1
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Srinivasalu VK, Robbrecht D. Advancements in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Bladder Cancer: EV-302 and Checkmate-901 Insights and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2398. [PMID: 39001460 PMCID: PMC11240521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced bladder cancer patients have historically failed to achieve prolonged duration of response to conventional chemotherapy and needed better first-line treatment regimens. The approval of nivolumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin and pembrolizumab with antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin has revolutionized the first-line treatment of advanced bladder cancer in many countries. In this review, we summarize the intricate differences between the two landmark clinical trials that led to their incorporation into the current standard of care for advanced bladder cancer. We further discuss newer novel treatment options in the second and subsequent lines of treatment on progression, like immunotherapy in combination with other agents, including fibroblast growth factors receptor inhibitors, human epidermal growth factor inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and novel antibodies. Finally, we discuss the integration of these novel therapies into current clinical practice amidst the rapidly evolving landscape of advanced bladder cancer treatment, aiming to enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Srinivasalu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Center, The Brunei Cancer Center, Jerudong BG3122, Brunei
| | - Debbie Robbrecht
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Jiang Q, Lei Z, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Liu X, Xing B, Li S, Guo X, Liu Y, Li X, Qi Y, Shu K, Zhang H, Huang Y, Lei T. Tumor-Associated Fibroblast-Derived Exosomal circDennd1b Promotes Pituitary Adenoma Progression by Modulating the miR-145-5p/ONECUT2 Axis and Activating the MAPK Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3375. [PMID: 37444485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TAF participated in the progression of various cancers, including PA via the release of soluble factors. Exosomes belonged to extracellular vesicles, which were revealed as a crucial participator in intercellular communication. However, the expression pattern and effect of TAF-derived exosomes remained largely unknown in PA. In the present study, we performed in silico analysis based on public RNA-seq datasets to generate the circRNA/miRNA regulatory network. The qRT-PCR, Western blotting, RNA pull-down, and luciferase assay were performed to investigate the effect of TAF-derived exosomes. TAF-derived exosomal circDennd1b was significantly upregulated in PA and promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PA cells via sponging miR-145-5p in PA cells. In addition, miR-145-5p directly regulated One Cut homeobox 2 (ONECUT2/OC2) expression and inhibited the promoting effect of ONECUT2 on PA. We further demonstrated that ONECUT2 transcriptionally increased fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) expression, which further activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, thus promoting PA progression. Moreover, the suppression of TAFs by ABT-263 and ONECUT2 by CSRM617 inhibited the growth of PA. In conclusion, our study illustrated that TAF-derived exosomal circDennd1b affected PA progression via regulating ONECUT2 expression, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy against aggressive PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhuowei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Quanji Wang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Biao Xing
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiwei Qi
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue. 1095, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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3
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Ardizzone A, Bova V, Casili G, Repici A, Lanza M, Giuffrida R, Colarossi C, Mare M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Paterniti I. Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Cancer: Biological Activity, Targeted Therapies, and Prognostic Value. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071002. [PMID: 37048074 PMCID: PMC10093572 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide; thus, it is necessary to find successful strategies. Several growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF2), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), are involved in the main processes that fuel tumor growth, i.e., cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, by activating important signaling pathways, including PLC-γ/PI3/Ca2+ signaling, leading to PKC activation. Here, we focused on bFGF, which, when secreted by tumor cells, mediates several signal transductions and plays an influential role in tumor cells and in the development of chemoresistance. The biological mechanism of bFGF is shown by its interaction with its four receptor subtypes: fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The bFGF–FGFR interaction stimulates tumor cell proliferation and invasion, resulting in an upregulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic tumor cell proteins. Considering the involvement of the bFGF/FGFR axis in oncogenesis, preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted to develop new therapeutic strategies, alone and/or in combination, aimed at intervening on the bFGF/FGFR axis. Therefore, this review aimed to comprehensively examine the biological mechanisms underlying bFGF in the tumor microenvironment, the different anticancer therapies currently available that target the FGFRs, and the prognostic value of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Bova
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Marzia Mare
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-6765208
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
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4
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Ascione CM, Napolitano F, Esposito D, Servetto A, Belli S, Santaniello A, Scagliarini S, Crocetto F, Bianco R, Formisano L. Role of FGFR3 in bladder cancer: Treatment landscape and future challenges. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 115:102530. [PMID: 36898352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy and is responsible for approximately 3.2% of new diagnoses of cancer per year (Sung et al., 2021). Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) have recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. In particular, FGFR3 genomic alterations are potent oncogenic drivers in bladder cancer and represent predictive biomarkers of response to FGFR inhibitors. Indeed, overall ∼50% of bladder cancers have somatic mutations in the FGFR3 -coding sequence (Cappellen et al., 1999; Turner and Grose, 2010). FGFR3 gene rearrangements are typical alterations in bladder cancer (Nelson et al., 2016; Parker et al., 2014). In this review, we summarize the most relevant evidence on the role of FGFR3 and the state-of-art of anti-FGFR3 treatment in bladder cancer. Furthermore, we interrogated the AACR Project GENIE to investigate clinical and molecular features of FGFR3-altered bladder cancers. We found that FGFR3 rearrangements and missense mutations were associated with a lower fraction of mutated genome, compared to the FGFR3 wild-type tumors, as also observed in other oncogene-addicted cancers. Moreover, we observed that FGFR3 genomic alterations are mutually exclusive with other genomic aberrations of canonical bladder cancer oncogenes, such as TP53 and RB1. Finally, we provide an overview of the treatment landscape of FGFR3-altered bladder cancer, discussing future perspectives for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Ascione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Esposito
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Belli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah Scagliarini
- Division of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale A. Cardarelli, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Genetic Interference of FGFR3 Impedes Invasion of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Cells by Alleviating RAS/MAPK Signal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021776. [PMID: 36675289 PMCID: PMC9863353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is a less common disease in Western countries but has a high level of prevalence in Asian populations. Compared to bladder cancer, unique etiologic and genomic factors are involved in UTUC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) up-regulation has been proposed as a promising target for bladder cancer therapy. In this study, we aimed to profile the expression of FGFR3 in Asian and Caucasian UTUC tissues and to evaluate the in vitro therapeutic efficacy of small interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated FGFR3 silencing in UTUC treatment. The FGFR3 expression levels in renal pelvis tissues and microarray sections from Asian and Caucasian patients with UTUC, respectively, were measured via immunohistochemistry. The BFTC-909 and UM-UC-14 UTUC cell lines were used to examine the effects of FGFR3 silencing on proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression, and signaling machinery. FGFR3 expression increased as the TNM stage increased in both Asian and Caucasian UTUC tumors, and no statistical difference was identified between the two groups. In vitro studies demonstrated that FGFR3 siRNA delivery significantly inhibited proliferation and migration and suppressed the expression of EMT markers and transcription factors in UTUC cells. Mechanistically, FGFR3 silencing alleviated the constitutive expression of RAS and the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling mediators, including ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. FGFR3 silencing elicited an apoptosis-inducing effect similar to that of FGFR inhibition. Conclusion: siRNA-targeted FGFR3 expression may impede the expansion and invasion of UTUC cells by alleviating the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. The genetic interference of FGFR3 expression via siRNA in UTUC cells may constitute a useful therapeutic strategy.
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6
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Zhang D, Tang Q, Chen J, Wei Y, Chen J. Novel Development of Nanoparticles-A Promising Direction for Precise Tumor Management. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010024. [PMID: 36678653 PMCID: PMC9862928 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the clinical application of nanoparticles is still limited by biological barriers and distribution, with the deepening of our understanding of nanoparticles over the past decades, people are gradually breaking through the previous limitations in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, providing novel strategies for clinical decision makers. The transition of nanoparticles from passive targeting to active tumor-targeting by abundant surface-modified nanoparticles is also a development process of precision cancer treatment. Different particles can be used as targeted delivery tools of antitumor drugs. The mechanism of gold nanoparticles inducing apoptosis and cycle arrest of tumor cells has been discovered. Moreover, the unique photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles may be widely used in tumor therapy in the future, with less side effects on surrounding tissues. Lipid-based nanoparticles are expected to overcome the blood-brain barrier due to their special characteristics, while polymer-based nanoparticles show better biocompatibility and lower toxicity. In this paper, we discuss the development of nanoparticles in tumor therapy and the challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qingqing Tang
- Department of Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medicine & Rehabilitation, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanghui Wei
- Department of Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.C.)
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7
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FGFR Inhibitors in Cholangiocarcinoma-A Novel Yet Primary Approach: Where Do We Stand Now and Where to Head Next in Targeting This Axis? Cells 2022; 11:cells11233929. [PMID: 36497187 PMCID: PMC9737583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare but aggressive tumours with poor diagnosis and limited treatment options. Molecular targeted therapies became a promising proposal for patients after progression under first-line chemical treatment. In light of an escalating prevalence of CCA, it is crucial to fully comprehend its pathophysiology, aetiology, and possible targets in therapy. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in searching for new therapeutic approaches concerning diseases' symptoms and their underlying causes. Growing evidence showed that fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway dysregulation is involved in a variety of processes during embryonic development and homeostasis as well as tumorigenesis. CCA is known for its close correlation with the FGF/FGFR pathway and targeting this axis has been proposed in treatment guidelines. Bearing in mind the significance of molecular targeted therapies in different neoplasms, it seems most reasonable to move towards intensive research and testing on these in the case of CCA. However, there is still a need for more data covering this topic. Although positive results of many pre-clinical and clinical studies are discussed in this review, many difficulties lie ahead. Furthermore, this review presents up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of the latest clinical data and discussion over future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with CCA.
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8
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Xiao JF, Caliri AW, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. Targetable Pathways in Advanced Bladder Cancer: FGFR Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4891. [PMID: 34638374 PMCID: PMC8507635 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, accounting for around 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths in 2020. The current standard treatment for locally advanced bladder cancer is neoadjuvant cisplatin (NAC)-based chemotherapy followed by cystectomy. The significant progress being made in the genomic and molecular understandings of bladder cancer has uncovered the genetic alterations and signaling pathways that drive bladder cancer progression. These developments have led to a dramatic increase in the evaluation of molecular agents targeting at these alterations. One example is Erdafitinib, a first-in-class FGFR inhibitor being approved as second-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with FGFR mutations. Immunotherapy has also been approved as second-line treatment for advanced and metastatic bladder cancer. Preclinical studies suggest targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy has the potential to markedly improve patient outcome. Given the prevalence of FGFR alternations in bladder cancer, here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies on FGFR inhibitors and analyze possible drug resistance mechanisms to these agents. We also discuss FGFR inhibitors in combination with other therapies and its potential to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fen Xiao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Andrew W. Caliri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jason E. Duex
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
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9
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Dong Z, Hu R, Du Y, Tan L, Li L, Du J, Bai L, Ma Y, Cui H. Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapeutics Based on Human Papillomavirus for HPV-Induced Cancers. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586796. [PMID: 33488587 PMCID: PMC7820759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main causes of malignant neoplasms, especially cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Although we have developed preventive vaccines that can protect from HPV infection, there are still many new cases of HPV-related cancers worldwide. Early diagnosis and therapy are therefore important for the treatment of these diseases. As HPVs are the major contributors to these cancers, it is reasonable to develop reagents, kits, or devices to detect and eliminate HPVs for early diagnosis and therapeutics. Immunological methods are precise strategies that are promising for the accurate detection and blockade of HPVs. During the last decades, the mechanism of how HPVs induce neoplasms has been extensively elucidated, and several oncogenic HPV early proteins, including E5, E6, and E7, have been shown to be positively related to the oncogenesis and malignancy of HPV-induced cancers. These oncoproteins are promising biomarkers for diagnosis and as targets for the therapeutics of HPV-related cancers. Importantly, many specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or newly designed antibody mimics, as well as new immunological kits, devices, and reagents have been developed for both the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics of HPV-induced cancers. In the current review, we summarize the research progress in the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics based on HPV for HPV-induced cancers. In particular, we depict the most promising serological methods for the detection of HPV infection and several therapeutical immunotherapeutics based on HPV, using immunological tools, including native mAbs, radio-labelled mAbs, affitoxins (affibody-linked toxins), intracellular single-chain antibodies (scFvs), nanobodies, therapeutical vaccines, and T-cell-based therapies. Our review aims to provide new clues for researchers to develop novel strategies and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Renjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing University Central Hospital (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Longchang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingkang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
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10
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Wang P, Pan X, Feng Q, Zou H, Cui J, He Y, Luo Y, Yang J. The immunoreactivity of the anti-p21Ras single-chain fragment variant KGH-R1 and its predicted binding sites to p21Ras. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:879-890. [PMID: 32664770 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Previously, we constructed a novel anti-p21Ras single-chain antibody fragment, KGH-R1-single-chain fragment variant (ScFv). However, the immunoreactivity of this antibody toward p21Ras is still unclear. Materials & methods: ELISAs, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to identify the immunoreactivity of KGH-R1-ScFv toward p21Ras. An in silico approach was used to determine the protein structures of KGH-R1-ScFv and p21Ras and then to predict the site involved in the binding of KGH-R1-ScFv to p21Ras. Results: KGH-R1-ScFv had a specific immune reaction with prokaryotically expressed p21Ras, human tumor cells and tumor tissues with RAS mutations or overexpression of RAS. Molecular docking showed that KGH-R1-ScFv could stably interact with wild-type and mutant p21Ras and the binding sites were in the complementarity-determining regions of KGH-R1-ScFv. Conclusion: KGH-R1-ScFv shows specific immunoreactivity toward wild-type and mutant p21Ras as well as the corresponding tumors, which suggests that KGH-R1-ScFv shows potential as a therapeutic antibody for therapy of RAS-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650000, China.,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Xinyan Pan
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Yanping He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
| | - Julun Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jing Ming Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650000, China.,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China
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12
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Qin Q, Patel V, Galsky MD. Urothelial carcinoma: the development of FGFR inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:503-512. [PMID: 32436413 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1770600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent approval of erdafitinib and the emergence of other potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors (FGFRi's) are shifting the treatment paradigm for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) harboring FGFR3 alterations. Whether such therapies can, and should, be combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI's) is an area of major research interest. Areas covered: Herein, we review the FGFR signaling pathway and impact of altered FGFR signaling on UC tumorigenesis, the clinical development of FGFRi's, the rationale for FGFRi-ICI combinations, current trials, and future directions. Expert opinion: FGFR3 altered UCs are not less responsive to ICI's compared with FGFR3 wild-type (WT) tumors. However, FGFR3 altered tumors may exhibit distinct immunobiology compared with WT tumors that could potentially be exploited therapeutically. Given these considerations along with the clinical non-cross resistance of these therapeutic classes, clinical investigation of regimens combining FGFR3i and ICI is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaibhav Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, the Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
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13
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Zheng Z, Ji H, Zong W, Ran Q, Wang X, Yang X, Zhao Z, Yang C, Xiao Y. Construction and characterization of immunoliposomes targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. AMB Express 2019; 9:150. [PMID: 31535232 PMCID: PMC6751232 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) plays an important regulatory role in tumor cell proliferation and drug resistance. FGFR3 is often constitutively active in many tumors. To deliver drugs into tumor cells by targeting FGFR3 will be a promising and potential strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, a novel fusion protein, ScFv-Cys containing a single chain variable fragment (ScFv) and an additional C-terminal cysteine residue, was generated at a rate of 10 mg/L of bacterial culture and purified at 95% by Ni-NTA chromatography. Subsequently, the recombinant ScFv-Cys was coupled with malPEG2000-DSPE and incorporated into liposomes to generate the immunoliposomes. The results indicated that immunoliposomes can specifically deliver the fluorescent molecules, Dio into bladder cancer cells highly expressing FGFR3. In conclusion, we successfully generated FGFR3-specific immunoliposomes, and proved its targeting effect and delivering ability.
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14
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Kang J, Choi YJ, Seo BY, Jo U, Park SI, Kim YH, Park KH. A Selective FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 suppresses RANKL/M-CSF/OPG-dependent ostoclastogenesis and breast cancer growth in the metastatic bone microenvironment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8726. [PMID: 31217507 PMCID: PMC6584658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signalling contributes to progression and metastasis of many types of cancers including breast cancer. Accordingly, FGFR targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently under development. However, the efficacy of FGFR TKIs in the bone microenvironment where breast cancer cells most frequently metastasize and also where FGFR is biologically active, has not been clearly investigated. We investigated the FGFR-mediated interactions among cancer and the bone microenvironment stromal cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts), and also the effects of FGFR inhibition in bone metastasis. We showed that addition of culture supernatant from the MDA-MB-134-VI FGFR-amplified breast cancer cells-activated FGFR siganalling in osteoblasts, including increased expression of RANKL, M-CSF, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Further in vitro analyses showed that AZD4547, an FGFR TKI currently in clinical trials for breast cancer, decreased RANKL and M-CSF, and subsequently RANKL and M-CSF-dependent osteoclastogenesis of murine bone marrow monocytes. Moreover, AZD4547 suppressed osteoclastogenesis and tumor-induced osteolysis in an orthotopic breast cancer bone metastasis mouse model using FGFR non-amplified MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, our results support that FGFR inhibitors inhibit the bone microenvironment stromal cells including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and effectively suppress both tumor and stromal compartments of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kang
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Seo
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hwa Park
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Alhalabi O, Rafei H, Shah A, Siefker-Radtke A, Campbell M, Gao J. Targeting advanced urothelial carcinoma-developing strategies. Curr Opin Oncol 2019; 31:207-215. [PMID: 30844889 PMCID: PMC11275181 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advanced urothelial carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with high burden of morbidity, mortality, and cost. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of the disease and the development of immunotherapies and targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize the current and future therapeutic approaches in the management of urothelial carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors resulted in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of atezolizumab in 2016, and pembrolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, and nivolumab in 2017 for the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. More recently, development of inhibitors targeting the fibroblast growth factor receptor genetic alterations and antibody-drug conjugates targeting specific cell surface antigens (trop2, nectin4, and SLITRK6) resulted in several FDA breakthrough designations for urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION The development of novel therapies targeting the immune and molecular pathways of advanced urothelial carcinoma is promising for the improvement of outcomes in this lethal disease. Ongoing efforts are poised to optimize therapeutic options in the post-chemotherapy arena. In the era of precision medicine, the future of urothelial carcinoma lies in using less cytotoxic chemotherapy, more targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and possibly a combination of these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alhalabi
- Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Hind Rafei
- Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Amishi Shah
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Matthew Campbell
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Jianjun Gao, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center
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16
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di Martino E, Alder O, Hurst CD, Knowles MA. ETV5 links the FGFR3 and Hippo signalling pathways in bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5740. [PMID: 30952872 PMCID: PMC6450944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are common in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). Silencing or inhibition of mutant FGFR3 in bladder cancer cell lines is associated with decreased malignant potential, confirming its important driver role in UC. However, understanding of how FGFR3 activation drives urothelial malignant transformation remains limited. We have previously shown that mutant FGFR3 alters the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties of urothelial cells, resulting in loss of contact-inhibition of proliferation. In this study, we investigate a transcription factor of the ETS-family, ETV5, as a putative effector of FGFR3 signalling in bladder cancer. We show that FGFR3 signalling induces a MAPK/ERK-mediated increase in ETV5 levels, and that this results in increased level of TAZ, a co-transcriptional regulator downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway involved in cell-contact inhibition. We also demonstrate that ETV5 is a key downstream mediator of the oncogenic effects of mutant FGFR3, as its knockdown in FGFR3-mutant bladder cancer cell lines is associated with reduced proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Overall this study advances our understanding of the molecular alterations occurring during urothelial malignant transformation and indicates TAZ as a possible therapeutic target in FGFR3-dependent bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Olivia Alder
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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17
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Exploitation of phage display for the development of anti-cancer agents targeting fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways: New strategies to tackle an old challenge. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Hortelão AC, Carrascosa R, Murillo-Cremaes N, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Targeting 3D Bladder Cancer Spheroids with Urease-Powered Nanomotors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:429-439. [PMID: 30588798 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death around the world, lacking efficient clinical treatments that generally present severe side effects. In recent years, various nanosystems have been explored to specifically target tumor tissues, enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatment and minimizing the side effects. In particular, bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide and presents a high survival rate but serious recurrence levels, demanding an improvement in the existent therapies. Here, we present urease-powered nanomotors based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles that contain both polyethylene glycol and anti-FGFR3 antibody on their outer surface to target bladder cancer cells in the form of 3D spheroids. The autonomous motion is promoted by urea, which acts as fuel and is inherently present at high concentrations in the bladder. Antibody-modified nanomotors were able to swim in both simulated and real urine, showing a substrate-dependent enhanced diffusion. The internalization efficiency of the antibody-modified nanomotors into the spheroids in the presence of urea was significantly higher compared with antibody-modified passive particles or bare nanomotors. Furthermore, targeted nanomotors resulted in a higher suppression of spheroid proliferation compared with bare nanomotors, which could arise from the local ammonia production and the therapeutic effect of anti-FGFR3. These results hold significant potential for the development of improved targeted cancer therapy and diagnostics using biocompatible nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Hortelão
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Carrascosa
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Nerea Murillo-Cremaes
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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19
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Jalilzadeh-Razin S, Mantegi M, Tohidkia MR, Pazhang Y, Pourseif MM, Barar J, Omidi Y. Phage antibody library screening for the selection of novel high-affinity human single-chain variable fragment against gastrin receptor: an in silico and in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:21-34. [PMID: 30607886 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a membrane G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) family, gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) plays a key role in the initiation and development of gastric cancer. OBJECTIVES Targeting CCK2R by immunotherapeutics such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) may provide an effective treatment modality against gastric cancer. Thus, the main objective of this study was to isolate scFvs specific to CCK2R. METHODS To isolate scFvs specific to the CCK2R, we capitalized on a semi-synthetic diverse phage antibody library (PAL) and a solution-phase biopanning process. The library was panned against a biotinylated peptide of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CCK2R. After four rounds of biopanning, the selected soluble scFv clones were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and examined for specific binding to the peptide. The selected scFvs were purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The binding affinity and specificity of the scFvs were examined by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), immunoblotting and flow cytometry assays and molecular docking using ZDOCK v3.0.2. RESULTS Ten different scFvs were isolated, which displayed binding affinity ranging from 0.68 to 8.0 (nM). Immunoblotting and molecular docking analysis revealed that eight scFvs were able to detect the denatured form of CCK2R protein. Of the isolated scFvs, two scFvs showed high-binding affinity to the human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, a couple of the selected scFvs showed markedly high-binding affinity to immobilized CCK2R peptide and CCK2R-overexpressing AGS cells. Therefore, these scFvs are proposed to serve as targeting and/or treatment agents in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of CCK2R-positive tumors. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Jalilzadeh-Razin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Malihe Mantegi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Islamic Azad University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Yaghub Pazhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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20
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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21
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Lim SSY, Chua KH, Nölke G, Spiegel H, Goh WL, Chow SC, Kee BP, Fischer R, Schillberg S, Othman RY. Plant-derived chimeric antibodies inhibit the invasion of human fibroblasts by Toxoplasma gondii. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5780. [PMID: 30581655 PMCID: PMC6294049 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes an opportunistic infection, that is, particularly severe in immunocompromised patients, infants, and neonates. Current antiparasitic drugs are teratogenic and cause hypersensitivity-based toxic side effects especially during prolonged treatment. Furthermore, the recent emergence of drug-resistant toxoplasmosis has reduced the therapeutic impact of such drugs. In an effort to develop recombinant antibodies as a therapeutic alternative, a panel of affinity-matured, T. gondii tachyzoite-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies was selected by phage display and bioinformatic analysis. Further affinity optimization was attempted by introducing point mutations at hotspots within light chain complementarity-determining region 2. This strategy yielded four mutated scFv sequences and a parental scFv that were used to produce five mouse-human chimeric IgGs in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, with yields of 33-72 mg/kg of plant tissue. Immunological analysis confirmed the specific binding of these plant-derived antibodies to T. gondii tachyzoites, and in vitro efficacy was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the invasion of human fibroblasts and impair parasite infectivity. These novel recombinant antibodies could therefore be suitable for the development of plant-derived immunotherapeutic interventions against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Greta Nölke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wai Leong Goh
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sek Chuen Chow
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Boon Pin Kee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rofina Yasmin Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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He XX, Du S, Gao SQ, Chen JY, Cao RJ, Xing ZK, Kazim ARS, Yu HL, Zheng QC, Zhu XJ. Humanization of fibroblast growth factor 1 single-chain antibody and validation for its antitumorigenic efficacy in breast cancer and glioma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3259-3263. [PMID: 29575613 PMCID: PMC5980129 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies are the smallest immunoglobulins with high antigen‐binding affinity. We have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor 1 played pivotal roles in cancer development and generated a mouse scFv (mscFv1C9) could effectively prohibit cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Here, we further humanized this scFv (hscFv1C9) using a structure‐guided complementarity determining region grafting strategy. The purified hscFv1C9 maintained similar antigen‐binding affinity and specificity as mscFv1C9, and it was capable of inhibiting growth of different tumours in vitro and in vivo. These data strongly suggested that hscFv1C9 has antitumour potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran-Juan Cao
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Kai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Alia Rizvi Syeda Kazim
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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23
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Lei H, Deng CX. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Signaling in Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1163-1171. [PMID: 29104507 PMCID: PMC5666331 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling for FGFs. Recent studies detected various point mutations of FGFR2 in multiple types of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer, yet the casual relationship between these mutations and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we will discuss possible interactions between FGFR2 signaling and several major pathways through which the aberrantly activated FGFR2 signaling may result in breast cancer development. We will also discuss some recent developments in the discovery and application of therapies and strategies for breast cancers by inhibiting FGFR2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Lei
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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24
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Jafari B, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dastmalchi S. Identification of Novel Single-Domain Antibodies against FGF7 Using Phage Display Technology. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:193-201. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217728520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. FGF7 is of stromal origin and produces a paracrine effect on epithelial cells. In the current investigation, we aimed to identify new single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) against FGF7 using phage display technology. The vector harboring the codon-optimized DNA sequence for FGF7 protein was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS, and then the protein was expressed at the optimized condition. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and in vitro scratch assay experiments were used to confirm the proper folding and functionality of the purified FGF7 protein. The purity of the produced FGF7 was 92%, with production yield of 3.5 mg/L of culture. Panning against the purified FGF7 was performed, and the identified single-domain antibodies showed significant affinity. Further investigation on one of the selected sdAb displaying phage clones showed concentration-dependent binding to FGF7. The selected sdAb can be used for developing novel tumor-suppressing agents where inhibition of FGF7 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Expression, purification and biological effect of a novel single chain Fv antibody and protamine fusion protein for the targeted delivery of siRNAs to FGFR3 positive cancer cells. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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27
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Rezaei G, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Mahmoudi M, Azadmanesh K, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Behdani M, Ghazizadeh L, Abolhassani M, Shokrgozar MA. Development of anti-CD47 single-chain variable fragment targeted magnetic nanoparticles for treatment of human bladder cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:597-613. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a novel anti-CD47 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for targeting bladder cell lines and its applicability in thermotherapy. Material & methods: An immunized murine antibody phage display library was constructed and screened to isolate anti-CD47 binders. A scFv was selected and conjugated to MNPs which was then utilized to discriminate CD47+ bladder cells along with assessing its efficacy in thermotherapy. Results: An scFv with high affinity to bladder cells was efficiently conjugated to MNPs. Following a hyperthermia treatment, the function of scFv–MNP conjugates led to a considerable reduction in cell viability. Conclusion: The anti-CD47 scFv–MNP conjugate was an effective cancer cell thermotherapy tool that might pave the way for development of bionano-based targeting techniques in both early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashin Rezaei
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155–6451, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Behdani
- Immunology Department, Hybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ghazizadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Immunology Department, Hybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Chae YK, Ranganath K, Hammerman PS, Vaklavas C, Mohindra N, Kalyan A, Matsangou M, Costa R, Carneiro B, Villaflor VM, Cristofanilli M, Giles FJ. Inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway: the current landscape and barriers to clinical application. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16052-16074. [PMID: 28030802 PMCID: PMC5362545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) is a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that has a fundamental role in many biologic processes including embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that this pathway plays a critical role in oncogenesis via gene amplification, activating mutations, or translocation in tumors of various histologies. With multiplex sequencing technology, the detection of FGFR aberrations has become more common and is tied to cancer cell proliferation, resistance to anticancer therapies, and neoangiogenesis. Inhibition of FGFR signaling appears promising in preclinical studies, suggesting a pathway of clinical interest in the development of targeted therapy. Phase I trials have demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile. Currently, there are multiple FGFR inhibitors under study with many non-selective (multi-kinase) inhibitors demonstrating limited clinical responses. As we progress from the first generation of non-selective drugs to the second generation of selective FGFR inhibitors, it is clear that FGFR aberrations do not behave uniformly across cancer types; thus, a deeper understanding of biomarker strategies is undoubtedly warranted. This review aims to consolidate data from recent clinical trials with a focus on selective FGFR inhibitors. As Phase II clinical trials emerge, concentration on patient selection as it pertains to predicting response to therapy, feasible methods for overcoming toxicity, and the likelihood of combination therapies should be utilized. We will also discuss qualities that may be desirable in future generations of FGFR inhibitors, with the hope that overcoming these current barriers will expedite the availability of this novel class of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keerthi Ranganath
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Christos Vaklavas
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nisha Mohindra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aparna Kalyan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Matsangou
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ricardo Costa
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedito Carneiro
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria M. Villaflor
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Kim D, Choi Y, Ireland J, Foreman O, Tam RN, Patel R, Schleifman EB, Motlhabi M, French D, Wong CV, Peters E, Molinero L, Raja R, Amler LC, Hampton GM, Lackner MR, Kabbarah O. Development and Application of a Microfluidics-Based Panel in the Basal/Luminal Transcriptional Characterization of Archival Bladder Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165856. [PMID: 27846280 PMCID: PMC5112874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the age of personalized medicine stratifying tumors into molecularly defined subtypes associated with distinctive clinical behaviors and predictable responses to therapies holds tremendous value. Towards this end, we developed a custom microfluidics-based bladder cancer gene expression panel for characterization of archival clinical samples. In silico analysis indicated that the content of our panel was capable of accurately segregating bladder cancers from several public datasets into the clinically relevant basal and luminal subtypes. On a technical level, our bladder cancer panel yielded robust and reproducible results when analyzing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. We applied our panel in the analysis of a novel set of 204 FFPE samples that included non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs), muscle invasive disease (MIBCs), and bladder cancer metastases (METs). We found NMIBCs to be mostly luminal-like, MIBCs to include both luminal- and basal-like types, and METs to be predominantly of a basal-like transcriptional profile. Mutational analysis confirmed the expected enrichment of FGFR3 mutations in luminal samples, and, consistently, FGFR3 IHC showed high protein expression levels of the receptor in these tumors. Our bladder cancer panel enables basal/luminal characterization of FFPE tissues and with further development could be used for stratification of bladder cancer samples in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kim
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - YounJeong Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Ireland
- Alternate Allele Consulting, Orinda, California, United States of America
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel N Tam
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica B Schleifman
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maipelo Motlhabi
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy French
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl V Wong
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Peters
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Luciana Molinero
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajiv Raja
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lukas C Amler
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Garret M Hampton
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark R Lackner
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Omar Kabbarah
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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30
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di Martino E, Tomlinson DC, Williams SV, Knowles MA. A place for precision medicine in bladder cancer: targeting the FGFRs. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2243-63. [PMID: 27381494 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors show diverse molecular features and clinical outcome. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis and novel approaches to systemic therapy are urgently required. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has good prognosis, but high recurrence rate and the requirement for life-long disease monitoring places a major burden on patients and healthcare providers. Studies of tumor tissues from both disease groups have identified frequent alterations of FGFRs, including mutations of FGFR3 and dysregulated expression of FGFR1 and FGFR3 that suggest that these may be valid therapeutic targets. We summarize current understanding of the molecular alterations affecting these receptors in bladder tumors, preclinical studies validating them as therapeutic targets, available FGFR-targeted agents and results from early clinical trials in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- Astbury Centre for Structural & Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah V Williams
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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32
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Expression and purification of soluble single-chain Fv against human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 fused with Sumo tag in Escherichia coli. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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33
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Dip N, Reis ST, Abe DK, Viana NI, Morais DR, Moura CM, Katz B, Silva IA, Srougi M, Leite KRM. Micro RNA expression and prognosis in low-grade non-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Int Braz J Urol 2015; 40:644-9. [PMID: 25498275 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze a possible correlation between a miRNA expression profile and important prognostic factors for pTa urothelial carcinomas (UC), including tumor size, multiplicity and episodes of recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty low-grade non-invasive pTa bladder UC from patients submitted to transurethral resection were studied, in a mean follow-up of 17.7 months. As controls, we used normal bladder tissue from five patients submitted to retropubic prostatectomy to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Extraction, cDNA and amplification were performed for 14 miRNAs (miR-100, -10a, -21, -205, -let7c, -143, -145, -221, -223, -15a, -16, -199a and -452) using specific kits, and RNU-43 and -48 were used as endogenous controls. Statistical tests were used to compare tumor size, multiplicity and episodes of recurrence with miRNAs expression profiles. RESULTS There was a marginal correlation between multiplicity and miR-let7c over-expression. For all others miRNA no correlation between their expression and prognostic factors was found. CONCLUSION We did not find differences for miRNAs expression profiles associated with prognostic factors in tumor group studied. The majority of miRNAs are down-regulated, except mir-10a, over-expressed in most of cases, seeming to have increased levels as tumor with more unfavorable prognostic factors. More studies are needed in order to find a miRNA profile able to provide prognosis in pTa UC to be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Dip
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel K Abe
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Viana
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis R Morais
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio M Moura
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Betina Katz
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iran A Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia R M Leite
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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35
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FGFR3 Expression in Primary Invasive Bladder Cancers and Matched Lymph Node Metastases. J Urol 2015; 193:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Du X, Lin BC, Wang QR, Li H, Ingalla E, Tien J, Rooney I, Ashkenazi A, Penuel E, Qing J. MMP-1 and Pro-MMP-10 as Potential Urinary Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers of FGFR3-Targeted Therapy in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6324-35. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mazzola CR, Siddiqui KM, Billia M, Chin J. Dovitinib: rationale, preclinical and early clinical data in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1553-62. [PMID: 25284004 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.966900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer (BC) is the third and fifth cancer in men in terms of incidence and mortality in the US. Overexpression and mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are frequently found in BC and can represent a very interesting therapeutic target. Different FGFR3-targeted strategies have been investigated through in vitro and in vivo settings, including FGFR3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as dovitinib . AREAS COVERED The authors review the data that provide a scientific rationale for FGFR3-targeted therapy in BC. They also provide an evaluation of the currently available in vitro and in vivo data on the use of dovitinib in BC patients. EXPERT OPINION The development and progression of BC rely on a very complex signaling network that involves many different receptors aside from FGFR3 and VEGFR2. The involved signaling network can also be very different from one BC to the other, and can also evolve through time in the same patient. Inhibiting only one single target may thus not be sufficient to achieve a complete downstream oncogenic signaling blockage. Additionally, in vitro data on the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting FGFR3 show that it can be a more efficient strategy to reach the same goal, with the potential advantage of less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse R Mazzola
- Western University, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Oncology , London, Ontario , Canada +519 685 8451 ; +519 685 8455 ;
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Sung JY, Sun JM, Chang Jeong B, Il Seo S, Soo Jeon S, Moo Lee H, Yong Choi H, Young Kang S, Choi YL, Young Kwon G. FGFR3 overexpression is prognostic of adverse outcome for muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:49.e23-31. [PMID: 24360661 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma. However, its clinicopathological significance has not been clearly established, especially in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the mutation and overexpression of FGFR3 in MIBC cases from radical cystectomy and to analyze the prognostic and predictive significance in the groups with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study cohorts included 72 cases of MIBC including 42 patients who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The mutation status of FGFR3 exons 7, 10, and 15 was investigated and protein expression was evaluated. The findings were analyzed for the association with relevant clinicopathological findings. RESULTS FGFR3 mutations were found in 7 patients (9.7%) and were correlated with a pattern of papillary growth, moderate histologic grade (G2 vs. G3), and moderately advanced TNM stage (II-III vs. IV). FGFR3 protein overexpression was detected in 33 cases (45.8%) but was not associated with the relevant clinicopathological parameters. In patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, FGFR3 overexpression was correlated with shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.067, 95% confidence interval: 14.8-29.6, marginal significance) and overall survival (P = 0.035), remaining as a significant independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival in multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model. In patients without adjuvant chemotherapy, FGFR3 mutation or overexpression did not have prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION We report the FGFR3 alterations in MIBCs, and discuss their biological implication in subsets of patients. FGFR3 overexpression was predictive of adverse outcome in patients with adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy after radical cystectomy. The utility of FGFR3 as a therapeutic target is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Il Seo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Moo Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Yong Choi
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shi H, Fu C, Wang W, Li Y, Du S, Cao R, Chen J, Sun D, Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhu X. The FGF-1-specific single-chain antibody scFv1C9 effectively inhibits breast cancer tumour growth and metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2061-70. [PMID: 25124967 PMCID: PMC4244020 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy mediated by recombinant antibodies is an effective therapeutic strategy for a variety of cancers. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1)-specific recombinant antibody scFv1C9 arrests the cell cycle at the G0/G1 transition by blocking the intracrine FGF-1 pathway in breast cancer cells. Here, we further show that the overexpression of scFv1C9 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by lentiviral infection resulted in decreased tumourigenicity, tumour growth and lung metastasis through FGF-1 neutralization. We found that scFv1C9 resulted in the up-regulation of p21, which in turn inhibited the expression of CDK2 and blocked cell cycle progression. To explore the potential role of scFv1C9 in vivo, we delivered the gene into solid tumours by electroporation, which resulted in significant inhibition of tumour growth. In tumour tissue sections, immunohistochemical staining of the cellular proliferation marker Ki-67 and the microvessel marker CD31 showed a reduction in the proliferative index and microvessel density, respectively, upon expression of scFv1C9 compared with the appropriate controls. Thus, our data indicate a central role for scFv1C9 in blocking the intracrine pathway of FGF-1, therefore, scFv1C9 could be developed in an effective therapeutic for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengliang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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Carneiro AP, Reis CF, Morari EC, Maia YCP, Nascimento R, Bonatto JMC, de Souza MA, Goulart LR, Ward LS. A putative OTU domain-containing protein 1 deubiquitinating enzyme is differentially expressed in thyroid cancer and identifies less-aggressive tumours. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:551-8. [PMID: 24937664 PMCID: PMC4119988 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers for thyroid carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis. Methods: We have constructed a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library that was selected against tumour thyroid cells using the BRASIL method (biopanning and rapid analysis of selective interactive ligands) and phage display technology. Results: One highly reactive clone, scFv-C1, with specific binding to papillary thyroid tumour proteins was confirmed by ELISA, which was further tested against a tissue microarray that comprised of 229 thyroid tissues, including: 110 carcinomas (38 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 42 follicular carcinomas, 30 follicular variants of PTC), 18 normal thyroid tissues, 49 nodular goitres (NG) and 52 follicular adenomas. The scFv-C1 was able to distinguish carcinomas from benign lesions (P=0.0001) and reacted preferentially against T1 and T2 tumour stages (P=0.0108). We have further identified an OTU domain-containing protein 1, DUBA-7 deubiquitinating enzyme as the scFv-binding antigen using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Conclusions: The strategy of screening and identifying a cell-surface-binding antibody against thyroid tissues was highly effective and resulted in a useful biomarker that recognises malignancy among thyroid nodules and may help identify lower-risk cases that can benefit from less-aggressive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Carneiro
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C F Reis
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Morari
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Y C P Maia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (Ingeb), Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (Ingeb), Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - J M C Bonatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - L R Goulart
- 1] Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (Ingeb), Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil [2] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L S Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Guancial EA, Werner L, Bellmunt J, Bamias A, Choueiri TK, Ross R, Schutz FA, Park RS, O'Brien RJ, Hirsch MS, Barletta JA, Berman DM, Lis R, Loda M, Stack EC, Garraway LA, Riester M, Michor F, Kantoff PW, Rosenberg JE. FGFR3 expression in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Med 2014; 3:835-44. [PMID: 24846059 PMCID: PMC4303151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently mutated or overexpressed in nonmuscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC), the prevalence of FGFR3 protein expression and mutation remains unknown in muscle-invasive disease. FGFR3 protein and mRNA expression, mutational status, and copy number variation were retrospectively analyzed in 231 patients with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary UCs, 33 metastases, and 14 paired primary and metastatic tumors using the following methods: immunohistochemistry, NanoString nCounterTM, OncoMap or Affymetrix OncoScanTM array, and Gain and Loss of Analysis of DNA and Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer software. FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining was present in 29% of primary UCs and 49% of metastases and did not impact overall survival (P = 0.89, primary tumors; P = 0.78, metastases). FGFR3 mutations were observed in 2% of primary tumors and 9% of metastases. Mutant tumors expressed higher levels of FGFR3 mRNA than wild-type tumors (P < 0.001). FGFR3 copy number gain and loss were rare events in primary and metastatic tumors (0.8% each; 3.0% and 12.3%, respectively). FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining is present in one third of primary muscle-invasive UCs and half of metastases, while FGFR3 mutations and copy number changes are relatively uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Guancial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Rüping K, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Chen Y, Kampmann E, Gibis S, Lindner L, Katenkamp D, Petersen I, Knösel T. High IGF2 and FGFR3 are associated with tumour progression in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, but EGFR and FGFR3 mutations are a rare event. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1315-22. [PMID: 24804818 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcomas (formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytomas) are recognised by the actual WHO classification as an undifferentiated, unclassifiable category of pleomorphic sarcomas which show no definable line of differentiation and are still a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options of these tumours are urgently needed. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-seven spindle cell tumours of a German consultation and reference centre of soft tissue tumours consisting of 200 undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS), 45 low-grade sarcomas (10 low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas, 32 low-grade myofibroblastic sarcomas and three myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas) and 82 tumours of the fasciitis family were revisited. The specimens were analysed immunohistochemically with distinct markers including tyrosine kinases and expression correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Additionally, mutational analysis was performed on specimens with high expression of EGFR and FGFR3. RESULTS At the protein level high IGF2 expression was observed in 86 %, FGFR3 (69 %), PDGFRA (62 %), PDGFRB (39 %), FGFR1 (8 %), EGFR (5 %), KDR/VEGFR2 (3 %), ALK (0 %) and high Ki67 (63 %) in UPS. High expressions of IGF2 and FGFR3 are significantly correlated with a higher grading (p = 0.023 and p = 0.016, respectively) and a high Ki67 index (p = 0.017 and p = 0.001, respectively). No mutations were found in the hot spots of tumour specimens with a high expression of EGFR gene (exons 18-21) and FGFR3 gene (exons 7, 10 and 15). CONCLUSIONS High expressions of IGF2 and FGFR3 are significantly associated with tumour progression, grading and Ki67 and might classify a subgroup of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. These markers might guide targeted therapies in these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Rüping
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Oliveira PA, Arantes-Rodrigues R, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C. Animal models of urinary bladder cancer and their application to novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:485-503. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.902930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang X, Xie J, Sun Y, Xu H, Du T, Liu Z, Chen J, Zheng Z, Liu K, Zhang J, Kan M, Li X, Xiao Y. High-level expression, purification, and characterization of bifunctional ScFv-9R fusion protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5499-506. [PMID: 24519456 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a noted proto-oncogene involved in the pathogenesis of many tumors, so more and more studies focus on the potential use of receptor kinase inhibitor and therapeutic antibodies against FGFR3. In this study, we designed a novel fusion protein containing the single-chain Fv (ScFv) against FGFR3 and 9-arginine, denoted as ScFv-9R. To achieve the high-level production and soluble expression, ScFv and ScFv-9R were fused with small ubiquitin-related modifier (Sumo) by polymerase chain reaction and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant bacteria was induced by 0.5 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside for 20 h at 20 °C; supernatants of Sumo-ScFv was harvested and purified by DEAE Sepharose FF and Ni-NTA orderly, and supernatants of Sumo-ScFv-9R was harvested and purified by Ni-NTA. After cleaved by the Sumo protease, the recombinant ScFv or ScFv-9R was released from the fusion protein, respectively. The purity of ScFv or ScFV-9R was shown to be higher than 90 %, and their yield reached 3-5 mg per liter of bacterial culture. In vitro data showed that ScFV-9R can attenuate the phosphorylation of FGFR3 and ERK in the absence or presence of FGF9. Gel retardation assay showed that 1 μg of ScFv-9R could efficiently bind to about 4 pmol siRNA. Fluorescent microscope analysis showed that ScFv-9R can efficiently bind and deliver siRNA into RT112 cells. In conclusion, we use Sumo fusion system to acquire high-level production, soluble expression, and bifunctional activity of ScFv-9R in E. coli. Our results also revealed that ScFv-9R, as a novel carrier, may have potential applications in antitumor studies and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Ye T, Wei X, Yin T, Xia Y, Li D, Shao B, Song X, He S, Luo M, Gao X, He Z, Luo C, Xiong Y, Wang N, Zeng J, Zhao L, Shen G, Xie Y, Yu L, Wei Y. Inhibition of FGFR signaling by PD173074 improves antitumor immunity and impairs breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 143:435-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Current strategies for inhibiting FGFR activities in clinical applications: opportunities, challenges and toxicological considerations. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:51-62. [PMID: 23932951 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aberrations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling are instrumental to the pathophysiology of several malignancies and disorders. Hence, FGFR inhibitors are explored in therapeutics with early candidates developed as competitors for the ATP-binding pocket in the kinase domain. More recent programs yielded compounds of diverse scaffolds with alternative binding modes. Concurrently, monoclonal antibodies and peptide-based agents provide independent options for clinical development. Notwithstanding this rapid progress, we contemplate the toxicological impact of FGFR inhibition based on the defined role of FGFR family members in physiology and homeostasis. The high homology among FGFR1-4 and also with other kinase subfamilies creates an additional challenge in developing selective inhibitors. It orchestrates an ongoing conundrum of moderating a balance between synergism through multitargeting kinase inhibition and minimizing off-target toxicities.
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Hypoxia regulates FGFR3 expression via HIF-1α and miR-100 and contributes to cell survival in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2013. [PMID: 23778527 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.240.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-muscle invasive (NMI) bladder cancer is characterised by increased expression and activating mutations of FGFR3. We have previously investigated the role of microRNAs in bladder cancer and have shown that FGFR3 is a target of miR-100. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on miR-100 and FGFR3 expression, and the link between miR-100 and FGFR3 in hypoxia. METHODS Bladder cancer cell lines were exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions and examined for the expression of FGFR3 by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting, and miR-100 by qPCR. The effect of FGFR3 and miR-100 on cell viability in two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) was examined by transfecting siRNA or mimic-100, respectively. RESULTS In NMI bladder cancer cell lines, FGFR3 expression was induced by hypoxia in a transcriptional and HIF-1α-dependent manner. Increased FGFR3 was also in part dependent on miR-100 levels, which decreased in hypoxia. Knockdown of FGFR3 led to a decrease in phosphorylation of the downstream kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (PKB), which was more pronounced under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, transfection of mimic-100 also decreased phosphorylation of MAPK and PKB. Finally, knocking down FGFR3 profoundly decreased 2-D and 3-D cell growth, whereas introduction of mimic-100 decreased 3-D growth of cells. CONCLUSION Hypoxia, in part via suppression of miR-100, induces FGFR3 expression in bladder cancer, both of which have an important role in maintaining cell viability under conditions of stress.
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Hypoxia regulates FGFR3 expression via HIF-1α and miR-100 and contributes to cell survival in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:50-9. [PMID: 23778527 PMCID: PMC3708569 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-muscle invasive (NMI) bladder cancer is characterised by increased expression and activating mutations of FGFR3. We have previously investigated the role of microRNAs in bladder cancer and have shown that FGFR3 is a target of miR-100. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on miR-100 and FGFR3 expression, and the link between miR-100 and FGFR3 in hypoxia. METHODS Bladder cancer cell lines were exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions and examined for the expression of FGFR3 by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting, and miR-100 by qPCR. The effect of FGFR3 and miR-100 on cell viability in two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) was examined by transfecting siRNA or mimic-100, respectively. RESULTS In NMI bladder cancer cell lines, FGFR3 expression was induced by hypoxia in a transcriptional and HIF-1α-dependent manner. Increased FGFR3 was also in part dependent on miR-100 levels, which decreased in hypoxia. Knockdown of FGFR3 led to a decrease in phosphorylation of the downstream kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (PKB), which was more pronounced under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, transfection of mimic-100 also decreased phosphorylation of MAPK and PKB. Finally, knocking down FGFR3 profoundly decreased 2-D and 3-D cell growth, whereas introduction of mimic-100 decreased 3-D growth of cells. CONCLUSION Hypoxia, in part via suppression of miR-100, induces FGFR3 expression in bladder cancer, both of which have an important role in maintaining cell viability under conditions of stress.
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Peláez-García A, Barderas R, Torres S, Hernández-Varas P, Teixidó J, Bonilla F, de Herreros AG, Casal JI. FGFR4 role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its therapeutic value in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63695. [PMID: 23696849 PMCID: PMC3655941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is vital in early development and tissue repair. FGFR4 expression levels are very restricted in adult tissues, except in several solid tumors including colorectal cancer, which showed overexpression of FGFR4. Here, FGFR4 mutation analysis discarded the presence of activating mutations, other than Arg(388), in different colorectal cancer cell lines and tumoral samples. Stable shRNA FGFR4-silencing in SW480 and SW48 cell lines resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, adhesion, cell migration and invasion. This decrease in the tumorigenic and invasive capabilities of colorectal cancer cells was accompanied by a decrease of Snail, Twist and TGFβ gene expression levels and an increase of E-cadherin, causing a reversion to a more epithelial phenotype, in three different cell lines. In addition, FGFR4-signaling activated the oncogenic SRC, ERK1/2 and AKT pathways in colon cancer cells and promoted an increase in cell survival. The relevance of FGFR4 in tumor growth was supported by two different strategies. Kinase inhibitors abrogated FGFR4-related cell growth and signaling pathways at the same extent than FGFR4-silenced cells. Specific FGFR4-targeting using antibodies provoked a similar reduction in cell growth. Moreover, FGFR4 knock-down cells displayed a reduced capacity for in vivo tumor formation and angiogenesis in nude mice. Collectively, our data support a crucial role for FGFR4 in tumorigenesis, invasion and survival in colorectal cancer. In addition, FGFR4 targeting demonstrated its applicability for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Peláez-García
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Torres
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Teixidó
- Chemokines and Cell Migration Laboratory, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bonilla
- Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J. Ignacio Casal
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Histologic and genetic advances in refining the diagnosis of "undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma". Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:218-33. [PMID: 24216705 PMCID: PMC3730306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an inclusive term used for sarcomas that defy formal sub-classification. The frequency with which this diagnosis is assigned has decreased in the last twenty years. This is because when implemented, careful histologic assessment, immunohistochemistry, and ultra-structural evaluation can often determine lineage of differentiation. Further attrition in the diagnostic frequency of UPS may arise by using array-comparative genomic hybridization. Gene expression arrays are also of potential use as they permit hierarchical gene clustering. Appraisal of the literature is difficult due to a historical perspective in which specific molecular diagnostic methods were previously unavailable. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification has changed with different inclusion criteria. Taxonomy challenges also exist with the older term “malignant fibrous histiocytoma” being replaced by “UPS”. In 2010 an analysis of multiple sarcoma expression databases using a 170-gene predictor, re-classified most MFH and “not-otherwise-specified” (NOS) tumors as liposarcomas, leiomyosarcomas or fibrosarcomas. Interestingly, some of the classifier genes are potential molecular therapeutic targets including Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Nerve growth factor β (NGF β) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
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