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Rodenburg WS, van Buul JD. Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer cell transendothelial migration. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 3:R77-R95. [PMID: 34738075 PMCID: PMC8558887 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are small signalling G-proteins that are central regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics, and thereby regulate many cellular processes, including the shape, adhesion and migration of cells. As such, Rho GTPases are also essential for the invasive behaviour of cancer cells, and thus involved in several steps of the metastatic cascade, including the extravasation of cancer cells. Extravasation, the process by which cancer cells leave the circulation by transmigrating through the endothelium that lines capillary walls, is an essential step for metastasis towards distant organs. During extravasation, Rho GTPase signalling networks not only regulate the transmigration of cancer cells but also regulate the interactions between cancer and endothelial cells and are involved in the disruption of the endothelial barrier function, ultimately allowing cancer cells to extravasate into the underlying tissue and potentially form metastases. Thus, targeting Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer may be an effective approach to inhibit extravasation and metastasis. In this review, the complex process of cancer cell extravasation will be discussed in detail. Additionally, the roles and regulation of Rho GTPase signalling networks during cancer cell extravasation will be discussed, both from a cancer cell and endothelial cell point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessel S Rodenburg
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chen J, Liang T, Cen J, Jiang J, Pan S, Huang S, Chen L, Sun X, Li H, Chen T, Liang W, Liao S, Yu C, Yao Y, Ye Z, Chen W, Guo H, Zhan X, Liu C. A seven-gene signature and the C-C motif chemokine receptor family genes are the sarcoma-related immune genes. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7616-7630. [PMID: 34605725 PMCID: PMC8806857 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1981797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the tumor microenvironment exert a vital influence on sarcoma prognosis. This study aimed to analyze and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to immunity and their significance as immune biomarkers for the accurate prediction of overall survival of patients with sarcoma. The Cancer Genome Atlas was adopted for obtaining sarcoma gene microarray and corresponding clinical information. ESTIMATE algorithm was used to calculate tumor immune microenvironment indices. Immune-associated DEGs were identified using the limma packages and were further analyzed using the ClusterProfiler package and STRING website. Based on the results of these analyses, we constructed a prognostic model. Furthermore, we assessed the prognosis prediction model through functional evaluation and analysis of GSE17674. The functional analysis revealed that the upregulated immune DEGs were related to immune-related aspects. Chemokine ligands/receptors and immune-related genes were found to be vital for sarcoma formation and progression. We established a prognostic signature of seven genes, which indicated that high-risk cases exhibit poor prognostic outcome. The prognostic signature constructed in this study can accurately predict the overall prognosis in patients with sarcoma. Moreover, the novel immune gene expression analysis may provide clinical guidance for predicting prognosis in patients with sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Liang
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Cen
- Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixin Pan
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengsheng Huang
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyi Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Sun
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang
- Research Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shian Liao
- Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Yao
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ye
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhua Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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3
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The Rac3 GTPase in Neuronal Development, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091063. [PMID: 31514269 PMCID: PMC6770886 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are important regulators of the cytoskeleton, and are critical in many aspects of cellular and developmental biology, as well as in pathological processes such as intellectual disability and cancer. Of the three members of the family, Rac3 has a more restricted expression in normal tissues compared to the ubiquitous member of the family, Rac1. The Rac3 polypeptide is highly similar to Rac1, and orthologues of the gene for Rac3 have been found only in vertebrates, indicating the late appearance of this gene during evolution. Increasing evidence over the past few years indicates that Rac3 plays an important role in neuronal development and in tumor progression, with specificities that distinguish the functions of Rac3 from the established functions of Rac1 in these processes. Here, results highlighting the importance of Rac3 in distinct aspects of neuronal development and tumor cell biology are presented, in support of the non-redundant role of different members of the two Rac GTPases in physiological and pathological processes.
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4
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He D, Xu L, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang C, Xie W, Zhang L, Geng Z, Wang H, Wang H, Qu P. Rac3, but not Rac1, promotes ox-LDL induced endothelial dysfunction by downregulating autophagy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1531-1542. [PMID: 31332791 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. The role of autophagy in the process of atherosclerosis has drawn increasing attention. The human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whose Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and Rac3 was knockdown, were used to detect whether the possible molecular mechanisms of Rac1 and Rac3 for anti-inflammatory in endothelial cells was effected by downregulation of autophagy. The HUVECs were incubated with ox-LDL. The inflammatory factors and autophagy proteins were evaluated to ascertain and compare the effect of Rac1 and Rac3 on autophagy. Then, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) as an inhibiter of autophagy was used to detect whether the effect of Rac1 and Rac3 was related to autophagy. ox-LDL-induced cell dysfunction in HUVECs was determined by testing the formation of foam cells, the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 and NF-κB p65 and other inflammatory factors, the release of reactive oxygen species by oxidative stress and the dysfunction of the cytomembrane. And ApoE-/- mice on a high-fat diet were used as an animal model to detect the effect of Rac1 and Rac3 in vivo. The results showed that when Rac1 and Rac3 were decreased in HUVECs, the cell dysfunction caused by ox-LDL was inhibited. If 3-MA was used to inhibit autophagy in Rac1 and Rac3 knockdown cells, the injury induced by ox-LDL on the cells was recovered. These results indicated that the effect of Rac1 and Rac3 was combined with ox-LDL, which was related to inhibition of autophagy. The effect of Rac3 was more significant than that of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated Dalian University, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuchan Yuan
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenzhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaohong Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Qu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Weissenrieder JS, Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Inhibiting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis reduces nuclear androgen receptor signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cell models. Prostate 2019; 79:21-30. [PMID: 30106164 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate, tumors can progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). This transdifferentiation process is poorly understood, but trafficking of transcriptional factors and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements may be involved. We observed the role of geranylgeranylation in this process by treatment with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase which blocks the prenylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rab family proteins, including Cdc42 and Rac1. METHODS We examined the therapeutic potential of DGBP in LNCaP, C4-2B4, and 22Rv1 cell culture models. Cell morphology and protein expression were quantified to observe the development of the neuroendocrine phenotype in androgen-deprivation and abiraterone-treated LNCaP models of NEPC development. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine AR activity, and immunofluorescence visualized the localization of AR within the cell. RESULTS Essential genes in the isoprenoid pathway, such as HMGCR, MVK, GGPS1, and GGT1, were highly expressed in a subset of castration resistant prostate cancers reported by Beltran et al. Under treatment with DGBP, nuclear localization of AR decreased in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and C4-2B4 cell lines, luciferase reporter activity was reduced in LNCaP and 22Rv1, and AR target gene transcription also decreased in LNCaP. Conversely, nuclear localization of AR was enhanced by the addition of GGOH. Finally, induction of the NEPC structural and molecular phenotype via androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was inhibited by DGBP in a GGOH-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS DGBP is a novel compound with the potential to reduce AR transcriptional activity and inhibit PCa progression to NEPC phenotype. These results suggest that DGBP may be used to block cell growth and metastasis in both hormone therapy sensitive and resistant paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Zhang C, Liu T, Wang G, Wang H, Che X, Gao X, Liu H. Rac3 Regulates Cell Invasion, Migration and EMT in Lung Adenocarcinoma through p38 MAPK Pathway. J Cancer 2017; 8:2511-2522. [PMID: 28900489 PMCID: PMC5595081 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of Rac3 in cell proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma has been tackled in our previous study. However, the role of Rac3 in cell invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma is still not clear. Methods: The expression of Rac3 in lung adenocarcinoma specimens and paired noncancerous normal tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to silence Rac3 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and H1299. A p38 MAPK inhibitor (LY2228820) was employed to inhibit activity of p38 MAPK pathway. Cell invasion and migration in vitro were examined by invasion and migration assays, respectively. PathScan® intracellular signaling array kit and western blot were employed in mechanism investigation. Results: Rac3 expression was frequently higher in lung adenocarcinoma than paired noncancerous normal tissues. Rac3 expression was an independent risk factor for lymphonode metastasis, and was associated with worse survival outcome. Silencing of Rac3 inhibited cell invasion and cell migration in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Knockdown of Rac3 decreased activity of p38 MAPK pathway. LY2228820, which was an important p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibited Rac3-induced cell invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma. E-cadherin expression was increased and vimentin expression was decreased after silencing of Rac3 or following the treatment of LY2228820. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Rac3 regulates cell invasion, migration and EMT via p38 MAPK pathway. Rac3 may be a potential biomarker of invasion and metastasis for lung adenocarcinoma, and knockdown of Rac3 may potentially serve as a promising therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Tieqin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Gebang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, NO.155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
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7
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Goicoechea SM, Zinn A, Awadia SS, Snyder K, Garcia-Mata R. A RhoG-mediated signaling pathway that modulates invadopodia dynamics in breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1064-1077. [PMID: 28202690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. During metastasis, cancer cells degrade the extracellular matrix, which acts as a physical barrier, by developing specialized actin-rich membrane protrusion structures called invadopodia. The formation of invadopodia is regulated by Rho GTPases, a family of proteins that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we describe a novel role for RhoG in the regulation of invadopodia disassembly in human breast cancer cells. Our results show that RhoG and Rac1 have independent and opposite roles in the regulation of invadopodia dynamics. We also show that SGEF (also known as ARHGEF26) is the exchange factor responsible for the activation of RhoG during invadopodia disassembly. When the expression of either RhoG or SGEF is silenced, invadopodia are more stable and have a longer lifetime than in control cells. Our findings also demonstrate that RhoG and SGEF modulate the phosphorylation of paxillin, which plays a key role during invadopodia disassembly. In summary, we have identified a novel signaling pathway involving SGEF, RhoG and paxillin phosphorylation, which functions in the regulation of invadopodia disassembly in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ashtyn Zinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sahezeel S Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kyle Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Wang G, Wang H, Zhang C, Liu T, Li Q, Lin X, Xie J, Liu H. Rac3 regulates cell proliferation through cell cycle pathway and predicts prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12597-12607. [PMID: 27402308 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still the leading cause of malignant deaths in the world. It is of great importance to find novel functional genes for the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. We demonstrated that Rac3 could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the function and mechanism of Rac3 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed in 107 lung adenocarcinoma tissues and matched non-tumor tissues. Multivariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to investigate the correlation between Rac3 expression and the clinical outcomes. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry analysis were employed to determine the proliferative ability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in H1299 and H1975 cell lines. Gene expression microarray and pathway analysis between the Rac3-siRNA group and the control group in A549 cells were performed to investigate the pathways and mechanism of Rac3 regulation. Rac3 was shown to be positively expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues, and the expression of Rac3 associates with longer survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Silencing of Rac3 significantly induced cell growth inhibition, colony formation decrease, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, which accompanied by obvious downregulation of CCND1, MYC, and TFDP1 of cell cycle pathway involving in the tumorigenesis of lung adenocarcinoma based on the gene expression microarray. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Rac3 has the potential of being a therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Chenlei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Tieqin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xuyong Lin
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Abstract
Vascular integrity or the maintenance of blood vessel continuity is a fundamental process regulated by endothelial cell-cell junctions. Defects in endothelial barrier function are an initiating factor in several disease processes including tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), maintains vascular integrity through specific mechanisms including HA-binding protein signaling in caveolin-enriched microdomains, a subset of lipid rafts. Certain disease states, including cancer, increase enzymatic hyaluronidase activity and reactive oxygen species generation, which break down high molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) to low molecular weight fragments (LMW-HA). LMW-HA can activate specific HA-binding proteins during tumor progression to promote disruption of endothelial cell-cell contacts. In contrast, exogenous administration of HMW-HA promotes enhancement of vascular integrity. This review focuses on the roles of HA in regulating angiogenic and metastatic processes based on its size and the HA-binding proteins present. Further, potential therapeutic applications of HMW-HA in treating cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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10
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Dong S, Zhao J, Wei J, Bowser RK, Khoo A, Liu Z, Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Ma H, Zhao Y. F-box protein complex FBXL19 regulates TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation by mediating Rac3 ubiquitination and degradation. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:76. [PMID: 24684802 PMCID: PMC3994216 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rac3 is a small GTPase multifunctional protein that regulates cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. It has been considered as an oncogene in breast cancer; however, its role in esophageal cancer and the regulation of its stability have not been studied. F-box proteins are major subunits within the Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligases that recognize particular substrates for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Recently, we have shown that SCFFBXL19 targets Rac1 and RhoA, thus regulating Rac1 and RhoA ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we demonstrate the role of FBXL19 in the regulation of Rac3 site-specific ubiquitination and stability. Expression of TGFβ1 is associated with poor prognosis of esophageal cancer. TGFβ1 reduces tumor suppressor, E-cadherin, expression in various epithelial-derived cancers. Here we investigate the role of FBXL19-mediated Rac3 degradation in TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation in esophageal cancer cells. Methods FBXL19-regulated endogenous and over-expressed Rac3 stability were determined by immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation. Esophageal cancer cells (OE19 and OE33) were used to investigate TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation by Immunoblotting and Immunostaining. Results Overexpression of FBXL19 decreased endogenous and over-expressed Rac3 expression by interacting and polyubiquitinating Rac3, while down-regulation of FBXL19 suppressed Rac3 degradation. Lysine166 within Rac3 was identified as an ubiquitination acceptor site. The FBXL19 variant with truncation at the N-terminus resulted in an increase in Rac3 degradation; however, the FBXL19 variant with truncation at the C-terminus lost its ability to interact with Rac3 and ubiquitinate Rac3 protein. Further, we found that Rac3 plays a critical role in TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation in esophageal cancer cells. Over-expression of FBXL19 attenuated TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation and esophageal cancer cells elongation phenotype. Conclusions Collectively these data unveil that FBXL19 functions as an antagonist of Rac3 by regulating its stability and regulates the TGFβ1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. This study will provide a new potential therapeutic strategy to regulate TGFβ1 signaling, thus suppressing esophageal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine and the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, 3459 Fifth Avenue, NW 628MUH, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA.
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Abstract
During metastasis, cancer cells disseminate to other parts of the body by entering the bloodstream in a process that is called intravasation. They then extravasate at metastatic sites by attaching to endothelial cells that line blood vessels and crossing the vessel walls of tissues or organs. This Review describes how cancer cells cross the endothelial barrier during extravasation and how different receptors, signalling pathways and circulating cells such as leukocytes and platelets contribute to this process. Identification of the mechanisms that underlie cancer cell extravasation could lead to the development of new therapies to reduce metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reymond
- 1] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. [2] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - UMR5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. [3]
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12
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Provost JJ, Wallert MA. Inside out: targeting NHE1 as an intracellular and extracellular regulator of cancer progression. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:85-101. [PMID: 23253131 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one is a critical regulator of intracellular pH, serves as an anchor for the formation of cytoplasmic signaling complexes, and modulates cytoskeletal organization. There is a growing interest in the potential for sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one as a therapeutic target against cancer. Sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one transport drives formation of membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and contributes to the establishment of a tumor microenvironment that leads to the rearrangement of the extracellular matrix further supporting tumor progression. Here, we focus on the potential impact that an inexpensive, $100 genome would have in identifying prospective therapeutic targets to treat tumors based upon changes in gene expression and variation of sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one regulators. In particular, we will focus on the ezrin, radixin, moesin family proteins, calcineurin B homologous proteins, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, and phosphoinositide signaling as they relate to the regulation of sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Provost
- Center for Biopharmaceutical Research and Production, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
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Lee YC, Jin JK, Cheng CJ, Huang CF, Song JH, Huang M, Brown WS, Zhang S, Yu-Lee LY, Yeh ET, McIntyre BW, Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE, Lin SH. Targeting constitutively activated β1 integrins inhibits prostate cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:405-17. [PMID: 23339185 PMCID: PMC3631285 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated prostate cancer cells must survive in circulation for metastasis to occur. Mechanisms by which these cells survive are not well understood. By immunohistochemistry of human tissues, we found that levels of β1 integrins and integrin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK (pFAK-Y397) are increased in prostate cancer cells in primary prostate cancer and lymph node metastases, suggesting that β1 integrin activation occurs in metastatic progression of prostate cancer. A conformation-sensitive antibody, 9EG7, was used to examine β1 integrin activation. We found that β1 integrins are constitutively activated in highly metastatic PC3 and PC3-mm2 cells, with less activation in low metastatic LNCaP and C4-2B4 cells. Increased β1 integrin activation as well as the anoikis resistance in prostate cancer cells correlated with metastatic potential in vivo. Knockdown of β1 integrin abrogated anoikis resistance in PC3-mm2 cells. In agreement with β1 integrin activation, PC3-mm2 cells strongly adhered to type I collagen and fibronectin, a process inhibited by the β1 integrin-neutralizing antibody mAb 33B6. mAb 33B6 also inhibited the phosphorylation of β1 integrin downstream effectors, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT, leading to a 3-fold increase in PC3-mm2 apoptosis. Systemic delivery of mAb 33B6 suppressed spontaneous metastasis of PC3-mm2 from the prostate to distant lymph nodes following intraprostatic injection and suppressed metastasis of PC3-mm2 to multiple organs following intracardiac injection. Thus, constitutively activated β1 integrins play a role in survival of PC3-mm2 cells in circulation and represent a potential target for metastasis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jung-Kang Jin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
| | - Chien-Jui Cheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fen Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Pharmacy at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wells S. Brown
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Edward T. Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bradley W. McIntyre
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
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Utility of RhoC and ZAG protein expression as biomarkers for prediction of pSa failure following radical prostatectomy for high grade prostate cancer. Pathology 2012; 44:513-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e3283581780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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