1
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Xu X, Zhang J, Wang T, Li J, Rong Y, Wang Y, Bai C, Yan Q, Ran X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Jiang Q. Emerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1542-1559. [PMID: 38572098 PMCID: PMC10985036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-selective cytotoxicity of toxins limits the clinical relevance of the toxins. In recent years, toxins have been widely used as warheads for antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) due to their efficient killing activity against various cancer cells. Although ADCs confer certain targeting properties to the toxins, low drug loading capacity, possible immunogenicity, and other drawbacks also limit the potential application of ADCs. Recently, non-ADC delivery strategies for toxins have been extensively investigated. To further understand the application of toxins in anti-tumor, this paper provided an overview of prodrugs, nanodrug delivery systems, and biomimetic drug delivery systems. In addition, toxins and their combination strategies with other therapies were discussed. Finally, the prospect and challenge of toxins in cancer treatment were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukang Rong
- School of Education, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenxia Bai
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohua Ran
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Li M, Banerjee K, Friestad GK. Diastereocontrol in Radical Addition to β-Benzyloxy Hydrazones: Revised Approach to Tubuvaline and Synthesis of O-Benzyltubulysin V Benzyl Ester. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15139-15152. [PMID: 34636574 PMCID: PMC8576829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical addition to chiral N-acylhydrazones has generated unusual amino acids tubuphenylalanine (Tup) and tubuvaline (Tuv) that are structural components of the tubulysin family of picomolar antimitotic agents and previously led to a tubulysin tetrapeptide analog with a C-terminal alcohol. To improve efficiency in this synthetic route to tubulysins, and to address difficulties in oxidation of the C-terminal alcohol, here we present two alternative routes to Tuv that (a) improve step economy, (b) provide modified conditions for Mn-mediated radical addition in the presence of aromatic heterocycles, and (c) expose an example of double diastereocontrol in radical addition to a β-benzyloxyhydrazone with broader implications for asymmetric amine synthesis via radical addition. An efficient coupling sequence affords 11-O-benzyltubulysin V benzyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Koushik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory K. Friestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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3
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Courter JR, Hamilton JZ, Hendrick NR, Zaval M, Waight AB, Lyon RP, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ. Structure-activity relationships of tubulysin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127241. [PMID: 32527543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The tubulysins are an emerging antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payload that maintain potent anti-proliferative activity against cells that exhibit the multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype. These drugs possess a C-11 acetate known to be hydrolytically unstable in plasma, and loss of the acetate significantly attenuates cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship studies were undertaken to identify stable C-11 tubulysin analogues that maintain affinity for tubulin and potent cytotoxicity. After identifying several C-11 alkoxy analogues that possess comparable biological activity to tubulysin M with significantly improved plasma stability, additional analogues of both the Ile residue and N-terminal position were synthesized. These studies revealed that minor changes within the tubulin binding site of tubulysin can profoundly alter the activity of this chemotype, particularly against MDR-positive cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Courter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
| | - Joseph Z Hamilton
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | - Margo Zaval
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Andrew B Waight
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Patrick J Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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4
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The synthetic tubulysin derivative, tubugi-1, improves the innate immune response by macrophage polarization in addition to its direct cytotoxic effects in a murine melanoma model. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:159-170. [PMID: 31042500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tubugis are equally potent but more stable than their natural forms. Their anticancer potential was estimated on a solid melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Tubugi-1 induced the apoptosis in B16 cells accompanied with strong intracellular production of reactive species, subsequently imposing glutathione and thiol group depletion. Paradoxically, membrane lipids were excluded from the cascade of intracellular oxidation, according to malondialdehyde decrease. Although morphologically apoptosis was typical, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) as an early apoptotic event was not detected. Even their exposition is pivotal for apoptotic cell eradication, primary macrophages successfully eliminated PS-deficient tubugi-1 induced apoptotic cells. The tumor volume in animals exposed to the drug in therapeutic mode was reduced in comparison to control as well as to paclitaxel-treated animals. Importantly, macrophages isolated from tubugi-1 treated animals possessed conserved phagocytic activity and were functionally and phenotypically recognized as M1. The cytotoxic effect of tubugi-1 is accomplished through its ability to polarize the macrophages toward M1, probably by PS independent apoptotic cell engulfment. The unique potential of tubugi-1 to prime the innate immune response through the induction of a specific pattern of tumor cell apoptosis can be of extraordinary importance from fundamental and applicable aspects.
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5
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Glucuronide-Linked Antibody–Tubulysin Conjugates Display Activity in MDR+ and Heterogeneous Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1752-1760. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Stark M, Assaraf YG. Structural recognition of tubulysin B derivatives by multidrug resistance efflux transporters in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28637003 PMCID: PMC5564821 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hindrance to curative chemotherapy of various human malignancies. Hence, novel chemotherapeutics must be evaluated for their recognition by MDR efflux transporters. Herein we explored the cytotoxic activity of synthetic tubulysin B (Tub-B, EC1009) derivatives (Tub-B-hydrazide/EC0347 and Tub-B bis-ether/EC1820), and their recognition by the MDR efflux transporters P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Originally isolated from Myxobacteria, tubulysins exhibited potent cytotoxic activity via microtubule depolymerization, and evaded recognition by these MDR efflux pumps. We show that subtle modifications in the natural Tub-B structure enhance its cytotoxicity and drug efflux efficiency. Whereas increasing the lipophilicity of Tub-B drugs enhanced their diffusion into the cell and consequently decreased the IC50 values (≥ 0.27 nM), increasing drug polarity enhanced their recognition by P-gp (>200-fold resistance in P-gp-overexpressing cells). Furthermore, restricting drug exposure time to the clinically relevant 4 h pulse, markedly enhanced efflux by P-gp, resulting in a 1000-fold increased resistance, which was further enhanced upon increased P-gp levels (i.e. an additional 3-fold increase in P-gp levels resulted in >6,000-fold resistance). The unique ability of EC1009 to evade recognition by MDR efflux pumps warrants drug development of tubulysin B derivatives as potent antitumor agents which overcome MDR in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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8
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Parker JS, McCormick M, Anderson DW, Maltman BA, Gingipalli L, Toader D. The Development and Scale-Up of an Antibody Drug Conjugate Tubulysin Payload. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Parker
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Silk Road
Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Marc McCormick
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Silk Road
Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David W. Anderson
- Almac Sciences, 5 The Fleming
Building, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Midlothian, EH26 0BE, U.K
| | - Beatrice A. Maltman
- Almac Sciences, 5 The Fleming
Building, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Midlothian, EH26 0BE, U.K
| | - Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dorin Toader
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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9
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Tubulin Inhibitor-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081281. [PMID: 28763044 PMCID: PMC6152078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drugs generated by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific monoclonal antibodies through appropriate linkers. Specific antibodies used to guide potent warheads to tumor tissues can effectively reduce undesired side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. An in-depth understanding of antibodies, linkers, conjugation strategies, cytotoxic drugs, and their molecular targets has led to the successful development of several approved ADCs. These ADCs are powerful therapeutics for cancer treatment, enabling wider therapeutic windows, improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, and enhanced efficacy. Since tubulin inhibitors are one of the most successful cytotoxic drugs in the ADC armamentarium, this review focuses on the progress in tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs, as well as lessons learned from the unsuccessful ADCs containing tubulin inhibitors. This review should be helpful to facilitate future development of new generations of tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs for cancer therapy.
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10
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Lazzari P, Spiga M, Sani M, Zanda M, Fleming IN. KEMTUB012-NI2, a novel potent tubulysin analog that selectively targets hypoxic cancer cells and is potentiated by cytochrome p450 reductase downregulation. HYPOXIA 2017; 5:45-59. [PMID: 28580362 PMCID: PMC5448701 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s132832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an urgent need to develop effective therapies and treatment strategies to treat hypoxic tumors, which have a very poor prognosis and do not respond well to existing therapies. METHODS A novel hypoxia-targeting agent, KEMTUB012-NI2, was synthesized by conjugating a 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia-targeting moiety to a synthetic tubulysin, a very potent antimitotic. Its hypoxic selectivity and mode of action were studied in breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS KEMTUB012-NI2 exhibited a similar selectivity for hypoxic cells to that of tirapazamine, a well-established hypoxia-targeting agent, but was >1,000 times more potent in cell cytotoxicity assays. The hypoxia-targeting mechanism for both KEMTUB012-NI2 and tirapazamine was selective and mediated by one-electron reductases. However, while cytochrome p450 reductase (POR) downregulation could inhibit tirapazamine cytotoxicity, it actually sensitized hypoxic cells to KEMTUB012-NI2. CONCLUSION KEMTUB012-NI2 is a potent new agent that can selectively target hypoxic cancer cells. The hypoxia selectivity of KEMTUB012-NI2 and tirapazamine appears to be differentially activated by reductases. Since reductases are heterogeneously expressed in tumors, the different activation mechanisms will allow these agents to complement each other. Combining POR downregulation with KEMTUB012-NI2 treatment could be a new treatment strategy that maximizes efficacy toward hypoxic tumor cells while limiting systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Pula, Cagliari
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Pula, Cagliari
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Pula, Cagliari.,C.N.R. - Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Sezione 'A. Quilico', Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- C.N.R. - Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Sezione 'A. Quilico', Milano, Italy.,Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen
| | - Ian N Fleming
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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11
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Sani M, Lazzari P, Folini M, Spiga M, Zuco V, De Cesare M, Manca I, Dall'Angelo S, Frigerio M, Usai I, Testa A, Zaffaroni N, Zanda M. Synthesis and Superpotent Anticancer Activity of Tubulysins Carrying Non-hydrolysable N-Substituents on Tubuvaline. Chemistry 2017; 23:5842-5850. [PMID: 28300330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tubulysins 24 a-m, containing non-hydrolysable N-substituents on tubuvaline (Tuv), were obtained in high purity and good overall yields using a multistep synthesis. A key step was the formation of differently N-substituted Ile-Tuv fragments 10 by using an aza-Michael reaction of azido-Ile derivatives 8 with the α,β-unsaturated oxo-thiazole 5. A structure-activity relationship study using a panel of human tumour cell lines showed strong anti-proliferative activity for all compounds 24 a-m, with IC50 values in the sub-nanomolar range, which were distinctly lower than those of tubulysin A, vinorelbine and paclitaxel. Furthermore, 24 a-m were able to overcome cross-resistance to paclitaxel and vinorelbine in two tumour cell lines with acquired resistance to doxorubicin. Compounds 24 e and 24 g were selected as leads to evaluate their mechanism of action. In vitro assays showed that both 24 e and 24 g interfere with tubulin polymerization in a vinca alkaloid-like manner and prevent paclitaxel-induced assembly of tubulin polymers. Both compounds exerted antimitotic activity and induced apoptosis in cancer cells at very low concentrations. Compound 24 e also exhibited potent antitumor activity at well tolerated doses on in vivo models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, such as MESOII peritoneal mesothelioma xenografts, the growth of which was not significantly affected by vinorelbine. These results indicate that synthetic tubulysins 24 could be used as standalone chemotherapeutic agents in difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sani
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- C.N.R. Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS di Cagliari, Edificio 5, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA), Italy
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Massimo Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI, Italy
| | - Igor Usai
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Testa
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
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12
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Toader D, Wang F, Gingipalli L, Vasbinder M, Roth M, Mao S, Block M, Harper J, Thota S, Su M, Ma J, Bedian V, Kamal A. Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationships of Analogues of N 14-Desacetoxytubulysin H. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10781-10787. [PMID: 27809515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report structure-cytotoxicity relationships for analogues of N14-desacetoxytubulyisn H 1. A novel synthetic approach toward 1 enabled the discovery of compounds with a range of activity. Calculated basicity of the N-terminus of tubulysins was shown to be a good predictor of cytotoxicity. The impact of structural modifications at the C-terminus of 1 upon cytotoxicity is also described. These findings will facilitate the development of new tubulysin analogues for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Toader
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States.,Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC , 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Fengjiang Wang
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Melissa Vasbinder
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mark Roth
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Michael Block
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Sambaiah Thota
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mei Su
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jianquo Ma
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vahe Bedian
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Adeela Kamal
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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13
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Banerjee S, Hwang DJ, Li W, Miller DD. Current Advances of Tubulin Inhibitors in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery and Vascular Disruption/Angiogenesis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111468. [PMID: 27827858 PMCID: PMC6272853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research over the last decade has resulted in a number of highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors acting either as microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs) or microtubule destabilizing agents (MDAs). These inhibitors have potent cytotoxicity against a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines. In addition to cytotoxicity, a number of these tubulin inhibitors have exhibited abilities to inhibit formation of new blood vessels as well as disrupt existing blood vessels. Tubulin inhibitors as a vascular disrupting agents (VDAs), mainly from the MDA family, induce rapid tumor vessel occlusion and massive tumor necrosis. Thus, tubulin inhibitors have become increasingly popular in the field of tumor vasculature. However, their pharmaceutical application is halted by a number of limitations including poor solubility and toxicity. Thus, recently, there has been considerable interests in the nanoparticle drug delivery of tubulin inhibitors to circumvent those limitations. This article reviews recent advances in nanoparticle based drug delivery for tubulin inhibitors as well as their tumor vasculature disruption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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14
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Liu K, Jiang X, Hunziker P. Carbohydrate-based amphiphilic nano delivery systems for cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16091-16156. [PMID: 27714108 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are novel drug delivery systems that have been attracting more and more attention in recent years, and have been used for the treatment of cancer, infection, inflammation and other diseases. Among the numerous classes of materials employed for constructing NPs, organic polymers are outstanding due to the flexibility of design and synthesis and the ease of modification and functionalization. In particular, NP based amphiphilic polymers make a great contribution to the delivery of poorly-water soluble drugs. For example, natural, biocompatible and biodegradable products like polysaccharides are widely used as building blocks for the preparation of such drug delivery vehicles. This review will detail carbohydrate based amphiphilic polymeric systems for cancer therapy. Specifically, it focuses on the nature of the polymer employed for the preparation of targeted nanocarriers, the synthetic methods, as well as strategies for the application and evaluation of biological activity. Applications of the amphiphilic polymer systems include drug delivery, gene delivery, photosensitizer delivery, diagnostic imaging and specific ligand-assisted cellular uptake. As a result, a thorough understanding of the relationship between chemical structure and biological properties facilitate the optimal design and rational clinical application of the resulting carbohydrate based nano delivery systems for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegang Liu
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland. and CLINAM Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, Basel, CH-4016, Switzerland.
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15
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Colombo R, Wang Z, Han J, Balachandran R, Daghestani HN, Camarco DP, Vogt A, Day BW, Mendel D, Wipf P. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tubulysin Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10302-10320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colombo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Junyan Han
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Mendel
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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16
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Feyzizarnagh H, Yoon DY, Goltz M, Kim DS. Peptide nanostructures in biomedical technology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:730-43. [PMID: 26846352 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures of peptides have been investigated for biomedical applications due to their unique mechanical and electrical properties in addition to their excellent biocompatibility. Peptides may form fibrils, spheres and tubes in nanoscale depending on the formation conditions. These peptide nanostructures can be used in electrical, medical, dental, and environmental applications. Applications of these nanostructures include, but are not limited to, electronic devices, biosensing, medical imaging and diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering and stem cell research. This review offers a discussion of basic synthesis methods, properties and application of these nanomaterials. The review concludes with recommendations and future directions for peptide nanostructures. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:730-743. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1393 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Feyzizarnagh
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mark Goltz
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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17
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Stoffelen C, Huskens J. Soft Supramolecular Nanoparticles by Noncovalent and Host-Guest Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:96-119. [PMID: 26584451 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry provides a tool for the formation of highly ordered structures by means of noncovalent interactions. Soft supramolecular nanoparticles are self-assembled nanoassemblies based on small building blocks and stabilized by basic noncovalent interactions, selective host-guest interactions, or a combination of different interaction types. This review provides an overview of the existing approaches for the formation of supramolecular nanoparticles by various types of noncovalent interactions, with a strong focus on host-guest-mediated assemblies. The approaches are ordered based on the nature of the stabilizing supramolecular interaction, while focusing on the aspects that determine the particle structure. Where applicable, the use of these self-assembled nanostructures as vectors in molecular diagnostics and therapeutics is described as well. The stable yet reversible nature of supramolecular interactions and their chemical flexibility offer great prospects for the development of highly engineered nanoparticles which are compatible with the complexity of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stoffelen
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. BOX 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. BOX 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Stolzoff M, Ekladious I, Colby AH, Colson YL, Porter TM, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Expansile Nanoparticles: Imparting Surface Functionality for Targeting and Stability. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1958-66. [PMID: 26053219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The size, drug loading, drug release kinetics, localization, biodistribution, and stability of a given polymeric nanoparticle (NP) system depend on the composition of the NP core as well as its surface properties. In this study, novel, pH-responsive, and lipid-coated NPs, which expand in size from a diameter of approximately 100 to 1000 nm in the presence of a mildly acidic pH environment, are synthesized and characterized. Specifically, a combined miniemulsion and free-radical polymerization method is used to prepare the NPs in the presence of PEGylated lipids. These PEGylated-lipid expansile NPs (PEG-L-eNPs) combine the swelling behavior of the polymeric core of expansile NPs with the improved colloidal stability and surface functionality of PEGylated liposomes. The surface functionality of PEG-L-eNPs allows for the incorporation of folic acid (FA) and folate receptor-targeting. The resulting hybrid polymer/lipid nanocarriers, FA-PEG-L-eNPs, exhibit greater in vitro uptake and potency when loaded with paclitaxel compared to nontargeted PEG-L-eNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yolonda L Colson
- §Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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19
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Hasegawa M, Sinha RK, Kumar M, Alam M, Yin L, Raina D, Kharbanda A, Panchamoorthy G, Gupta D, Singh H, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. Intracellular Targeting of the Oncogenic MUC1-C Protein with a Novel GO-203 Nanoparticle Formulation. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2338-47. [PMID: 25712682 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The MUC1-C oncoprotein is an intracellular target that is druggable with cell-penetrating peptide inhibitors. However, development of peptidyl drugs for treating cancer has been a challenge because of unfavorable pharmacokinetic parameters and limited cell-penetrating capabilities. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Encapsulation of the MUC1-C inhibitor GO-203 in novel polymeric nanoparticles was studied for effects on intracellular targeting of MUC1-C signaling and function. RESULTS Our results show that loading GO-203 into tetrablock polylactic acid (PLA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polypropylene glycol (PPG)-PEG copolymers is achievable and, notably, is enhanced by increasing PEG chain length. In addition, we found that release of GO-203 from these nanoparticles is controllable over at least 7 days. GO-203/nanoparticle treatment of MUC1-C-positive breast and lung cancer cells in vitro was more active with less frequent dosing than that achieved with nonencapsulated GO-203. Moreover, treatment with GO-203/nanoparticles blocked MUC1-C homodimerization, consistent with on-target effects. GO-203/nanoparticle treatment was also effective in downregulating TIGAR, disrupting redox balance, and inhibiting the self-renewal capacity of cancer cells. Significantly, weekly administration of GO-203/nanoparticles to mice bearing syngeneic or xenograft tumors was associated with regressions that were comparable with those found when dosing on a daily basis with GO-203. CONCLUSIONS These findings thus define an effective approach for (i) sustained administration of GO-203 in polymeric PLA-(PEG-PPG-PEG) nanoparticles to target MUC1-C in cancer cells and (ii) the potential delivery of other anticancer peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hasegawa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raj Kumar Sinha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Maroof Alam
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Yin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Akriti Kharbanda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dikshi Gupta
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Harpal Singh
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Donald Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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20
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Sun HJ, Meng LY, Shen Y, Zhu YZ, Liu HR. S-benzyl-cysteine-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involving activation of mitochondrial-dependent caspase cascade through the p53 pathway in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:6379-84. [PMID: 24377536 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
S-benzyl-cysteine (SBC) is a structural analog of S-allylcysteine (SAC), which is one of the major water- soluble compounds in aged garlic extract. In this study, anticancer activities and the underlying mechanisms of SBC action were investigated and compared these with those of SAC using human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. SBC significantly suppressed the survival rate of SGC-7901 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory activities of SBC were stronger than those of SAC. Flow cytometry revealed that SBC induced G2-phase arrest and apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. Typical apoptotic morphological changes were observed by Hoechst 33258 dye assay. SBC-treatment dramatically induced the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and enhanced the enzymatic activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 whilst hardly affecting caspase-8 activity. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that SBC-induced apoptosis was accompanied by up-regulation of the expression of p53, Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Taken together, this study suggested that SBC exerts cytotoxic activity involving activation of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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21
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Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Murray BC, Peterson MT, Fecik RA. Chemistry and biology of tubulysins: antimitotic tetrapeptides with activity against drug resistant cancers. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:654-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00036f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their first report in 2000, tubulysins have sparked great interest for development as anti-cancer agents due to their exceptionally potent anticancer activity.
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23
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Paladhi S, Das J, Samanta M, Dash J. Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Thiazole-Carbaldehydes: Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tubuvalin Analogues. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Cohen R, Vugts DJ, Visser GWM, Stigter-van Walsum M, Bolijn M, Spiga M, Lazzari P, Shankar S, Sani M, Zanda M, van Dongen GAMS. Development of novel ADCs: conjugation of tubulysin analogues to trastuzumab monitored by dual radiolabeling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5700-10. [PMID: 25145670 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tubulysins are highly toxic tubulin-targeting agents with a narrow therapeutic window that are interesting for application in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). For full control over drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and the effect thereof on pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, a dual-labeling approach was developed, wherein the drug, tubulysin variants, and the antibody, the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab, are radiolabeled. (131)I-radioiodination of two synthetic tubulysin A analogues, the less potent TUB-OH (IC50 > 100 nmol/L) and the potent TUB-OMOM (IC50, ~1 nmol/L), and their direct covalent conjugation to (89)Zr-trastuzumab were established. Radioiodination of tubulysins was 92% to 98% efficient and conversion to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters more than 99%; esters were isolated in an overall yield of 68% ± 5% with radiochemical purity of more than 99.5%. Conjugation of (131)I-tubulysin-NHS esters to (89)Zr-trastuzumab was 45% to 55% efficient, resulting in ADCs with 96% to 98% radiochemical purity after size-exclusion chromatography. ADCs were evaluated for their tumor-targeting potential and antitumor effects in nude mice with tumors that were sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, using ado-trastuzumab emtansine as a reference. ADCs appeared stable in vivo. An average DAR of 2 and 4 conferred pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting behavior similar to parental trastuzumab. Efficacy studies using single-dose TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (DAR 4) showed dose-dependent antitumor effects, including complete tumor eradications in trastuzumab-sensitive tumors in vivo. TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (60 mg/kg) displayed efficacy similar to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (15 mg/kg) yet more effective than trastuzumab. Our findings illustrate the potential of synthetic tubulysins in ADCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard W M Visser
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Stigter-van Walsum
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bolijn
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sreejith Shankar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy. Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy. Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Kumar M, Gupta D, Singh G, Sharma S, Bhat M, Prashant CK, Dinda AK, Kharbanda S, Kufe D, Singh H. Novel polymeric nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of peptide Cargos: antitumor efficacy of the BCL-2 conversion peptide NuBCP-9. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3271-81. [PMID: 24741005 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical development of peptidyl drugs for cancer treatment is hampered by their poor pharmacologic properties and cell penetrative capabilities in vivo. In this study, we report a nanoparticle-based formulation that overcomes these limitations, illustrating their utility in studies of the anticancer peptide NuBCP-9, which converts BCL-2 from a cell protector to a cell killer. NuBCP-9 was encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles composed of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified polylactic acid (PLA) diblock copolymer (NuBCP-9/PLA-PEG) or PEG-polypropylene glycol-PEG-modified PLA-tetrablock copolymer (NuBCP-9/PLA-PEG-PPG-PEG). We found that peptide encapsulation was enhanced by increasing the PEG chain length in the block copolymers. NuBCP-9 release from the nanoparticles was controlled by both PEG chain length and the PLA molecular weight, permitting time-release over sustained periods. Treatment of human cancer cells with these nanoparticles in vitro triggered apoptosis by NuBCP-9-mediated mechanism, with a potency similar to NuBCP-9 linked to a cell-penetrating poly-Arg peptide. Strikingly, in vivo administration of NuBCP-9/nanoparticles triggered complete regressions in the Ehrlich syngeneic mouse model of solid tumor. Our results illustrate an effective method for sustained delivery of anticancer peptides, highlighting the superior qualities of the novel PLA-PEG-PPG-PEG tetrablock copolymer formulation as a tool to target intracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dikshi Gupta
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gurpal Singh
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhusudan Bhat
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C K Prashant
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A K Dinda
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Surender Kharbanda
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald Kufe
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harpal Singh
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas; Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi; and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Zhang J, Ma PX. Cyclodextrin-based supramolecular systems for drug delivery: recent progress and future perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1215-33. [PMID: 23673149 PMCID: PMC3885994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The excellent biocompatibility and unique inclusion capability as well as powerful functionalization capacity of cyclodextrins and their derivatives make them especially attractive for engineering novel functional materials for biomedical applications. There has been increasing interest recently to fabricate supramolecular systems for drug and gene delivery based on cyclodextrin materials. This review focuses on state of the art and recent advances in the construction of cyclodextrin-based assemblies and their applications for controlled drug delivery. First, we introduce cyclodextrin materials utilized for self-assembly. The fabrication technologies of supramolecular systems including nanoplatforms and hydrogels as well as their applications in nanomedicine and pharmaceutical sciences are then highlighted. At the end, the future directions of this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Rath S, Liebl J, Fürst R, Ullrich A, Burkhart JL, Kazmaier U, Herrmann J, Müller R, Günther M, Schreiner L, Wagner E, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Anti-angiogenic effects of the tubulysin precursor pretubulysin and of simplified pretubulysin derivatives. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1048-61. [PMID: 22595030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of tubulin-binding compounds, which act in part by inhibiting tumour angiogenesis, has become an integral strategy of tumour therapy. Recently, tubulysins were identified as a novel class of natural compounds of myxobacterial origin, which inhibit tubulin polymerization. As these compounds are structurally highly complex, the search for simplified precursors [e.g. pretubulysin (Prt)] and their derivatives is mandatory to overcome supply problems hampering clinical development. We tested the anti-angiogenic efficacy of Prt and seven of its derivatives in comparison to tubulysin A (TubA). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The compounds were tested in cellular angiogenesis assays (proliferation, cytotoxicity, cell cycle, migration, chemotaxis, tube formation) and in vitro (tubulin polymerization). The efficacy of Prt was also tested in vivo in a murine subcutaneous tumour model induced with HUH7 cells; tumour size and vascularization were measured. KEY RESULTS The anti-angiogenic potency of all the compounds tested ran parallel to their inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro. Prt showed nearly the same efficacy as TubA (EC(50) in low nanomolar range in all cellular assays). Some modifications in the Prt molecule caused only a moderate drop in potency, while others resulted in a dramatic loss of action, providing initial insight into structure-activity relations. In vivo, Prt completely prevented tumour growth and reduced vascular density to 30%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Prt, a chemically accessible precursor of some tubulysins is a highly attractive anti-angiogenic compound both in vitro and in vivo. Even more simplified derivatives of this compound still retain high anti-angiogenic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rath
- Department of Pharmacy--Center for Drug Research, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Liu HR, Meng LY, Lin ZY, Shen Y, Yu YQ, Zhu YZ. Cochinchina momordica seed extract induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer cells via PARP and p53 signal pathways. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1070-7. [PMID: 23020228 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.712737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cochinchina momordica seed is the dried ripe seed of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng, which is a kind of fruit and consumed for dietary as well as medicinal uses. In this study, using the human SGC7901 and MKN-28 gastric cancer cell lines, we explored the anticancer activity of the extract from cochinchina momordica seed (ECMS). ECMS inhibited significantly the survival rates of SGC7901 and MKN-28 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners by MTT assay. The typical apoptotic morphological changes were observed by Hoechst 33258 dye assay after SGC7901 and MKN-28 cells were treated with ECMS for 48 h. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ECMS-treatment blocked the cells at the S phase of cell cycle. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and Bcl-2 were downregulated notably by ECMS-treatment, whereas those of Fas/Fas-associated death domain, p53, and Bax were upregulated in SGC7901 cells. ECMS dramatically enhanced the enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 whilst slightly increased caspase-8 activity. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ECMS exerted cytotoxic activities via PARP and p53 signal pathways in the human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Calcium orthophosphate-based bone cements (CPCs): Applications, antibiotic release and alternatives to antibiotics. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10:2-11. [PMID: 22467044 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.9279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium orthophosphate bone cements (CPCs) are widely used in orthopedic surgery. Implants are highly susceptible to infection and often lead to the formation of microbial biofilms. Antibiotics are often incorporated into bone cement to prevent infection. The increase in the number of microorganisms acquiring or developing resistance to antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), is a major concern. Bacteriocins (antimicrobial peptides) offer an alternative to antibiotics. Their mode of activity involves permanent destabilization of the plasma membrane of target cells. A number of broad-spectrum bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp. have recently been reported. In this REVIEW the major characteristics of calcium phosphate bone cements, prosthetic joint-associated infections, and treatment of these infections is discussed. The role of antimicrobial agents in CPCs is discussed and the possibility of incorporating bacteriocins in prosthetic devices is investigated.
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Zamboni WC, Torchilin V, Patri AK, Hrkach J, Stern S, Lee R, Nel A, Panaro NJ, Grodzinski P. Best practices in cancer nanotechnology: perspective from NCI nanotechnology alliance. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3229-41. [PMID: 22669131 PMCID: PMC3916007 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Historically, treatment of patients with cancer using chemotherapeutic agents has been associated with debilitating and systemic toxicities, poor bioavailability, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, on the other hand, can specifically target cancer cells while avoiding their healthy neighbors, avoid rapid clearance from the body, and be administered without toxic solvents. They hold immense potential in addressing all of these issues, which has hampered further development of chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, such drug delivery systems will lead to cancer therapeutic modalities that are not only less toxic to the patient but also significantly more efficacious. In addition to established therapeutic modes of action, nanomaterials are opening up entirely new modalities of cancer therapy, such as photodynamic and hyperthermia treatments. Furthermore, nanoparticle carriers are also capable of addressing several drug delivery problems that could not be effectively solved in the past and include overcoming formulation issues, multidrug-resistance phenomenon, and penetrating cellular barriers that may limit device accessibility to intended targets, such as the blood-brain barrier. The challenges in optimizing design of nanoparticles tailored to specific tumor indications still remain; however, it is clear that nanoscale devices carry a significant promise toward new ways of diagnosing and treating cancer. This review focuses on future prospects of using nanotechnology in cancer applications and discusses practices and methodologies used in the development and translation of nanotechnology-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Zamboni
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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31
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Fang JY, Al-Suwayeh SA. Nanoparticles as delivery carriers for anticancer prodrugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:657-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.679927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Cyclodextrin-containing polymers: versatile platforms of drug delivery materials. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:262731. [PMID: 22496980 PMCID: PMC3307009 DOI: 10.1155/2012/262731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are being widely explored as potential therapeutics for numerous applications in medicine and have been shown to significantly improve the circulation, biodistribution, efficacy, and safety profiles of multiple classes of drugs. One leading class of nanoparticles involves the use of linear, cyclodextrin-containing polymers (CDPs). As is discussed in this paper, CDPs can incorporate therapeutic payloads into nanoparticles via covalent attachment of prodrug/drug molecules to the polymer (the basis of the Cyclosert platform) or by noncovalent inclusion of cationic CDPs to anionic, nucleic acid payloads (the basis of the RONDEL platform). For each of these two approaches, we review the relevant molecular architecture and its rationale, discuss the physicochemical and biological properties of these nanoparticles, and detail the progress of leading drug candidates for each that have achieved clinical evaluation. Finally, we look ahead to potential future directions of investigation and product candidates based upon this technology.
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33
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Lee Y, Kim H, Lee J, Kim K. Anticancer activity of S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine on implanted tumor of human gastric cancer cell. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:677-81. [PMID: 21532156 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allylmercapto glutathione S-conjugate, S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine (SAMC), which is biotransformed from allyl sulfides and from naturally occurring water-soluble garlic derivatives, has been known to inhibit tumorigenesis. We found that SAMC was able to induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in vitro. We report that SAMC inhibited tumor growth rate by 31.36% and 37.78% at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Apoptosis in the implanted tumor cells was manifested by apoptotic characteristics, including morphological changes of chromatin crescent, cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. The apoptosis index of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of SAMC was 20.74 ± 2.50% and 30.61 ± 2.42%, respectively, by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The positive rate of B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) protein expression of control, 100 mg/kg SAMC and 300 mg/kg SAMC was 15.20 ± 1.67%, 10.94 ± 1.57%, and 8.24 ± 1.07%, respectively, by immunohistochemical staining. The positive rate of bax protein expression of control, 100 mg/kg SAMC and 300 mg/kg SAMC was 15.30 ± 1.90%, 23.18 ± 1.81%, and 25.26 ± 3.03%, respectively. We also observed decreases in bcl-2 mRNA and increases in bax mRNA by SAMC in a dose-dependent manner by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results suggest that SAMC may regulate bcl-2 and bax to induce apoptosis in transplanted tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkyu Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dongseo University, Korea.
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34
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Kim SK, Huang L. Nanoparticle delivery of a peptide targeting EGFR signaling. J Control Release 2011; 157:279-86. [PMID: 21871507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
EGFR serves as an important therapeutic target because of its over-expression in many cancers. In this study, we investigated a peptide-based therapy aimed at blocking intracellular protein-protein interactions during EGFR signaling and evaluated a targetable lipid carrier system that can deliver peptides to intracellular targets in human cancer cells. EEEEpYFELV (EV), a nonapeptide mimicking the Y845 site of EGFR which is responsible for STAT5b phosphorylation, was designed to block EGFR downstream signaling. EV was loaded onto LPH nanoparticles that are comprised of a membrane/core structure including a surface-grafted polyethylene glycol (PEG) used to evade the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and anisamide (AA) for targeting the sigma receptor over-expressed in H460 human lung cancer cells. EV formulated with PEGylated and targeted LPH (LPH-PEG-AA) was taken up by the tumor cells and trafficked to the cytoplasm with high efficiency. Using this approach, EV acted as a dominant negative inhibitor of STAT5b phosphorylation, arrested cell proliferation, and induced massive apoptosis. Intravenous administration of EV loaded in LPH-PEG-AA led to efficient EV peptide delivery to the tumor in a xenograft mouse model, and multiple injections inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings offer proof-of-concept for an intracellular peptide-mediated cancer therapy that is delivered by carefully designed nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyoon Kim
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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35
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Floyd WC, Datta GK, Imamura S, Kieler-Ferguson HM, Jerger K, Patterson AW, Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ, Ellman JA. Chemotherapeutic evaluation of a synthetic tubulysin analogue-dendrimer conjugate in c26 tumor bearing mice. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:49-53. [PMID: 20973119 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Pando O, Stark S, Denkert A, Porzel A, Preusentanz R, Wessjohann LA. The multiple multicomponent approach to natural product mimics: tubugis, N-substituted anticancer peptides with picomolar activity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7692-5. [PMID: 21528905 DOI: 10.1021/ja2022027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new generation of highly cytotoxic tubulysin analogues (i.e., tubugis) is described. In the key step, the rare, unstable, and synthetically difficult to introduce tertiary amide-N,O-acetal moiety required for high potency in natural tubulysins is replaced by a dipeptoid element formed in an Ugi four-component reaction. Two of the four components required are themselves produced by other multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Thus, the tubugis represent the first examples of the synthesis of natural-product-inspired compounds using three intertwined isonitrile MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Pando
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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37
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Wu F, Shao ZY, Zhai BJ, Zhao CL, Shen DM. Ultrasound reverses multidrug resistance in human cancer cells by altering gene expression of ABC transporter proteins and Bax protein. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:151-159. [PMID: 21084157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major obstacle to successful chemotherapy of human malignancies and strategies for overcoming MDR phenomena are still unavailable to clinical use. Previous results showed that ultrasound (US) exposure could make MDR cancer cells become more sensitive to anticancer drugs, and the physical parameters of US exposure could adjust the uptake and retention of rhodamine 123 in MDR cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of therapeutic ultrasound as a physical approach to overcoming MDR in a multidrug resistant human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2/ADM). Our results demonstrated that the percentage of P-glycoprotein(+) (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein(+) (MRP) and lung resistance-related protein(+) (LRP) cells was 96.97% ± 2.41%, 20.84% ± 3.12% and 1.16% ± 0.59% in HepG2/ADM cells, and 62.84% ± 3.42%, 10.26% ± 1.18% and 3.05% ± 0.37% in US-exposed HepG2/ADM cells, respectively. A significant decrease in the number of P-gp(+) and MRP(+) cells was observed between US-exposed HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ADM cells (p < 0.05). Using RT-PCR technique, we found that US could significantly downregulate the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and (MRP) at the mRNA level in HepG2/ADM cells. Compared with the control, the percentage of apoptotic cell death was significantly increased in HepG2/ADM after ultrasound exposure. Using immunocytochemistry, the percentage of Bcl-2(+) and Bax(+) cells was 21.7% and 4.1% in the control, and 18.46% and 8.1% in the US-exposed cells, respectively. The percentage of Bax(+) cells was significantly higher in US-exposed HepG2/ADM cells (p < 0.05), suggesting that US exposure could lead to cellular apoptosis in HepG2/ADM cells. It is concluded that US exposure could reverse MDR in HepG2/ADM cells via decreasing P-gp and MRP levels and their mRNA expressions and increasing expression of Bax protein. It may lead to the development of a novel strategy of using a targeted, noninvasive physical approach for the induction of MDR reversal in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Institute of Ultrasonic Engineering in Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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38
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Raha S, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Peptide-mediated cancer targeting of nanoconjugates. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:269-81. [PMID: 21046660 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted use of nanoparticles in vitro, in cells, and in vivo requires nanoparticle surface functionalization. Moieties that can be used for such a purpose include small molecules as well as polymers made of different biological and organic materials. Short amino acid polymers, peptides, can often rival target binding avidity of much larger molecules. At the same time, peptides are smaller than most nanoparticles and thus allow for multiple nanoparticle modifications and creation of pluripotent nanoparticles. Most nanoparticles provide multiple binding sites for different cargo and targeting peptides which can be used for the development of novel approaches for cancer targeting, diagnostics, and therapy. In this review, we will focus on peptides which have been used for the preparation of different nanoparticles designed for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Raha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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39
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Farrell D, Ptak K, Panaro NJ, Grodzinski P. Nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics--promise and challenge--lessons learned through the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer. Pharm Res 2010; 28:273-8. [PMID: 20814720 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The new generation of nanotechnology-based drug formulations is challenging the accepted ways of cancer treatment. Multi-functional nanomaterial constructs have the capability to be delivered directly to the tumor site and eradicate cancer cells selectively, while sparing healthy cells. Tailoring of the nano-construct design can result in enhanced drug efficacy at lower doses as compared to free drug treatment, wider therapeutic window, and lower side effects. Nanoparticle carriers can also address several drug delivery problems which could not be effectively solved in the past and include reduction of multi-drug resistance effects, delivery of siRNA, and penetration of the blood-brain-barrier. Although challenges in understanding toxicity, biodistribution, and paving an effective regulatory path must be met, nanoscale devices carry a formidable promise to change ways cancer is diagnosed and treated. This article summarizes current developments in nanotechnology-based drug delivery and discusses path forward in this field. The discussion is done in context of research and development occurring within the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Farrell
- Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, Office of Director, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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40
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Heidel JD, Davis ME. Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2010; 28:187-99. [PMID: 20549313 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle approaches to drug delivery for cancer offer exciting and potentially "game-changing" ways to improve patient care and quality of life in numerous ways, such as reducing off-target toxicities by more selectively directing drug molecules to intracellular targets of cancer cells. Here, we focus on technologies being investigated clinically and discuss numerous types of therapeutic molecules that have been incorporated within nanostructured entities such as nanoparticles. The impacts of nanostructured therapeutics on efficacy and safety, including parameters like pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, are described for several drug molecules. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of ligand-based targeting of nanoparticles, such as on receptor avidity and selectivity.
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Preusentanz R, Pando O, Wessjohann L. Kleine, ungewöhnliche Peptide gegen Krebs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/nadc.201069166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Pando O, Dörner S, Preusentanz R, Denkert A, Porzel A, Richter W, Wessjohann L. First total synthesis of tubulysin B. Org Lett 2010; 11:5567-9. [PMID: 19919080 DOI: 10.1021/ol902320w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of tubulysin B is described. The aziridine route to tubuphenylalanine (Tup) of the tubulysin D/U-series could not be transferred to the synthesis of tubutyrosine (blue moiety). Therefore, tubutyrosine (Tut) was synthesized by a Wittig olefination/diastereoselective catalytic reduction sequence. Interestingly, the C-2 epimer of tubulysin B has a cytotoxic activity almost identical to the natural diastereomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Pando
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Tan ML, Choong PFM, Dass CR. Recent developments in liposomes, microparticles and nanoparticles for protein and peptide drug delivery. Peptides 2010; 31:184-93. [PMID: 19819278 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides are increasingly recognized as potential leads for the development of new therapeutics for a variety of human ailments. Due to their relatively specific mode of action, proteins and peptides can be administered at relatively low doses for therapeutic effects. As natural biological products, these low doses reduce the risk otherwise caused by other small molecular drugs or larger charged molecules. Unfortunately, their therapeutic potential and clinical application is frequently hampered by various obstacles to their successful delivery. This review discusses the recent developments in the fields of liposome, microparticle and nanoparticle pertinent to protein and peptide delivery covering those systems tested and/or validated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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Davis ME. Design and development of IT-101, a cyclodextrin-containing polymer conjugate of camptothecin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1189-92. [PMID: 19682514 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IT-101 (Insert Therapeutics-101) is a linear, cyclodextrin-containing polymer conjugate of camptothecin (CPT). When formulated properly, the polymer conjugate self-assembles into nanoparticles of ca. 30 nm diameter and near neutral zeta potential. The nanoparticles show long circulation half-lives in animals and humans and localize in tumors. The nanoparticles enter the tumor cells and slowly release the CPT causing them to disassemble into individual polymer chains that are sufficiently small to be cleared renally. IT-101 is currently being investigated in human clinical trials. Here, the design and development of IT-101 is described with emphasis on features distinguishing it from other polymer-containing therapeutics.
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Tumor-associated macrophages are predominant carriers of cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles into gliomas. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:382-90. [PMID: 19836468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The goal of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle (CDP-NP) uptake into a murine glioma model. Using mixed in vitro culture systems, we demonstrated that CDP-NPs were preferentially taken up by BV2 and N9 microglia (MG) cells compared with GL261 glioma cells. Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry analysis of intracranial GL261 gliomas confirmed these findings and demonstrated a predominant CDP-NP uptake by macrophages (MPs) and MG within and around the tumor site. Notably, in mice bearing bilateral intracranial tumor, MG and MPs carrying CDP-NPs were able to migrate to the contralateral tumors. In conclusion, these studies better characterize the cellular distribution of CDP-NPs in intracranial tumors and demonstrate that MPs and MG could potentially be used as nanoparticle drug carriers into malignant brain tumors. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The goal of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle (CDP-NP) uptake into a murine glioma model. CDP-NP was preferentially taken up microglia (MG) cells as compared to glioma cells. A predominant CDP-NP uptake by macrophages and MG was also shown in and around the tumor site. Macrophages and MG could potentially be used as nanoparticle drug carriers into malignant brain tumors.
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Reddy JA, Dorton R, Dawson A, Vetzel M, Parker N, Nicoson JS, Westrick E, Klein PJ, Wang Y, Vlahov IR, Leamon CP. In Vivo Structural Activity and Optimization Studies of Folate−Tubulysin Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1518-25. [PMID: 19630399 DOI: 10.1021/mp900086w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Reddy
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Ryan Dorton
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Alicia Dawson
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Marilynn Vetzel
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Nikki Parker
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Jeffrey S. Nicoson
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Elaine Westrick
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Patrick J. Klein
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Yu Wang
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Iontcho R. Vlahov
- Endocyte, Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite A1-100, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
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Pharmacokinetics and tumor dynamics of the nanoparticle IT-101 from PET imaging and tumor histological measurements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11394-9. [PMID: 19564622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905487106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IT-101, a cyclodextrin polymer-based nanoparticle containing camptothecin, is in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Multiorgan pharmacokinetics and accumulation in tumor tissue of IT-101 is investigated by using PET. IT-101 is modified through the attachment of a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-Tris-acetic acid ligand to bind (64)Cu(2+). This modification does not affect the particle size and minimally affects the surface charge of the resulting nanoparticles. PET data from (64)Cu-labeled IT-101 are used to quantify the in vivo biodistribution in mice bearing Neuro2A s.c. tumors. The (64)Cu-labeled IT-101 displays a biphasic plasma elimination. Approximately 8% of the injected dose is rapidly cleared as a low-molecular-weight fraction through the kidneys. The remaining material circulates in plasma with a terminal half-life of 13.3 h. Steadily increasing concentrations, up to 11% injected dose per cm(3), are observed in the tumor over 24 h, higher than any other tissue at that time. A 3-compartment model is used to determine vascular permeability and nanoparticle retention in tumors, and is able to accurately represent the experimental data. The calculated tumor vascular permeability indicates that the majority of nanoparticles stay intact in circulation and do not disassemble into individual polymer strands. A key assumption to modeling the tumor dynamics is that there is a "sink" for the nanoparticles within the tumor. Histological measurements using confocal microscopy show that IT-101 localizes within tumor cells and provides the sink in the tumor for the nanoparticles.
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