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Paul A, Parida S, Mohanty S, Biswal S, Pillai BR, Panda D, Sahoo PK. Characteristics and virulence gene profiles of a pathogenic Lactococcus garvieae isolated from diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Braz J Microbiol 2025; 56:1357-1370. [PMID: 40100617 PMCID: PMC12095838 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-025-01653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a commercially important freshwater prawn cultured on a large scale mostly in south and south east Asian countries. Diseases are one of the bottlenecks for the successful culture and production of this important species. Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive coccus commonly found in aquatic environments causing fish and shellfish diseases. In the present investigation, we have isolated and characterized L. garvieae, as etiological agent of white muscle disease in freshwater prawn juveniles. The infected prawn samples showing clinical signs of opaque and whitish muscles, sluggishness and mortality were collected and processed. The isolated bacterium was identified using biochemical methods and 16s rDNA sequencing and species-specific PCR. The sequence obtained revealed > 99% identity with L. garvieae reported elsewhere. Koch's postulate was experimentally established through intramuscular challenge and the infected prawn muscle revealed massive coagulative necrosis with the presence of cocci. The isolate was found to be resistant to antibiotics namely clindamycin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole. The heavy metal tolerance assay revealed the isolate to be tolerant to Cu2+ and Cr6+ and less tolerant to Hg2+. Class I integron was also identified in L. garvieae isolate. Further, the isolate was screened for several virulence genes and found to have hemolysins 1, 2, and 3, adhesin PsaA, adhesin Pav, enolase, LPxTG 1, 3, and 4, adhesin clusters 1 and 2, and adhesin in the PCR assay. It is the first report of L. garvieae infection in freshwater prawns in India and will pave the way for developing suitable preventive measures for future sustainable culture and production of this important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Paul
- National Referral Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Diseases, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Samikshya Parida
- National Referral Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Diseases, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Snatashree Mohanty
- National Referral Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Diseases, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Subham Biswal
- National Referral Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Diseases, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Bindu R Pillai
- Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Debabrata Panda
- Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- National Referral Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Diseases, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India.
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India.
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Sirakov I, Strateva TV, Boyanov VS, Orozova P, Yordanov D, Rusenova N, Gergova R, Dimov SG, Sirakova B, Radosavljević V, Boyanova L, Mitov I. Identification, Characterization, and Epidemiological Analysis of Lactococcus garvieae Fish Isolates Obtained in a Period of Eighteen Years. Microorganisms 2025; 13:436. [PMID: 40005801 PMCID: PMC11858575 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae is a bacterial infection affecting fish with a considerable economic impact. Recently, L. garvieae has established itself as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. The aim of the current study was to test classical and molecular-biological methods for the identification of L. garvieae and examine antimicrobial susceptibility and capsule production, an important virulence factor. Additionally, tests for differentiation from closely related species, as well as epidemiological typing, were performed. In a period of 18 years (2002-2019), 24 isolates presumptively identified as L. garvieae were collected from Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo salar fish obtained either from retail stores or fish farms. In order to confirm the species, optimized PCR-based protocols were used. As a result, 21 of the tested strains were proved to be L. garvieae (n = 21). The remaining three isolates were Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus iniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Epidemiological typing by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA was performed. Except for a single KG+ isolate, all other strains belonged to the European capsular serotype KG-. All L. garvieae isolates showed susceptibility to all tested antibiotics with the exception of clindamycin, which was a diagnostic sign. A thorough optimization of diagnostic methods is essential to determining the etiology of specific infections affecting the personnel at risk in fish farms, the food industry, or within the broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Sirakov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Tanya V. Strateva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Vasil Svetoslavov Boyanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Petya Orozova
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish, Mollusc and Crustacean Diseases, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute “Professor G. Pavlov”, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Daniel Yordanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Nikolina Rusenova
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Raina Gergova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Svetoslav G. Dimov
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Bilyana Sirakova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- “AIPPMPDM”, Ltd., 2800 Sandanski, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir Radosavljević
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Liliya Boyanova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Ivan Mitov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave, Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.V.S.); (V.S.B.); (D.Y.); (R.G.); (L.B.)
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Nair RR, John KR, Rajan P, Krishnan R, Safeena MP. Co-infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Aeromonas hydrophila in cultured Nile Tilapia in Kerala, India. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2071-2083. [PMID: 38904690 PMCID: PMC11405729 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Aeromonas hydrophila, has been confirmed from diseased Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Chithralada strain cultured in a freshwater rearing pond of Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. The aetiological agents behind the disease outbreak were bacteriologically proven and confirmed by 16SrRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. PCR detection of the virulent genes, showed existence of adhesin and hemolysin in L. garvieae and aerolysin in A. hydrophila strain obtained. To fulfil Koch's postulates, challenge experiments were conducted and median lethal dose (LD50) of L. garvieae and A. hydrophila was calculated as 1 × 105.91 CFU per mL and 1 × 105.2 CFU per mL respectively. Histopathologically, eyes, spleen, and kidney were the predominantly infected organs by L. garvieae and A. hydrophila. Out of the 13 antibiotics tested to check antibiotic susceptibility, L. garvieae showed resistance to almost 7 antibiotics tested, with a resistance to Ciprofloxacin while A. hydrophila was found resistant to Streptomycin and Erythromycin. Understanding the complex interaction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the disease process and pathogenesis in fish host will contribute to efficient treatment strategies. As a preliminary investigation into this complex interaction, the present study is aimed at phenotypic and genotypic characterization, pathogenicity evaluation, and antibiotic susceptibility of the co-infecting pathogens in a diseased sample of freshwater-farmed Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Rajeev Nair
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries Science, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kollanoor Riji John
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries Science, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Preenanka Rajan
- Department of Ocean Studies and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries Science, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Muhammed Puratheparampilchira Safeena
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries Science, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Chan YX, Cao H, Jiang S, Li X, Fung KK, Lee CH, Sridhar S, Chen JHK, Ho PL. Genomic investigation of Lactococcus formosensis, Lactococcus garvieae, and Lactococcus petauri reveals differences in species distribution by human and animal sources. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0054124. [PMID: 38687062 PMCID: PMC11237765 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00541-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is a fish pathogen that can cause diseases in humans and cows. Two genetically related species, Lactococcus formosensis and Lactococcus petauri, may be misidentified as L. garvieae. It is unclear if these species differ in host specificity and virulence genes. This study analyzed the genomes of 120 L. petauri, 53 L. formosensis, and 39 L. garvieae isolates from various sources. The genetic diversity and virulence gene content of these isolates were compared. The results showed that 77 isolates previously reported as L. garvieae were actually L. formosensis or L. petauri. The distribution of the three species varied across different collection sources, with L. petauri being predominant in human infections, human fecal sources, and rainbow trout, while L. formosensis was more common in bovine isolates. The genetic diversity of isolates within each species was high and similar. Using a genomic clustering method, L. petauri, L. formosensis, and L. garvieae were divided into 45, 22, and 13 clusters, respectively. Most rainbow trout and human isolates of L. petauri belonged to different clusters, while L. formosensis isolates from bovine and human sources were also segregated into separate clusters. In L. garvieae, most human isolates were grouped into three clusters that also included isolates from food or other sources. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed the differential association of 15 virulence genes, including 14 adherence genes and a bile salt hydrolase gene, with bacterial species and certain collection sources. In conclusion, this work provides evidence of host specificity among the three species. IMPORTANCE Lactococcus formosensis and Lactococcus petauri are two newly discovered bacteria, which are closely related to Lactococcus garvieae, a pathogen that affects farmed rainbow trout, as well as causes cow mastitis and human infections. It is unclear whether the three bacteria differ in their host preference and the presence of genes that contribute to the development of disease. This study shows that L. formosensis and L. petauri were commonly misidentified as L. garvieae. The three bacteria showed different distribution patterns across various sources. L. petauri was predominantly found in human infections and rainbow trout, while L. formosensis was more commonly detected in cow mastitis. Fifteen genes displayed a differential distribution among the three bacteria from certain sources, indicating a genetic basis for the observed host preference. This work indicates the importance of differentiating the three bacteria in diagnostic laboratories for surveillance and outbreak investigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Xiang Chan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiluo Cao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Kin Fung
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Ho Lee
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pak-Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
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Neupane S, Rao S, Yan WX, Wang PC, Chen SC. First identification, molecular characterization, and pathogenicity assessment of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from cultured pompano in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1295-1309. [PMID: 37578999 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcosis, caused by Lactococcus garvieae, is an acute hemorrhagic septicemia in fish recorded in marine and freshwater aquaculture during the summer months. In 2020-2021, several sea cage Pompano farms recorded sudden fish mortality events. Based on the results of phenotypic and biochemical tests, L. garvieae was predicted to be the cause. PCR with L. garvieae specific primers (pLG1 and pLG2) targeting the 16S rRNA region further confirmed the etiological agent as L. garvieae after amplifying an 1100 base pairs (bp) product. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA sequences of the two representative strains (AOD109-196-2B and AOD110-215-2B) shared 99.81% identity with L. garvieae (GenBank accession number: MT597707.1). The genetic profiles of the strains were classified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after digestion with SmaI and ApaI, which clustered our strains under the same pulsotype. Multiplex PCR targeting the capsule gene cluster and serotype-specific PCR collectively showed that the strains were non-capsulated; thus, they belonged to serotype I. An experimental infection was designed to fulfil Koch's postulates by infecting healthy Pompano with case-driven L. garvieae strains (AOD109-196-2B and AOD110-215-2B) with a cumulative mortality of 70%. Overall, L. garvieae infection in Pompano emphasizes the need for better monitoring and control procedures in aquaculture settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Neupane
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Xiao Yan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Ballantyne R, Lee JW, Liu CH. First identification and histopathological analysis of Lactococcus garvieae infection in whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei cultured in low salinity water. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:929-942. [PMID: 37309584 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of bacterial species Lactococcus garvieae, previously unreported in whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, has now been identified in the species. The pathogen was recovered from an affected shrimp farm in southern Taiwan. Bacterial characterization first identified the isolate as Gram-positive cocci, and biochemical profiles demonstrated that the causative agent of mortality was 97% L. garvieae. The bacterial cell DNA resulted in amplification of 1522 bp with 99.6% confirmation by PCR analysis. The phylogenetic tree revealed 100% evolutionary similarity among previously isolated strains. Experimental infection further confirmed higher susceptibility of whiteleg shrimp to L. garvieae in waters of lower salinity, particularly 5 ppt, than in higher salinity. Histopathological analysis showed severely damaged hepatopancreas with necrotized, elongated, collapsed tubules, dislodged membranes and granuloma formation in infected shrimp. Transmission electron microscopy observation indicated a hyaluronic acid capsular layer surrounding bacterial cell which is a virulence factor of L. garvieae and likely responsible for immunosuppression and higher mortality of shrimp cultured in lower salinity. Collectively, these findings report the first isolation of L. garvieae from whiteleg shrimp and shed new light on the disease that threatens the highly valuable species and accentuates the need for finding a solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolissa Ballantyne
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Lin Y, Han J, Barkema HW, Wang Y, Gao J, Kastelic JP, Han B, Qin S, Deng Z. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Lactococcus garvieae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0299522. [PMID: 37154706 PMCID: PMC10269658 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02995-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, but there are few reports regarding bovine mastitis. The prevalence of L. garvieae represents an increasing disease threat and global public health risk. Thirty-nine L. garvieae isolates were obtained from 2,899 bovine clinical mastitis milk samples in 6 provinces of China from 2017 to 2021. Five clonal complexes were determined from 32 multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) of L. garvieae: sequence type 46 (ST46) was the predominant sequence type, and 13 novel MLSTs were identified. All isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and clindamycin, but susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, and marbofloxacin. Based on genomic analyses, L. garvieae had 6,310 genes, including 1,015 core, 3,641 accessory, and 1,654 unique genes. All isolates had virulence genes coding for collagenase, fibronectin-binding protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and NADH oxidase. Most isolates had lsaD and mdtA antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Based on COG (Clusters of Orthologous Genes database) results, the functions of defense, transcription and replication, and recombination and repair were enhanced in unique genes, whereas functions of translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis were enhanced in core genes. The KEGG functional categories enriched in unique genes included human disease and membrane transport, whereas COG functional categories enriched in core genes included energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and translation. No gene was significantly associated with host specificity. In addition, analysis of core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implied potential host adaptation of some isolates in several sequence types. In conclusion, this study characterized L. garvieae isolated from mastitis and detected potential adaptations of L. garvieae to various hosts. IMPORTANCE This study provides important genomic insights into a bovine mastitis pathogen, Lactococcus garvieae. Comprehensive genomic analyses of L. garvieae from dairy farms have not been reported. This study is a detailed and comprehensive report of novel features of isolates of L. garvieae, an important but poorly characterized bacterium, recovered in the past 5 years in 6 Chinese provinces. We documented diverse genetic features, including predominant sequence type ST46 and 13 novel MLSTs. Lactococcus garvieae had 6,310 genes, including 1,015 core, 3,641 accessory, and 1,654 unique genes. All isolates had virulence genes coding for collagenase, fibronectin-binding protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and NADH oxidase and resistance to chloramphenicol and clindamycin. Most isolates had lsaD and mdtA antimicrobial resistance genes. However, no gene was significantly associated with host specificity. This is the first report that characterized L. garvieae isolates from bovine mastitis and revealed potential host adaptations of L. garvieae to various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Lin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinge Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - John P. Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunyi Qin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Xie X, Pan Z, Yu Y, Yu L, Wu F, Dong J, Wang T, Li L. Prevalence, Virulence, and Antibiotics Gene Profiles in Lactococcus garvieae Isolated from Cows with Clinical Mastitis in China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:379. [PMID: 36838344 PMCID: PMC9965093 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae) is a pathogenic gram-positive, catalase-negative (GPCN) bacterium that causes bovine mastitis. A total of 49 L. garvieae isolates were identified from 1441 clinical mastitis (CM) samples. The pathogenic effects of L. garvieae were studied with two infection models: bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro and murine mammary infections in vivo. The overall farm prevalence was 15.5% (13/84 farms in 9/19 provinces) and sample prevalence was 3.40% (49/1441). Post-treatment somatic cell count (SCC) post L. garvieae infection was significantly higher than the other GPCN pathogens isolated, and the bacteriological cure fraction was 41.94% (13/31) after intramammary antibiotic treatment. All L. garvieae isolates were resistant to rifaximin, 12.24% of isolates were resistant to cephalexin, and 10.20% (5/49) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The most prevalent virulence genes were Hemolysin 1 (hly1)(100%), Hemolysin 2 (hly2) (97.96%), NADH oxidase (NADHO) (100%), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (100%), Adhesin Pav (Pav) (100%), Adhesin PsaA (PsaA) (100%), Enolase (eno) (100%), Adhesin cluster 1(AC1) (100%), Adhesin cluster 2 (AC2) (100%), and several exopolysaccharides. L. garvieae rapidly adhered to bovine mammary epithelial cells, resulting in an elevated lactate dehydrogenase release. Edema and congestion were observed in challenged murine mammary glands and bacteria were consistently isolated at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h after infection. We concluded that L. garvieae had good adaptive ability in the bovine and murine mammary cells and tissue. Given the resistance profile, penicillin and ampicillin are potential treatments for CM cases caused by L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Xie
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lirong Yu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fan Wu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Feito J, Araújo C, Gómez-Sala B, Contente D, Campanero C, Arbulu S, Saralegui C, Peña N, Muñoz-Atienza E, Borrero J, del Campo R, Hernández PE, Cintas LM. Antimicrobial activity, molecular typing and in vitro safety assessment of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from healthy cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and rearing environment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soltani M, Baldisserotto B, Hosseini Shekarabi SP, Shafiei S, Bashiri M. Lactococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Disease Significant and Phytotherapy. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090181. [PMID: 34564575 PMCID: PMC8473265 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcosis, particularly that caused by Lactococcus garvieae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Medicinal herbs and plants do not have very much in vitro antagonism and in vivo disease resistance towards lactococcosis agents in aquaculture. Most in vitro studies with herbal extractives were performed against L. garvieae with no strong antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those that contain thymol or carvacrol, are more effective. The differences exhibited by the bacteriostatic and bactericidal functions for a specific extractive in different studies could be due to different bacterial strains or parts of chemotypes of the same plant. Despite essential oils being shown to have the best anti-L. garvieae activity in in vitro assays, the in vivo bioassays required further study. The extracts tested under in vivo conditions presented moderate efficacy, causing a decrease in mortality in infected animals, probably because they improved immune parameters before challenging tests. This review addressed the efficacy of medicinal herbs to lactococcosis and discussed the presented gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Soltani
- Freshwater Fish Group and Fish Health Unit, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
| | | | - Shafigh Shafiei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 64165478, Iran;
| | - Masoumeh Bashiri
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran;
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11
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Thiry D, Billen F, Boyen F, Duprez JN, Quenault H, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Clercx C, Mainil JG. Genomic relatedness of a canine Lactococcus garvieae to human, animal and environmental isolates. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:170-173. [PMID: 33991889 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus (L.) garvieae is a zoonotic fish pathogen that can also cause bacteraemia and endocarditis in humans and has been isolated from healthy or diseased domestic animals. Nevertheless L. garvieae is more an opportunistic, than a primary pathogen since most affected humans have predisposing conditions and comorbidities. L. garvieae is also present in other animal species, most frequently cattle, but also sheep, goats, water buffaloes, and pigs, and much more rarely dogs, cats, horses, camel, turtle, snake and crocodile. The purpose of this study was to genomically (i) confirm the identification by MALDI-TOF MS® of a L. garvieae from the nasal discharge of a dog with chronic respiratory disorders and (ii) compare this canine isolate with human and animal L. garvieae isolates. According to the BLAST analysis after Whole Genome Sequencing, this canine isolate was more than 99% identical to 3 L. garvieae and belonged to a new Multi-Locus Sequence Type (ST45). MLST and whole genomes-based phylogenetic analysis were performed on the canine isolate and the 40 genomes available in Genbank. The canine L. garvieae was most closely related to an Australian camel and an Indian fish L. garvieae and more distantly to human L. garvieae. Twenty-five of the 29 putative virulence-associated genes searched for were detected, but not the 16 capsule-encoding genes. The heterogeneity of the L. garvieae species is reflected by the diversity of the MLSTypes and virulotypes identified and by the phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Internal Medicine, Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) centre, Campus du Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Internal Medicine, Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) centre, Campus du Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Shahi N, Mallik SK. Emerging bacterial fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae RTCLI04, isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Genomic features and comparative genomics. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Salighehzadeh R, Sharifiyazdi H, Akhlaghi M, Soltanian S. Serotypes, virulence genes and polymorphism of capsule gene cluster in Lactococcus garvieae isolated from diseased rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris) in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2020; 21:26-32. [PMID: 32368222 PMCID: PMC7183378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactococcus garvieae causes lactococcosis in rainbow trout in many parts of the world. AIMS This study was conducted for the existence of the virulent factors and differentiation of the two serotypes in L. garvieae. METHODS Twenty-two strains of L. garvieae isolated from diseased rainbow trout from farms in different regions and mugger crocodile of Iran, were investigated. In order to rapidly detect the presence of the hly1, hly2, hly3, NADH oxidase, sod, pgm, adhPsaA, eno, LPxTG-3, adhCI, and adhCII virulence genes, two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed. Also, simplex PCR method was used to identify the bacterial serotypes, CGC, LPxTG-2, Adhesion, and adhPav virulence genes using the specific primer. RESULTS All varieties of L. garvieae contained the hly1, hly2, hly3, NADH oxidase, pgm, adhPav, LPxTG-3, sod, eno, adhPsaA, adhCI, and CGC virulence genes. Also, adhCII gene was present in all strains except one of the isolates originated from mugger crocodile. In addition, LPxTG-2 gene was only present in one of the isolates belonging to mugger crocodile. Adhesion gene was not present in all the strains. Interestingly, all the 22 strains originated from both hosts were identified as belonging to the serotype I. Based on the phylogenetic sequences of the capsule gene cluster, group all fish isolates into a cluster together with one isolate obtained from mugger crocodile. CONCLUSION Further studies are recommended to investigate the role of virulence genes in L. garvieae and evaluate their pathogenicity to rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Salighehzadeh
- Resident of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H. Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Akhlaghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Soltanian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. Detection of virulence factors of South African Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2018; 85:e1-e9. [PMID: 30326716 PMCID: PMC6324078 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes mortalities in freshwater and marine fish worldwide and therefore results in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Apart from the apparent integral role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule in pathogenesis, factors associated with virulence of this bacterium are poorly understood. However, recent studies have indicated that the ability of L. garvieae to cause disease does not depend on the presence of the EPS capsule. Lack of knowledge of virulence factors, pathogenesis and serology of L. garvieae is an impediment to the development of effective typing methods and control measures. This study, therefore, aimed to detect the presence of EPS capsules and other putative virulence factors in South African L. garvieae fish pathogenic isolates and a non-virulent isolate, and to identify possible candidates for subunit vaccine development. No indication of the presence of the EPS capsule was detected by negative staining or amplification of the EPS biosynthesis gene cluster in the virulent isolates or the avirulent strain, discrediting the notion that the EPS capsule is the sole determinant of virulence. However, a set of putative virulence factor genes was detected in all isolates, and candidates for subunit vaccine development (enolase, lactate dehydrogenase phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase) were identified by identification of extracellular proteins of virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Meyburgh
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State.
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15
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Shahi N, Mallik SK, Sahoo M, Chandra S, Singh AK. First report on characterization and pathogenicity study of emerging Lactococcus garvieae infection in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1039-1048. [PMID: 29473318 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
"Warm water lactococcosis" in farm-reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in the northern Himalayan region of India, caused by bacterium Lactococcus garvieae is described in this study. Nine bacterial isolates were recovered from the organs of haemorrhagic septicaemia rainbow trout and were subjected to biochemical and molecular identification. Cell surface characteristics and virulence of the bacterial isolates are also described. All the nine bacterial isolates had homogenous biochemical characteristics and were Gram-positive, short chains forming (two to eight cells long), α-haemolytic, non-motile ovoid cocci. Partial 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence (~1,400 bp) of current isolates shared 99% identities with the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of L. garvieae R421, L. garvieae FMA395 and L. garvieae CAU:1730. The identity of the bacterial isolates was further confirmed by PCR amplification of L. garvieae-specific ~1,100 bp fragment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of one representative isolate, L. garvieae RTCLI04, indicates that the isolated strain lacks thick outer capsule and is of KG+ (non-capsulates) phenotype. An intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection (2.6 × 105 CFU ml-1 ) and also immersion in bacterial suspension @ of 2.6 × 105 CFU ml-1 to healthy rainbow trout juveniles (body weight: 27.5 ± 3.7 g) with L. garvieae RTCLI04 caused 80%, 60% and 10% cumulative mortality in challenged fish, respectively, within 15 days post-infection. The haemorrhagic septicaemic disease was reproduced experimentally. Histopathological examination of organs of experimentally infected fish revealed extensive degenerative and inflammatory changes in eye, kidney, gill and liver. PCR amplification of several putative virulence genes such as haemolysins, adhesins, LPxTG-containing surface proteins and adhesins cluster confirms the virulence of our Indian L. garvieae isolates. To the best of our knowledge, we are reporting for the first time that L. garvieae is associated with fatal haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S K Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Sahoo
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Chandra
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
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16
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Detection of virulence-related genes in Lactococcus garvieae and their expression in response to different conditions. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:291-298. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Castro R, Reguera-Brito M, López-Campos GH, Blanco MM, Aguado-Urda M, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Gibello A. How does temperature influences the development of lactococcosis? Transcriptomic and immunoproteomic in vitro approaches. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1285-1297. [PMID: 28093775 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the aetiological agent of lactococcosis, a haemorrhagic septicaemia that affects marine and freshwater fish, with special incidence and economic relevance in farmed rainbow trout. Water temperature is one of the most important predisposing factors in the development of lactococcosis outbreaks. Lactococcosis in trout usually occur when water temperatures rise to about 18 °C, while fish carriers remain asymptomatic at temperatures below 13 °C. The aim of this work was to analyse the differences in the complete transcriptome response of L. garvieae grown at 18 °C and at 13 °C and to identify the immunogenic proteins expressed by this bacterium at 18 °C. Our results show that water temperature influences the expression of L. garvieae genes involved in the lysis of part of the bacterial cell population and in the cold response bacterial adaptation. Moreover, the surface immunogenic protein profile at 18 °C suggests an important role of the lysozyme-like enzyme, WxL surface proteins and some putative moonlighting proteins (proteins with more than one function, usually associated with different cellular locations) as virulence factors in L. garvieae. The results of this study could provide insights into the understanding of the virulence mechanisms of L. garvieae in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Reguera-Brito
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - G H López-Campos
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M M Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Aguado-Urda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Fernández-Garayzábal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Health Surveillance Center (VISAVET), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gibello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 123:67-79. [PMID: 28177294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis, a hyperacute, haemorrhagic septicaemia of fish. This bacterium is also considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen, as reports of human infection are increasing. Significant economic loss in aquaculture is suffered as a result of lactococcosis, as numerous freshwater and marine species of commercial interest are affected. Development of antibiotic resistance in L. garvieae to several chemotherapeutic agents complicates and restricts treatment options. Effective, sustainable treatment and prevention options are thus needed, but progress is impeded by the lack of knowledge concerning several aspects of the disease and the pathogen. This review aims to present the latest research on L. garvieae, with specific focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, risks associated with chemotherapeutic administration and possible control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Meyburgh
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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19
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Gibello A, Galán-Sánchez F, Blanco MM, Rodríguez-Iglesias M, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. The zoonotic potential of Lactococcus garvieae: An overview on microbiology, epidemiology, virulence factors and relationship with its presence in foods. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:59-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Ture M, Altinok I. Detection of putative virulence genes of Lactococcus garvieae. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 119:59-66. [PMID: 27068503 DOI: 10.3354/dao02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis and has been isolated from a wide variety of animals. In the present study, 34 strains of L. garvieae isolated from fish from different sources and locations were tested for the presence or absence of the following putative virulence genes: a capsule gene cluster (CGC), hemolysins 1, 2, and 3 (hly1, -2, -3), NADH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (sod), phosphoglucomutase (pgm), adhesin Pav (adhPav), adhesin PsaA (adhPsaA), enolase (eno), LPxTG-containing surface proteins 1, 2, 3, and 4 (LPxTG-1, LPxTG-2, LPxTG-3, LPxTG-4; where LPxTG means Leu-Pro-any-Thr-Gly), adhesin clusters 1 and 2 (adhCI, adhCII), and adhesin (adh). To determine the presence of the CGC, we developed a multiplex PCR. All strains of L. garvieae had the hly1, -2, -3, NADH oxidase, pgm, adhPav, LPxTG-2, LPxTG-3, sod, eno, adhPsaA, adhCII, and adhCII genes, while only the Lg2 strain contained the CGC. The virulent Lg2 strain contained all 17 virulent genes. All Turkish, Spanish, Italian, and French strains did not contain the CGC. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for the detection of the CGC genes. In conclusion, the CGC is not the only virulent factor in L. garvieae because strains that lack the CGC are virulent to rainbow trout. Single genes also might not be responsible for the virulence of L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ture
- Fish Health Department, Central Fisheries Research Institute, 61250 Yomra, Trabzon, Turkey
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Moumene M, Drissi F, Croce O, Djebbari B, Robert C, Angelakis E, Benouareth D, Raoult D, Merhej V. Complete genome sequence and description of Lactococcus garvieae M14 isolated from Algerian fermented milk. New Microbes New Infect 2016. [PMID: 28626583 PMCID: PMC5465310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe using a polyphasic approach that combines proteomic by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis, genomic data and phenotypic characterization the features of Lactococcus garvieae strain M14 newly isolated from the fermented milk (known as raib) of an Algerian cow. The 2 188 835 bp containing genome sequence displays a metabolic capacity to form acid fermentation that is very useful for industrial applications and encodes for two bacteriocins responsible for its eventual bioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moumene
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
- University 08 May 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - F. Drissi
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
| | - O. Croce
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
| | - B. Djebbari
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
| | - C. Robert
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
| | - E. Angelakis
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
| | | | - D. Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - V. Merhej
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Marseille, France
- Corresponding author: V. Merhej, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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López-Campos G, Aguado-Urda M, Blanco MM, Gibello A, Cutuli MT, López-Alonso V, Martín-Sánchez F, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. Lactococcus garvieae: a small bacteria and a big data world. Health Inf Sci Syst 2015; 3:S5. [PMID: 25960872 PMCID: PMC4416232 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2501-3-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the importance of bioinformatics tools to analyze the big data yielded from new "omics" generation-methods, with the aim of unraveling the biology of the pathogen bacteria Lactococcus garvieae. Methods The paper provides the vision of the large volume of data generated from genome sequences, gene expression profiles by microarrays and other experimental methods that require biomedical informatics methods for management and analysis. Results The use of biomedical informatics methods improves the analysis of big data in order to obtain a comprehensive characterization and understanding of the biology of pathogenic organisms, such as L. garvieae. Conclusions The "Big Data" concepts of high volume, veracity and variety are nowadays part of the research in microbiology associated with the use of multiple methods in the "omic" era. The use of biomedical informatics methods is a requisite necessary to improve the analysis of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Campos
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre (HABIC), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mónica Aguado-Urda
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Mar Blanco
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Alicia Gibello
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Teresa Cutuli
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Victoria López-Alonso
- Computational Biology Unit, National Institute of Health "Carlos III", Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Sánchez
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre (HABIC), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Gauthier DT. Bacterial zoonoses of fishes: a review and appraisal of evidence for linkages between fish and human infections. Vet J 2014; 203:27-35. [PMID: 25466575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human contact with and consumption of fishes presents hazards from a range of bacterial zoonotic infections. Whereas many bacterial pathogens have been presented as fish-borne zoonoses on the basis of epidemiological and phenotypic evidence, genetic identity between fish and human isolates is not frequently examined or does not provide support for transmission between these hosts. In order to accurately assess the zoonotic risk from exposure to fishes in the context of aquaculture, wild fisheries and ornamental aquaria, it is important to critically examine evidence of linkages between bacteria infecting fishes and humans. This article reviews bacteria typically presented as fish-borne zoonoses, and examines the current strength of evidence for this classification. Of bacteria generally described as fish-borne zoonoses, only Mycobacterium spp., Streptococcus iniae, Clostridium botulinum, and Vibrio vulnificus appear to be well-supported as zoonoses in the strict sense. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, while transmissible from fishes to humans, does not cause disease in fishes and is therefore excluded from the list. Some epidemiological and/or molecular linkages have been made between other bacteria infecting both fishes and humans, but more work is needed to elucidate routes of transmission and the identity of these pathogens in their respective hosts at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
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Anshary H, Kurniawan RA, Sriwulan S, Ramli R, Baxa DV. Isolation and molecular identification of the etiological agents of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, Papua, Indonesia. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:627. [PMID: 25392797 PMCID: PMC4216822 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus spp. were observed in Nile tilapia cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, Papua, Indonesia. Clinical signs included exophthalmia, erratic swimming, ascites in abdominal cavity, and external hemorrhages. Four types of bacterial colonies (SK, K10, P20, and M12) were isolated from the brain, kidney, and eyes. Based on phenotypic and genetic (16S rDNA sequencing) characteristics, the isolates were identified as Streptococcus iniae (SK), Streptococcus agalactiae (K10 and P20) and Lactococcus garvieae (M12). The latter species has not been previously isolated or reported from fish streptococcosis in Indonesia. Intraperitoneal injection of healthy tilapia with the bacterial species caused significant morbidity (70%) within 3 days and 100% mortality at 6 days post injection. Experimental infections and reisolation of the bacteria from morbid and dead fish suggest they are the causative agents of streptococcosis, which rendered high mortality among cage cultured Nile tilapia in Lake Sentani. Our results suggest the need for developing diagnostic tools for accurate identification of the agents of streptococcosis. As tilapia aquaculture continues to expand as a means of food production and livelihood in Indonesia, it becomes crucial to ensure that fish resources are monitored and protected from the adverse effects of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Anshary
- Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rio A Kurniawan
- Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency Regional Jayapura, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Sriwulan Sriwulan
- Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ramli Ramli
- Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency Regional Jayapura, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Dolores V Baxa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Isolation of Lactococcus garvieae Strain TRF1 from the Fecal Material of a Timber Rattlesnake. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:63-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferrario C, Ricci G, Milani C, Lugli GA, Ventura M, Eraclio G, Borgo F, Fortina MG. Lactococcus garvieae: where is it from? A first approach to explore the evolutionary history of this emerging pathogen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84796. [PMID: 24391975 PMCID: PMC3877359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The population structure and diversity of Lactococcus garvieae, an emerging pathogen of increasing clinical significance, was determined at both gene and genome level. Selected lactococcal isolates of various origins were analyzed by a multi locus sequence typing (MLST). This gene-based analysis was compared to genomic characteristics, estimated through the complete genome sequences available in database. The MLST identified two branches containing the majority of the strains and two branches bearing one strain each. One strain was particularly differentiated from the other L. garvieae strains, showing a significant genetic distance. The genomic characteristics, correlated to the MLST-based phylogeny, indicated that this “separated strain” appeared first and could be considered the evolutionary intermediate between Lactococcus lactis and L. garvieae main clusters. A preliminary genome analysis of L. garvieae indicated a pan-genome constituted of about 4100 genes, which included 1341 core genes and 2760 genes belonging to the dispensable genome. A total of 1491 Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COGs) were found to be specific to the 11 L. garvieae genomes, with the genome of the “separated strain” showing the highest presence of unique genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrario
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricci
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Eraclio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Fortina
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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