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Huang K, Yan C, Abdelghany L, Zhang X, Jingu K, Li TS. Nicaraven attenuates the acquired radioresistance of established tumors in mouse models via PARP inhibition. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04958-6. [PMID: 38466467 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicaraven has been reported to inhibit the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In this study, we investigated the probable ability of nicaraven to attenuate cancer radioresistance during fractionated radiotherapy. Tumor models were established in C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c nude mice by subcutaneous injection of Lewis mouse lung carcinoma cancer cells and A549 human lung cancer cells, respectively. When the tumors had grown to approximately 100 mm3, we initiated fractionated radiotherapy. Nicaraven or saline was administered immediately after each irradiation exposure. Compared to saline treatment, nicaraven administration significantly induced gamma-H2AX foci formation and cell apoptosis in tumors at 1 or 3 days after an additional challenge exposure to 10 Gy and inhibited tumor growth during the short-term follow-up period, suggesting increased radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Moreover, the expression of PARP in tumor tissue was decreased by nicaraven administration. Our data suggest that nicaraven likely attenuates the acquired radioresistance of cancers through PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Lina Abdelghany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0872, Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Jagadeeshan S, Suryamohan K, Shin N, Mathukkada S, Boyko A, Melikhova D, Tsareva A, Yunusova L, Pravdivtseva E, Stupichev D, Shaposhnikov K, Peterson A, Bednyagin L, Shugaev-Mendosa E, Kessler L, Burrows F, Ho AL, Agrawal N, Pearson AT, Izumchenko E, Cole G, Elkabets M, Rosenberg AJ. Evolutionary dynamics of tipifarnib in HRAS mutated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2024; 149:106688. [PMID: 38219706 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide, with a significant proportion of patients developing recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) disease. Despite recent advances in therapy, the prognosis for patients with advanced HNSCC remains poor. Here, we present the case of a patient with recurrent metastatic HNSCC harboring an HRAS G12S mutation who achieved a durable response to treatment with tipifarnib, a selective inhibitor of farnesyltransferase. The patient was a 48-year-old woman who had previously received multiple lines of therapy with no significant clinical response. However, treatment with tipifarnib resulted in a durable partial response that lasted 8 months. Serial genomic and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated upregulation of YAP1 and AXL in metastatic lesions compared with the primary tumor, the evolution of the tumor microenvironment from an immune-enriched to a fibrotic subtype with increased angiogenesis, and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in tipifarnib treatment. Lastly, in HRAS-mutated PDXs and in the syngeneic HRAS model, we demonstrated that tipifarnib efficacy is limited by activation of the AKT pathway, and dual treatment with tipifarnib and the PI3K inhibitor, BYL719, resulted in enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Our case study highlights the potential of targeting HRAS mutations with tipifarnib in R/M HNSCC and identifies potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to tipifarnib, along with immuno-, chemo-, and radiation therapy. Preclinical results provide a firm foundation for further investigation of drug combinations of HRAS-and PI3K -targeting therapeutics in R/M HRAS-driven HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Nara Shin
- BostonGene Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sooraj Mathukkada
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan L Ho
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grayson Cole
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ari J Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Girda E, Randall LM, Chino F, Monk BJ, Farley JH, O'Cearbhaill RE. Cervical cancer treatment update: A Society of Gynecologic Oncology clinical practice statement. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 179:115-122. [PMID: 37980766 PMCID: PMC11001261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic cancer worldwide. Although the incidence has declined with increased screening and higher uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in high-income countries, this disease remains the second highest cause of cancer mortality among women in low- and middle-income countries. In this clinical practice statement, we describe therapies for cervical cancer by treatment setting, as well as quality of life, financial toxicity, and disparities associated with this disease. In addition to chemotherapy and radiation, therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer include immune checkpoint blockade, antiangiogenics, and antibody-drug conjugates. Optimal treatment for recurrent cervical cancer remains an area of unmet need, necessitating further exploration of rational and innovative treatment approaches, including cell and immune-based therapies. Importantly, development of effective therapies for cervical cancer must incorporate strategies to ensure universal equitable access to HPV vaccination, screening, and treatment. Important consequences of the disease and treatment that impact quality of life must also be addressed. Patients with cervical cancer are at increased risk for financial toxicity, which can lead to downstream detrimental effects on physical, financial, and career outcomes. Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in gynecologic oncology clinical trials highlights the urgent need for collaborative and focused initiatives to bridge the significant divide and alleviate inequalities in the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Girda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Leslie M Randall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Fumiko Chino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Monk
- Arizona Oncology (US Oncology Network), University of Arizona, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - John H Farley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Roisin E O'Cearbhaill
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America.
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4
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Jagadeeshan S, Novoplansky OZ, Cohen O, Kurth I, Hess J, Rosenberg AJ, Grandis JR, Elkabets M. New insights into RAS in head and neck cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188963. [PMID: 37619805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
RAS genes are known to be dysregulated in cancer for several decades, and substantial effort has been dedicated to develop agents that reduce RAS expression or block RAS activation. The recent introduction of RAS inhibitors for cancer patients highlights the importance of comprehending RAS alterations in head and neck cancer (HNC). In this regard, we examine the published findings on RAS alterations and pathway activations in HNC, and summarize their role in HNC initiation, progression, and metastasis. Specifically, we focus on the intrinsic role of mutated-RAS on tumor cell signaling and its extrinsic role in determining tumor-microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity, including promoting angiogenesis and enhancing immune escape. Lastly, we summarize the intrinsic and extrinsic role of RAS alterations on therapy resistance to outline the potential of targeting RAS using a single agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents for HNC patients with RAS-activated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Ofra Z Novoplansky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Oded Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel.
| | - Ina Kurth
- Division of Radiooncology-Radiobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ari J Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Yang H, Zhou X, Fu D, Le C, Wang J, Zhou Q, Liu X, Yuan Y, Ding K, Xiao Q. Targeting RAS mutants in malignancies: successes, failures, and reasons for hope. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:42-74. [PMID: 36316602 PMCID: PMC9859734 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes and play critical roles in the development and progression of malignancies. The mutation, isoform (KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS), position, and type of substitution vary depending on the tissue types. Despite decades of developing RAS-targeted therapies, only small subsets of these inhibitors are clinically effective, such as the allele-specific inhibitors against KRASG12C . Targeting the remaining RAS mutants would require further experimental elucidation of RAS signal transduction, RAS-altered metabolism, and the associated immune microenvironment. This study reviews the mechanisms and efficacy of novel targeted therapies for different RAS mutants, including KRAS allele-specific inhibitors, combination therapies, immunotherapies, and metabolism-associated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Chenqin Le
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
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Tsang ES, Aggarwal RR, Dhawan MS, Bergsland EK, Alvarez EA, Calabrese S, Pacaud R, Garcia J, Fattah D, Thomas S, Grabowsky J, Moasser MM, Munster PN. A Phase IB Trial of the PI3K Inhibitor Alpelisib and Weekly Cisplatin in Patients with Solid Tumor Malignancies. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:570-576. [PMID: 36923283 PMCID: PMC10010328 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K pathway may be a potential mechanism to overcome cisplatin resistance. We conducted a phase Ib trial of alpelisib and cisplatin for patients with solid tumor malignancies with planned dose expansion in HPV-associated tumors. The primary objective was to determine the MTD and recommended phase II dose. Two different weekly doses of cisplatin (30 and 35 mg/m2) were evaluated with escalating doses of alpelisib, administered daily during a 21-day treatment cycle. Twenty-three patients were enrolled: 91% received >3 prior regimens with median of 4 (range 1-10), and 78% progressed on prior platinum. The MTD was alpelisib 250 mg daily with weekly cisplatin 30 mg/m2. There were 3 DLTs: all grade 4 hyperglycemia. Frequent treatment-related adverse events of any grade included fatigue (52%), diarrhea (39%), nausea (38%), hyperglycemia (30%), anemia (22%), and nephropathy (17%). Hyperglycemia was linked to baseline hemoglobin A1C, but not body mass index. Twelve patients discontinued treatment for toxicity (n = 9 during cycle 1) and 11 discontinued for progression. Of 14 evaluable patients who received at least one treatment cycle, 4 (29%) patients demonstrated partial response, and 7 had stable disease for a disease control rate of 79%. The median PFS measured 4.3 months (95% CI, 1.6-4.5). No difference in PFS was observed between PIK3CA-mutated and wild-type tumors. While the combination of alpelisib and cisplatin demonstrated preliminary evidence of activity despite platinum resistance, toxicities hindered prolonged treatment. Prospective studies are planned using carboplatin and alpelisib to improve toxicity and tolerability. Significance The PI3K inhibitor alpelisib has limited activity alone, but there is interest in combinations in platinum-resistant tumors. In this phase Ib study of alpelisib with cisplatin, the objective response rate measured 29% but adverse events limited dose intensity. These promising results provide rationale for studying combinations with better tolerated platinum agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Tsang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul R Aggarwal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mallika S Dhawan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily K Bergsland
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Edwin A Alvarez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susan Calabrese
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Romain Pacaud
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jose Garcia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Delaire Fattah
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Scott Thomas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Grabowsky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pamela N Munster
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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7
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Roman M, Hwang E, Sweet-Cordero EA. Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122837. [PMID: 35740503 PMCID: PMC9221492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need. One potential approach is the identification of KRAS-specific synthetic lethal vulnerabilities. For example, while KRAS-driven oncogenesis requires the activation of a number of signaling pathways, it also triggers stress response pathways in cancer cells that could potentially be targeted for therapeutic benefit. This review will discuss how the latest advances in functional genomics and the development of more refined models have demonstrated the existence of molecular pathways that can be exploited to uncover synthetic lethal interactions with a promising future as potential clinical treatments in KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Anticancer and Anti-Metastatic Role of Thymoquinone: Regulation of Oncogenic Signaling Cascades by Thymoquinone. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116311. [PMID: 35682990 PMCID: PMC9181073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening and multifaceted disease. Pioneering research works in the past three decades have mechanistically disentangled intertwined signaling networks which play contributory roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Phenomenal strides have been made in leveraging our scientific knowledge altogether to a new level of maturity. Rapidly accumulating wealth of information has underlined a myriad of transduction cascades which can be pharmaceutically exploited for cancer prevention/inhibition. Natural products serve as a treasure trove and compel interdisciplinary researchers to study the cancer chemopreventive roles of wide-ranging natural products in cell culture and preclinical studies. Experimental research related to thymoquinone has gradually gained momentum because of the extra-ordinary cancer chemopreventive multifunctionalities of thymoquinone. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of different cell signaling cascades reported to be regulated by thymoquinone for cancer chemoprevention. Essentially, thymoquinone efficacy has also been notably studied in animal models, which advocates for a rationale-based transition of thymoquinone from the pre-clinical pipeline to clinical trials.
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9
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High incidence of PI3K pathway gene mutations in South Indian cervical cancers. Cancer Genet 2022; 264-265:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Ma Y, Sender S, Sekora A, Kong W, Bauer P, Ameziane N, Al-Ali R, Krake S, Radefeldt M, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Parveen A, Zechner D, Junghanss C, Murua Escobar H. The Inhibitory Response to PI3K/AKT Pathway Inhibitors MK-2206 and Buparlisib Is Related to Genetic Differences in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4295. [PMID: 35457111 PMCID: PMC9029322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) pathway is common in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). The application of inhibitors against PI3K and AKT has been considered as a therapeutic option. We investigated PDAC cell lines exposed to increasing concentrations of MK-2206 (an AKT1/2/3 inhibitor) and Buparlisib (a pan-PI3K inhibitor). Cell proliferation, metabolic activity, biomass, and apoptosis/necrosis were evaluated. Further, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed to analyze the recurrent aberrations and expression profiles of the inhibitor target genes and the genes frequently mutated in PDAC (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), Tumor protein p53 (TP53)). MK-2206 and Buparlisib demonstrated pronounced cytotoxic effects and limited cell-line-specific effects in cell death induction. WES revealed two sequence variants within the direct target genes (PIK3CA c.1143C > G in Colo357 and PIK3CD c.2480C > G in Capan-1), but a direct link to the Buparlisib response was not observed. RNA-seq demonstrated that the expression level of the inhibitor target genes did not affect the efficacy of the corresponding inhibitors. Moreover, increased resistance to MK-2206 was observed in the analyzed cell lines carrying a KRAS variant. Further, increased resistance to both inhibitors was observed in SU.86.86 carrying two TP53 missense variants. Additionally, the presence of the PIK3CA c.1143C > G in KRAS-variant-carrying cell lines was observed to correlate with increased sensitivity to Buparlisib. In conclusion, the present study reveals the distinct antitumor effects of PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors against PDAC cell lines. Aberrations in specific target genes, as well as KRAS and TP53, individually or together, affect the efficacy of the two PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ma
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Sina Sender
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Anett Sekora
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Weibo Kong
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (R.A.-A.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Najim Ameziane
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (R.A.-A.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
- Arcensus GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruslan Al-Ali
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (R.A.-A.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Susann Krake
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (R.A.-A.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Mandy Radefeldt
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (R.A.-A.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
- LMU Munich University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alisha Parveen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
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11
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Krop IE, Jegede OA, Grilley-Olson JE, Lauring JD, Mitchell EP, Zwiebel JA, Gray RJ, Wang V, McShane LM, Rubinstein LV, Patton D, Williams PM, Hamilton SR, Kono SA, Ford JM, Garcia AA, Sui XD, Siegel RD, Slomovitz BM, Conley BA, Arteaga CL, Harris LN, O'Dwyer PJ, Chen AP, Flaherty KT. Phase II Study of Taselisib in PIK3CA-Mutated Solid Tumors Other Than Breast and Squamous Lung Cancer: Results From the NCI-MATCH ECOG-ACRIN Trial (EAY131) Subprotocol I. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100424. [PMID: 35138919 PMCID: PMC8865530 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PIK3CA mutations frequently contribute to oncogenesis in solid tumors. Taselisib, a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, has demonstrated clinical activity in PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer. Whether PIK3CA mutations predict sensitivity to taselisib in other cancer types is unknown. National Cancer Institute-Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice Arm EAY131-I is a single-arm, phase II study of the safety and efficacy of taselisib in patients with advanced cancers. METHODS Eligible patients had tumors with an activating PIK3CA mutation. Patients with breast or squamous cell lung carcinoma, or whose cancer had KRAS or PTEN mutations, were excluded. Patients received taselisib 4 mg, orally once daily continuously, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was objective response rate. Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), 6-month PFS, overall survival (OS), and identification of predictive biomarkers. RESULTS Seventy patients were enrolled, and 61 were eligible and initiated protocol therapy. Types of PIK3CA mutations included helical 41 of 61 (67%), kinase 11 of 61 (18%), and other 9 of 61 (15%). With a median follow-up of 35.7 months, there were no complete or partial responses. Six-month PFS was 19.9% (90% CI, 12.0 to 29.3) and median PFS was 3.1 months (90% CI, 1.8 to 3.7). Six-month OS was 60.7% (90% CI, 49.6 to 70.0) and median OS was 7.2 months (90% CI, 5.9 to 10.0). Individual comutations were too heterogeneous to correlate with clinical outcome. Fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and hyperglycemia were the most common toxicities, and most were grade 1 and 2. CONCLUSION In this study, taselisib monotherapy had very limited activity in a heterogeneous cohort of heavily pretreated cancer patients with PIK3CA-mutated tumors; the presence of a PIK3CA mutation alone does not appear to be a sufficient predictor of taselisib activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Krop
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Opeyemi A. Jegede
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J. Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA
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12
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Smyth LM, Reichel JB, Tang J, Patel JAA, Meng F, Selcuklu DS, Houck-Loomis B, You D, Samoila A, Schiavon G, Li BT, Razavi P, Piscuoglio S, Reis-Filho JS, Taylor BS, Baselga J, Solit DB, Hyman DM, Berger MF, Chandarlapaty S. Utility of Serial cfDNA NGS for Prospective Genomic Analysis of Patients on a Phase I Basket Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00184. [PMID: 34250397 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis offers a noninvasive means to access the tumor genome. Despite limited sensitivity of broad-panel sequencing for detecting low-frequency mutations in cfDNA, it may enable more comprehensive genomic characterization in patients with sufficiently high disease burden. We investigated the utility of large-panel cfDNA sequencing in patients enrolled to a Phase I AKT1-mutant solid tumor basket study. METHODS Patients had AKT1 E17K-mutant solid tumors and were treated on the multicenter basket study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01226316) of capivasertib, an AKT inhibitor. Serial plasma samples were prospectively collected and sequenced using exon-capture next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of 410 genes (Memorial Sloan Kettering [MSK]-Integrated Molecular Profiling of Actionable Cancer Target [IMPACT]) and allele-specific droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for AKT1 E17K. Tumor DNA (tDNA) NGS (MSK-IMPACT) was also performed on available pretreatment tissue biopsy specimens. RESULTS Among 25 patients, pretreatment plasma samples were sequenced to an average coverage of 504×. Somatic mutations were called in 20/25 (80%), with mutant allele fractions highly concordant with ddPCR of AKT1 E17K (r 2 = 0.976). Among 17 of 20 cfDNA-positive patients with available tDNA for comparison, mutational concordance was acceptable, with 82% of recurrent mutations shared between tissue and plasma. cfDNA NGS captured additional tumor heterogeneity, identifying mutations not observed in tDNA in 38% of patients, and revealed oncogenic mutations in patients without available baseline tDNA. Longitudinal cfDNA NGS (n = 98 samples) revealed distinct patterns of clonal dynamics in response to therapy. CONCLUSION Large gene panel cfDNA NGS is feasible for patients with high disease burden and is concordant with single-analyte approaches, providing a robust alternative to ddPCR with greater breadth. cfDNA NGS can identify heterogeneity and potentially biologically informative and clinically relevant alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiabin Tang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Fanli Meng
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Daoqi You
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Gaia Schiavon
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bob T Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - José Baselga
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David B Solit
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David M Hyman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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13
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Abstract
Aberrations in rat sarcoma (RAS) viral oncogene are the most prevalent and best-known genetic alterations identified in human cancers. Indeed, RAS drives tumorigenesis as one of the downstream effectors of EGFR activation, regulating cellular switches and functions and triggering intracellular signaling cascades such as the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Of the three RAS isoforms expressed in human cells, all of which were linked to tumorigenesis more than three decades ago, KRAS is the most frequently mutated. In particular, point mutations in KRAS codon 12 are present in up to 80% of KRAS-mutant malignancies. Unfortunately, there are no approved KRAS-targeted agents, despite decades of research and development. Recently, a revolutionary strategy to use covalent allosteric inhibitors that target a shallow pocket on the KRAS surface has provided new impetus for renewed drug development efforts, specifically against KRASG12C. These inhibitors, such as AMG 510 and MRTX849, show promise in early-phase studies. Nevertheless, combination strategies that target resistance mechanisms have become vital in the war against KRAS-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Z Thein
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University/Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA;
| | - Amadeo B Biter
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
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14
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PI3K p110α Blockade Enhances Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Abemaciclib in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092500. [PMID: 32899250 PMCID: PMC7564416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Especially, the survival of advanced CRC patients who were failed to achieve durable remission after the anti-angiogenic and anti-epithelial growth factor receptor agents are still poor. The aim of our study was to investigate the anti-tumor activity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, as a single agent and to identify an optimal combination agent with abemaciclib in CRC cell lines. We confirmed that abemaciclib monotherapy showed anti-tumor activity and combination therapy with abemaciclib and BYL719 demonstrated synergistic effects in CRC cell lines. Moreover, our study suggested that PIK3CA mutation could be a predictive marker for efficacy of abemaciclib and BYL719 combination therapy. These findings provide novel insight into a possible therapeutic strategy for patients with relapsed and refractory CRC. Abstract Targeting cell cycle regulation in colorectal cancer has not been fully evaluated. We investigated the efficacy of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, and confirmed a synergistic interaction for PI3K p110α and CDK dual inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cell lines were selected to explore the mechanism of action for and resistance to abemaciclib. In vitro and in vivo models were used to validate the anti-tumor activity of abemaciclib monotherapy and BYL719 combination therapy. Abemaciclib monotherapy inhibited cell cycle progression and proliferation in Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cells. CDK2-mediated Rb phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation appeared to be potential resistance mechanisms to abemaciclib monotherapy. Abemaciclib/BYL719 combination therapy demonstrated synergistic effects regardless of PIK3CA mutation status but showed greater efficacy in the PIK3CA mutated SNU-C4 cell line. Growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and migration inhibition were confirmed as mechanisms of action for this combination. In an SNU-C4 mouse xenograft model, abemaciclib/BYL719 combination resulted in tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis with tolerable toxicity. Dual blockade of PI3K p110α and CDK4/6 showed synergistic anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro in human colorectal cancer cell lines. This combination could be a promising candidate for the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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15
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Yoon MS. Nanotechnology-Based Targeting of mTOR Signaling in Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5767-5781. [PMID: 32821100 PMCID: PMC7418174 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism, which is activated in response to intra- and extracellular signals, including nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy levels. The frequent dysregulation of mTOR signaling in cancer makes it an attractive therapeutic target, and several types of mTOR inhibitors have been developed. Nanoparticle-based mTOR modulators are predicted to target various cancers and deliver as well as release drugs in a controlled manner, resulting in enhanced bioavailability and reduced side effects. This mini-review is focused on the molecular mechanism of nanoparticle-based mTOR modulator action as well as the current development of mTOR inhibitors using nanoparticles. Understanding the biological function of nanoparticle-based mTOR modulators will contribute to the development of efficient nano-therapeutics for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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16
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p110δ PI3K as a therapeutic target of solid tumours. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1377-1397. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFrom the time of first characterization of PI3K as a heterodimer made up of a p110 catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, a wealth of evidence have placed the class IA PI3Ks at the forefront of drug development for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. The p110α isoform was quickly brought at the centre of attention in the field of cancer research by the discovery of cancer-specific gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA gene in a range of human solid tumours. In contrast, p110δ PI3K was placed into the spotlight of immunity, inflammation and haematologic malignancies because of the preferential expression of this isoform in leucocytes and the rare mutations in PIK3CD gene. The last decade, however, several studies have provided evidence showing that the correlation between the PIK3CA mutations and the response to PI3K inhibition is less clear than originally considered, whereas concurrently an unexpected role of p110δ PI3K in solid tumours has being emerging. While PIK3CD is mostly non-mutated in cancer, the expression levels of p110δ protein seem to act as an intrinsic cancer-causing driver in various solid tumours including breast, prostate, colorectal and liver cancer, Merkel-Cell carcinoma, glioblastoma and neurobalstoma. Furthermore, p110δ selective inhibitors are being studied as potential single agent treatments or as combination partners in attempt to improve cancer immunotherapy, with both strategies to shown great promise for the treatment of several solid tumours. In this review, we discuss the evidence implicating the p110δ PI3K in human solid tumours, their impact on the current state of the field and the potential of using p110δ-selective inhibitors as monotherapy or combined therapy in different cancer contexts.
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17
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Feng J, Jiang W, Liu Y, Huang W, Hu K, Li K, Chen J, Ma C, Sun Z, Pang X. Blocking STAT3 by pyrvinium pamoate causes metabolic lethality in KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113960. [PMID: 32298693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) exerts a profound role in regulating mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism. Mitochondrial STAT3 supports RAS-dependent malignant transformation and tumor growth. However, whether pharmacological blockade of STAT3 leads to metabolic lethality in KRAS-mutant lung cancer remains unclear. Pyrvinium pamoate, a clinical antihelminthic drug, preferentially inhibited the growth of KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic study revealed that pyrvinium dose-dependently suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 and serine 727. Overexpression mitochondrial STAT3 prominently weakened the therapeutic efficacy of pyrvinium. As a result of targeting STAT3, pyrvinium selectively triggered reactive oxygen species release, depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed aerobic glycolysis in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Importantly, the cytotoxic effects of pyrvinium could be significantly augmented by glucose deprivation both in vitro and in a patient-derived lung cancer xenograft mouse model in vivo. The combined efficacy significantly correlated with intratumoural STAT3 suppression. Our findings reveal that KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells are vulnerable to STAT3 inhibition exerted by pyrvinium, providing a promising direction for developing therapies targeting STAT3 and metabolic synthetic lethality for the treatment of KRAS-mutant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wanfeng Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chengbin Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai 201499, China.
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal Indeniversity, Shanghai 200241, China.
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18
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Lee HW, Son E, Lee K, Lee Y, Kim Y, Lee JC, Lim Y, Hur M, Kim D, Nam DH. Promising Therapeutic Efficacy of GC1118, an Anti-EGFR Antibody, against KRAS Mutation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235894. [PMID: 31771279 PMCID: PMC6928876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted monoclonal antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab, are used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, this treatment is only effective for a small subset of mCRC patients positive for the wild-type KRAS GTPase. GC1118 is a novel, fully humanized anti-EGFR IgG1 antibody that displays potent inhibitory effects on high-affinity EGFR ligand-induced signaling and enhanced antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, using 51 CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we showed that KRAS mutants expressed remarkably elevated autocrine levels of high-affinity EGFR ligands compared with wild-type KRAS. In three KRAS-mutant CRCPDXs, GC1118 was more effective than cetuximab, whereas the two agents demonstrated comparable efficacy against three wild-type KRAS PDXs. Persistent phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling was thought to underlie resistance to GC1118. In support of these findings, a preliminary improved anti-cancer response was observed in a CRC PDX harboring mutated KRAS with intrinsically high AKT activity using GC1118 combined with the dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT inhibitor BEZ-235, without observed toxicity. Taken together, the superior antitumor efficacy of GC1118 alone or in combination with PI3K/mTOR/AKT inhibitors shows great therapeutic potential for the treatment of KRAS-mutant mCRC with elevated ratios of high- to low-affinity EGFR ligands and PI3K-AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea;
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Eunju Son
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kyoungmin Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Yangmi Lim
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Minkyu Hur
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Donggeon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (D.-H.N.); Tel.: +82-02-2148-7723 (D.K.); +82-02-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.)
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06531, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (D.-H.N.); Tel.: +82-02-2148-7723 (D.K.); +82-02-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.)
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19
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Chen F, Alphonse MP, Liu Y, Liu Q. Targeting Mutant KRAS for Anticancer Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2098-2113. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190902151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
:Over the past decades, designing therapeutic strategies to target KRAS-mutant cancers, which is one of the most frequent mutant oncogenes among all cancer types, have proven unsuccessful regardless of many concerted attempts. There are key challenges for KRAS-mutant anticancer therapy, as the complex cellular processes involved in KRAS signaling has present. Herein, we highlight the emerging therapeutic approaches for inhibiting KRAS signaling and blocking KRAS functions, in hope to serve as a more effective guideline for future development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, United States
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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20
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Dai S, Yang S, Hu X, Sun W, Tawa G, Zhu W, Schimmer AD, He C, Fang B, Zhu H, Zheng W. 17-Hydroxy Wortmannin Restores TRAIL's Response by Ameliorating Increased Beclin 1 Level and Autophagy Function in TRAIL-Resistant Colon Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1265-1277. [PMID: 31092562 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of extrinsic apoptosis pathway by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. However, two TRAIL drug candidates failed in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy. We identified 17-hydroxy wortmannin (17-HW) in a drug repurposing screen that resensitized TRAIL's response in the resistant colon cancer cells. The deficiency of caspase-8 in drug-resistant cells along with defects in apoptotic cell death was corrected by 17-HW, an inhibitor of PIK3C3-beclin 1 (BECN1) complex and autophagy activity. Further study found that BECN1 significantly increased in the TRAIL-resistant cells, resulting in increased autophagosome formation and enhanced autophagy flux. The extracellular domain (ECD) of BECN1 directly bound to the caspase-8 catalytic subunit (p10), leading to sequestration of caspase-8 in the autophagosome and its subsequent degradation. Inhibition of BECN1 restored the caspase-8 level and TRAIL's apoptotic response in the resistant colon cancer cells. An analysis of 120 colon cancer patient tissues revealed a correlation of a subgroup of patients (30.8%, 37/120) who have high BECN1 level and low caspase-8 level with a poor survival rate. Our study demonstrates that the increased BECN1 accompanied by enhanced autophagy activity is responsible for the TRAIL resistance, and a combination of TRAIL with a PIK3C3-BECN1 inhibitor is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Dai
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, the George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Chao He
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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21
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Rodriguez-Freixinos V, Ruiz-Pace F, Fariñas-Madrid L, Garrido-Castro AC, Villacampa G, Nuciforo P, Vivancos A, Dienstmann R, Oaknin A. Genomic heterogeneity and efficacy of PI3K pathway inhibitors in patients with gynaecological cancer. ESMO Open 2019. [PMID: 30962959 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000444] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation is common in gynaecological malignancies. However, predictive biomarkers of response to PI3K pathway inhibitors (PAMi) have yet to be identified. Methods We analysed the outcomes of patients with advanced gynaecological cancer with available genomic data, treated with PAMi as single agents or in combination in phase I clinical trials. Clinical relevance of the PIK3CA mutant allele fraction (MAF) was investigated. MAF of each variant was normalised for tumour purity in the sample (adjMAFs) to infer clonality of PIK3CA mutations, defined as clonal (≥0.4) or subclonal (<0.4). Results A total of 50 patients with gynaecological cancer (24 ovarian; 15 endometrial; 11 cervical) with available targeted mutation profiling were selected. PAMi therapy was matched to PIK3CA/PTEN mutation in 30 patients (60%). The overall response rate, median time to progression (mTTP) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) of the entire population were 10% (N=5), 3.57 months (2.57-4.4) and 40% (N=18), respectively. Genotype-matched therapy did not lead to a favourable CBR (OR 0.91, p=1 (0.2-3.7)) or mTTP (3.57 months (2.6-4.4) vs 3.73 months (1.9-13.2); HR 1.41; p=0.29). We did not detect differences in mTTP according to therapy or PIK3CA codon mutation (HR 1.71, p=0.24). Overall, 41% of patients had a TTP ratio (TTP PAMi/TTP on immediately prior or subsequent palliative chemotherapy) ≥1.3, without statistically significant differences according to tumour type (p=0.39), molecular alteration status (p=0.13) or therapy (p=0.54). In univariate analysis, genotype-matched therapy in patients with PIK3CA clonal events was associated with improved mTTP (HR 3.6; p=0.03). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that patients with advanced gynaecological cancer, refractory to standard therapies, achieved meaningful clinical benefit from PAMi. The impact of PI3KCA clonality on response to selected PAMi in patients with gynaecological cancer deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodriguez-Freixinos
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiorella Ruiz-Pace
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Fariñas-Madrid
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Christina Garrido-Castro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Rodriguez-Freixinos V, Ruiz-Pace F, Fariñas-Madrid L, Garrido-Castro AC, Villacampa G, Nuciforo P, Vivancos A, Dienstmann R, Oaknin A. Genomic heterogeneity and efficacy of PI3K pathway inhibitors in patients with gynaecological cancer. ESMO Open 2019. [PMID: 30962959 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000444]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation is common in gynaecological malignancies. However, predictive biomarkers of response to PI3K pathway inhibitors (PAMi) have yet to be identified. METHODS We analysed the outcomes of patients with advanced gynaecological cancer with available genomic data, treated with PAMi as single agents or in combination in phase I clinical trials. Clinical relevance of the PIK3CA mutant allele fraction (MAF) was investigated. MAF of each variant was normalised for tumour purity in the sample (adjMAFs) to infer clonality of PIK3CA mutations, defined as clonal (≥0.4) or subclonal (<0.4). RESULTS A total of 50 patients with gynaecological cancer (24 ovarian; 15 endometrial; 11 cervical) with available targeted mutation profiling were selected. PAMi therapy was matched to PIK3CA/PTEN mutation in 30 patients (60%). The overall response rate, median time to progression (mTTP) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) of the entire population were 10% (N=5), 3.57 months (2.57-4.4) and 40% (N=18), respectively. Genotype-matched therapy did not lead to a favourable CBR (OR 0.91, p=1 (0.2-3.7)) or mTTP (3.57 months (2.6-4.4) vs 3.73 months (1.9-13.2); HR 1.41; p=0.29). We did not detect differences in mTTP according to therapy or PIK3CA codon mutation (HR 1.71, p=0.24). Overall, 41% of patients had a TTP ratio (TTP PAMi/TTP on immediately prior or subsequent palliative chemotherapy) ≥1.3, without statistically significant differences according to tumour type (p=0.39), molecular alteration status (p=0.13) or therapy (p=0.54). In univariate analysis, genotype-matched therapy in patients with PIK3CA clonal events was associated with improved mTTP (HR 3.6; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that patients with advanced gynaecological cancer, refractory to standard therapies, achieved meaningful clinical benefit from PAMi. The impact of PI3KCA clonality on response to selected PAMi in patients with gynaecological cancer deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodriguez-Freixinos
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiorella Ruiz-Pace
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Fariñas-Madrid
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Christina Garrido-Castro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Hotte SJ, Chi KN, Joshua AM, Tu D, Macfarlane RJ, Gregg RW, Ruether JD, Basappa NS, Finch D, Salim M, Winquist EW, Torri V, North S, Kollmannsberger C, Ellard SL, Eigl BJ, Tinker A, Allan AL, Beja K, Annala M, Powers J, Wyatt AW, Seymour L. A Phase II Study of PX-866 in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Canadian Cancer Trials Group Study IND205. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:201-208.e1. [PMID: 31056399 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In PTEN-loss models, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and androgen receptor signaling pathways cross-regulate by reciprocal feedback whereby inhibition of one activates the other, creating a rationale for co-targeting. We studied the irreversible, pan-isoform inhibitor of Class I PI-3K PX-866 singly (part A) and with abiraterone acetate (AA) in patients on AA with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (part B). PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary endpoint was lack of progression at 12 weeks. Exploratory endpoints included changes in circulating tumor cells (CTC), pharmacodynamic studies on platelets (part A), and archival tumor exploration of PTEN as predictor of response (part B). RESULTS A total of 43 and 25 patients accrued to parts A and B, respectively. In part A, 14 (33%) patients were progression-free at 12 weeks, with 2 partial objective responses and 1 confirmed PSA response. Favorable CTC conversion (< 5 CTC/7.5 mL) occurred in 6 (24%) of 25 evaluable patients. In part B, 11 of 25 patients had measurable disease. Six (24%) patients were progression-free at 12 weeks. No objective or PSA responses were observed. For all 68 patients, the most common toxicities were diarrhea (53 patients), nausea (36), anorexia (24), fatigue (22), and vomiting (20). Among 17 patients for whom PTEN testing was possible, 3 had PTEN homozygous deletion and 14 had no change. No correlation between PTEN status and response was seen. CONCLUSIONS PX-866 had modest single agent activity. Adding AA to PX-866 showed no evidence of resistance reversal. Strategies to combine PI3K inhibition with androgen receptor-targeted therapies could consider initiation earlier, combination with other agents, and/or recruiting a selected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim N Chi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Donsheng Tu
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Daygen Finch
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Scott North
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Susan L Ellard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Tinker
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Beja
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matti Annala
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean Powers
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Rodriguez-Freixinos V, Ruiz-Pace F, Fariñas-Madrid L, Garrido-Castro AC, Villacampa G, Nuciforo P, Vivancos A, Dienstmann R, Oaknin A. Genomic heterogeneity and efficacy of PI3K pathway inhibitors in patients with gynaecological cancer. ESMO Open 2019; 4:e000444. [PMID: 30962959 PMCID: PMC6435251 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation is common in gynaecological malignancies. However, predictive biomarkers of response to PI3K pathway inhibitors (PAMi) have yet to be identified. METHODS We analysed the outcomes of patients with advanced gynaecological cancer with available genomic data, treated with PAMi as single agents or in combination in phase I clinical trials. Clinical relevance of the PIK3CA mutant allele fraction (MAF) was investigated. MAF of each variant was normalised for tumour purity in the sample (adjMAFs) to infer clonality of PIK3CA mutations, defined as clonal (≥0.4) or subclonal (<0.4). RESULTS A total of 50 patients with gynaecological cancer (24 ovarian; 15 endometrial; 11 cervical) with available targeted mutation profiling were selected. PAMi therapy was matched to PIK3CA/PTEN mutation in 30 patients (60%). The overall response rate, median time to progression (mTTP) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) of the entire population were 10% (N=5), 3.57 months (2.57-4.4) and 40% (N=18), respectively. Genotype-matched therapy did not lead to a favourable CBR (OR 0.91, p=1 (0.2-3.7)) or mTTP (3.57 months (2.6-4.4) vs 3.73 months (1.9-13.2); HR 1.41; p=0.29). We did not detect differences in mTTP according to therapy or PIK3CA codon mutation (HR 1.71, p=0.24). Overall, 41% of patients had a TTP ratio (TTP PAMi/TTP on immediately prior or subsequent palliative chemotherapy) ≥1.3, without statistically significant differences according to tumour type (p=0.39), molecular alteration status (p=0.13) or therapy (p=0.54). In univariate analysis, genotype-matched therapy in patients with PIK3CA clonal events was associated with improved mTTP (HR 3.6; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that patients with advanced gynaecological cancer, refractory to standard therapies, achieved meaningful clinical benefit from PAMi. The impact of PI3KCA clonality on response to selected PAMi in patients with gynaecological cancer deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodriguez-Freixinos
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiorella Ruiz-Pace
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Fariñas-Madrid
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Christina Garrido-Castro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Khan MI, Al Johani A, Hamid A, Ateeq B, Manzar N, Adhami VM, Lall RK, Rath S, Sechi M, Siddiqui IA, Choudhry H, Zamzami MA, Havighurst TC, Huang W, Ntambi JM, Mukhtar H. Proproliferative function of adaptor protein GRB10 in prostate carcinoma. FASEB J 2019; 33:3198-3211. [PMID: 30379590 PMCID: PMC6404554 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800265rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-binding protein 10 (GRB10) is a well-known adaptor protein and a recently identified substrate of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Depletion of GRB10 increases insulin sensitivity and overexpression suppresses PI3K/Akt signaling. Because the major reason for the limited efficacy of PI3K/Akt-targeted therapies in prostate cancer (PCa) is loss of mTOR-regulated feedback suppression, it is therefore important to assess the functional importance and regulation of GRB10 under these conditions. On the basis of these background observations, we explored the status and functional impact of GRB10 in PCa and found maximum expression in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-deficient PCa. In human PCa samples, GRB10 inversely correlated with PTEN and positively correlated with pAKT levels. Knockdown of GRB10 in nontumorigenic PTEN null mouse embryonic fibroblasts and tumorigenic PCa cell lines reduced Akt phosphorylation and selectively activated a panel of receptor tyrosine kinases. Similarly, overexpression of GRB10 in PTEN wild-type PCa cell lines accelerated tumorigenesis and induced Akt phosphorylation. In PTEN wild-type PCa, GRB10 overexpression promoted mediated PTEN interaction and degradation. PI3K (but not mTOR) inhibitors reduced GRB10 expression, suggesting primarily PI3K-driven regulation of GRB10. In summary, our results suggest that GRB10 acts as a major downstream effector of PI3K and has tumor-promoting effects in prostate cancer.-Khan, M. I., Al Johani, A., Hamid, A., Ateeq, B., Manzar, N., Adhami, V. M., Lall, R. K., Rath, S., Sechi, M., Siddiqui, I. A., Choudhry, H., Zamzami, M. A., Havighurst, T. C., Huang, W., Ntambi, J. M., Mukhtar, H. Proproliferatve function of adaptor protein GRB10 in prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;,Correspondence: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Ahmed Al Johani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abid Hamid
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology–Kanpur (IIT–K), Kanpur, India
| | - Nishat Manzar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology–Kanpur (IIT–K), Kanpur, India
| | - Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rahul K. Lall
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Suvasmita Rath
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mario Sechi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A. Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas C. Havighurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M. Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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26
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Pierobon M, Wulfkuhle J, Liotta LA, Petricoin Iii EF. Utilization of Proteomic Technologies for Precision Oncology Applications. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 178:171-187. [PMID: 31209845 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16391-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic analysis of tumor specimens has revealed that cancer is fundamentally a proteomic disease at the functional level: driven by genomically defined derangements, but selected for in the proteins that are encoded and the aberrant activation of signaling and biochemical networks. This activation is measured by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and other modifications that modulate cellular signaling, and these events cannot be effectively measured by genomic analysis alone. Moreover, these signaling networks by and large represent the targets for many FDA-approved and experimental molecularly targeted therapeutics. Consequently, it is important that we consider new classification schemas for oncology based not on tumor site of origin or histology under the microscope but on the functional protein signaling architecture. There are numerous proteomic technologies that could be discussed from a purely technological standpoint, but this chapter will concentrate on an overview of the main proteomic technologies available for conducting protein pathway activation analysis of clinical specimens such as multiplex immunoassays, phospho-specific flow cytometry, reverse phase protein microarrays, quantitative immunohistochemistry, and mass spectrometry. This chapter will focus on the application of these technologies to cancer-based clinical studies evaluating prognostic/predictive markers or for stratifying patients to personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 20110, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Julie Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 20110, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 20110, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin Iii
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 20110, Manassas, VA, USA.
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27
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Ruicci KM, Meens J, Sun RX, Rizzo G, Pinto N, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Boutros PC, Ailles L, Nichols AC. A controlled trial of HNSCC patient-derived xenografts reveals broad efficacy of PI3Kα inhibition in controlling tumor growth. Int J Cancer 2018; 145:2100-2106. [PMID: 30468243 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) frequently harbor alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, particularly in the PIK3CA gene. PI3K-targeted agents have therefore gained considerable preclinical and clinical interest as emerging therapies for HNSCC. Identification of predictive biomarkers of response would advance the clinical application of PI3K-targeted drugs for patients, in order to achieve maximal benefit. To date, studies of drug biomarkers have largely focused on screening cell lines, with much more limited in vivo testing, usually only as validation. This approach has rarely enabled accurate predictions of clinical efficacy. Recently, clinical trials of PDX models (PDX clinical trials) have been introduced as a preclinical approach to interrogate interpatient response heterogeneity. Already, PDX clinical trial responses have been demonstrated to correlate closely with patient outcomes. Here, using both an HNSCC specific, 28-cell line panel and a PDX clinical trial of 80 xenografts derived from 20 unique HNSCC tumors, we systematically examine patterns of response to PI3K inhibition in HNSCC. We find EGFR, AKT1 and CSMD1 copy number aberrations, but not PIK3CA mutations, to be associated with responsiveness to PI3K-targeted drugs. Further, we reveal PI3Kα inhibition to be almost globally tumoristatic in HNSCC xenografts regardless of PIK3CA mutational status, emphasizing its potential as a stabilizing neoadjuvant therapy for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ren X Sun
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giananthony Rizzo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada
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28
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Joutei HAH, Marchoudi N, Mahfoud W, Sadaoui I, Fechtali T, Benomar H. Characterization of PI3KCA and BRAF mutations in gastric adenocarcinoma: An approach to a personalized targeted therapy for Moroccan HER2 overexpressed patients. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018; 19:155-158. [PMID: 30503528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Targeted therapies have an increasing importance in digestive oncology. To our knowledge, we are the first to report the distribution of PI3KCA and BRAF mutations in Moroccan HER2 overexpressed patients, in order to introduce targeted therapy in the arsenal of therapeutic modalities for management in Morocco. PATIENTS AND METHODS 98 gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples were collected. Further histological and immunohistochemical examinations were carried out at the Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology in Pasteur Institute-Morocco, in order to select HER2 positive cases. Out of 98 cases, 16 were found to be HER2-positive. The molecular study was performed for 55 good quality tissue samples including the HER2-positive ones, and activating mutations in H1047R PI3KCA and V600E BRAF were analyzed by Cast-PCR and Real-time PCR, respectively, at the Department of Molecular Biology, ANOUAL Specialized Center-Casablanca, Morocco. Statistical analyses were performed using the Epi-info software (version 6.09). RESULTS Pi3KCA mutation was present in 8 cases (14,54%). BRAF mutation was present in 4 cases (7,27%) and 3 cases showed concomitant mutations. In total, 9 cases (16,36%) had PI3KCA and/or BRAF mutations. CONCLUSION The association between HER2 expression and PI3KCA alteration in gastric adenocarcinoma is most probably necessary to identify trastuzumab responders. Consequently, the 83,64% rate of HER2-positive patients harboring wild-type mutations possibly represents the portion of patients responding to trastuzumab while the 16,36% rate of patients carrying at least one of the studied mutations represents the portion of potentially non responsive patients to the targeted therapy, and thus may be considered as good candidates for multi-drug targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Amrani Hassani Joutei
- Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology, Pasteur Institue, 20100, Morocco; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Integrated Diseases and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco.
| | - Nabila Marchoudi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Molecular Genetics, Ben M'Sik Faculty of Science, Casablanca 7955, Morocco; Department of Molecular Biology, Anoual Specialized Center, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Wafaa Mahfoud
- Department of Biology and Health URAC 34, University Hassan II, Faculty of Sciences Ben'Msik, Casablanca 7955, Morocco
| | - Ilham Sadaoui
- Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology, Pasteur Institue, 20100, Morocco; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Fechtali
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Integrated Diseases and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Hakima Benomar
- Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology, Pasteur Institue, 20100, Morocco
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29
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Spiegel S, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Fingolimod augments Pemetrexed killing of non-small cell lung cancer and overcomes resistance to ERBB inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:597-607. [PMID: 30388910 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1538616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, NSCLC has a poor 5-year survival and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. ERBB-addicted NSCLC that have become resistant to ERBB inhibitors are often refractory to additional therapeutic interventions. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720), approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, synergized with the NSCLC therapeutic pemetrexed to kill NSCLC and ovarian cancer cells. This occurred in lung cancer cells expressing mutated K-RAS, mutated ERBB1, or in NSCLC cells resistant to afatinib (an ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor). This drug combination appeared to use overlapping and distinct mechanisms of killing in different cell lines. Activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) and reduced expression and inactivation of mTOR were associated with increased autophagosome and autolysosome formation. Downregulation of Beclin1 considerably reduced formation of autophagosomes and protected the cells from drug combination-induced killing without significantly altering autolysosome formation. Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) knock down afforded greater protection against the combination of pemetrexed with fingolimod. Treatment of cells with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus markedly enhanced the lethality of pemetrexed plus fingolimod combination. Our data suggest that the combination of fingolimod with the established NSCLC/ovarian cancer drug pemetrexed should be explored as a new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | | | - Paul Dent
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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30
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Stout MC, Campbell PM. RASpecting the oncogene: New pathways to therapeutic advances. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:217-228. [PMID: 30352234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAS is the most commonly mutated driver of tumorigenesis, seen in about 30% of all cancer cases. There is a subset of tumors termed RAS-driven cancers in which RAS mutation or overactivation is evident, including as much as 95% in pancreatic and 50% in colon cancer. RAS is a family of small membrane bound GTPases that act as a signaling node to control both normal and cancer biology. Since the discovery of RAS' overall prominence in many tumor types and specifically in RAS-dependent cancers, it has been an obvious therapeutic target for drug development. However, RAS has proved a very elusive target, and after a few prominent RAS targeted drugs failed in clinical trials after decades of research, RAS was termed "undruggable" and research in this field was greatly hampered. An increase in knowledge about basic RAS biology has led to a resurgence in the generation of novel therapeutics targeting RAS signaling utilizing various and distinct approaches. These new drugs target RAS activation directly, block downstream signaling effectors and inhibit proper post-translational processing and trafficking/recycling of RAS. This review will cover how these new drugs were developed and how they have fared in preclinical and early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Stout
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, USA; Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA
| | - Paul M Campbell
- Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA.
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31
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Clinical update on K-Ras targeted therapy in gastrointestinal cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 130:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Ruicci KM, Pinto N, Khan MI, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Nichols AC. ERK-TSC2 signalling in constitutively-active HRAS mutant HNSCC cells promotes resistance to PI3K inhibition. Oral Oncol 2018; 84:95-103. [PMID: 30115483 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), making this pathway a logical therapeutic target. However, PI3K targeting is not universally effective. Biomarkers of response are needed to stratify patients likely to derive benefit and exclude those unlikely to respond. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the sensitivity of cell lines with constitutively-active (G12V mutant) HRAS and wild-type HRAS to PI3K inhibition using flow cytometry and cell viability assays. We then overexpressed and silenced HRAS and measured sensitivity to the PI3K inhibitor BYL719. Immunoblotting was used to determine activation of the PI3K pathway. MEK and mTOR inhibitors were then tested in HRAS mutant cells to determine their efficacy. RESULTS HRAS mutant cell lines were non-responsive to PI3K inhibition. Overexpression of HRAS led to reduced susceptibility to PI3K inhibition, while knockdown improved sensitivity. Immunoblotting revealed suppressed AKT phosphorylation upon PI3K inhibition in both wild-type and HRAS mutant cell lines, however mutant lines maintained phosphorylation of S6, downstream of mTOR. Targeting mTOR effectively reduced viability of HRAS mutant cells and we subsequently examined the ERK-TSC2-mTOR cascade as a mediator of resistance to PI3K inhibition. CONCLUSIONS HRAS mutant cells are resistant to PI3K inhibition and our findings suggest the involvement of a signalling intersection of the MAPK and PI3K pathways at the level of ERK-TSC2, leading to persistent mTOR activity. mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with MAPK pathway inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for this subset of HNSCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mohammed I Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Krygowska AA, Castellano E. PI3K: A Crucial Piece in the RAS Signaling Puzzle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031450. [PMID: 28847905 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are key signaling switches essential for control of proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. RAS proteins are mutated in 30% of human cancers. In addition, mutations in upstream or downstream signaling components also contribute to oncogenic activation of the pathway. RAS proteins exert their functions through activation of several signaling pathways and dissecting the contributions of these effectors in normal cells and in cancer is an ongoing challenge. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about how RAS regulates type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), one of the main RAS effectors. RAS signaling through PI3K is necessary for normal lymphatic vasculature development and for RAS-induced transformation in vitro and in vivo, especially in lung cancer, where it is essential for tumor initiation and necessary for tumor maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Adelajda Krygowska
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Castellano
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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34
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Effects of PTEN Loss and Activated KRAS Overexpression on Mechanical Properties of Breast Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061613. [PMID: 29848992 PMCID: PMC6032141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that the simultaneous activation of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and Ras/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathways facilitate tumor growth despite only inducing cancer cell dormancy individually. Determining the impacts on cellular mechanics each pathway incites alone and in unison is critical to developing non-toxic cancer therapies for triple-negative breast cancers. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout and activated KRAS (Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) overexpression in healthy MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells activated the PI3K and Ras/MAPK pathways, respectively. Cell stiffness and fluidity were simultaneously measured using atomic force microscopy. Results suggest that PTEN knockout reduced cell stiffness and increased cell fluidity independent of PI3K activation. Effects of activated KRAS overexpression on cell stiffness depends on rigidity of cell culture substrate. Activated KRAS overexpression also counteracts the effects of PTEN knockout.
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35
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Langdon S, Hughes A, Taylor MA, Kuczynski EA, Mele DA, Delpuech O, Jarvis L, Staniszewska A, Cosulich S, Carnevalli LS, Sinclair C. Combination of dual mTORC1/2 inhibition and immune-checkpoint blockade potentiates anti-tumour immunity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1458810. [PMID: 30221055 PMCID: PMC6136876 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1458810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibition can promote or inhibit immune responses in a context dependent manner, but whether this will represent a net benefit or be contraindicated in the context of immunooncology therapies is less understood. Here, we report that the mTORC1/2 dual kinase inhibitor vistusertib (AZD2014) potentiates anti-tumour immunity in combination with anti-CTLA-4 (αCTLA-4), αPD-1 or αPD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. Combination of vistusertib and immune checkpoint blocking antibodies led to tumour growth inhibition and improved survival of MC-38 or CT-26 pre-clinical syngeneic tumour models, whereas monotherapies were less effective. Underlying these combinatorial effects, vistusertib/immune checkpoint combinations reduced the occurrence of exhausted phenotype tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), whilst increasing frequencies of activated Th1 polarized T-cells in tumours. Vistusertib alone was shown to promote a Th1 polarizing proinflammatory cytokine profile by innate primary immune cells. Moreover, vistusertib directly enhanced activation of effector T-cell and survival, an effect that was critically dependent on inhibitor dose. Therefore, these data highlight direct, tumour-relevant immune potentiating benefits of mTOR inhibition that complement immune checkpoint blockade. Together, these data provide a clear rationale to investigate such combinations in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Langdon
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Hughes
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Molly A Taylor
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deanna A Mele
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Oona Delpuech
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jarvis
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Staniszewska
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Cosulich
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles Sinclair
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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36
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POU5F1B promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by activating AKT. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:374-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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37
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Janku F, Yap TA, Meric-Bernstam F. Targeting the PI3K pathway in cancer: are we making headway? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:273-291. [PMID: 29508857 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in cancer and, consequently, more than 40 compounds that target key components of this signalling network have been tested in clinical trials involving patients with a range of different cancers. The clinical development of many of these agents, however, has not advanced to late-phase randomized trials, and the antitumour activity of those that have been evaluated in comparative prospective studies has typically been limited, or toxicities were found to be prohibitive. Nevertheless, the mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus and the PI3K inhibitors idelalisib and copanlisib have been approved by the FDA for clinical use in the treatment of a number of different cancers. Novel compounds with greater potency and selectivity, as well as improved therapeutic indices owing to reduced risks of toxicity, are clearly required. In addition, biomarkers that are predictive of a response, such as PIK3CA mutations for inhibitors of the PI3K catalytic subunit α isoform, must be identified and analytically and clinically validated. Finally, considering that oncogenic activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway often occurs alongside pro-tumorigenic aberrations in other signalling networks, rational combinations are also needed to optimize the effectiveness of treatment. Herein, we review the current experience with anticancer therapies that target the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Arjumand W, Merry CD, Wang C, Saba E, McIntyre JB, Fang S, Kornaga E, Ghatage P, Doll CM, Lees-Miller SP. Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PIK3CA) E545K mutation confers cisplatin resistance and a migratory phenotype in cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82424-82439. [PMID: 27489350 PMCID: PMC5347702 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in many human cancers. Previously, we reported that patients with early stage cervical cancer whose tumours harbour PIK3CA exon 9 or 20 mutations have worse overall survival in response to treatment with radiation and cisplatin than patients with wild-type PIK3CA. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PIK3CA-E545K mutation renders cervical cancer cells more resistant to cisplatin and/or radiation, and whether PI3K inhibition reverses the phenotype. We found that CaSki cells that are heterozygous for the PIK3CA-E545K mutation are more resistant to cisplatin or cisplatin plus radiation than either HeLa or SiHa cells that express only wild-type PIK3CA. Similarly, HeLa cells engineered to stably express PIK3CA-E545K were more resistant to cisplatin or cisplatin plus radiation than cells expressing only wild-type PIK3CA or with PIK3CA depleted. Cells expressing the PIK3CA-E545K mutation also had constitutive PI3K pathway activation and increased cellular migration and each of these phenotypes was reversed by treatment with the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941/Pictilisib. Our results suggests that cervical cancer patients whose tumours are positive for the PIK3CA-E545K mutation may benefit from PI3K inhibitor therapy in concert with standard cisplatin and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wani Arjumand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cole D Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elias Saba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John B McIntyre
- Translational Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shujuan Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kornaga
- Translational Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prafull Ghatage
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Corinne M Doll
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Román M, Baraibar I, López I, Nadal E, Rolfo C, Vicent S, Gil-Bazo I. KRAS oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer: clinical perspectives on the treatment of an old target. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:33. [PMID: 29455666 PMCID: PMC5817724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung neoplasms are the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes more than 80% of all lung malignancies and the majority of patients present advanced disease at onset. However, in the last decade, multiple oncogenic driver alterations have been discovered and each of them represents a potential therapeutic target. Although KRAS mutations are the most frequently oncogene aberrations in lung adenocarcinoma patients, effective therapies targeting KRAS have yet to be developed. Moreover, the role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC remains unclear and its predictive and prognostic impact remains controversial. The study of the underlying biology of KRAS in NSCLC patients could help to determine potential candidates to evaluate novel targeted agents and combinations that may allow a tailored treatment for these patients. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge about KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, including a historical overview, the biology of the molecular pathways involved, the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations as a prognostic and predictive marker and the potential therapeutic approaches for a personalized treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Román
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés López
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Silvestre Vicent
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Fernandes MS, Melo S, Velho S, Carneiro P, Carneiro F, Seruca R. Specific inhibition of p110α subunit of PI3K: putative therapeutic strategy for KRAS mutant colorectal cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68546-68558. [PMID: 27602501 PMCID: PMC5356572 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. It is often associated with activating mutations in KRAS leading to deregulation of major signaling pathways as the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-Akt. However, the therapeutic options for CRC patients harboring somatic KRAS mutations are still very limited. It is therefore urgent to unravel novel therapeutic approaches for those patients. In this study, we have awarded PI3K p110α a key role in CRC cells harboring KRAS/PIK3CA mutations or KRAS mutations alone. Specific silencing of PI3K p110α by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced viability and induced apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. In agreement with these cellular effects, PI3K p110α silencing led to alterations in the expression levels of proteins implicated in apoptosis and cell cycle, namely XIAP and pBad in KRAS/PIK3CA mutant cells and cyclin D1 in KRAS mutant cells. To further validate our data, a specific PI3K p110α inhibitor, BYL719, was evaluated. BYL719 mimicked the in vitro siRNA effects on cellular viability and on the alterations of apoptotic- and cell cycle-related proteins in CRC mutant cells. Overall, this study demonstrates that specific inhibition of PI3K p110α could provide an alternative therapeutic approach for CRC patients, particularly those harboring KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Soraia Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Carneiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Synergistic antitumor effects of combination PI3K/mTOR and MEK inhibition (SAR245409 and pimasertib) in mucinous ovarian carcinoma cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29577-91. [PMID: 27102436 PMCID: PMC5045418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the synergistic effects of dual inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR and MAPK pathways in ovarian mucinous carcinoma (OMC) cells, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. We exposed 6 OMC cell lines to a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (voxtalisib, SAR245409) and/or a MEK inhibitor (pimasertib), and evaluated synergistic effects using the Chou-Talalay method. Then, S6K (PI3K pathway) and ERK (MAPK pathway) kinase activities, and their individual proliferative or cytotoxic effects were calculated by time-lapse FRET imaging. In combination with SAR245409, pimasertib (30 nM) synergistically inhibited cell growth (combination indexes: 0.03-0.5) and induced apoptosis in all 6 OMC cell lines. FRET-imaging results demonstrated that ERK inhibition induced both anti-proliferation and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in both MCAS and OAW42 cells. However, S6K inhibition suppressed proliferation in a threshold manner in both cell lines, although apoptosis was only induced in OAW42 cells. These results demonstrated that combined PI3K/mTOR and MEK inhibition exhibited synergistic antitumor effects in OMC cells and that FRET imaging is useful for analyzing kinase activities in live cells and elucidating their cytostatic and cytotoxic effects.
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Naidu S, Shi L, Magee P, Middleton JD, Laganá A, Sahoo S, Leong HS, Galvin M, Frese K, Dive C, Guzzardo V, Fassan M, Garofalo M. PDGFR-modulated miR-23b cluster and miR-125a-5p suppress lung tumorigenesis by targeting multiple components of KRAS and NF-kB pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15441. [PMID: 29133857 PMCID: PMC5684387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In NSCLC alterations in PDGF receptors are markers of worst prognosis and efficient targeting of these receptors is yet to be achieved. In this study, we explored PDGFR-regulated microRNAs demonstrating that miR-23b cluster and miR-125a-5p are downregulated by increased expression of PDGFR-α or PDGFR-β in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, the expression of these microRNAs is positively regulated by p53 and negatively modulated by NF-kB p65. Forced expression of miR-23b cluster or miR-125a-5p enhanced drug sensitivity and suppressed invasiveness of NSCLC cells by silencing several genes involved in oncogenic KRAS and NF-kB pathways, including SOS1, GRB2, IQGAP1, RALA, RAF-1, IKKβ, AKT2, ERK2 and KRAS itself. Of note, an inverse correlation between miR-23b cluster, miR-125a-5p and respective target genes was also found in vivo in a large dataset of lung adenocarcinoma samples. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of miR-23b cluster or miR-125a-5p significantly repressed tumour growth in a highly aggressive NSCLC circulating tumour cell (CTC) patient derived explant (CDX) mouse model. In conclusion, our finding sheds light on the PDGFR signaling and endorses the possibility to employ miR-23b cluster and miR-125a-5p as therapeutic tools to silence simultaneously a range of redundant pathways and main effectors of tumorigenesis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsava Naidu
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Magee
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Justin D Middleton
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Alessandro Laganá
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - Sudhakar Sahoo
- Computational Biology Support Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hui Sun Leong
- Computational Biology Support Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Kristopher Frese
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Garofalo
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK.
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Dent P. PDE5 inhibitors enhance the lethality of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13464-13475. [PMID: 28088782 PMCID: PMC5355112 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of pemetrexed and sorafenib has significant clinical activity against a wide variety of tumor types in patients and the present studies were performed to determine whether sildenafil enhances the killing potential of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. In multiple genetically diverse lung cancer cell lines, sildenafil enhanced the lethality of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. The three-drug combination reduced the activities of AKT, mTOR and STAT transcription factors; increased the activities of eIF2α and ULK-1; lowered the expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, thioredoxin and SOD2; and increased the expression of Beclin1. Enhanced cell killing by sildenafil was blocked by inhibition of death receptor signaling and autophagosome formation. Enforced activation of STAT3 and AKT or inhibition of JNK significantly reduced cell killing. The enhanced cell killing caused by sildenafil was more reliant on increased PKG signaling than on the generation of nitric oxide. In vivo sildenafil enhanced the anti-tumor properties of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. Based on our data we argue that additional clinical studies combining pemetrexed, sorafenib and sildenafil are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
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Brana I, Pham NA, Kim L, Sakashita S, Li M, Ng C, Wang Y, Loparco P, Sierra R, Wang L, Clarke BA, Neel BG, Siu LL, Tsao MS. Novel combinations of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors with dacomitinib or chemotherapy in PTEN-deficient patient-derived tumor xenografts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84659-84670. [PMID: 29156674 PMCID: PMC5689564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN inactivation occurs commonly in human cancers and putatively activates the PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathway. Activation of this pathway has been involved in resistance to chemotherapy or anti-EGFR/HER2 therapies. We evaluated the combination of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors with chemotherapy or the pan-HER inhibitor dacomitinib in PTEN-deficient patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX). Three PDXs were selected for their lack of PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry: a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a KRAS G12R low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC), and KRAS G12C and TP53 R181P lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Two dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors were evaluated-PF-04691502 and PF-05212384-in combination with cisplatin, paclitaxel, or dacomitinib. The addition of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors to cisplatin or paclitaxel increased the activity of chemotherapy in the TNBC and LGSOC models; whereas no added activity was observed in the LADC model. Pharmacodynamic modulation of pS6 and pAKT was observed in the group treated with PI3K-mTOR inhibitor. Our research suggests that the addition of a PI3K-mTOR inhibitor may enhance tumor growth inhibition when compared to chemotherapy alone in certain PTEN-deficient PDXs. However, this benefit was absent in the KRAS and TP53 mutant LADC model. The role of PTEN deficiency in the antitumor activity of these combinations should be further investigated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brana
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nhu-An Pham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucia Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Loparco
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael Sierra
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mateo J, Ganji G, Lemech C, Burris HA, Han SW, Swales K, Decordova S, DeYoung MP, Smith DA, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Wu J, Motwani M, Kumar R, Tolson JM, Rha SY, Chung HC, Eder JP, Sharma S, Bang YJ, Infante JR, Yan L, de Bono JS, Arkenau HT. A First-Time-in-Human Study of GSK2636771, a Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase Beta-Selective Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28645941 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway is commonly activated in several tumor types. Selective targeting of p110β could result in successful pathway inhibition while avoiding the on- and off-target effects of pan-PI3K inhibitors. GSK2636771 is a potent, orally bioavailable, adenosine triphosphate-competitive, selective inhibitor of PI3Kβ.Methods: We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of GSK2636771 to define the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). During the dose-selection and dose-escalation stages (parts 1 and 2), patients with PTEN-deficient advanced solid tumors received escalating doses of GSK2636771 (25-500 mg once daily) using a modified 3+3 design to determine the RP2D; tumor type-specific expansion cohorts (part 3) were implemented to further assess tumor responses at the RP2D.Results: A total of 65 patients were enrolled; dose-limiting toxicities were hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Adverse events included diarrhea (48%), nausea (40%), and vomiting (31%). Single- and repeat-dose exposure increased generally dose proportionally. GSK2636771 400 mg once daily was the RP2D. Phospho/total AKT ratio decreased with GSK2636771 in tumor and surrogate tissue. A castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patient harboring PIK3CB amplification had a partial response for over a year; an additional 10 patients derived durable (≥24 weeks) clinical benefit, including two other patients with CRPC with PIK3CB alterations (≥34 weeks). GSK2636771 400 mg once daily orally induced sufficient exposure and target inhibition with a manageable safety profile.Conclusions: Genomic aberrations of PIK3CB may be associated with clinical benefit from GSK2636771. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5981-92. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Mateo
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Lemech
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, University College London Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Howard A Burris
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Karen Swales
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Decordova
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deborah A Smith
- PAREXEL International, 2560 Meridian Parkway, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jiuhua Wu
- Biostat Consulting, Inc., Portage, Michigan, USA
| | - Monica Motwani
- AbbVie Ltd., Translational Oncology & Precision Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Sun Young Rha
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sunil Sharma
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Yan
- GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, University College London Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
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Zhao HF, Wang J, Shao W, Wu CP, Chen ZP, To SST, Li WP. Recent advances in the use of PI3K inhibitors for glioblastoma multiforme: current preclinical and clinical development. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28592260 PMCID: PMC5463420 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary tumor in the central nervous system. One of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for GBM is temozolomide, which is a DNA-alkylating agent and its efficacy is dependent on MGMT methylation status. Little progress in improving the prognosis of GBM patients has been made in the past ten years, urging the development of more effective molecular targeted therapies. Hyper-activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is frequently found in a variety of cancers including GBM, and it plays a central role in the regulation of tumor cell survival, growth, motility, angiogenesis and metabolism. Numerous PI3K inhibitors including pan-PI3K, isoform-selective and dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have exhibited favorable preclinical results and entered clinical trials in a range of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Furthermore, combination of inhibitors targeting PI3K and other related pathways may exert synergism on suppressing tumor growth and improving patients' prognosis. Currently, only a handful of PI3K inhibitors are in phase I/II clinical trials for GBM treatment. In this review, we focus on the importance of PI3K/Akt pathway in GBM, and summarize the current development of PI3K inhibitors alone or in combination with other inhibitors for GBM treatment from preclinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-fu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-peng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Zhong-ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Shing-shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
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Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activates autophagy and compensatory Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56698-56713. [PMID: 28915623 PMCID: PMC5593594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in advanced prostate cancer, due to loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN, and is an important axis for drug development. We have assessed the molecular and functional consequences of pathway blockade by inhibiting AKT and mTOR kinases either in combination or as individual drug treatments. In established prostate cancer cell lines, a decrease in cell viability and in phospho-biomarker expression was observed. Although apoptosis was not induced, a G1 growth arrest was observed in PTEN null LNCaP cells, but not in BPH1 or PC3 cells. In contrast, when the AKT inhibitor AZD7328 was applied to patient-derived prostate cultures that retained expression of PTEN, activation of a compensatory Ras/MEK/ERK pathway was observed. Moreover, whilst autophagy was induced following treatment with AZD7328, cell viability was less affected in the patient-derived cultures than in cell lines. Surprisingly, treatment with a combination of both AZD7328 and two separate MEK1/2 inhibitors further enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in primary prostate cultures. However, it also induced irreversible growth arrest and senescence. Ex vivo treatment of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of prostate cancer with a combination of AZD7328 and the mTOR inhibitor KU-0063794, significantly reduced tumour frequency upon re-engraftment of tumour cells. The results demonstrate that single agent targeting of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway triggers activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK compensatory pathway in near-patient samples. Therefore, blockade of one pathway is insufficient to treat prostate cancer in man.
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Predicting clinical benefit from everolimus in patients with advanced solid tumors, the CPCT-03 study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55582-55592. [PMID: 28903445 PMCID: PMC5589684 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, our aim was to identify molecular aberrations predictive for response to everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, regardless of tumor type. Methods To generate hypotheses about potential markers for sensitivity to mTOR inhibition, drug sensitivity and genomic profiles of 835 cell lines were analyzed. Subsequently, a multicenter study was conducted. Patients with advanced solid tumors lacking standard of care treatment options were included and underwent a pre-treatment tumor biopsy to enable DNA sequencing of 1,977 genes, derive copy number profiles and determine activation status of pS6 and pERK. Treatment benefit was determined according to TTP ratio and RECIST. We tested for associations between treatment benefit and single molecular aberrations, clusters of aberrations and pathway perturbation. Results Cell line screens indicated several genes, such as PTEN (P = 0.016; Wald test), to be associated with sensitivity to mTOR inhibition. Subsequently 73 patients were included, of which 59 started treatment with everolimus. Response and molecular data were available from 43 patients. PTEN aberrations, i.e. copy number loss or mutation, were associated with treatment benefit (P = 0.046; Fisher's exact test). Conclusion Loss-of-function aberrations in PTEN potentially represent a tumor type agnostic biomarker for benefit from everolimus and warrants further confirmation in subsequent studies.
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Targeting KRAS mutated non-small cell lung cancer: A history of failures and a future of hope for a diverse entity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 110:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
The study of oncogenic RAS mutations has led to crucial discoveries regarding cancer molecular biology and behavior and has been integral in shaping the era of targeted cancer therapy. RAS mutations are one of the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancer, and intense efforts to find a clinically effective inhibitor are ongoing. Despite these efforts, targeting RAS mutations has remained elusive, so much so that some have termed oncogenic RAS mutations as "undruggable." In this review, we will summarize current understanding of RAS biology, explore strategies to inhibit RAS oncoproteins and its downstream effectors, and discuss recently described complexities that have shed new light on this pursuit.
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