterior lateral line nerve input to the Mauthner cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3368-77. [PMID: 21957100 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.056226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The goldfish Mauthner (M-) cells, a bilateral pair of reticulospinal neurons, initiate the auditory evoked escape behavior of teleosts. In an open field the fish reliably turns away from the sound source. This implies that the M-cells are capable of a decision-making process that requires the two cells to receive differential directional inputs. Recent studies have indicated that the lateral line (LL) system is necessary in the initial directionality of the escape. This information is thought to be transmitted to the M-cell by the anterior branch of the lateral line nerve (aLLn), which has a shorter conduction time then the posterior branch. This study is the first attempt to characterize the inputs from the aLLn to the M-cell. M-cell intracellular responses to aLLn stimulation indicate a fast monosynaptic input (0.80±0.03 ms) that has a small amplitude averaging 5.85±0.42 mV. This input is bilateral and has a significantly longer latency and smaller amplitude in the contralateral M-cell. Superimposed on the evoked excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a shunting inhibition with a delay of 1 ms, which is characteristic of other sensory inputs to the M-cell. Pharmacological manipulation and 50 Hz stimulation reveal a component of the evoked EPSP that is electrotonic, a property favoring speed of transmission. In addition, this input is localized to the lateral dendrite proximal to the inputs from the inner ear. The short latency of these inputs and their proximity to the posterior eighth nerve afferents indicate a crucial role for the aLLn in influencing the excitability and directionality of the M-cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mirjany
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Dominick P. Purport Department of Neuroscience, 1410 Pelham Parkway S., Room 429, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Neumeister H, Whitaker KW, Hofmann HA, Preuss T. Social and Ecological Regulation of a Decision-Making Circuit. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:3180-8. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00574.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological context, sensory inputs, and the internal physiological state are all factors that need to be integrated for an animal to make appropriate behavioral decisions. However, these factors have rarely been studied in the same system. In the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, males alternate between two phenotypes based on position in a social hierarchy. When dominant (DOM), fish display bright body coloration and a wealth of aggressive and reproductive behavioral patterns that make them conspicuous to predators. Subordinate (SUB) males, on the other hand, decrease predation risk by adopting cryptic coloration and schooling behavior. We therefore hypothesized that DOMs would show enhanced startle-escape responsiveness to compensate for their increased predation risk. Indeed, behavioral responses to sound clicks of various intensities showed a significantly higher mean startle rate in DOMs compared with SUBs. Electrophysiological recordings from the Mauthner cells (M-cells), the neurons triggering startle, were performed in anesthetized animals and showed larger synaptic responses to sound clicks in DOMs, consistent with the behavioral results. In addition, the inhibitory drive mediated by interneurons (passive hyperpolarizing potential [PHP] cells) presynaptic to the M-cell was significantly reduced in DOMs. Taken together, the results suggest that the likelihood for an escape to occur for a given auditory stimulus is higher in DOMs because of a more excitable M-cell. More broadly, this study provides an integrative explanation of an ecological and social trade-off at the level of an identifiable decision-making neural circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Neumeister
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
| | - K. W. Whitaker
- Institute for Neuroscience,
- Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland
| | - H. A. Hofmann
- Institute for Neuroscience,
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | - T. Preuss
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Newby NC, Stevens ED. The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
32
|
Lateral line nerve fibers do not code bulk water flow direction in turbulent flow. ZOOLOGY 2008; 111:204-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Chagnaud BP, Brücker C, Hofmann MH, Bleckmann H. Measuring flow velocity and flow direction by spatial and temporal analysis of flow fluctuations. J Neurosci 2008; 28:4479-87. [PMID: 18434526 PMCID: PMC6670960 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4959-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
If exposed to bulk water flow, fish lateral line afferents respond only to flow fluctuations (AC) and not to the steady (DC) component of the flow. Consequently, a single lateral line afferent can encode neither bulk flow direction nor velocity. It is possible, however, for a fish to obtain bulk flow information using multiple afferents that respond only to flow fluctuations. We show by means of particle image velocimetry that, if a flow contains fluctuations, these fluctuations propagate with the flow. A cross-correlation of water motion measured at an upstream point with that at a downstream point can then provide information about flow velocity and flow direction. In this study, we recorded from pairs of primary lateral line afferents while a fish was exposed to either bulk water flow, or to the water motion caused by a moving object. We confirm that lateral line afferents responded to the flow fluctuations and not to the DC component of the flow, and that responses of many fiber pairs were highly correlated, if they were time-shifted to correct for gross flow velocity and gross flow direction. To prove that a cross-correlation mechanism can be used to retrieve the information about gross flow velocity and direction, we measured the flow-induced bending motions of two flexible micropillars separated in a downstream direction. A cross-correlation of the bending motions of these micropillars did indeed produce an accurate estimate of the velocity vector along the direction of the micropillars.
Collapse
|
34
|
Neumeister H, Szabo TM, Preuss T. Behavioral and physiological characterization of sensorimotor gating in the goldfish startle response. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:1493-502. [PMID: 18199818 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00959.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is typically associated with an attenuation of auditory startle behavior in mammals and is presumably mediated within the brainstem startle circuit. However, the inhibitory mechanisms underlying PPI are not yet clear. We addressed this question with complementary behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological experiments in the startle escape circuit of goldfish, the Mauthner cell (M-cell) system. In the behavioral experiments we observed a 77.5% attenuation (PPI) of startle escape probability following auditory prepulse-pulse stimulation. The PPI effect was observed for prepulse-pulse interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 20 to 600 ms and its magnitude depended linearly on prepulse intensity over a range of 14 dB. Electrophysiological recordings of synaptic responses to a sound pulse in the M-cell, which is the sensorimotor neuron initiating startle escapes, showed a 21% reduction in amplitude of the dendritic postsynaptic potential (PSP) and a 23% reduction of the somatic PSP following a prepulse. In addition, a prepulse evoked a long-lasting (500 ms) decrease in M-cell excitability indicated by 1) an increased threshold current, 2) an inhibitory shunt of the action potential (AP), and 3) by a linearized M-cell membrane, which effectively impedes M-cell AP generation. Comparing the magnitude and kinetics of inhibitory shunts evoked by a prepulse in the M-cell dendrite and soma revealed a disproportionately larger and longer-lasting inhibition in the dendrite. These results suggest that the observed PPI-type attenuation of startle behavior can be correlated to distinct postsynaptic mechanisms mediated primarily at the M-cell lateral dendrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Neumeister
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maruska KP, Boyle KS, Dewan LR, Tricas TC. Sound production and spectral hearing sensitivity in the Hawaiian sergeant damselfish, Abudefduf abdominalis. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:3990-4004. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.004390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Sounds provide important signals for inter- and intraspecific communication in fishes, but few studies examine fish acoustic behavior in the context of coevolution of sound production and hearing ability within a species. This study characterizes the acoustic behavior in a reproductive population of the Hawaiian sergeant fish, Abudefduf abdominalis, and compares acoustic features to hearing ability, measured by the auditory evoked potential (AEP)technique. Sergeant fish produce sounds at close distances to the intended receiver (⩽1–2 body lengths), with different pulse characteristics that are associated primarily with aggression, nest preparation and courtship–female-visit behaviors. Energy peaks of all sounds were between 90 and 380 Hz, whereas courtship–visit sounds had a pulse repetition rate of 125 Hz with harmonic intervals up to 1 kHz. AEP threshold,which is probably higher than the behavioral threshold, indicates best sensitivity at low frequencies (95–240 Hz), with the lowest threshold at 125 Hz (123–127 dBrms re: 1 μPa). Thus, sound production and hearing in A. abdominalis are closely matched in the frequency domain and are useful for courtship and mating at close distances. Measured hearing thresholds did not differ among males and females during spawning or non-spawning periods, which indicates a lack of sex differences and seasonal variation in hearing capabilities. These data provide the first evidence that Abudefduf uses true acoustic communication on a level similar to that of both more derived (e.g. Dascyllus, Chromis) and more basal (e.g. Stegastes) soniferous pomacentrids. This correlation between sound production and hearing ability is consistent with the sensory drive model of signal evolution in which the sender and receiver systems coevolve within the constraints of the environment to maximize information transfer of acoustic signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen P. Maruska
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 The Mall,Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Kelly S. Boyle
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 The Mall,Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Laura R. Dewan
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 The Mall,Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Timothy C. Tricas
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 The Mall,Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chagnaud BP, Bleckmann H, Hofmann MH. Kármán vortex street detection by the lateral line. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2007; 193:753-63. [PMID: 17503054 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-007-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fish use the lateral line system for prey detection, predator avoidance, schooling behavior, intraspecific communication and spatial orientation. In addition the lateral line may be important for station holding and for the detection of the hydrodynamic trails (vortex streets) generated by swimming fish. We investigated the responses of anterior lateral line nerve fibers of goldfish, Carassius auratus, to unidirectional water flow (10 cm s(-1)) and to running water that contained a Kármán vortex street. Compared to still water conditions, both unidirectional water flow and Kármán vortex streets caused a similar increase in the discharge rate of anterior lateral line nerve fibers. If exposed to a Kármán vortex street, the amplitude of spike train frequency spectra increased at the vortex shedding frequency. This increase was especially pronounced if the fish intercepted the edge of a Kármán vortex street. Our data show that the vortex shedding frequency can be retrieved from the responses of anterior lateral line nerve fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris P Chagnaud
- Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cordova MS, Braun CB. The use of anesthesia during evoked potential audiometry in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Brain Res 2007; 1153:78-83. [PMID: 17448451 PMCID: PMC1952679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) have become a widely utilized measure of hearing sensitivity. Most investigators use pharmacological paralysis to reduce myogenic noise and immobilize the animal for stable electrical recordings, but additional anesthesia is generally not used because the most commonly available fish anesthetic, the cholinergic antagonist tricaine methanosulfate (MS222), is known to disrupt hair cell and primary afferent physiology. Anesthetic agents that do not interfere with auditory function would be a useful adjunct to paralytic immobilization and would reduce any possible distress incurred by prolonged immobilization. In this report we tested the opiate anesthetic fentanyl and compared hearing thresholds in immobilized versus immobilized and anesthetized animals. Short-term effects of mild MS222 anesthesia were also measured via evoked potential audiometry. Animals were tested before and after fentanyl injection (100, 500 and 2500 microg g(-1) fish body-weight) using standard evoked potential audiometry. Tone pips, 0.2-3 kHz, from an aerial loudspeaker served as stimuli. Fentanyl altered evoked potential waveforms slightly but did not alter estimated threshold sensitivity. These results suggest fentanyl be considered as a possible addition to AEP techniques in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and poikilothermic vertebrates generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher B. Braun
- *Address for correspondence: C.Braun, Dept. Psychology, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, Tel.: 212-772-5554, Fax: 212-650-3018,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chagnaud BP, Hofmann MH, Mogdans J. Responses to dipole stimuli of anterior lateral line nerve fibres in goldfish, Carassius auratus, under still and running water conditions. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2006; 193:249-63. [PMID: 17075719 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-006-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how fibres in the anterior lateral line nerve of goldfish, Carassius auratus, respond to sinusoidal water motions in a background of still or running water. Two types of fibres were distinguished: type I fibres, which most likely innervate superficial neuromasts, were stimulated by running water (10 cm s(-1)) while type II fibres, which most likely innervate canal neuromasts, were not stimulated by running water. The responses of type I fibres to sinusoidal water motions were masked in running water whereas responses of type II fibres were not masked. These findings are in agreement with previous data obtained from the posterior lateral line nerve of goldfish. Furthermore, we demonstrate here that for type I fibres the degree of response masking increased with increasing flow velocity. Finally, the ratio between responses that were masked in running water (type I) and those that were not masked (type II) increases with increasing flow velocity. Flow fluctuations that were generated by a cylinder in front of the fish did not affect ongoing activity in the flow, nor the dipole-evoked responses. The findings are discussed with respect to particle image velocimetry data of the water motions generated in the experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris P Chagnaud
- Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Raidal SR, Shearer PL, Stephens F, Richardson J. Surgical removal of an ovarian tumour in a koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aust Vet J 2006; 84:178-81. [PMID: 16739528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb12776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonography, radiography and exploratory coeliotomy were used to diagnose and treat a large intracoelomic neoplasm from a female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) presented for abdominal enlargement of several months duration. Feed was withheld for 1 week immediately prior to surgery and the fish was sedated with isoeugenol (AQUI-S) at a dose rate of 10 mL/L to facilitate diagnostic imaging techniques. Surgical anaesthesia was induced by adding tricaine (MS-222) 50 mg/L to the water and an exploratory coeliotomy and tumour removal was performed. The fish was allowed to recover in fresh water at 18 degrees C and salt was added slowly to the water over a period of 1 hour to a concentration of 5 g/L This concentration was maintained in a recovery pond for 1 week postoperatively. Enrofloxacin was administered intramuscularly (10 mg/kg) immediately, 3 days and 1 week postoperatively. A diagnosis of undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma was made on the basis of the histological appearance of the neoplasm and immunohistochemical staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Raidal
- School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Palmer LM, Deffenbaugh M, Mensinger AF. Sensitivity of the anterior lateral line to natural stimuli in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (Linnaeus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:3441-50. [PMID: 16155217 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inductive neural telemetry was used to record from microwire electrodes chronically implanted into the anterior lateral line nerve of the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (L.). The lateral lines of free-ranging toadfish were stimulated by the swimming movements of a prey fish (Fundulus heteroclitus), and the corresponding neural activity was quantified. Both spontaneously active and silent afferent fibers experienced an increase in neural firing as the prey approached the lateral line. Activity was evoked when the prey fish approached to within 8-12 cm of the neuromast, with increases in nerve firing rates directly correlated with diminishing distance. Thus, adult toadfish (28 cm standard length; 33 cm total length) were only able to detect mobile prey that approached within approximately 40% of their body length. Both spontaneously active and silent afferent fibers also experienced a dramatic increase in firing during predatory strikes, indicating that the fibers were not inhibited during rapid body movement. This study investigates, for the first time, the neural response of the anterior lateral line to prey stimuli in free-ranging fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Palmer
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Szabo TM, Weiss SA, Faber DS, Preuss T. Representation of auditory signals in the M-cell: role of electrical synapses. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:2617-29. [PMID: 16436476 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01287.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The teleost Mauthner (M-) cell mediates a sound-evoked escape behavior. A major component of the auditory input is transmitted by large myelinated club endings of the posterior VIIIth nerve. Paradoxically, although nerve stimulations revealed these afferents have mixed electrical and glutamatergic synapses on the M-cell's distal lateral dendrite, paired pre- and postsynaptic recordings indicated most individual connections are chemically silent. To determine the sensory information encoded and the relative contributions of these two transmission modes, M-cell responses to acoustic stimuli in air were recorded intracellularly. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by both short 100- to 900-Hz "pips" and longer-lasting amplitude- and frequency-modulated sounds were dominated by fast, repetitive EPSPs superimposed on an underlying slow depolarization. Fast EPSPs 1) have kinetics comparable to presynaptic action potentials, 2) are maximal on the distal lateral dendrite, and 3) are insensitive to GluR antagonists. They presumably are coupling potentials, and power spectral analysis indicated they constitute a high-pass signal that accurately tracks sound frequency and amplitude. The spatial profile of the slow EPSP suggests both proximal and distal dendritic sources, a result supported by predictions of a multicompartmental model and the effects of AMPAR antagonists, which preferentially reduced the proximal component. Thus a second class of afferents generates a portion of the slow EPSP that, with sound stimuli, demonstrate that the dominant mode of transmission at LMCE synapses is electrical. The slow EPSP is a dynamic, low-pass representation of stimulus strength. Accordingly, amplitude and phase information, which are segregated in other systems, are faithfully represented in the M-cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Szabo
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|