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Chen Z, Shi Q, Zhao Y, Xu M, Liu Y, Li X, Liu L, Sun M, Wu X, Shao Z, Xu Y, Wang L, He X. Long-read transcriptome landscapes of primary and metastatic liver cancers at transcript resolution. Biomark Res 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38185659 PMCID: PMC10773130 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver ranks as the sixth most prevalent site of primary cancer in humans, and it frequently experiences metastases from cancers originating in other organs. To facilitate the development of effective treatments and improve survival rates, it is crucial to comprehend the intricate and diverse transcriptome landscape of primary and metastatic liver cancers. METHODS We conducted long-read isoform sequencing and short-read RNA sequencing using a cohort of 95 patients with primary and secondary liver cancer who underwent hepatic resection. We compared the transcriptome landscapes of primary and metastatic liver cancers and systematically investigated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), paired primary tumours and liver metastases, and matched nontumour liver tissues. RESULTS We elucidated the full-length isoform-level transcriptome of primary and metastatic liver cancers in humans. Our analysis revealed isoform-level diversity in HCC and identified transcriptome variations associated with liver metastatis. Specific RNA transcripts and isoform switching events with clinical implications were profound in liver cancer. Moreover, we defined metastasis-specific transcripts that may serve as predictors of risk of metastasis. Additionally, we observed abnormalities in adjacent paracancerous liver tissues and characterized the immunological and metabolic alterations occurring in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the power of full-length transcriptome profiling in providing novel biological insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying tumourigenesis. These insights will further contribute to improving treatment strategies for primary and metastatic liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiao Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Qili Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Midie Xu
- Department of Pathology, biobank, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhe Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Sun
- Department of Pathology, biobank, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianghuo He
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 302 Rm., 7# Bldg., 270 Dong An Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Fontana F, Esser AK, Egbulefu C, Karmakar P, Su X, Allen JS, Xu Y, Davis JL, Gabay A, Xiang J, Kwakwa KA, Manion B, Bakewell S, Li S, Park H, Lanza GM, Achilefu S, Weilbaecher KN. Transferrin receptor in primary and metastatic breast cancer: Evaluation of expression and experimental modulation to improve molecular targeting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293700. [PMID: 38117806 PMCID: PMC10732420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugation of transferrin (Tf) to imaging or nanotherapeutic agents is a promising strategy to target breast cancer. Since the efficacy of these biomaterials often depends on the overexpression of the targeted receptor, we set out to survey expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) in primary and metastatic breast cancer samples, including metastases and relapse, and investigate its modulation in experimental models. METHODS Gene expression was investigated by datamining in twelve publicly-available datasets. Dedicated Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were generated to evaluate matched primary and bone metastases as well as and pre and post chemotherapy tumors from the same patient. TMA were stained with the FDA-approved MRQ-48 antibody against TfR and graded by staining intensity (H-score). Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and isogenic metastatic mouse models were used to study in vivo TfR expression and uptake of transferrin. RESULTS TFRC gene and protein expression were high in breast cancer of all subtypes and stages, and in 60-85% of bone metastases. TfR was detectable after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, albeit with some variability. Fluorophore-conjugated transferrin iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) enhanced TfR uptake in human breast cancer cells in vitro and proved transferrin localization at metastatic sites and correlation of tumor burden relative to untreated tumor mice. CONCLUSIONS TfR is expressed in breast cancer, primary, metastatic, and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Variability in expression of TfR suggests that evaluation of the expression of TfR in individual patients could identify the best candidates for targeting. Further, systemic iron chelation with DFO may upregulate receptor expression and improve uptake of therapeutics or tracers that use transferrin as a homing ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alison K. Esser
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Christopher Egbulefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John S. Allen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Yalin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ariel Gabay
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jingyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Kwakwa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Brad Manion
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Bakewell
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Haeseong Park
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Lanza
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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3
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Chen M, Zheng W, Fang L. Identifying liver metastasis-related hub genes in breast cancer and characterizing SPARCL1 as a potential prognostic biomarker. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15311. [PMID: 37180578 PMCID: PMC10174054 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is the third most common metastatic site for advanced breast cancer (BC), and liver metastases predict poor prognoses. However, the characteristic biomarkers of BC liver metastases and the biological role of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) in BC remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for liver metastasis of BC and to investigate the effect of SPARCL1 on BC. Methods The publicly available GSE124648 dataset was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BC and liver metastases. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to annotate these DEGs and understand the biological functions in which they are involved. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify metastasis-related hub genes and further validated in a second independent dataset (GSE58708). Clinicopathological correlation of hub gene expression in patients with BC was determined. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore DEG-related signaling pathways. SPARCL1 expression in BC tissues and cell lines was verified by RT-qPCR. Further in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the biological functions of SPARCL1 in BC cells. Results We identified 332 liver metastasis-related DEGs from GSE124648 and 30 hub genes, including SPARCL1, from the PPI network. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of liver-metastasis-related DEGs revealed several enriched terms associated with the extracellular matrix and pathways in cancer. Clinicopathological correlation analysis of SPARCL1 revealed that its expression in BC was associated with age, TNM stage, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, histological type, molecular type, and living status of patients. GSEA results suggested that low SPARCL1 expression in BC was related to the cell cycle, DNA replication, oxidative phosphorylation, and homologous recombination. Lower expression levels of SPARCL1 were detected in BC tissues compared to adjacent tissues. The in vitro experiments showed that SPARCL1 knockdown significantly increased the proliferation and migration of BC cells, whereas the proliferation and migration were suppressed after elevating the expression of SPARCL1. Conclusion We identified SPARCL1 as a tumor suppressor in BC, which shows potential as a target for BC and liver metastasis therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkuan Chen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
| | - Wenfang Zheng
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
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4
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Ecology and evolution of dormant metastasis. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:570-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Trott JF, Schennink A, Horigan KC, Lemay DG, Cohen JR, Famula TR, Dragon JA, Hovey RC. Unique Transcriptomic Changes Underlie Hormonal Interactions During Mammary Histomorphogenesis in Female Pigs. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab256. [PMID: 34918063 PMCID: PMC10409904 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful lactation and the risk for developing breast cancer depend on growth and differentiation of the mammary gland (MG) epithelium that is regulated by ovarian steroids (17β-estradiol [E] and progesterone [P]) and pituitary-derived prolactin (PRL). Given that the MG of pigs share histomorphogenic features present in the normal human breast, we sought to define the transcriptional responses within the MG of pigs following exposure to all combinations of these hormones. Hormone-ablated female pigs were administered combinations of E, medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (source of P), and either haloperidol (to induce PRL) or 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine. We subsequently monitored phenotypic changes in the MG including mitosis, receptors for E and P (ESR1 and PGR), level of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5), and the frequency of terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) subtypes; these changes were then associated with all transcriptomic changes. Estrogen altered the expression of approximately 20% of all genes that were mostly associated with mitosis, whereas PRL stimulated elements of fatty acid metabolism and an inflammatory response. Several outcomes, including increased pSTAT5, highlighted the ability of E to enhance PRL action. Regression of transcriptomic changes against several MG phenotypes revealed 1669 genes correlated with proliferation, among which 29 were E inducible. Additional gene expression signatures were associated with TDLU formation and the frequency of ESR1 or PGR. These data provide a link between the hormone-regulated genome and phenome of the MG in a species having a complex histoarchitecture like that in the human breast, and highlight an underexplored synergy between the actions of E and PRL during MG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Anke Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Katherine C Horigan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- US Department of Agriculture ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Julia R Cohen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Julie A Dragon
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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6
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Zhang M, Liu ZZ, Aoshima K, Cai WL, Sun H, Xu T, Zhang Y, An Y, Chen JF, Chan LH, Aoshima A, Lang SM, Tang Z, Che X, Li Y, Rutter SJ, Bossuyt V, Chen X, Morrow JS, Pusztai L, Rimm DL, Yin M, Yan Q. CECR2 drives breast cancer metastasis by promoting NF-κB signaling and macrophage-mediated immune suppression. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabf5473. [PMID: 35108062 PMCID: PMC9003667 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths due to the lack of effective therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that certain epigenetic and transcriptional regulators drive cancer metastasis and could be targeted for metastasis treatment. To identify epigenetic regulators of breast cancer metastasis, we profiled the transcriptomes of matched pairs of primary breast tumors and metastases from human patients. We found that distant metastases are more immune inert with increased M2 macrophages compared to their matched primary tumors. The acetyl-lysine reader, cat eye syndrome chromosome region candidate 2 (CECR2), was the top up-regulated epigenetic regulator in metastases associated with an increased abundance of M2 macrophages and worse metastasis-free survival. CECR2 was required for breast cancer metastasis in multiple mouse models, with more profound effect in the immunocompetent setting. Mechanistically, the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family member v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) recruits CECR2 to increase chromatin accessibility and activate the expression of their target genes. These target genes include multiple metastasis-promoting genes, such as TNC, MMP2, and VEGFA, and cytokine genes CSF1 and CXCL1, which are critical for immunosuppression at metastatic sites. Consistent with these results, pharmacological inhibition of CECR2 bromodomain impeded NF-κB-mediated immune suppression by macrophages and inhibited breast cancer metastasis. These results reveal that targeting CECR2 may be a strategy to treat metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zongzhi Z. Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Wesley L. Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Hongyin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tianrui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yangyi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongyan An
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jocelyn F. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lok Hei Chan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Asako Aoshima
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sabine M. Lang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xuanlin Che
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sara J. Rutter
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jon S. Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Breast Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David. L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Center for Immuno-Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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7
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Barone I, Caruso A, Gelsomino L, Giordano C, Bonofiglio D, Catalano S, Andò S. Obesity and endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer: Mechanistic insights and perspectives. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13358. [PMID: 34559450 PMCID: PMC9285685 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, a recognized risk factor for various metabolic and chronic diseases, including numerous types of cancers, has risen dramatically over the recent decades worldwide. To date, convincing research in this area has painted a complex picture about the adverse impact of high body adiposity on breast cancer onset and progression. However, an emerging but overlooked issue of clinical significance is the limited efficacy of the conventional endocrine therapies with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or degraders (SERDs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in patients affected by breast cancer and obesity. The mechanisms behind the interplay between obesity and endocrine therapy resistance are likely to be multifactorial. Therefore, what have we actually learned during these years and which are the main challenges in the field? In this review, we will critically discuss the epidemiological evidence linking obesity to endocrine therapeutic responses and we will outline the molecular players involved in this harmful connection. Given the escalating global epidemic of obesity, advances in understanding this critical node will offer new precision medicine-based therapeutic interventions and more appropriate dosing schedule for treating patients affected by obesity and with breast tumors resistant to endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Amanda Caruso
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Luca Gelsomino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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8
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Varešlija D, Ward E, Purcell SP, Cosgrove NS, Cocchiglia S, O'Halloran PJ, Charmsaz S, Bane FT, Brett FM, Farrell M, Cryan J, Beausang A, Hudson L, Turnbul AK, Dixon JM, Hill ADK, Priedigkeit N, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Sims AH, Redmond AM, Carroll JS, Young LS. Comparative analysis of the AIB1 interactome in breast cancer reveals MTA2 as a repressive partner which silences E-Cadherin to promote EMT and associates with a pro-metastatic phenotype. Oncogene 2021; 40:1318-1331. [PMID: 33420368 PMCID: PMC7892341 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroid regulated cancer cells use nuclear receptors and associated regulatory proteins to orchestrate transcriptional networks to drive disease progression. In primary breast cancer, the coactivator AIB1 promotes estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity to enhance cell proliferation. The function of the coactivator in ER+ metastasis however is not established. Here we describe AIB1 as a survival factor, regulator of pro-metastatic transcriptional pathways and a promising actionable target. Genomic alterations and functional expression of AIB1 associated with reduced disease-free survival in patients and enhanced metastatic capacity in novel CDX and PDX ex-vivo models of ER+ metastatic disease. Comparative analysis of the AIB1 interactome with complementary RNAseq characterized AIB1 as a transcriptional repressor. Specifically, we report that AIB1 interacts with MTA2 to form a repressive complex, inhibiting CDH1 (encoding E-cadherin) to promote EMT and drive progression. We further report that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AIB1 demonstrates significant anti-proliferative activity in patient-derived models establishing AIB1 as a viable strategy to target endocrine resistant metastasis. This work defines a novel role for AIB1 in the regulation of EMT through transcriptional repression in advanced cancer cells with a considerable implication for prognosis and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Elspeth Ward
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan P Purcell
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola S Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona T Bane
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca M Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Farrell
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Cryan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Beausang
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lance Hudson
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arran K Turnbul
- Breast Cancer Now Research Laboratories, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Breast Cancer Now Research Laboratories, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Arnold D K Hill
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nolan Priedigkeit
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer Group, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aisling M Redmond
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Charmsaz S, Doherty B, Cocchiglia S, Varešlija D, Marino A, Cosgrove N, Marques R, Priedigkeit N, Purcell S, Bane F, Bolger J, Byrne C, O'Halloran PJ, Brett F, Sheehan K, Brennan K, Hopkins AM, Keelan S, Jagust P, Madden S, Martinelli C, Battaglini M, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Ciofani G, Hill ADK, Young LS. ADAM22/LGI1 complex as a new actionable target for breast cancer brain metastasis. BMC Med 2020; 18:349. [PMID: 33208158 PMCID: PMC7677775 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in woman. Brain metastasis is a common and devastating site of relapse for several breast cancer molecular subtypes, including oestrogen receptor-positive disease, with life expectancy of less than a year. While efforts have been devoted to developing therapeutics for extra-cranial metastasis, drug penetration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major clinical challenge. Defining molecular alterations in breast cancer brain metastasis enables the identification of novel actionable targets. METHODS Global transcriptomic analysis of matched primary and metastatic patient tumours (n = 35 patients, 70 tumour samples) identified a putative new actionable target for advanced breast cancer which was further validated in vivo and in breast cancer patient tumour tissue (n = 843 patients). A peptide mimetic of the target's natural ligand was designed in silico and its efficacy assessed in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models of breast cancer metastasis. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis of over-represented pathways in metastatic breast cancer identified ADAM22 as a top ranked member of the ECM-related druggable genome specific to brain metastases. ADAM22 was validated as an actionable target in in vitro, ex vivo and in patient tumour tissue (n = 843 patients). A peptide mimetic of the ADAM22 ligand LGI1, LGI1MIM, was designed in silico. The efficacy of LGI1MIM and its ability to penetrate the BBB were assessed in vitro, ex vivo and in brain metastasis BBB 3D biometric biohybrid models, respectively. Treatment with LGI1MIM in vivo inhibited disease progression, in particular the development of brain metastasis. CONCLUSION ADAM22 expression in advanced breast cancer supports development of breast cancer brain metastasis. Targeting ADAM22 with a peptide mimetic LGI1MIM represents a new therapeutic option to treat metastatic brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ben Doherty
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Attilio Marino
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Nicola Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nolan Priedigkeit
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Siobhan Purcell
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fiona Bane
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jarlath Bolger
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher Byrne
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine Sheehan
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Keelan
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Petra Jagust
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.,The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Arnold D K Hill
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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10
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Montaudon E, Nikitorowicz-Buniak J, Sourd L, Morisset L, El Botty R, Huguet L, Dahmani A, Painsec P, Nemati F, Vacher S, Chemlali W, Masliah-Planchon J, Château-Joubert S, Rega C, Leal MF, Simigdala N, Pancholi S, Ribas R, Nicolas A, Meseure D, Vincent-Salomon A, Reyes C, Rapinat A, Gentien D, Larcher T, Bohec M, Baulande S, Bernard V, Decaudin D, Coussy F, Le Romancer M, Dutertre G, Tariq Z, Cottu P, Driouch K, Bièche I, Martin LA, Marangoni E. PLK1 inhibition exhibits strong anti-tumoral activity in CCND1-driven breast cancer metastases with acquired palbociclib resistance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4053. [PMID: 32792481 PMCID: PMC7426966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients with oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers (BC) develop resistance to endocrine treatments (ET) and relapse with metastatic disease. Here we perform whole exome sequencing and gene expression analysis of matched primary breast tumours and bone metastasis-derived patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Transcriptomic analyses reveal enrichment of the G2/M checkpoint and up-regulation of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in PDX. PLK1 inhibition results in tumour shrinkage in highly proliferating CCND1-driven PDX, including different RB-positive PDX with acquired palbociclib resistance. Mechanistic studies in endocrine resistant cell lines, suggest an ER-independent function of PLK1 in regulating cell proliferation. Finally, in two independent clinical cohorts of ER positive BC, we find a strong association between high expression of PLK1 and a shorter metastases-free survival and poor response to anastrozole. In conclusion, our findings support clinical development of PLK1 inhibitors in patients with advanced CCND1-driven BC, including patients progressing on palbociclib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Montaudon
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Laura Sourd
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Morisset
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rania El Botty
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Léa Huguet
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Dahmani
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Painsec
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fariba Nemati
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Camilla Rega
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | | | - Nikiana Simigdala
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Sunil Pancholi
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Ricardo Ribas
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - André Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cécile Reyes
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Rapinat
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Gentien
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Larcher
- INRA, APEX-PAnTher, Oniris, Rue De La Géraudière Cedex 3, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Mylène Bohec
- Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Didier Decaudin
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Florence Coussy
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 28 Rue Laennec, 69000, Lyon, France
| | | | - Zakia Tariq
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paul Cottu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lesley-Ann Martin
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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11
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Singh M, Zhou X, Chen X, Santos GS, Peuget S, Cheng Q, Rihani A, Arnér ESJ, Hartman J, Selivanova G. Identification and targeting of selective vulnerability rendered by tamoxifen resistance. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:80. [PMID: 32727562 PMCID: PMC7388523 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer represents over 80% of all breast cancer cases. Even though adjuvant hormone therapy with tamoxifen (TMX) is saving lives of patients with ER-positive breast cancer, the acquired resistance to TMX anti-estrogen therapy is the main hurdle for successful TMX therapy. Here we address the mechanism for TMX resistance and explore the ways to eradicate TMX-resistant breast cancer in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify compounds able to overcome TMX resistance, we used short-term and long-term viability assays in cancer cells in vitro and in patient samples in 3D ex vivo, analysis of gene expression profiles and cell line pharmacology database, shRNA screen, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, real-time PCR, immunofluorescent analysis, western blot, measurement of oxidative stress using flow cytometry, and thioredoxin reductase 1 enzymatic activity. RESULTS Here, for the first time, we provide an ample evidence that a high level of the detoxifying enzyme SULT1A1 confers resistance to TMX therapy in both in vitro and ex vivo models and correlates with TMX resistance in metastatic samples in relapsed patients. Based on the data from different approaches, we identified three anticancer compounds, RITA (Reactivation of p53 and Induction of Tumor cell Apoptosis), aminoflavone (AF), and oncrasin-1 (ONC-1), whose tumor cell inhibition activity is dependent on SULT1A1. We discovered thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, encoded by TXNRD1) as a target of bio-activated RITA, AF, and ONC-1. SULT1A1 depletion prevented the inhibition of TrxR1, induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage signaling, and apoptosis triggered by the compounds. Notably, RITA efficiently suppressed TMX-unresponsive patient-derived breast cancer cells ex vivo. CONCLUSION We have identified a mechanism of resistance to TMX via hyperactivated SULT1A1, which renders selective vulnerability to anticancer compounds RITA, AF, and ONC-1, and provide a rationale for a new combination therapy to overcome TMX resistance in breast cancer patients. Our novel findings may provide a strategy to circumvent TMX resistance and suggest that this approach could be developed further for the benefit of relapsed breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinsong Chen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema Sanz Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Peuget
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Rihani
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Shen Y, Chu Q, Yin X, He Y, Bai P, Wang Y, Fang W, Timko MP, Fan L, Jiang W. TOD-CUP: a gene expression rank-based majority vote algorithm for tissue origin diagnosis of cancers of unknown primary. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:2106-2118. [PMID: 32266390 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling holds great potential as a new approach to histological diagnosis and precision medicine of cancers of unknown primary (CUP). Batch effects and different data types greatly decrease the predictive performance of biomarker-based algorithms, and few methods have been widely applied to identify tissue origin of CUP up to now. To address this problem and assist in more precise diagnosis, we have developed a gene expression rank-based majority vote algorithm for tissue origin diagnosis of CUP (TOD-CUP) of most common cancer types. Based on massive tissue-specific RNA-seq data sets (10 553) found in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 538 feature genes (biomarkers) were selected based on their gene expression ranks and used to predict tissue types. The top scoring pairs (TSPs) classifier of the tumor type was optimized by the TCGA training samples. To test the prediction accuracy of our TOD-CUP algorithm, we analyzed (1) two microarray data sets (1029 Agilent and 2277 Affymetrix/Illumina chips) and found 91% and 94% prediction accuracy, respectively, (2) RNA-seq data from five cancer types derived from 141 public metastatic cancer tumor samples and achieved 94% accuracy and (3) a total of 25 clinical cancer samples (including 14 metastatic cancer samples) were able to classify 24/25 samples correctly (96.0% accuracy). Taken together, the TOD-CUP algorithm provides a powerful and robust means to accurately identify the tissue origin of 24 cancer types across different data platforms. To make the TOD-CUP algorithm easily accessible for clinical application, we established a Web-based server for tumor tissue origin diagnosis (http://ibi. zju.edu.cn/todcup/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University and the Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Qinjie Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xinxin Yin
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yinjun He
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Panpan Bai
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Zhejiang Sheng Ting Biotechnology Co., China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology & Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
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13
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Hamdan D, Nguyen TT, Leboeuf C, Meles S, Janin A, Bousquet G. Genomics applied to the treatment of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4786-4801. [PMID: 31413819 PMCID: PMC6677666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a major health issue in the world with 1.7 million new cases in 2012 worldwide. It is the second cause of death from cancer in western countries. Genomics have started to modify the treatment of breast cancer, and the developments should become more and more significant, especially in the present era of treatment personalization and with the implementation of new technologies. With molecular signatures, genomics enabled a de-escalation of chemotherapy and personalized treatments of localized forms of estrogen-dependent breast cancers. Genomics can also make a real contribution to constitutional genetics, so as to identify mutations in a panel of candidate genes. In this review, we will discuss the contributions of genomics applied to the treatment of breast cancer, whether already validated contributions or possible future applications linked to research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaddin Hamdan
- Hôpital La Porte Verte, Versailles F-78004, France.,U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Thi Thuy Nguyen
- U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France.,National Cancer Hospital, Medical Oncology Department 2, Ha Noi 110000, Viet Nam.,Ha Noi Medical University, Oncology Department, Ha Noi 116001, Viet Nam
| | - Christophe Leboeuf
- U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France.,AP-HP-Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pathologie, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Solveig Meles
- U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Anne Janin
- U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France.,AP-HP-Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pathologie, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Guilhem Bousquet
- U942, Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM, Paris F-75010, France.,AP-HP-Hôpital Avicenne, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Bobigny F-93000, France.,Université Paris 13, Leonard de Vinci, Villetaneuse F-93430, France
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14
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Kawaguchi T, Yan L, Qi Q, Peng X, Edge SB, Young J, Yao S, Liu S, Otsuji E, Takabe K. Novel MicroRNA-Based Risk Score Identified by Integrated Analyses to Predict Metastasis and Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:4037-4046. [PMID: 30311168 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of biomarkers that allow early therapeutic intervention or intensive follow-up evaluation is expected to be a powerful means for reducing breast cancer mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play major roles in cancer biology including metastasis. This study aimed to develop a novel miRNA risk score to predict patient survival and metastasis in breast cancer. METHODS An integrated unbiased approach was applied to derive a composite risk score for prognosis based on miRNA expression in primary breast tumors in 1051 breast cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Further analysis of the risk score with metastasis/recurrence was performed using the TCGA data set and validated in a separate patient population using small RNA sequencing. RESULTS The three-miRNAs risk score (miR-19a, miR-93, and miR-106a) was developed using the TCGA cohort, which predicted poor prognosis (p = 0.0005) independently of known clinical risk factors. The prognostic value was validated in another three following independent cohorts: GSE19536 (p = 0.0009), GSE22220 (p = 0.0003), and the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) (p = 0.0023). The three-miRNAs risk score predicted bone recurrence in TCGA (p = 0.0052), and the findings were validated in another independent population of patients who experienced bone recurrence and age/stage-matched patients without any recurrence. The three-miRNAs risk score enriched multiple metastasis-related gene sets such as angiogenesis and epithelial mesenchymal transition in a gene-set-enrichment analysis. CONCLUSIONS The authors developed the novel miRNA-based risk score, which is a promising biomarker for prediction of worse survival and bone recurrence potential in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tstutomu Kawaguchi
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen B Edge
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
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15
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Jin ML, Kim YW, Jin HL, Kang H, Lee EK, Stallcup MR, Jeong KW. Aberrant expression of SETD1A promotes survival and migration of estrogen receptor α-positive breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2871-2883. [PMID: 30191958 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The histone H3 lysine 4-specific methyltransferase SETD1A is associated with transcription activation and is considered a key epigenetic regulator that modulates the cell cycle and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. However, the clinical role of SETD1A in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we examined whether SETD1A is a potential target for ERα-positive breast cancer therapy. SETD1A expression was upregulated in breast tumor tissue compared to that in normal breast tissue. Moreover, ER-target genes regulated by SETD1A were particularly enriched in cell cycle and cancer pathways. SETD1A is involved in histone H3K4 methylation, subsequent recruitment of ERα, and the establishment of accessible chromatin structure at the enhancer region of ERα target genes. In addition to ERα target genes, other cell survival genes were also downregulated by SETD1A depletion in MCF-7 cells, leading to significant decrease in cell proliferation and migration, and spontaneous induction of apoptosis. We also found that miR-1915-3p functioned as a novel regulator of SETD1A expression in breast cells. Importantly, the growth of tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells was effectively repressed by SETD1A knockdown. These results indicate that SETD1A may serve as a molecular target and prognostic indicator in ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li Jin
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woong Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Hultsch S, Kankainen M, Paavolainen L, Kovanen RM, Ikonen E, Kangaspeska S, Pietiäinen V, Kallioniemi O. Association of tamoxifen resistance and lipid reprogramming in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:850. [PMID: 30143015 PMCID: PMC6109356 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer reduces mortality by 31%. However, over half of advanced ER-positive breast cancers are intrinsically resistant to tamoxifen and about 40% will acquire the resistance during the treatment. Methods In order to explore mechanisms underlying endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer and to identify new therapeutic opportunities, we created tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines that represent the luminal A or the luminal B. Gene expression patterns revealed by RNA-sequencing in seven tamoxifen-resistant variants were compared with their isogenic parental cells. We further examined those transcriptomic alterations in a publicly available patient cohort. Results We show that tamoxifen resistance cannot simply be explained by altered expression of individual genes, common mechanism across all resistant variants, or the appearance of new fusion genes. Instead, the resistant cell lines shared altered gene expression patterns associated with cell cycle, protein modification and metabolism, especially with the cholesterol pathway. In the tamoxifen-resistant T-47D cell variants we observed a striking increase of neutral lipids in lipid droplets as well as an accumulation of free cholesterol in the lysosomes. Tamoxifen-resistant cells were also less prone to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and not vulnerable to compounds targeting the lipid metabolism. However, the cells were sensitive to disulfiram, LCS-1, and dasatinib. Conclusion Altogether, our findings highlight a major role of LMP prevention in tamoxifen resistance, and suggest novel drug vulnerabilities associated with this phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4757-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hultsch
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Kankainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lassi Paavolainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Kangaspeska
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Innovation Services (HIS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and the Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Solna, Sweden
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17
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Tivari S, Lu H, Dasgupta T, De Lorenzo MS, Wieder R. Reawakening of dormant estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells by bone marrow stroma secretory senescence. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:48. [PMID: 30119678 PMCID: PMC6098600 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dormant estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer micrometastases in the bone marrow survive adjuvant chemotherapy and recur stochastically for more than 20 years. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokines produced by stromal injury can re-awaken dormant breast cancer cells. Methods We used an established in vitro dormancy model of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells incubated at clonogenic density on fibronectin-coated plates to determine the effects of inflammatory cytokines on reactivation of dormant ER+ breast cancer cells. We measured induction of a mesenchymal phenotype, motility and the capacity to re-enter dormancy. We induced secretory senescence in murine stromal monolayers by oxidation, hypoxia and estrogen deprivation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazzone (CCCP) and Fulvestrant (ICI 182780), respectively, and determined the effects on growth of co-cultivated breast cancer cells. Results Exogenous recombinant human (rh) interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 or transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) induced regrowth of dormant MCF-7 cells on fibronectin-coated plates. Dormant cells had decreased expression of E-cadherin and estrogen receptor α (ERα) and increased expression of N-cadherin and SNAI2 (SLUG). Cytokine or TGFβ1 treatment of dormant clones induced formation of growing clones, a mesenchymal appearance, increased motility and an impaired capacity to re-enter dormancy. Stromal injury induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), activated TGFβ and stimulated the growth of co-cultivated MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by stroma in co-culture. Conclusions Dormant ER+ breast cancer cells have activated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression programs and downregulated ERα but maintain a dormant epithelial phenotype. Stromal inflammation reactivates these cells, induces growth and a mesenchymal phenotype. Reactivated, growing cells have an impaired ability to re-enter dormancy. In turn, breast cancer cells co-cultured with stroma induce secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by the stroma, creating a positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Tivari
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 205 South Orange Avenue, Cancer Center H1216, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 205 South Orange Avenue, Cancer Center H1216, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Tanya Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 205 South Orange Avenue, Cancer Center H1216, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mariana S De Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Wieder
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 205 South Orange Avenue, Cancer Center H1216, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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18
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Browne AL, Charmsaz S, Varešlija D, Fagan A, Cosgrove N, Cocchiglia S, Purcell S, Ward E, Bane F, Hudson L, Hill AD, Carroll JS, Redmond AM, Young LS. Network analysis of SRC-1 reveals a novel transcription factor hub which regulates endocrine resistant breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:2008-2021. [PMID: 29367763 PMCID: PMC5895607 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) interacts with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors (TFs) to initiate transcriptional networks and regulate downstream genes which enable the cancer cell to evade therapy and metastasise. Here we took a top-down discovery approach to map out the SRC-1 transcriptional network in endocrine resistant breast cancer. First, rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME) was employed to uncover new SRC-1 TF partners. Next, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was undertaken to investigate SRC-1 TF target genes. Molecular and patient-derived xenograft studies confirmed STAT1 as a new SRC-1 TF partner, important in the regulation of a cadre of four SRC-1 transcription targets, NFIA, SMAD2, E2F7 and ASCL1. Extended network analysis identified a downstream 79 gene network, the clinical relevance of which was investigated in RNAseq studies from matched primary and local-recurrence tumours from endocrine resistant patients. We propose that SRC-1 can partner with STAT1 independently of the estrogen receptor to initiate a transcriptional cascade and control regulation of key endocrine resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alacoque L Browne
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ailis Fagan
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Purcell
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elspeth Ward
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Bane
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lance Hudson
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold D Hill
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aisling M Redmond
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Ward E, Varešlija D, Charmsaz S, Fagan A, Browne AL, Cosgrove N, Cocchiglia S, Purcell SP, Hudson L, Das S, O'Connor D, O'Halloran PJ, Sims AH, Hill AD, Young LS. Epigenome-wide SRC-1-Mediated Gene Silencing Represses Cellular Differentiation in Advanced Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3692-3703. [PMID: 29567811 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Despite the clinical utility of endocrine therapies for estrogen receptor-positive (ER) breast cancer, up to 40% of patients eventually develop resistance, leading to disease progression. The molecular determinants that drive this adaptation to treatment remain poorly understood. Methylome aberrations drive cancer growth yet the functional role and mechanism of these epimutations in drug resistance are poorly elucidated.Experimental Design: Genome-wide multi-omics sequencing approach identified a differentially methylated hub of prodifferentiation genes in endocrine resistant breast cancer patients and cell models. Clinical relevance of the functionally validated methyl-targets was assessed in a cohort of endocrine-treated human breast cancers and patient-derived ex vivo metastatic tumors.Results: Enhanced global hypermethylation was observed in endocrine treatment resistant cells and patient metastasis relative to sensitive parent cells and matched primary breast tumor, respectively. Using paired methylation and transcriptional profiles, we found that SRC-1-dependent alterations in endocrine resistance lead to aberrant hypermethylation that resulted in reduced expression of a set of differentiation genes. Analysis of ER-positive endocrine-treated human breast tumors (n = 669) demonstrated that low expression of this prodifferentiation gene set significantly associated with poor clinical outcome (P = 0.00009). We demonstrate that the reactivation of these genes in vitro and ex vivo reverses the aggressive phenotype.Conclusions: Our work demonstrates that SRC-1-dependent epigenetic remodeling is a 'high level' regulator of the poorly differentiated state in ER-positive breast cancer. Collectively these data revealed an epigenetic reprograming pathway, whereby concerted differential DNA methylation is potentiated by SRC-1 in the endocrine resistant setting. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3692-703. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth Ward
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ailis Fagan
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alacoque L Browne
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan P Purcell
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lance Hudson
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sudipto Das
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darran O'Connor
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer Group, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold D Hill
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Gawrzak S, Rinaldi L, Gregorio S, Arenas EJ, Salvador F, Urosevic J, Figueras-Puig C, Rojo F, Del Barco Barrantes I, Cejalvo JM, Palafox M, Guiu M, Berenguer-Llergo A, Symeonidi A, Bellmunt A, Kalafatovic D, Arnal-Estapé A, Fernández E, Müllauer B, Groeneveld R, Slobodnyuk K, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Saura C, Arribas J, Cortes J, Rovira A, Muñoz M, Lluch A, Serra V, Albanell J, Prat A, Nebreda AR, Benitah SA, Gomis RR. MSK1 regulates luminal cell differentiation and metastatic dormancy in ER + breast cancer. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:211-221. [PMID: 29358704 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For many patients with breast cancer, symptomatic bone metastases appear after years of latency. How micrometastatic lesions remain dormant and undetectable before initiating colonization is unclear. Here, we describe a mechanism involved in bone metastatic latency of oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Using an in vivo genome-wide short hairpin RNA screening, we identified the kinase MSK1 as an important regulator of metastatic dormancy in breast cancer. In patients with ER+ breast cancer, low MSK1 expression associates with early metastasis. We show that MSK1 downregulation impairs the differentiation of breast cancer cells, increasing their bone homing and growth capacities. MSK1 controls the expression of genes required for luminal cell differentiation, including the GATA3 and FOXA1 transcription factors, by modulating their promoter chromatin status. Our results indicate that MSK1 prevents metastatic progression of ER+ breast cancer, suggesting that stratifying patients with breast cancer as high or low risk for early relapse based on MSK1 expression could improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Gawrzak
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Rinaldi
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique J Arenas
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Urosevic
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Figueras-Puig
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Del Barco Barrantes
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Palafox
- Experimental Therapeutics, Vall d'Hebron Insitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Guiu
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Berenguer-Llergo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Symeonidi
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bellmunt
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Kalafatovic
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale, CT, USA
| | - Esther Fernández
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Müllauer
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rianne Groeneveld
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantin Slobodnyuk
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Saura
- Department of Oncology, Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortes
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Muñoz
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.,University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics, Vall d'Hebron Insitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Aznar Benitah
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger R Gomis
- Oncology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Wood O, Clarke J, Woo J, Mirza AH, Woelk CH, Thomas GJ, Vijayanand P, King E, Ottensmeier CH. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas Are Characterized by a Stable Immune Signature Within the Primary Tumor Over Time and Space. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7641-7649. [PMID: 28951517 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Genetic and morphologic heterogeneity is well-documented in solid cancers. Immune cells are also variably distributed within the tumor; this heterogeneity is difficult to assess in small biopsies, and may confound our understanding of the determinants of successful immunotherapy. We examined the transcriptomic variability of the immunologic signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) within individual tumors using transcriptomic and IHC assessments.Experimental Design: Forty-four tumor biopsies from 16 HNSCC patients, taken at diagnosis and later at resection, were analyzed using RNA-sequencing. Variance filtering was used to identify the top 4,000 most variable genes. Principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and correlation analysis were performed. Gene expression of CD8A was correlated to IHC analysis.Results: Analysis of immunologic gene expression was highly consistent in replicates from the same cancer. Across the cohort, samples from the same patient were most similar to each other, both spatially (at diagnosis) and, notably, over time (diagnostic biopsy compared with resection); comparison of global gene expression by hierarchical clustering (P ≤ 0.0001) and correlation analysis [median intrapatient r = 0.82; median interpatient r = 0.63]. CD8A gene transcript counts were highly correlated with CD8 T-cell counts by IHC (r = 0.82).Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that in HNSCC the global tumor and adaptive immune signatures are stable between discrete parts of the same tumor and also at different timepoints. This suggests that immunologic heterogeneity may not be a key reason for failure of immunotherapy and underpins the use of transcriptomics for immunologic evaluation of novel agents in HNSCC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7641-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James Clarke
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adal H Mirza
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Woelk
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Emma King
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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22
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Charmsaz S, Hughes É, Bane FT, Tibbitts P, McIlroy M, Byrne C, Cocchiglia S, McBryan J, Hennessy BT, Dwyer RM, Kerin MJ, Hill AD, Young LS. S100β as a serum marker in endocrine resistant breast cancer. BMC Med 2017; 15:79. [PMID: 28399921 PMCID: PMC5389184 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine therapy is standard treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, its efficacy is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Here the potential of S100β as a biomarker and inhibition of its signaling network as a therapeutic strategy in endocrine treated patients was investigated. METHODS The expression of S100β in tissue and serum was assessed by immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The S100β signaling network was investigated in cell line models of endocrine resistance by western blot, PCR, immunoprecipitation, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation. Endocrine resistant xenografts and tumor explants from patients with resistant tumors were treated with endocrine therapy in the presence and absence of the p-Src kinase inhibitor, dasatinib. RESULTS Tissue and serum levels of S100β were found to predict poor disease-free survival in endocrine-treated patients (n = 509, HR 2.32, 95% CI is 1.58-3.40, p < 0.0001 and n = 187, HR 4.009, 95% CI is 1.66-9.68, p = 0.002, respectively). Moreover, elevated levels of serum S100β detected during routine surveillance over the patient treatment period significantly associated with subsequent clinically confirmed disease recurrence (p = 0.019). In vivo studies demonstrated that endocrine treatment induced transcriptional regulation of S100β which was successfully disrupted with tyrosine kinase inhibition. In endocrine resistant xenografts and tumor explants from patients with endocrine resistant breast cancer, combined endocrine and dasatinib treatment reduced tumor proliferation and down-regulated S100β protein expression in comparison to endocrine treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS S100β has potential as a new surveillance tool for patients with ER-positive breast cancer to monitor ongoing response to endocrine therapy. Moreover, endocrine resistant breast cancer patients with elevated S100β may benefit from combined endocrine and tyrosine-kinase inhibitor treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01840293 ). Registered on 23 April 2013. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Éamon Hughes
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona T Bane
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Tibbitts
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie McIlroy
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher Byrne
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean McBryan
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Róisín M Dwyer
- Department of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Researcich, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael J Kerin
- Department of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Researcich, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Arnold D Hill
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Han HH, Kim BG, Lee JH, Kang S, Kim JE, Cho NH. Angiopoietin-2 promotes ER+ breast cancer cell survival in bone marrow niche. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:609-23. [PMID: 27353038 PMCID: PMC5064757 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, it is recognized that metastases may develop after a long period of dormancy. Bone marrow (BM) vascular niche is where the dormant tumor cells are most likely to reside. So far, it is not fully understood why the dormant tumor cells become proliferative and eventually generate tumor. We hypothesized that therapeutic or menopause-related estrogen depletion may be the switch behind dormant ER+ tumor cell awakening in BM. We utilized an existing experimental model of BM endothelial niche that can simulate ER+ tumor cell dormancy to test our hypothesis. In results, estrogen depletion paradoxically promoted ER+ tumor cell proliferation in the BM endothelial niche, and their molecular phenotype shifted from dormant to awaken. Following estrogen depletion, the BM niche cells produced angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), which destabilized niche endothelium by interfering ANGPT1/Tie2 signaling, and promoted ER+ tumor cell survival under estrogen deficiency via cell surface integrin &1. Knockdown of ANGPT2 completely negated ER+ tumor cell awakening in the niche. Furthermore, ANGPT2 expression in ER+ tumor human samples was associated with increased risk of distant metastasis only in those who underwent adjuvant estrogen depletion therapy, not in those who did not undergo adjuvant therapy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ANGPT2 signaling activated after estrogen depletion paradoxically triggers ER+ tumor cell awakening from dormancy in their BM niche, partly indirectly via endothelial Tie2 receptor and partly directly via tumor cell surface integrin &1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Han
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Department of PathologyYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baek Gil Kim
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suki Kang
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Department of PathologyYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI)Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Global 5-5-10 System BiologyYonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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