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Friuli M, Sepe C, Panza E, Travelli C, Paterniti I, Romano A. Autophagy and inflammation an intricate affair in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders: evidence for novel pharmacological strategies? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407336. [PMID: 38895630 PMCID: PMC11184060 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyle habits including a sedentary life, the lack of physical activity, and wrong dietary habits are the major ones responsible for the constant increase of obesity and metabolic disorders prevalence worldwide; therefore, the scientific community pays significant attention to the pharmacotherapy of such diseases, beyond lifestyle interventions, the use of medical devices, and surgical approaches. The intricate interplay between autophagy and inflammation appears crucial to orchestrate fundamental aspects of cellular and organismal responses to challenging stimuli, including metabolic insults; hence, when these two processes are dysregulated (enhanced or suppressed) they produce pathologic effects. The present review summarizes the existing literature reporting the intricate affair between autophagy and inflammation in the context of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and liver metabolic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). The evidence collected so far suggests that an alteration of autophagy might lead to maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory responses thus exacerbating the severity of the disease, and the most prominent conclusion underlies that autophagy might exert a protective function by contributing to balance inflammation. However, the complex nature of obesity and metabolic disorders might represent a limit of the studies; indeed, although many pharmacological treatments, producing positive metabolic effects, are also able to modulate autophagic flux and inflammation, it is not clear if the final beneficial effect might occur only by their mechanism of action, rather than because of additionally involved pathways. Finally, although future studies are needed, the observation that anti-obesity and antidiabetic drugs already on the market, including incretin mimetic agents, facilitate autophagy by dampening inflammation, strongly contributes to the idea that autophagy might represent a druggable system for the development of novel pharmacological tools that might represent an attractive strategy for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Sepe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Peng C, Chen J, Wu R, Jiang H, Li J. Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview. Front Med 2024; 18:205-236. [PMID: 38165533 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells, exhibit remarkable plasticity and play pivotal roles in coordinating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis within the context of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue leads to detrimental effects, inducing insulin resistance through increased inflammation, impaired thermogenesis, and adipose tissue fibrosis. Meanwhile, adipose tissue macrophages also play a beneficial role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating angiogenesis, facilitating the clearance of dead adipocytes, and promoting mitochondrial transfer. Exploring the heterogeneity of macrophages in obese adipose tissue is crucial for unraveling the pathogenesis of obesity and holds significant potential for targeted therapeutic interventions. Recently, the dual effects and some potential regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in adipose tissue have been elucidated using single-cell technology. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the intricate activation mechanisms and diverse functions of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity, as well as explore the potential of drug delivery systems targeting macrophages, aiming to enhance the understanding of current regulatory mechanisms that may be potentially targeted for treating obesity or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Fan Y, Yan Z, Li T, Li A, Fan X, Qi Z, Zhang J. Primordial Drivers of Diabetes Heart Disease: Comprehensive Insights into Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:19-36. [PMID: 38173376 PMCID: PMC10850268 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been regarded as a hallmark of diabetes heart disease (DHD). Numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance can affect blood circulation and myocardium, which indirectly cause cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling, participating in the pathogenesis of DHD. Meanwhile, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia associated with insulin resistance can directly impair the metabolism and function of the heart. Targeting insulin resistance is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of DHD. Currently, the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenic development of DHD is still under active research, as the pathological roles involved are complex and not yet fully understood, and the related therapeutic approaches are not well developed. In this review, we describe insulin resistance and add recent advances in the major pathological and physiological changes and underlying mechanisms by which insulin resistance leads to myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in the diabetic heart, including exosomal dysfunction, ferroptosis, and epigenetic factors. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches to improve insulin resistance and accelerate the development of cardiovascular protection drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiovascular, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Aolin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinbiao Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongwen Qi
- Institute of Gerontology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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de Deus IJ, Martins-Silva AF, Fagundes MMDA, Paula-Gomes S, Silva FGDE, da Cruz LL, de Abreu ARR, de Queiroz KB. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in hepatic insulin resistance and the ameliorative effect of phytochemical intervention. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188829. [PMID: 37456758 PMCID: PMC10347376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome has a key role in chronic low-grade metabolic inflammation, and its excessive activation may contribute to the beginning and progression of several diseases, including hepatic insulin resistance (hIR). Thus, this review aims to highlight the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in the development of hIR and evidence related to phytochemical intervention in this context. In this review, we will address the hIR pathogenesis related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production mechanisms, involving oxidized mitochondrial DNA (ox-mtDNA) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) induction in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, we discuss the inhibitory effect of bioactive compounds on the insulin signaling pathway, and the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the phytochemical target mechanism in ameliorating hIR. Although most of the research in the field has been focused on evaluating the inhibitory effect of phytochemicals on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, further investigation and clinical studies are required to provide insights into the mechanisms of action, and, thus, encourage the use of these bioactive compounds as an additional therapeutic strategy to improve hIR and correlated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Jesus de Deus
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Martins-Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Miliane Martins de Andrade Fagundes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Departamento de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Paula-Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Guimarães Drummond e Silva
- Departamento de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Rezende Ribeiro de Abreu
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Departamento de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Wang LH, Wang YY, Liu L, Gong Q. From Diabetes to Diabetic Complications: Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4. [PMID: 37115396 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications reduce quality of life and are life-limiting. At present, diabetes treatment consists of hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose and the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to overcome insulin resistance. In diabetes, autophagy is impaired and thus there is poor intracellular environment homeostasis. Pancreatic β-cells and insulin target tissues are protected by enhancing autophagy. Autophagy decreases β-cell apoptosis, promotes β-cell proliferation, and alleviates insulin resistance. Autophagy in diabetes is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and others. Autophagy enhancers can likely be used as a treatment for diabetes and its complications. This review examines the evidence linking autophagy to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
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Xu J, Lv H. PSTPIP2 alleviates obesity associated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in diabetes mice through promoting M2 macrophage polarization via activation of PPARγ. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108479. [PMID: 37150118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) plays a role in inflammatory disease. In diabetes, very little is known about PSTPIP2 until now. Hence, this study aimed to determine PSTPIP2 functional role in diabetes. METHODS Diabetes mouse model was constructed by feeding high fat diet (HFD). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test were examined the glucose and insulin tolerance. The expression of genes and proteins was detected by quantitative real time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The pathological changes of epididymal adipose tissues were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist). Flow cytometry examined the proportion of M1/M2 macrophages. RESULTS HFD enhanced the body weight, glucose and insulin tolerance, and inhibited PSTPIP2 expression in mice. PSTPIP2 overexpression alleviated glucose and insulin tolerance, reduced inflammation and macrophage accumulation in the epididymal adipose tissues of diabetic mice. The expression of iNOS and TNF-α was increased, the expression of IL-10 and Arg-1 was decreased in diabetic mice, which was abrogated by PSTPIP2 overexpression. In vitro, PSTPIP2 overexpression reduced the proportions of iNOS-positive cells and enhanced the proportions of CD206-positive cells in RAW264.7 cells. PPARγ and p-STAT6 were up-regulated, STAT6 was down-regulated in RAW264.7 cells. GW9662 impaired PSTPIP2 overexpression-mediated up-regulation of Arg-1, YM-1 and FIZZ1 in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION PSTPIP2 alleviates obesity associated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in diabetic mice through promoting M2 macrophage polarization via activation of PPARγ, suggesting that PSTPIP2 is a prospective target for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
| | - Huayao Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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Li X, Ren Y, Chang K, Wu W, Griffiths HR, Lu S, Gao D. Adipose tissue macrophages as potential targets for obesity and metabolic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153915. [PMID: 37153549 PMCID: PMC10154623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue is a key pathological factor inducing adipose tissue dysfunction and contributing to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. In this review, we aim to present the most recent research on macrophage heterogeneity in adipose tissue, with a focus on the molecular targets applied to macrophages as potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases. We begin by discussing the recruitment of macrophages and their roles in adipose tissue. While resident adipose tissue macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype and promote the development of metabolically favorable beige adipose tissue, an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue has negative effects on adipose tissue function, including inhibition of adipogenesis, promotion of inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Then, we presented the identities of the newly discovered adipose tissue macrophage subtypes (e.g. metabolically activated macrophages, CD9+ macrophages, lipid-associated macrophages, DARC+ macrophages, and MFehi macrophages), the majority of which are located in crown-like structures within adipose tissue during obesity. Finally, we discussed macrophage-targeting strategies to ameliorate obesity-related inflammation and metabolic abnormalities, with a focus on transcriptional factors such as PPARγ, KLF4, NFATc3, and HoxA5, which promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, as well as TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways that activate pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In addition, a number of intracellular metabolic pathways closely associated with glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, nutrient sensing, and circadian clock regulation were examined. Understanding the complexities of macrophage plasticity and functionality may open up new avenues for the development of macrophage-based treatments for obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Kewei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
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Autophagy, a relevant process for metabolic health and type-2 diabetes. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:457-464. [PMID: 36927007 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM.
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Sahib HH, Mohammad B, Hadi NR. Evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic effects of Sitagliptin via modulation of the mTOR pathway in male rabbits. J Med Life 2023; 16:451-457. [PMID: 37168300 PMCID: PMC10165524 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common and serious vascular disease that underlies many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses, including heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis-related illnesses have increased in prevalence and now pose a substantial burden on individuals and society. Autophagy (AP) is a process in which cytoplasmic components are engulfed by a double-membrane structure, such as defective organelles and aged, damaged, and flawed proteins. Autophagy is essential for maintaining a proper cellular equilibrium and plays a vital homeostatic role in physiological settings by liberating nutrients from macromolecules and removing undesirable cellular components. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Sitagliptin on the progression of atherosclerosis. Twenty-one male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2-2.5 kg each were split into three groups: normal control, atherogenic control, and Sitagliptin-treated. The following parameters: serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL, and a tissue autophagy marker (p62) using ELISA, aortic mRNA expression of mTORC1 marker using Real-Time Quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR), and histological inspection of the aorta were assessed. The mRNA expression of mTORC1 and the lipid profile of aortic tissue are considerably elevated in atherogenic diet-fed animals. Histopathological analysis confirmed the presence of a substantial atherosclerotic lesion in the animals fed an atherogenic diet. However, compared to an atherogenic control group, Sitagliptin dramatically reduced lipid profile, P62 aortic level, and mRNA expression of mTORC1. Sitagliptin medication slowed the development of atherosclerosis via increasing autophagy through suppression of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Hamza Sahib
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq
| | - Bassim Mohammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
- Corresponding Author: Najah Rayish Hadi, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. E-mail:
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Hiruma S, Shigiyama F, Kumashiro N. Empagliflozin versus sitagliptin for ameliorating intrahepatic lipid content and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A prospective randomized study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1576-1588. [PMID: 36749298 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on ectopic fat accumulation and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized controlled trial enrolled 44 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). They were randomly assigned to receive either empagliflozin 10 mg/day or sitagliptin 100 mg/day for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS). The secondary endpoints included intramuscular and extramuscular lipid content seen in 1 H-MRS, body composition seen through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity shown through hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp using stable isotopic glucose. Liver biopsy samples were pathologically evaluated at baseline. RESULTS At baseline, the mean duration of diabetes, HbA1c level and IHL were 3.7 years, 7.2% and 20.9%, respectively. The median NAFLD activity score was 3.0. IHL was significantly more decreased in the empagliflozin group than that in the sitagliptin group (between-group difference was -5.2% ± 1.1% and -1.9% ± 1.2%, respectively, (95% confidence interval); -3.3 (-6.5, -0.1), P = .044). However, there were no significant between-group differences in the change of insulin sensitivity in the liver, muscle or adipose tissues. Interestingly, hepatic insulin sensitivity was significantly increased only in the empagliflozin group and was significantly negatively associated with the change in IHL. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin significantly improves hepatic steatosis compared with sitagliptin, and this may protect against subsequent hepatic insulin resistance. Early administration of SGLT2 inhibitors is preferable for T2D patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Hiruma
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Shigiyama
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Kumashiro
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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11
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Blockers Potently Inhibit Monoglyceride Lipase: Investigation By Docking Studies And In Vitro Bioassay. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Tan X, Huang X, Lu Z, Chen L, Hu J, Tian X, Qiu Z. The essential effect of mTORC1-dependent lipophagy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1124003. [PMID: 36969837 PMCID: PMC10030502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1124003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic progressive liver disease with increasing prevalence. Lipophagy is a type of programmed cell death that plays an essential role in maintaining the body's balance of fatty acid metabolism. However, the livers of NAFLD patients are abnormally dysregulated in lipophagy. mTORC1 is a critical negative regulator of lipophagy, which has been confirmed to participate in the process of lipophagy through various complex mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mTORC1 to restore failed autophagy may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NAFLD. This article reviews the main pathways through which mTORC1 participates in the formation of lipophagy and the intervention effect of mTORC1-regulated lipophagy in NAFLD, providing new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuhang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenpeng Qiu, ; Xianxiang Tian, ; Junjie Hu,
| | - Xianxiang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenpeng Qiu, ; Xianxiang Tian, ; Junjie Hu,
| | - Zhenpeng Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenpeng Qiu, ; Xianxiang Tian, ; Junjie Hu,
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Seo HY, Lee SH, Han E, Hwang JS, Han S, Kim MK, Jang BK. Evogliptin Directly Inhibits Inflammatory and Fibrotic Signaling in Isolated Liver Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911636. [PMID: 36232933 PMCID: PMC9569597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Kupffer cells (KC) secrete proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and so play an important role in liver inflammation, where they induce hepatocellular damage. LPS also activates hepatic stellate cells and induces extracellular matrix deposition. In this study, we used isolated primary KC, primary hepatocytes, and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to investigate whether evogliptin directly inhibits inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. We found that evogliptin inhibited LPS-induced secretion of inducible nitric oxide synthase and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) from KC. Moreover, evogliptin inhibited inflammatory mediator release from hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cell activation that were induced by KC-secreted cytokines. In hepatocytes, evogliptin also inhibited LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrotic TGF-β. In addition, evogliptin inhibited TGF-β-induced increases in connective tissue growth factor levels and HSC activation. These findings indicate that evogliptin inhibits inflammatory and fibrotic signaling in liver cells. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of evogliptin on inflammatory and fibrotic signaling is associated with the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - So-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Eugene Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae Seok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Sol Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (B.K.J.); Tel.: +82-53-258-7730 (M.K.K.); +82-53-258-7720 (B.K.J.)
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (B.K.J.); Tel.: +82-53-258-7730 (M.K.K.); +82-53-258-7720 (B.K.J.)
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14
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Ning P, Jiang X, Yang J, Zhang J, Yang F, Cao H. Mitophagy: A potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:957968. [PMID: 36082218 PMCID: PMC9445132 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.957968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders caused by insulin resistance (IR) can lead to metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Early and targeted intervention of IR is beneficial for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. Although significant progress has been made in the development of IR drug therapies, the state of the condition has not improved significantly. There is a critical need to identify novel therapeutic targets. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy quality control system that is activated to clear damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy is highly regulated by various signaling pathways, such as the AMPK/mTOR pathway which is involved in the initiation of mitophagy, and the PINK1/Parkin, BNIP3/Nix, and FUNDC1 pathways, which are involved in mitophagosome formation. Mitophagy is involved in numerous human diseases such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and aging. However, recently, there has been an increasing interest in the role of mitophagy in metabolic disorders. There is emerging evidence that normal mitophagy can improve IR. Unfortunately, few studies have investigated the relationship between mitophagy and IR. Therefore, we set out to review the role of mitophagy in IR and explore whether mitophagy may be a potential new target for IR therapy. We hope that this effort serves to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Hongyi Cao,
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu/Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital(The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Hongyi Cao,
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15
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Ye H, He Y, Zheng C, Wang F, Yang M, Lin J, Xu R, Zhang D. Type 2 Diabetes Complicated With Heart Failure: Research on Therapeutic Mechanism and Potential Drug Development Based on Insulin Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816588. [PMID: 35308248 PMCID: PMC8927800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF) are diseases characterized by high morbidity and mortality. They often occur simultaneously and increase the risk of each other. T2DM complicated with HF, as one of the most dangerous disease combinations in modern medicine, is more common in middle-aged and elderly people, making the treatment more difficult. At present, the combination of blood glucose control and anti-heart failure is a common therapy for patients with T2DM complicated with HF, but their effect is not ideal, and many hypoglycemic drugs have the risk of heart failure. Abnormal insulin signaling pathway, as a common pathogenic mechanism in T2DM and HF, could lead to pathological features such as insulin resistance (IR), myocardial energy metabolism disorders, and vascular endothelial disorders. The therapy based on the insulin signaling pathway may become a specific therapeutic target for T2DM patients with HF. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms and potential drugs of insulin signaling pathway in the treatment of T2DM complicated with HF, with a view to opening up a new perspective for the treatment of T2DM patients with HF and the research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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16
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Roy A, Sahoo J, Narayanan N, Merugu C, Kamalanathan S, Naik D. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-induced autoimmune diseases: Current evidence. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1426-1441. [PMID: 34630898 PMCID: PMC8472501 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i9.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have an important place in the management of type 2 diabetes. The DPP-4 enzyme is ubiquitously distributed throughout the human body and has multiple substrates through which it regulates several important physiological functions. DPP-4 regulates several immune functions, including T-cell activation, macrophage function, and secretion of cytokines. Studies have reported an increase in autoimmune diseases like bullous pemphigoid, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis with DPP-4i use. The relationship of DPP-4i and autoimmune diseases is a complex one and warrants further research into the effect of DPP-4 inhibition on the immune system to understand the pathogenesis more clearly. Whether a particular cluster of autoimmune diseases is associated with DPP-4i use remains an important contentious issue. Nevertheless, a heightened awareness from the clinicians is required to identify and treat any such diseases. Through this review, we explore the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of this association in light of recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Roy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Niya Narayanan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Chandhana Merugu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Dukhabandhu Naik
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
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17
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Phillips J, Chen JHC, Ooi E, Prunster J, Lim WH. Global Epidemiology, Health Outcomes, and Treatment Options for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Kidney Failure. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2021; 2:731574. [PMID: 36994340 PMCID: PMC10012134 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.731574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The burden of type 2 diabetes and related complications has steadily increased over the last few decades and is one of the foremost global public health threats in the 21st century. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure and is an important contributor to the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population. In addition, up to one in three patients who have received kidney transplants develop post-transplant diabetes, but the management of this common complication continues to pose a significant challenge for clinicians. In this review, we will describe the global prevalence and temporal trend of kidney failure attributed to diabetes mellitus in both developing and developed countries. We will examine the survival differences between treated kidney failure patients with and without type 2 diabetes, focusing on the survival differences in those on maintenance dialysis or have received kidney transplants. With the increased availability of novel hypoglycemic agents, we will address the potential impacts of these novel agents in patients with diabetes and kidney failure and in those who have developed post-transplant diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Phillips
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jessica Phillips,
| | - Jenny H. C. Chen
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Depatment of Nephrology, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Esther Ooi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Janelle Prunster
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Wai H. Lim
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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18
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Ramos VDM, Kowaltowski AJ, Kakimoto PA. Autophagy in Hepatic Steatosis: A Structured Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657389. [PMID: 33937257 PMCID: PMC8081956 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Steatosis is the accumulation of neutral lipids in the cytoplasm. In the liver, it is associated with overeating and a sedentary lifestyle, but may also be a result of xenobiotic toxicity and genetics. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines an array of liver conditions varying from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis. Over the last years, autophagic processes have been shown to be directly associated with the development and progression of these conditions. However, the precise role of autophagy in steatosis development is still unclear. Specifically, autophagy is necessary for the regulation of basic metabolism in hepatocytes, such as glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, response to insulin and glucagon signaling, and cellular responses to free amino acid contents. Also, genetic knockout models for autophagy-related proteins suggest a critical relationship between autophagy and hepatic lipid metabolism, but some results are still ambiguous. While autophagy may seem necessary to support lipid oxidation in some contexts, other evidence suggests that autophagic activity can lead to lipid accumulation instead. This structured literature review aims to critically discuss, compare, and organize results over the last 10 years regarding rodent steatosis models that measured several autophagy markers, with genetic and pharmacological interventions that may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela A. Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Du N, Wu K, Zhang J, Wang L, Pan X, Zhu Y, Wu X, Liu J, Chen Y, Ye Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Cheng W, Huang Y. Inonotsuoxide B regulates M1 to M2 macrophage polarization through sirtuin-1/endoplasmic reticulum stress axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107603. [PMID: 33831807 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effect of tetracyclic triterpenoid inonotsuoxide B (IB) extracts of Inonotus obliquus on M1 to M2 macrophage polarization and its possible underlying mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated M1 macrophages exert pro-inflammatory effects and release inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The model and various groups were treated with different IB concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) to observe changes in the M1 and M2 phenotypes, gene expression of NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). SIRT1-siRNA and thapsigargin (TG), an ERS agonist, were used to examine the relationship between SIRT1/ERS and the effect of IB on M1 to M2 RAW264.7 macrophage phenotypic changes. We found that IB had no effect on RAW264.7 cell proliferation at 10 μg/mL. Increasing concentrations of IB (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) decreased the number of phenotypic M1 macrophages and, consequently, decreased the release of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, IB treatment increased the level of phenotypic M2 macrophages, which increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as arginase (Arg)-1 and found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1) in a dose-dependent manner. Further, we found that IB increased the expression of SIRT1 and inhibited that of ERS. Inhibition of Sirt1 expression by siRNA significantly increased that of ERS marker genes and IL1β. Excessive ERS levels inhibited the IB-induced transformation of phenotypic M1 macrophage to the M2 macrophage phenotype. Therefore, IB, an extract of I. obliquus, may regulate macrophage polarization through the SIRT1/ERS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Natural Medicine and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuesheng Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yueqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital), Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinghao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Wenming Cheng
- Department of Natural Medicine and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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20
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Yang L, Liang H, Liu X, Wang X, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Liu L, Huang G, Wang X, Zhou Z. Islet Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Taking Sitagliptin: A Randomized Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1529-e1541. [PMID: 33475138 PMCID: PMC7993585 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The long-term effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) are unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of sitagliptin on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in LADA patients receiving insulin. DESIGN AND SETTING A randomized controlled trial at the Second Xiangya Hospital. METHODS Fifty-one patients with LADA were randomized to sitagliptin + insulin (SITA) group or insulin alone (CONT) group for 24 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting C-peptide (FCP), 2-hour postprandial C-peptide (2hCP) during mixed-meal tolerance test, △CP (2hCP - FCP), and updated homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2-B) were determined every 6 months. In 12 subjects, hyperglycemic clamp and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) tests were further conducted at 12-month intervals. RESULTS During the 24-month follow-up, there were no significant changes in β-cell function in the SITA group, whereas the levels of 2hCP and △CP in the CONT group were reduced at 24 months. Meanwhile, the changes in HOMA2-B from baseline were larger in the SITA group than in the CONT group. At 24 months, first-phase insulin secretion was improved in the SITA group by hyperglycemia clamp, which was higher than in the CONT group (P < .001), while glucose metabolized (M), insulin sensitivity index, and M over logarithmical insulin ratio in HEC were increased in the SITA group (all P < .01 vs baseline), which were higher than in the CONT group. CONCLUSION Compared with insulin intervention alone, sitagliptin plus insulin treatment appeared to maintain β-cell function and improve insulin sensitivity in LADA to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiying Liang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunjuan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingjiao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangbing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence: Zhiguang Zhou, MD, PhD, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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21
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Carranza-Naval MJ, Vargas-Soria M, Hierro-Bujalance C, Baena-Nieto G, Garcia-Alloza M, Infante-Garcia C, del Marco A. Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020262. [PMID: 33578998 PMCID: PMC7916805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epidemiological studies show the association between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Dietary habits and lifestyle, that are risk factors in both diseases, strongly modulate gut microbiota composition. Also, the brain-gut axis plays a relevant role in AD, diabetes and inflammation, through products of bacterial metabolism, like short-chain fatty acids. We provide a comprehensive review of current literature on the relation between dysbiosis, altered inflammatory cytokines profile and microglia in preclinical models of AD, T2DM and models that reproduce both diseases as commonly observed in the clinic. Increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are widely detected. Microbiome analysis shows alterations in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes phyla, among others. Altered α- and β-diversity is observed in mice depending on genotype, gender and age; therefore, alterations in bacteria taxa highly depend on the models and approaches. We also review the use of pre- and probiotic supplements, that by favoring a healthy microbiome ameliorate AD and T2DM pathologies. Whereas extensive studies have been carried out, further research would be necessary to fully understand the relation between diet, microbiome and inflammation in AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Salus Infirmorum, Universidad de Cadiz, 11005 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Hierro-Bujalance
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Gloria Baena-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology, Jerez Hospital, Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Infante-Garcia
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Angel del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
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Protective Effects of Evogliptin on Steatohepatitis in High-Fat-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186743. [PMID: 32937958 PMCID: PMC7555947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few studies on the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on steatohepatitis. We explored whether evogliptin (Evo), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, protects against steatohepatitis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and whether these effects involve modulation of mitophagy. Adult male C57BL/J mice were divided into the normal diet (ND), HFD (45% of energy from fat) with Evo (250 mg/kg) (HFD + Evo), and HFD groups at 4 weeks of age and were sacrificed at 20 weeks of age. The HFD group showed hepatic lipid accumulation; this was decreased in the Evo + HFD group. There was an increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG) expression in the HFD group compared to ND mice. However, 8-OHDG expression levels were significantly decreased in the HFD + Evo group. Expressions of the mitophagy markers PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, and BNIP-3 (BCL2 Interacting Protein 3) were significantly increased in the HFD group. However, the expressions of these markers were lower in the HFD + Evo group than that in the HFD group. Phospho-Akt was upregulated and p53 was downregulated in the HFD + Evo group compared to the HFD group. Evogliptin may alleviate steatohepatitis in HFD-fed mice by ameliorating steatosis and oxidative stress and by modulating mitophagy in the liver.
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Yang J, Suo H, Song J. Protective role of mitoquinone against impaired mitochondrial homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3857-3875. [PMID: 32815398 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria control various processes in cellular metabolic homeostasis, such as adenosine triphosphate production, generation and clearance of reactive oxygen species, control of intracellular Ca2+ and apoptosis, and are thus a critical therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The mitochondrial targeted antioxidant mitoquinone (MitoQ) reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress, prevents impaired mitochondrial dynamics, and increases mitochondrial turnover by promoting autophagy (mitophagy) and mitochondrial biogenesis, which ultimately contribute to the attenuation of MetS conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The regulatory effect of MitoQ on mitochondrial homeostasis is mediated through AMPK and its downstream signaling pathways, including MTOR, SIRT1, Nrf2 and NF-κB. However, there are few reviews focusing on the critical role of MitoQ as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of MetS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the mitochondrial role in the pathogenesis of MetS, especially in obesity and type 2 diabetes, and discuss the effect and underlying mechanism of MitoQ on mitochondrial homeostasis in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China.,Graduate School, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huayi Suo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Song
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Chen Z, Zhang C, Ma H, Huang Z, Li J, Lou J, Li B, Tu Q, Gao W. Detrimental Effect of Sitagliptin Induced Autophagy on Multiterritory Perforator Flap Survival. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 32670067 PMCID: PMC7332881 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiterritory perforator flap survival is commonly applied in surgical tissue reconstructions and covering of large skin defects. However, multiple risk factors such as ischemia, reperfusion injury, and apoptosis after reconstructive surgeries cause necrosis in distal parts with outcomes ranging from poor aesthetic appearance to reconstructive failure. A few studies have reported that sitagliptin (Sit) promotes angiogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. However, little is known about Sit-induced autophagy especially on the flap model. Therefore, our study investigated the effect of Sit and its induced autophagy on the perforator flap survival. Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into control, Sit, and Sit+3-methyladenine group. Results revealed that Sit significantly promoted flap survival by enhancing angiogenesis, reducing oxidative stress, and attenuating apoptosis. In addition, flap survival was further improved after co-administration with 3-methyladenine to inhibit autophagy. Overall, our results established that Sit has positive effects in promoting survival of multiterritory perforator flap. Sit-induced autophagy was detrimental for flap survival and its inhibition may further improve flap survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zihuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junshen Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baolong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Second Clinical Medical, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of First Clinical Medical, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
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25
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Liu Y, Xu F, Jiang P. Effect of sitagliptin on expression of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α and irisin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519885569. [PMID: 32364035 PMCID: PMC7218978 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519885569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on skeletal muscle expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), irisin, and phosphoadenylated adenylate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A high-fat diet/streptozotocin T2DM rat model was established. Rats were divided into T2DM, low-dose sitagliptin (ST1), high-dose sitagliptin (ST2), and normal control groups (NC). PGC-1α, irisin, and p-AMPK protein levels in skeletal muscle were measured by western blot, and PCG-1α and Fndc5 mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIns), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly up-regulated in the T2DM compared with the other groups, and FPG, FIns, total cholesterol, triglycerides, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR were significantly down-regulated in the ST2 compared with the ST1 group. PGC-1α, irisin, and p-AMPK expression levels decreased successively in the ST2, ST1, and DM groups compared with the NC, and were all significantly up-regulated in the ST2 compared with the ST1 group. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of PGC-1α and irisin in skeletal muscle may be involved in T2DM. Sitagliptin can dose-dependently up-regulate PCG-1α and irisin, potentially improving insulin resistance and glycolipid metabolism and inhibiting inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Fibronectins/analysis
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/analysis
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/analysis
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Sitagliptin Phosphate/administration & dosage
- Streptozocin/toxicity
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The Second Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Medical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The Second Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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26
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SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin and DPP4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Reactivate Glomerular Autophagy in db/db Mice, a Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082987. [PMID: 32340263 PMCID: PMC7215949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data have indicated the emerging role of glomerular autophagy in diabetic kidney disease. We aimed to assess the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin, the DPP4 inhibitor linagliptin, and their combination, on glomerular autophagy in a model of type 2 diabetes. Eight-week-old male db/db mice were randomly assigned to treatment with empagliflozin, linagliptin, empagliflozin–linagliptin or vehicle for 8 weeks. Age-matched non-diabetic db/+ mice acted as controls. To estimate glomerular autophagy, immunohistochemistry for beclin-1 and LAMP-1 was performed. Podocyte autophagy was assessed by counting the volume density (Vv) of autophagosomes, lysosomes and autolysosomes by transmission electron microscopy. LC3B and LAMP-1, autophagy markers, and caspase-3 and Bcl-2, apoptotic markers, were evaluated in renal cortex by western blot. Vehicle-treated db/db mice had weak glomerular staining for beclin-1 and LAMP-1 and reduced Vv of autophagosomes, autolysosomes and lysosomes in podocytes. Empagliflozin and linagliptin, both as monotherapy and in combination, enhanced the areas of glomerular staining for beclin-1 and LAMP-1 and increased Vv of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in podocytes. Renal LC3B and Bcl-2 were restored in actively treated animals. LAMP-1 expression was enhanced in the empagliflozin group; caspase-3 expression decreased in the empagliflozin–linagliptin group only. Mesangial expansion, podocyte foot process effacement and urinary albumin excretion were mitigated by both agents. The data provide further explanation for the mechanism of the renoprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors in diabetes.
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27
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Wang Q, Lu P, Wang T, Zheng Q, Li Y, Leng SX, Meng X, Wang B, Xie J, Zhang H. Sitagliptin affects gastric cancer cells proliferation by suppressing Melanoma-associated antigen-A3 expression through Yes-associated protein inactivation. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3816-3828. [PMID: 32227453 PMCID: PMC7286447 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitagliptin is an emerging oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits the development of a wide variety of tumors. Current researches indicate that the abnormal activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) promotes the proliferation and poor prognosis of multiple tumors. However, the ability of sitagliptin to regulate YAP and its effects on gastric cancer (GC) cells remain unclear. Here, we first showed that sitagliptin inhibited the proliferation of GC cells, and this inhibition was regulated by Hippo pathway. Sitagliptin phosphorylated YAP in a large tumor suppressor homolog-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting YAP nuclear translocation, and promoted YAP cytoplasm retention. This inhibition can be blocked by adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, sitagliptin could reduce the expression of tumor-testis antigen Melanoma-associated antigen-A3 through YAP. In conclusion, sitagliptin may have a potential inhibitory effect on GC by AMPK/YAP/melanoma-associated antigen-A3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shenyang KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jisheng Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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The impact of sitagliptin on macrophage polarity and angiogenesis in the osteointegration of titanium implants in type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110078. [PMID: 32172067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence indicates that sitagliptin treatment improves bone quality in diabetic patients, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here, we studied the role of angiogenesis with sitagliptin treatment in diabetes-induced poor osteointegration of titanium implants and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In vitro, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) incubated on titanium (Ti) surface were subjected to 1) normal milieu (NM); 2) diabetic milieu (DM); 3) DM + sitagliptin; 4) NM + macrophage; 5) DM + macrophage; or 6) DM + macrophage + sitagliptin. Microphage and HUVECs were cultured alone or co-cultured in a Transwell system. In vivo, DM was induced by high-fat diet and administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Titanium screws were implanted in the femurs of rats in three groups: Control, DM, Sitagliptin-treated DM. RESULTS In vitro, when cells were incubated alone, DM caused M1 polarization of macrophage, evidenced by the increased iNOS and decreased CD206 expressions, and obvious dysfunctions of HUVECs. The DM-induced injury of endothelial cells were significantly worsened when the two cells were co-cultured. The addition of sitagliptin markedly reversed the changes of macrophage but not of HUVECs in DM when cells were cultured alone. When cells co-cultured, however, both the abnormal macrophage polarization and the endothelial impairment in DM was significantly alleviated by sitagliptin. In vivo, compared with normal animals, DM animals showed imbalanced M1/M2 polarization, angiogenesis inhibition and poor bone formation on the bone-implant interface (BII), which were significantly ameliorated by sitagliptin treatment. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate macrophage polarization imbalance as a crucial mechanism underlying the impaired angiogenesis and bone healing in diabetes, and provide sitagliptin as a promising novel drug for biomaterial-engineering to improve the osteointegration of titanium implants in diabetic patients.
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29
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Ni Y, Ni L, Zhuge F, Xu L, Fu Z, Ota T. Adipose Tissue Macrophage Phenotypes and Characteristics: The Key to Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:225-234. [PMID: 31903735 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious global health problems, with an incidence that increases yearly and coincides with the development of a variety of associated comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, some immune-related disorders). Although many studies have investigated the pathogenesis of overweight and obesity, multiple regulatory factors underlying the onset of obesity-related metabolic disorders remain elusive. Macrophages contribute to modulation of obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance (IR); adipose tissue macrophages are particularly important in this context. Based on newly identified links between the chemokine system and obesity, macrophage polarization has become an essential target of new therapies for obesity-related IR. The findings of multiple studies imply that variations in gut microbiota and its metabolites might contribute to the regulation of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, several novel antidiabetic drugs, applied as treatment for weight loss, were shown to be effective for obesity-induced IR and other comorbidities. The present review will discuss the properties and functions of macrophages in adipose tissue under conditions of obesity from three perspectives: the chemokine system, the gut microbiota, and antidiabetic drug application. It is proposed that macrophages might be a key therapeutic target for obesity-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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30
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Shawky LM, Morsi AA, El Bana E, Hanafy SM. The Biological Impacts of Sitagliptin on the Pancreas of a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Drug Interactions with Metformin. BIOLOGY 2019; 9:E6. [PMID: 31881657 PMCID: PMC7167819 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, is a beneficial class of antidiabetic drugs. However, a major debate about the risk of developing pancreatitis is still existing. The aim of the work was to study the histological and immunohistochemical effects of sitagliptin on both endocrine and exocrine pancreases in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to correlate these effects with the biochemical findings. Moreover, a possible synergistic effect of sitagliptin, in combination with metformin, was also evaluated. Fifty adult male rats were used and assigned into five equal groups. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 comprised of untreated diabetic rats. Group 3 diabetic rats received sitagliptin. Group 4 diabetic rats received metformin. Group 5 diabetic rats received both combined. Treatments were given for 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assay before the sacrification of rats. Pancreases were removed, weighed, and were processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. In the untreated diabetic group, the islets appeared shrunken with disturbed architecture and abnormal immunohistochemical reactions for insulin, caspase-3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The biochemical findings were also disturbed. Morphometrically, there was a significant decrease in the islet size and islet number. Treatment with sitagliptin, metformin, and their combination showed an improvement, with the best response in the combined approach. No evidence of pancreatic injury was identified in the sitagliptin-treated groups. In conclusion, sitagliptin had a cytoprotective effect on beta-cell damage. Furthermore, the data didn't indicate any detrimental effects of sitagliptin on the exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa M. Shawky
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63511, Egypt
| | - Eman El Bana
- Department of Anatomy, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Safaa Masoud Hanafy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
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31
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Wahba NS, Abdel-Ghany RH, Ghareib SA, Abdel-Aal M, Alsemeh AE. Vitamin D3 potentiates the renoprotective effects of vildagliptin in a rat model of fructose/salt-induced insulin resistance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 144:105196. [PMID: 31866564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) seemingly plays a role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study has elucidated the crucial interplay of oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptotic and profibrotic signaling pathways, linking IR to CKD. The study aimed at investigating the pleiotropic nephroprotective effects of either vildagliptin or vitamin D3 in a fructose/salt-induced IR rat model, highlighting the potential molecular mechanisms underlying their action. Another interesting target was to evaluate the potential capacity of vitamin D3 to potentiate the nephroprotective effects of vildagliptin. Indeed, a state of impaired fasting glucose, IR and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, constellating with significant weight gain, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia was established 6 weeks after fructose/salt consumption. IR rats were then treated orally with vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/day), vitamin D3 (10 µg/kg/day) or their combination for a further 6 weeks. By the end of the 12th week, untreated IR rats displayed significantly declined renal function with parallel interwined renal oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptotic and profibrotic changes, renal histopathological damages and markedly enhanced collagen fiber deposition. Vildagliptin and vitamin D3 reversed hyperuricemia and exerted a plethora of renal anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic effects. Our study has introduced a new insight into the role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and silent information regulator 1/5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation in the nephroprotective effects of either agent, elucidating their possible crosstalk with renin angiotensin aldosterone system downregulation. Considering the superadditive renoprotective effects evoked by the combination, vitamin D3 is worth being further investigated as an additional therapeutic agent for preventing IR-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal S Wahba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Rasha H Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Salah A Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira E Alsemeh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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32
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Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1367-1393. [PMID: 31098621 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry "omics" approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of "hepatokine" biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1 RA and DPP-4i induce insulin sensitivity. Life Sci 2019; 234:116776. [PMID: 31425698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a peptide of incretin family which is used in the management of diabetes as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme metabolizes glucagon-like peptide-1 and various dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme inhibitors (DPP-4i) are also used in the management of diabetes. These antidiabetic agents provide anti-hyperglycemic effects via several molecular mechanisms including promoting insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion and slowing the gastric emptying. There is some research suggesting that they can induce insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. In this study, we review the possible molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1RA and DPP-4i can improve insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-dependent peripheral tissues.
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34
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Zhao Y. CD26 in autoimmune diseases: The other side of "moonlight protein". Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105757. [PMID: 31357088 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease, which has enzymatic activity to selectively clean the N-terminal dipeptide of peptides and proteins with proline or alanine in the second position. DPP-4 inhibitor has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by increasing the level of the glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreasing the glucose level. DPP-4, also known as lymphocyte cell surface protein CD26, plays a core role of T cell immunity. Many roles of CD26 in other immune cells have been found. As a "moonlight protein", the effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases has attracted more and more attention. The paper reviewed the function and potential effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases, which shows CD26 may be a new target of autoimmune diseases deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, The East Chang-Gang Road, Guangzhou, China.
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35
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Ashrafizadeh M, Yaribeygi H, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Effects of newly introduced antidiabetic drugs on autophagy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2445-2449. [PMID: 31405658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that has a complex molecular and cellular pathophysiology, resulting in its dynamic progression and that may show differing responses to therapy. The incidence of diabetes mellitus increases with age and requires additive therapeutic agents for its management. SGLT2i and DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are newly introduced antidiabetic drugs that work through differing mechanisms; DPP-4 inhibitors maintain the endogenous level of GLP1; GLP-1RA result in pharmacological levels of GLP1, whilst SGLT2i act on the proximal tubules of the kidney. They have shown efficacy in the management of diabetes and in contrast to other antidiabetic drugs, do not inherently cause hypoglycemia in therapeutic doses. Autophagy as a highly conserved mechanism to maintain cell survival and homeostasis by degradation of damaged or aged organelles and components, and recognised to be increasingly important in diabetes. In the present review, we discuss the modulatory effects of these newly introduced antidiabetic drugs on the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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36
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Li B, Hu X, Yang Y, Zhu M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Pei X, Zhou H, Wu J. GAS5/miR-21 Axis as a Potential Target to Rescue ZCL-082-Induced Autophagy of Female Germline Stem Cells In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:436-447. [PMID: 31319247 PMCID: PMC6637212 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have recently revealed the regulatory mechanisms underlying female germline stem cell (FGSC) differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, but other biological processes such as autophagy and its mechanism in FGSCs are largely unclear. The use of small chemical compounds may be a good approach to further investigate the process and mechanism of autophagy in FGSC development. In this study, we used ZCL-082, a derivative of benzoxaboroles, to treat FGSCs. Using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, we found that ZCL-082 could significantly reduce the viability, proliferation, and number of FGSCs in vitro. Moreover, western blotting revealed that the expression of light chain 3 beta 2 (LC3B-II) in FGSCs was significantly increased after treatment with ZCL-082 for 3 and 6 h. Meanwhile, the expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) was significantly decreased. These results suggested that ZCL-082 can induce autophagy of FGSCs in vitro. Regarding the molecular mechanism, ZCL-082 could significantly reduce the expression of growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) long non-coding RNA, which could directly bind to microRNA-21a (miR-21a) and negatively regulate each other in FGSCs. Knockdown of GAS5 induced the autophagy of FGSCs, while GAS5 overexpression inhibited the autophagy of FGSCs in vitro and rescued FGSC autophagy induced by ZCL-082. Additionally, overexpression of miR-21a significantly enhanced LC3B-II protein expression while significantly reducing the expression of programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and SQSTM1 protein in FGSCs compared with control cells. The inhibition of miR-21a significantly reduced the basal or ZCL-082-induced upregulated expression of LC3B-II, and it significantly enhanced the expression of PDCD4 while downregulating the basal or ZCL-082-induced expression of SQSTM1 in FGSCs. Furthermore, the overexpression of GAS5 enhanced the protein expression of PDCD4, but knockdown of GAS5 reduced the protein expression of PDCD4. Taken together, these results suggested that ZCL-082 induced autophagy through GAS5 functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) sponge for miR-21a in FGSCs. It also suggested that the GAS5/miR-21a axis may be a potential therapeutic target for premature ovarian failure in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiuying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Huchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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37
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Kanasaki K, Kawakita E, Koya D. Relevance of Autophagy Induction by Gastrointestinal Hormones: Focus on the Incretin-Based Drug Target and Glucagon. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:476. [PMID: 31156426 PMCID: PMC6531852 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of autophagy in health and disease conditions has been intensively analyzed for decades. Several potential interventions can induce autophagy in preclinical research; however, none of these interventions are ready for translation to clinical practice yet. The topic of the current review is the molecular regulation of autophagy by glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and the GLP-1-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Glucagon is a well-known polypeptide that induces autophagy. In contrast, GLP-1 has been shown to inhibit glucagon secretion; GLP-1 also has been related to the induction of autophagy. DPP-4 inhibitors can induce autophagy in a GLP-1-dependent manner, but other diverse effects could be relevant. Here, we analyze the distinct molecular regulation of autophagy by glucagon, GLP-1, and DPP-4 inhibitors. Additionally, the potential contribution to autophagy by glucagon and GLP-1 after bariatric surgery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Emi Kawakita
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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Fan L, Zhou W, Zhang L, Jiang D, Zhao Q, Liu L. Sitagliptin protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cell injury. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2099-2107. [PMID: 31105821 PMCID: PMC6511792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced insult in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) has been considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we found that H/R significantly increased the expression of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 in CMECs. Treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, a licensed drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ameliorated H/R-induced oxidative stress by decreasing the expression of NOX-4 and restoring the intracellular level of GSH in CMECs. Sitagliptin could also improve H/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing intracellular MMP and ATP. Additionally, we found that the presence of sitagliptin prevented H/R-induced reduced cell viability and LDH release. Notably, our findings indicate that sitagliptin possesses an anti-inflammatory effect against H/R-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α as well as secretion of HMGB1. Mechanistically, we found that sitagliptin suppresses activation of p38/NF-κB signaling. These findings suggest that sitagliptin may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130031, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
| | - Dongli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
| | - Qini Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic DiagnosisChangchun 130033, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic DiagnosisChangchun 130033, China
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39
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Xiao Q, Zhang S, Yang C, Du R, Zhao J, Li J, Xu Y, Qin Y, Gao Y, Huang W. Ginsenoside Rg1 Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation in HepG2 Cells via the AMPK/NF- κB Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:7514802. [PMID: 31467529 PMCID: PMC6699274 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7514802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the common diseases in the world, and it can progress from simple lipid accumulation to sustained inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) treatment on NAFLD in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA) to induce steatosis and inflammation and then successively incubated with G-Rg1. Lipids accumulation was analyzed by Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride (TG) quantification. Inflammatory conditions were examined by quantifying the levels of cell supernatant alanine transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) and secretory proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the cell supernatants. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure the expressions of genes and proteins associated with lipogenic synthesis and inflammation, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. HepG2 cells were pretreated with an AMPK inhibitor; then, Oil Red O staining and TG quantification were performed to study the lipid deposition. Phospho-AMPK (Thr172) (p-AMPK) and phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (p-ACCα) were quantified by immunoblotting. Immunofluorescence was performed to demonstrate the nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65. The present study showed that PA markedly increased the intracellular lipid droplets accumulation and TG levels, but decreased AMPK phosphorylation and the expressions of its downstream lipogenic genes. However, G-Rg1 alleviated hepatic steatosis and reduced the intracellular TG content; these changes were accompanied by the activation of the AMPK pathway. In addition, blocking AMPK by using the AMPK inhibitor markedly abolished the G-Rg1-mediated protection against PA-induced lipid deposition in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, G-Rg1 reduced the ALT/AST levels and proinflammatory cytokines release, which were all enhanced by PA. These effects were correlated with the inactivation of the NF-κB pathway and translocation of P65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Overall, these results suggest that G-Rg1 effectively ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation, which might be associated with the AMPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruoyang Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yashu Xu
- Department of General Medicine, People's Hospital of Chongqing Bishan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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