Dithiocarbamates: Challenges, Control, and Approaches to Excellent Yield, Characterization, and Their Biological Applications

59Co Thermal Sensitivity in Co(III) Trisdithiocarbamate Complexes

Understanding temperature sensitivity in magnetic resonance is key to novel molecular probes for noninvasive temperature mapping. Herein, we report an investigation of the effects of heavy-donor-atom dithiocarbamate ligands on the variable-temperature 59Co nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of six Co(III) complexes: Co(et2-dtc)3 (1), Co(bu2-dtc)3 (2), Co(hex2-dtc)3 (3), Co(pyrr-dtc)3 (4), Co(benzyl2-dtc)3 (5) and Co(2,6-dmpip-dtc)3 (6) (et2-dtc = diethyldithiocarbamate; bu2-dtc = dibutyldithiocarbamate; hex2-dtc = dihexyldithiocarbamate; pyrr-dtc = pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate; benzyl2-dtc = dibenzyldithiocarbamate; and 2,6-dmpip-dtc = 2,6-dimethylpiperidine-dithiocarbamate). This study reveals 59Co chemical-shift temperature dependences of 1.17(3)-1.73(4) ppm/°C as a function of ligand substituents. Solid-state Raman spectroscopic analyses show that more Raman-active Co-S6 vibrational modes correlate to higher thermal sensitivities for these compounds, in line with our current model for temperature sensitivity. Short spin-lattice relaxation T1 times in solution (ca. 200 μs) were observed, and correlation with T2* times and solid-state 59Co NMR analyses reveal that the solution-phase line widths are attributable to quadrupolar relaxation processes, which ultimately lower temperature-sensing resolution.

Synthesis and characterization of novel dithiocarbamic thioanhydrides and their application for plant growth stimulant and phytotoxic activity

In this study, nineteen thioanhydrides were synthesized from the S-acylation reaction of sodium dithiocarbamates with various acyl chlorides in chloroform at room temperature. The synthesized thioanhydrides were evaluated for their growth-stimulating and phytotoxic activities. Benzoic (1a), 4-methoxy- (1b), 4-chloro- (1c), 2-bromo- (1e), 4-fluoro- (1f.) and 4-nitrobenzoic 1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbothioic thioanhydrides (1 g) showed moderate to excellent growth-stimulating activity, along with this (1c) exhibited excellent phytotoxic activity, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic 1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbothioic thioanhydride (1d) and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic pyrrolidine-1-carbothioic thioanhydride (2b) demonstrated inhibiting and moderate phytotoxic activities. Thioanhydrides (1a-c, 1f., 1 g) exhibited excellent germination energy and germination capacity of wheat seeds: 1a 82 and 90%, 1c 80 and 84%, 1 g 82 and 90% (0.01 mg/ml); 1b, 1 g 78 and 94%, 1c 78 and 90%, 1f. 80 and 94% (0.1 mg/ml). Thioanhydride (1e) showed moderate activity, germination energy and germination capacity were 72 and 76% (0.1 mg/ml), 78 and 84% (0.01 mg/ml). Thioanhydride (1d) demonstrated activity as a growth inhibitor with germination energy, and germination capacity 54 and 58% (0.1 mg/ml), 44 and 42% (0.01 mg/ml). Thioanhydride (1c) exhibited excellent phytotoxic activity analogically to herbicide 2,4-D only on lettuce seeds. Compounds (1d and 2b) were moderately active, inhibiting the growth of lettuce and bent grass seedlings.

Integrated Molecular Docking and Experimental Analysis of Ni(II) Proline Dithiocarbamate Cytotoxicity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

OBJECTIVE

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective and widely used treatment types for breast cancer. The Ni(II) proline dithiocarbamate (Ni(II)ProDtc) complex has been synthesized as a potential anticancer agent with minimal systemic toxicity. The dithiocarbamate ligand, combined with the amino acid proline, holds promise as a radio chemotherapeutic target agent in tumors. The anticancer activity of a Ni(II) complex compound with a proline dithiocarbamate ligand was tested on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line as part of a study on essential metal-based therapeutics.

METHODS

Molecular docking studies identified the active sites for the estradiol-estrogen receptor-α protein. The Ni(II)ProDtc complex was synthesized and characterized using melting point analysis, conductivity measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the complex was evaluated in vitro using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

RESULTS

The UV-Vis spectrum at 246 nm indicated the π→π* intraligand transition of the CS2 group, while FT-IR analysis revealed peaks at 364-457 cm-1 corresponding to the bonding between Ni and Sulfur (S) and Oxygen (O) from proline. Further, the UV-Vis spectrum displayed bands at 212 and 676 nm, and FT-IR data at 387-691 cm-1, confirming the coordination of the Ni(II) atoms with sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in the isoleucine dithiocarbamate ligand. In vitro, cytotoxicity tests revealed that Ni(II)ProDtc induced cell death in the breast cancer cell line, showing significant morphological changes in MCF-7 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 315.70 µg/mL.

CONCLUSION

The Ni(II)ProDtc complex was successfully synthesized and demonstrates anticancer activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, indicating significant potential as an anticancer agent for breast cancer.

Investigations of Ni(II)Cysteine-Tyrosine Dithiocarbamate Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic, and Anticancer Activity on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

OBJECTIVE

Breast cancer ranks second in terms of the highest number of cancer deaths for women worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death from cancer in women. The drug that is often used for chemotherapy is cisplatin. However, cisplatin drugs have a number of problems, including lack of selectivity, unwanted side effects, resistance, and toxicity in the body. In this work, we investigated Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate complex against breast cancer.

METHODS

Research on the new complex compound Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate have several stages including synthesis, characterization, in-silico and in-vitro testing of MCF-7 cells for anticancer drugs. The synthesis involved reacting cysteine, CS2, KOH and tyrosine with Mn metal. The new complex compound Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate has been synthesized, characterized, and tested in vitro MCF-7 cells for anticancer drugs. Characterization tests such as melting point, conductivity, SEM-EDS, UV Vis, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy have been carried out.

RESULT

The synthesis yielded a 60,16%, conversion with a melting point of 216-218 oC and a conductivity value of 0.4 mS/cm. In vitro test results showed morphological changes (apoptosis) in MCF-7 cancer cells starting at a sample concentration of 250 µg/mL and an IC50 value of 618.40 µg/mL. Molecular docking study of Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate complex identified with 4,4',4''-[(2R)-butane-1,1,2-triyl]triphenol - Estrogen α showing active site with acidic residue amino E323, M388, L387, G390 and I389. Hydrophobic and hydrophobic bonds are seen in Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate - Estrogen α has a binding energy of -80.9429 kJ /mol.

CONCLUSION

there were 5 residues responsible for maintaining the ligand binding stable. The compound had significant Hbond contact intensity, however, it was not strong enough to make a significant anticancer effect. Though the synthesized compound shows low bioactivity, this research is expected to give valuable insight into the effect of molecular structure on anticancer activity.

Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking studies of Mn(II)Prolinedithiocarbamate and its potential as anticancer agents

Breast cancer is a non-communicable disease but dangerous for women, and research on anti-breast cancer drug compounds is being investigated. Mn(II)Prolinedithiocarbamate (MnProDtc) complex was synthesized and characterized in cytotoxicity and in silico assay by molecular docking. Dithiocarbamate ligand plays an important role as an anticancer agent. Melting point determination, conductivity, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and HOMO-LUMO have been studied. The binding of MnProDtc to cancer cells was examined by molecular docking, showing that the active sites of the MCF-7 strain, namely the protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), caspase-8, and the estrogen receptor, bind to the complex. The results of the cytotoxic test of MCF-7 cancer cells undergoing apoptosis at a concentration of 37.50 μg/ml with an IC50 value of 453.96 μg/ml showed moderate anticancer activity in MCF-7 cancer cells.

The Development of Organotin(IV) N-Ethyl-N-Benzyldithiocarbamate Complexes: A Study on Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytocidal Effects on A549 Cell Line

BACKGROUND

Organotin(IV) complexes of dithiocarbamate are vital in medicinal chemistry, exhibiting potential in targeting cancer cells due to their unique properties that enhance targeted delivery. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize organotin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate complexes (ONBDCs) and evaluate their cytotoxicity against A549 cells, which are commonly used as a model for human lung cancer research.

METHODS

The two ONBDC derivatives - ONBDC 1 (dimethyltin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate) and ONBDC 2 (triphenyltin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate) - were synthesized via the reaction of tin(IV) chloride with N-ethylbenzylamine in the presence of carbon disulfide. A range of analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrometry, TGA/DTA analysis, and X-ray crystallography, was conducted to characterize these compounds comprehensively. The cytotoxic effects of ONBDCs against A549 cells were evaluated using MTT assay.

RESULTS

Both compounds were synthesized and characterized successfully via elemental and spectroscopies analysis. MTT assay revealed that ONBDC 2 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity towards A549 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.52 μM. Additionally, ONBDC 2 displayed significantly higher cytotoxic activity against the A549 cell line when compared to the commercially available chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (IC50: 32 μM).

CONCLUSION

Thus, it was shown that ONBDC 2 could have important anticancer properties and should be further explored as a top contender for creating improved and specialized cancer treatments.

Synthesis, Structure, Biological Activity, and Luminescence Properties of a "Butterfly"-Type Silver Cluster with 3-Benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-thiol

A new silver(I) cluster [Ag8L4(Py)(Pype)]·4Py·11H2O (I) with 3-benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-thiol (L) was synthesized via the direct reaction of AgNO3 and L in MeOH, followed by recrystallization from a pyridine-piperidine mixture. The compound I was isolated in a monocrystal form and its crystal structure was determined via single crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex forms a "butterfly" cluster with triazol-5-thioles. The purity of the silver complex and its stability in the solution was confirmed via NMR analysis. Excitation and emission of the free ligand and its silver complex were studied at room temperature for solid samples. The in vitro biological activity of the free ligand and its complex was studied in relation to the non-pathogenic Mycolicibacterium smegmatis strain. Complexation of the free ligand with silver increases the biological activity of the former by almost twenty times. For the newly obtained silver cluster, a bactericidal effect was established.

Coordination chemistry applied to anti-doping analysis: Cobalt quantification as its diethyldithiocarbamate complex by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry

Cobalt was included on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List in 2015 due to its effect on stimulus of erythropoiesis via stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor. Although it has proven benefits for performance enhancement, the unavailability of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry on routine of the accredited laboratories is a factor that reduces its applicability in anti-doping analysis. Therefore, an analytical method for quantification of urinary cobalt as its diethyldithiocarbamate complex by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Palladium was proposed as internal standard and rhodium as a complexation control. A microwave-assisted acid digestion of the urine samples was essential, not only to eliminate the matrix effect but mainly to avoid the non-specific bond of cobalt to endogenous molecules. A linear method was obtained over the studied range from a negative urine control to a spiked concentration of 25 ng/mL, with an estimated limit of quantification of 2.5 ng/mL, and an adequate combined standard uncertainty of 11.4%. Considering that all reagents are commercially available, the proposed strategy is feasible to be included on routine sample preparation. Monitoring urinary cobalt concentrations globally opens the perspective to support the anti-doping system to define a suitable threshold value and to understand its potential misuse by athletes seeking for performance improvement.

Organotin (IV) Dithiocarbamate Compounds as Anticancer Agents: A Review of Syntheses and Cytotoxicity Studies

Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate has recently received attention as a therapeutic agent among organotin (IV) compounds. The individual properties of the organotin (IV) and dithiocarbamate moieties in the hybrid complex form a synergy of action that stimulates increased biological activity. Organotin (IV) components have been shown to play a crucial role in cytotoxicity. The biological effects of organotin compounds are believed to be influenced by the number of Sn-C bonds and the number and nature of alkyl or aryl substituents within the organotin structure. Ligands target and react with molecules while preventing unwanted changes in the biomolecules. Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have also been shown to have a broad range of cellular, biochemical, and molecular effects, with their toxicity largely determined by their structure. Continuing the investigation of the cytotoxicity of organotin (IV) dithiocarbamates, this mini-review delves into the appropriate method for synthesis and discusses the elemental and spectroscopic analyses and potential cytotoxic effects of these compounds from articles published since 2010.

Recent Advances in Copper-Based Materials for Sustainable Environmental Applications

In recent years, copper-based nanomaterials have gained significant attention for their practical applications due to their cost-effectiveness, thermal stability, selectivity, high activity, and wide availability. This review focuses on the synthesis and extensive applications of copper nanomaterials in environmental catalysis, addressing knowledge gaps in pollution management. It highlights recent advancements in using copper-based nanomaterials for the remediation of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and other contaminants. Also, it will be helpful to young researchers in improving the suitability of implementing copper-based nanomaterials correctly to establish and achieve sustainable goals for environmental remediation.

Recent advances of LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors for disease therapy

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) dysregulation is closely associated with the pathological processes of various diseases, especially hematologic malignancies. Significant progresses have been made in the field of LSD1-targeted drug discovery. Nine LSD1 inhibitors including tranylcypromine, ORY-1001, ORY-2001, GSK-2879552, IMG-7289, INCB059872, TAK-418, CC-90011 and SP-2577 have entered clinical stage for disease treatment as either mono- or combinational therapy. This review updates LSD1 inhibitors reported during 2022. Design strategies, structure-activity relationship studies, binding model analysis and modes of action are highlighted. In particular, the unique multiple-copies binding mode of quinazoline derivatives paves new ways for the development of reversible LSD1 inhibitors by blocking the substrate entrance. The design strategy of clinical candidate TAK-418 also provides directions for further optimization of novel irreversible LSD1 inhibitors with low hematological side effects. The influence of the stereochemistry on the potency against LSD1 and its homolog LSD2 is briefly discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of LSD1-targeted drug discovery are also given.

Ease to Challenges in Achieving Successful Synthesized Schiff Base, Chirality, and Application as Antibacterial Agent

This study reports how to overcome the challenges experienced in achieving successful synthesized Schiff base via types of Schiff base (chiral and achiral), synthesis, nature of products, and its antibacterial applications. Schiff base is a versatile ligand which is useful in asymmetric reactions to prepare chiral catalysts. It is also used in symmetric reactions to prepare achiral compounds. In line with the achiral compounds, conventional (room temperature and refluxing) and microwave irradiation methods are the two main types of methods to synthesize achiral Schiff base as reported in this review. Among various experimental approaches, this study supports the green chemistry microwave approach to synthesize Schiff base because of its benefits environmental sustainability. Problems relating to the nature of products formed from the synthesized Schiff bases were examined and resolved. Herein, the products could either be solid (crystals, powder, and precipitate), oily, or viscous (sticky) products. Some familiar characterization techniques used to identify and confirm the successful syntheses of Schiff bases, such as solubility test, melting point (MP), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR), were discussed. In addition, the antibacterial studies on Schiff base and corresponding metal complexes confirmed their biological relevance to the human.

Gold(III) Complexes Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria of Veterinary Significance

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria are a global concern. The lack of new antibiotics in the pipeline points to the need for developing new strategies. In this sense, gold(III) complexes (G3Cs) could be a promising alternative due to their recently described antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of G3Cs alone and in combination with colistin against pathogenic bacteria from veterinary sources. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by broth microdilution and compared with clinically relevant antibiotics. Antibiofilm activity was determined by crystal violet staining. Combinations of selected G3Cs with colistin and cytotoxicity in commercial human cell lines were evaluated. Four and seven G3Cs showed antibacterial effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, respectively, with this activity being higher among Gram-positive strains. The G3Cs showed antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative species at concentrations similar or one to four folds higher than the corresponding MICs. Combination of G3Cs with colistin showed a potential synergistic antibacterial effect reducing concentrations and toxicity of both agents. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, the synergistic effect when combined with colistin and the in vitro toxicity suggest that G3Cs would provide a new therapeutic alternative against multidrug-resistant bacteria from veterinary origin.

Synthesis and Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Cerium/Tetraethylenepentamine Dithiocarbamate Complex on AA2024-T3 in 3.5% NaCl

In this work, a cerium/tetraethylenepentamine dithiocarbamate complex was synthesized and evaluated for the corrosion inhibition capability on an AA2024-T3 Al alloy in a 3.5% NaCl medium. The synthesized compounds were characterized via spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of the complex was elucidated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis techniques. Based on electrochemical test results, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the complex increases with the immersion time of aluminium alloy in the test solution. The corrosion inhibition reaches 96.80% when the aluminium is immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution containing a corrosion inhibitor for 120 h. The potentiodynamic polarization test results show that the complex acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and the passive range is widened. The surface analysis methods reveal that the corrosion inhibition ability of the complex originated from the formation of a protective layer on the Al surface. This film is created from the physisorption and chemisorption of cerium ions and organic parts simultaneously released from the complex molecules.

Development of S-aryl dithiocarbamate derived novel antiproliferative compound exhibiting tubulin bundling

Cancer is a leading cause of human death, and there is a need to identify efficient and novel chemical scaffolds which could provide flexibility to cancer chemotherapeutics. This work introduces S-aryl dithiocarbamates belonging to a versatile group of organo-sulfur containing compounds as a hitherto unexplored class of effective anticancer drugs with promising pharmacophore properties. We synthesized a series of N-Boc piperazine containing S-aryl dithiocarbamates and identified compound 1 as a potent antiproliferative agent in lung, cervical, and breast cancer cell lines. Compound 1 exhibited best inhibitory activity against cervical cancer cells, HeLa with an IC₅₀ of 0.432 ± 0.138 μM for 72 h, and lung cancer cells, A549 with an IC₅₀ of 0.447 ± 0.051 μM for 72 h. We further demonstrate that HeLa cells treated with this compound result in G₂/M phase cell cycle arrest, causing cell apoptosis due to the upregulation of the p53-p21 signaling pathway. Importantly, cells treated with compound 1 showed a novel tubulin bundling phenotype in fluorescence microscopy, which is a characteristic of microtubule-stabilizing anticancer drugs like paclitaxel. Interestingly, molecular docking analysis revealed reasonable binding of compound 1 in the taxol-binding pocket of β-tubulin, making it a promising candidate for microtubule stabilization based anticancer drug discovery.

Food’s Waste Water Biosolid Assessment against Toxic Element Absorbability of Food’s Cropping Soil Plant by Dominance Theory

The blending of the Food’s Waste Water Biosolid (FWWB) fertilizer with Food’s Cropping Soil (FsCS) results the absorption of the toxic macromicroorganisms from FsCS (is known as absorbability index). It is observed that such as blending not only increase the fertility and productivity of FsCS by neutralizing or absorbing the macromicroorganisms but also catering the necessary nutrition to plants. The authors sensed that a few research works are conducted recently in the dimension of evaluating the best FWWB among available FWWBs under $O$ -(objective) FWWB’s parameter models. On potential analysis of published research works, the authors claimed that there is yet no research document, which can evaluate the best FWWB among available FWWBs or assess the best absorbability index of $O$ -(objective) as well as $S$ -(subjective) FWWB’s model corresponding to evaluated FWWBs or alternative points. It is accepted as a first research challenge. On extensive review, the authors determined that published FWWB’s parameter models are simulated by only single or nondynamic multivariable optimization techniques, which is accepted as a second research challenge. To address both research challenges, preliminary, the authors developed and proposed FWWB’s parameter model, consisted of physical, chemical, and biological parameters corresponding to $O$ and $S$ in nature via auditing a real case of FWWB alternative points such as Narendr Rice Mill- $P^1$ , Liese Mahamaya Rice Mill- $P^2$ , Vijay Rice Mill- $P^3$ , Mahim Rice Mill- $P^4$ , and Dhansingh Rice Mill- $P^5$ and their characteristics vs. parameters. Next, the authors framed the FWWB parameter model by acquiring $O$ and $S$ information against $O$ -physical, chemical, and $S$ -biological parameters corresponding to FWWB alternative points. To evaluate the results, the authors applied the robust multiparameter optimization “RMPO” (crisp VIKOR “VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje” and FMF “Full Multiplicative Form technique with dominance theory”) approach on defuzzified $S$ -data and $O$ -data to evaluate the best FWWB point among available based on absorbability index assessment. The results are described in summary part.

Luminescent Quaternary Ag(InxGa1-x)S2/GaSy Core/Shell Quantum Dots Prepared Using Dithiocarbamate Compounds and Photoluminescence Recovery via Post Treatment

Cadmium-free quantum dots (QDs) consisting of silver-indium-gallium-sulfide (AIGS) quaternary semiconductors were successfully synthesized using a metal-dithiocarbamate complex with sufficiently high reactivity to produce metal sulfides. The introduction of a gallium diethyldithiocarbamate precursor decreased the reaction temperature to produce active intermediates, which were subsequently converted into AIGS QDs at 150 °C with silver and indium acetates. Because of the low reaction temperature, AIGS QDs with a tetragonal crystal phase were produced selectively, which favorably generated band-edge emission whose full width at half-maximum is smaller than 40 nm after they were coated with gallium sulfide (GaS_y) shells. The compositional indium/gallium ratio was varied by changing the mixing ratio of the precursors used for the synthesis of the AIGS core, and the band-edge photoluminescence (PL) generated from the AIGS/GaS_y core/shell QDs was blue-shifted with an increase in the gallium content in the core. Consequently, a pure green emission centered at 518 nm was obtained with a PL quantum yield as high as 68%.

Design, physico-chemical characterization and in vitro biological activity of organogold(III) glycoconjugates

To develop new metal-based glycoconjugates as potential anticancer agents, four organometallic gold(iii)-dithiocarbamato glycoconjugates of the type [AuIII(2-Bnpy)(SSC-Inp-GlcN)](PF6) (2-Bnpy: 2-benzylpyridine; Inp: isonipecotic moiety; GlcN: amino-glucose scaffold; Au3-Au6) and the corresponding model non-glycosylated counterparts [AuIII(2-Bnpy)(SSC-Inp-R)](PF6) (R: OEt (Au1), NH2 (Au2)) have been generated and characterized by means of several analytical techniques (elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H-/13C-NMR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, X-ray crystallography). Their stability under physiologically-relevant conditions (PBS solution) and n-octanol/PBS distribution coefficient (D7.4) have also been evaluated. Gold(iii) glycoconjugates showed an antiproliferative effect against ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells, with GI50 values in the low micromolar range. Remarkably, their cell growth inhibitory effect increases upon the addition of a glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) inhibitor, thus ruling out the involvement of GLUT1 in their transport inside the cell. Additional mechanistic studies have been carried out in A2780 cells, supporting the hypothesis of a facilitated diffusion mechanism (possibly mediated by glucose transporters other than GLUT1), and revealing their capability to act as topoisomerase I and II inhibitors and to disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity, leading to the generation of ROS, thus resulting in the promotion of oxidative stress and, eventually, cell death.

Cytotoxicity, anti-microbial studies of M(II)-dithiocarbamate complexes, and molecular docking study against SARS COV2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Ten transition metal dithiocarbamate (DTC)complexes of the type [M(κ 2-Et2DT)2] (1-5), and [M(κ 2-PyDT)2] (6-10) (where M = Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, and Pt; Et2DT = diethyl dithiocarbamate; PyDT = pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) were synthesized and characterized by different methods. The dithiocarbamate acted as bidentate chelating ligands to afford a tetrahedral complexes with Co(II) ion and square planner with other transition metal ions. The dithiocarbamate complexes showed good activity against the pathogen bacteria species. The results showed the Pt-dithiocarbamate complexes are more active against all the tested bacteria than the Pd-dithiocarbamate complex. The dithiocarbamate complexes displayed the maximum inhibition zone against E. coli bacteria, whereas the lowest activity of the dithiocarbamate against Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. The cytotoxicity of the Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes was screened against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and the complexes showed moderate activity compared with the cis-platin. The results indicated that the MCF7 cells treated with 500 μg\ml of ligands and Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes after 24 hr exposure showed intercellular space and dead cells. Finally, molecular docking studies were carried out to examine the binding mode of the synthesized compounds against the proposed target; SARS COV2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide

This study is about the synthesis of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide (C16H17Cl2N3OS) compound. Single crystals of the compound were obtained by slow evaporation of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea (C13H10Cl2N2S) in N,N-dimethylformamide (C3H7NO; DMF) through recrystallization under mild condition. Important classical N–H⋯O links the two molecules together. Results revealed that C16H17Cl2N3OS crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the respective cell parameters of a = 92,360 (4) Å, b = 7.2232 (3) Å, 25.2555 (11) Å, β = 91.376 (3), α = γ = 90°, V = 1684.40 (12) Å3, T = 119.94 (13) K and Z = 4 and Z′ = 1.

The Electrogenerated Cyanomethyl Anion: An Old Base Still Smart

The cathodic reduction of acetonitrile solutions containing a tetraalkylammonium salt leads to the formation of the cyanomethyl anion (^-CH₂CN, cyanomethanide). This electrolysis can be carried out under very simple experimental conditions (constant-current electrolyses), using various cathodic materials, controlling the amount of base by simply controlling the amount of charge. Despite the fact that the mechanism for this electrochemical reaction is still debated (and it depends on the cathodic material), the outcome of the electrolysis is the formation of a strong base, ^-CH₂CN (pK_a 31.3 for acetonitrile in DMSO). The chemical behavior of this electrogenerated base (EGB) strongly depends on its counterion, which in this case is a tetraalkylammonium cation, with a low charge density and thus not coordinated. The very weak interaction between R₄N⁺ and ^-CH₂CN renders the cyanomethyl anion a "naked" ion, and thus highly reactive. In particular, the cyanomethyl anion can react as a base and as a nucleophile. In the first case, it behaves as a strong base and, after deprotonation of a weak acidic substrate, transforms itself into a solvent molecule, acetonitrile, thus generating no byproducts. In the second case, the reactivity as a nucleophile of the cyanomethyl anion obviously depends on the reaction partner. When an electrophile is present in the reaction mixture, a cyanomethylation is obtained (e.g., with aromatic aldehydes, possessing no acidic hydrogen atoms, which undergo nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon atom by ^-CH₂CN); on the contrary, when no reagent is present other than acetonitrile and tetraalkylammonium salt, an attack on the parent molecule leads to the acetonitrile dimer, 3-aminocrotononitrile, which in turn can behave as a base and/or as a nucleophile. In this regard, some authors report that it is preferable to carry out the electrogeneration of the cyanomethyl anion under different experimental conditions, i.e., using an undivided cell and a sacrificial magnesium anode. In this way, a Grignard-type reagent is formed (Mg(CH₂CN)₂) which highly stabilizes the cyanomethyl anion, preventing its dimerization. It should be noted that in our laboratory the electrogenerated tetraalkylammonium cyanomethanide was extensively used in various reactions (both acid-base and nucleophile-electrophile, vide infra), and in almost no case, the amount of acetonitrile dimer formed exceeded 5%, confirming the validity of this electrochemical methodology to generate a very efficient base. Moreover, when in the reaction mixture both a weak acid and an electrophile are present, the prevalent reactivity of the cyanomethyl anion is as a base, leaving the possibility of a cyanomethylation reaction to those cases in which no acidic substrate is present. We have successfully used the electrogenerated cyanomethyl anion in many base-induced reactions, as the synthesis of the β-lactam ring (chiral or not), the insertion of carbon dioxide into amines and amino alcohols, the activation of elemental sulfur and insertion into carbonyl compounds, the selective alkylation of difunctional compounds, etc.

Lead ethyl dithiocarbamates: efficient single-source precursors to PbS nanocubes

Lead ethyl dithiocarbamates have been successfully used as single-source precursors for the deposition of PbS using spin coating followed by annealing at moderate temperatures. The thin films were characterized using a powder X-ray diffractometer and were found to be face-centred cubic with the (200) plane being the most preferred orientation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the formation of well-defined cubes. Optical band gaps of PbS thin films were estimated using Tauc plots as 0.72, 0.73 and 0.77 eV at annealing temperatures of 250, 300 and 400°C. These band gaps were all blue shifted from the bulk value of 0.41 eV. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the composition of the thin films which showed an approximately 1 : 1 Pb to S ratio.

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis, Antifungal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship of N,S-Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates Derived from 2-Amino Acids

A high-yielding, green, and fast synthesis of alkyl 2-substituted {[(alkylsulfanyl)carbonothioyl]amino}acetate-type compounds is described. The one-pot, three-component condensation of alkyl 2-aminoesters, carbon disulfide, and electron-deficient olefins was the key reaction to be developed. The products were obtained easily and efficiently, with good overall yields after two steps (79-91%), employing short reaction times, without the use of a catalyst, and ultrasonic irradiation in water. This procedure was exploited to produce antifungals against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Some synthesized compounds exhibited good performance as mycelial growth inhibitors (IC₅₀ < 80 μM). Structural and antifungal datasets were integrated to explore the comprehensive three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and explain the observed activity. This integration resulted in an excellent CoMFA model (r ² = 0.812; q ² = 0.771) after substructure-based alignment. According to this model, synthesized compounds possessing steric bulky electron-withdrawing groups in the dithiocarbamate moiety can be considered as promising F. oxysporum inhibitors.

Anticancer sulfonamide hybrids that inhibit bladder cancer cells growth and migration as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors

Novel sulfonamide-dithiocarbamate hybrids were designed and synthesised via the molecular hybridisation strategy. Among them, compound 13d displayed a potent activity with IC₅₀ values of 0.9, 0.7, 1.9 and 2.6 µM against UM-UC-3, RT-112, RT4 and T24. Compound 13d inhibited the migration and regulated the migration-related markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail and Slung) against RT-112 cells in a concentration dependent manner. By the tubulin polymerisation assay in vitro and immunostaining assay, compound 13d was identified as a novel tubulin polymerisation inhibitor. Intragastric administration of compound 13d could inhibit the growth of RT-112 cells in vivo in a xenograft mouse model with the low toxicity, indicating that it may be a leading candidate with antitumor properties to treat bladder cancer.