1
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Lin Q, Serratore A, Perri J, Roy Chaudhuri T, Qu J, Ma WW, Kandel ES, Straubinger RM. Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 correlates inversely with the efficacy of single-agent fibroblast growth factor receptor-specific inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1383-1403. [PMID: 37994108 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Elevated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activity correlates with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression and poor prognosis. However, its potential as a therapeutic target remains largely unexplored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects of selective pan-FGFR inhibitors (pan-FGFRi) were explored using in vitro and in vivo PDAC models ranging from gemcitabine-sensitive to highly gemcitabine-resistant (GemR). Gain-/loss-of-function investigations were employed to define the role of individual FGFRs in cell proliferation, migration, and treatment response and resistance. RESULTS The pan-FGFRi NVP-BGJ398 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and downregulated key cell survival- and invasiveness markers in multiple PDAC cell lines. Gemcitabine is a standard-of-care for PDAC, but development of resistance to gemcitabine (GemR) compromises its efficacy. Acquired GemR was modelled experimentally by developing highly GemR cells using escalating gemcitabine exposure in vitro and in vivo. FGFRi treatment inhibited GemR cell proliferation, migration, GemR marker expression, and tumour progression. FGFR2 or FGFR3 loss-of-function by shRNA knockdown failed to decrease cell growth, whereas FGFR1 knockdown was lethal. FGFR1 overexpression promoted cell migration more than proliferation, and reduced FGFRi-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration. Single-agent FGFRi suppressed the viability and growth of multiple patient-derived xenografts inversely with respect to FGFR1 expression, underscoring the influence of FGFR1-dependent tumour responses to FGFRi. Importantly, secondary data analysis showed that PDAC tumours expressed FGFR1 at lower levels than in normal pancreas tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Single-agent FGFR inhibitors mediate selective, molecularly-targeted suppression of PDAC proliferation, and their effects are greatest in PDAC tumours expressing low-to-moderate levels of FGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Serratore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Perri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tista Roy Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Wen Wee Ma
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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2
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Godfrey LK, Forster J, Liffers ST, Schröder C, Köster J, Henschel L, Ludwig KU, Lähnemann D, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Behrens D, Scarpa A, Lawlor RT, Witzke KE, Sitek B, Johnsen SA, Rahmann S, Horsthemke B, Zeschnigk M, Siveke JT. Pancreatic cancer acquires resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition by clonal expansion and adaptive DNA hypermethylation. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:13. [PMID: 38229153 PMCID: PMC10792938 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. It is marked by extraordinary resistance to conventional therapies including chemotherapy and radiation, as well as to essentially all targeted therapies evaluated so far. More than 90% of PDAC cases harbor an activating KRAS mutation. As the most common KRAS variants in PDAC remain undruggable so far, it seemed promising to inhibit a downstream target in the MAPK pathway such as MEK1/2, but up to now preclinical and clinical evaluation of MEK inhibitors (MEKi) failed due to inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms. To gain insights into molecular changes during the formation of resistance to oncogenic MAPK pathway inhibition, we utilized short-term passaged primary tumor cells from ten PDACs of genetically engineered mice. We followed gain and loss of resistance upon MEKi exposure and withdrawal by longitudinal integrative analysis of whole genome sequencing, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry data. RESULTS We found that resistant cell populations under increasing MEKi treatment evolved by the expansion of a single clone but were not a direct consequence of known resistance-conferring mutations. Rather, resistant cells showed adaptive DNA hypermethylation of 209 and hypomethylation of 8 genomic sites, most of which overlap with regulatory elements known to be active in murine PDAC cells. Both DNA methylation changes and MEKi resistance were transient and reversible upon drug withdrawal. Furthermore, MEKi resistance could be reversed by DNA methyltransferase inhibition with remarkable sensitivity exclusively in the resistant cells. CONCLUSION Overall, the concept of acquired therapy resistance as a result of the expansion of a single cell clone with epigenetic plasticity sheds light on genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic patterns during evolvement of treatment resistance in a tumor with high adaptive capabilities and provides potential for reversion through epigenetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Godfrey
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy (BIT) and Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology (DKTK), West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Forster
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven-Thorsten Liffers
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy (BIT) and Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology (DKTK), West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Schröder
- Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Köster
- Bioinformatics and Computational Oncology, Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Leonie Henschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Lähnemann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy (BIT) and Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology (DKTK), West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana Behrens
- EPO Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology GmbH, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Pathological Anatomy Section, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- ARC-Net Cancer Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Cancer Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kathrin E Witzke
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center/Zentrum Für Protein-Diagnostik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center/Zentrum Für Protein-Diagnostik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Rahmann
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics Saar and Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernhard Horsthemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeschnigk
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy (BIT) and Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology (DKTK), West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) West, Campus Essen, Essen, Germany.
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3
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Recouvreux MV, Grenier SF, Zhang Y, Esparza E, Lambies G, Galapate CM, Maganti S, Duong-Polk K, Bhullar D, Naeem R, Scott DA, Lowy AM, Tiriac H, Commisso C. Glutamine mimicry suppresses tumor progression through asparagine metabolism in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:100-113. [PMID: 37814011 PMCID: PMC10956382 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), glutamine is a critical nutrient that drives a wide array of metabolic and biosynthetic processes that support tumor growth. Here, we elucidate how 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a glutamine antagonist that broadly inhibits glutamine metabolism, blocks PDAC tumor growth and metastasis. We find that DON significantly reduces asparagine production by inhibiting asparagine synthetase (ASNS), and that the effects of DON are rescued by asparagine. As a metabolic adaptation, PDAC cells upregulate ASNS expression in response to DON, and we show that ASNS levels are inversely correlated with DON efficacy. We also show that L-asparaginase (ASNase) synergizes with DON to affect the viability of PDAC cells, and that DON and ASNase combination therapy has a significant impact on metastasis. These results shed light on the mechanisms that drive the effects of glutamine mimicry and point to the utility of cotargeting adaptive responses to control PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Recouvreux
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Esparza
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guillem Lambies
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheska Marie Galapate
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Swetha Maganti
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Duong-Polk
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Bhullar
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razia Naeem
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Cancer Metabolism Core Resource, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Tiriac
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cosimo Commisso
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Macaya I, Roman M, Welch C, Entrialgo-Cadierno R, Salmon M, Santos A, Feliu I, Kovalski J, Lopez I, Rodriguez-Remirez M, Palomino-Echeverria S, Lonfgren SM, Ferrero M, Calabuig S, Ludwig IA, Lara-Astiaso D, Jantus-Lewintre E, Guruceaga E, Narayanan S, Ponz-Sarvise M, Pineda-Lucena A, Lecanda F, Ruggero D, Khatri P, Santamaria E, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Ferrer I, Paz-Ares L, Drosten M, Barbacid M, Gil-Bazo I, Vicent S. Signature-driven repurposing of Midostaurin for combination with MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6332. [PMID: 37816716 PMCID: PMC10564741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combinations are key to circumvent resistance mechanisms compromising response to single anti-cancer targeted therapies. The implementation of combinatorial approaches involving MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors in the context of KRAS-mutated lung cancers focuses fundamentally on targeting KRAS proximal activators or effectors. However, the antitumor effect is highly determined by compensatory mechanisms arising in defined cell types or tumor subgroups. A potential strategy to find drug combinations targeting a larger fraction of KRAS-mutated lung cancers may capitalize on the common, distal gene expression output elicited by oncogenic KRAS. By integrating a signature-driven drug repurposing approach with a pairwise pharmacological screen, here we show synergistic drug combinations consisting of multi-tyrosine kinase PKC inhibitors together with MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors. Such combinations elicit a cytotoxic response in both in vitro and in vivo models, which in part involves inhibition of the PKC inhibitor target AURKB. Proteome profiling links dysregulation of MYC expression to the effect of both PKC inhibitor-based drug combinations. Furthermore, MYC overexpression appears as a resistance mechanism to MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors. Our study provides a rational framework for selecting drugs entering combinatorial strategies and unveils MEK1/2- and KRASG12C-based therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Macaya
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Roman
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Connor Welch
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Salmon
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Feliu
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joanna Kovalski
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ines Lopez
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Remirez
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Palomino-Echeverria
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Shane M Lonfgren
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Macarena Ferrero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Molecular Therapies Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Lara-Astiaso
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Genomics Platform, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Bioinformatics Platform, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shruthi Narayanan
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Molecular Therapies Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Fernandez-Irigoyen
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Drosten
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain.
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5
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Gulay KCM, Zhang X, Pantazopoulou V, Patel J, Esparza E, Pran Babu DS, Ogawa S, Weitz J, Ng I, Mose ES, Pu M, Engle DD, Lowy AM, Tiriac H. Dual Inhibition of KRASG12D and Pan-ERBB Is Synergistic in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3001-3012. [PMID: 37378556 PMCID: PMC10502451 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer with a low survival rate. Recently, new drugs that target KRASG12D, a common mutation in PDAC, have been developed. We studied one of these compounds, MRTX1133, and found it was specific and effective at low nanomolar concentrations in patient-derived organoid models and cell lines harboring KRASG12D mutations. Treatment with MRTX1133 upregulated the expression and phosphorylation of EGFR and HER2, indicating that inhibition of ERBB signaling may potentiate MRTX1133 antitumor activity. Indeed, the irreversible pan-ERBB inhibitor, afatinib, potently synergized with MRTX1133 in vitro, and cancer cells with acquired resistance to MRTX1133 in vitro remained sensitive to this combination therapy. Finally, the combination of MRTX1133 and afatinib led to tumor regression and longer survival in orthotopic PDAC mouse models. These results suggest that dual inhibition of ERBB and KRAS signaling may be synergistic and circumvent the rapid development of acquired resistance in patients with KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer models, including KRAS inhibitor-resistant models, show exquisite sensitivity to combined pan-ERBB and KRAS targeting, which provides the rationale for testing this drug combination in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Christian Montecillo Gulay
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Vasiliki Pantazopoulou
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Edgar Esparza
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Deepa Sheik Pran Babu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jonathan Weitz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Isabella Ng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Evangeline S. Mose
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Minya Pu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hervé Tiriac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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6
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Jeong S, Kim HR, Shin JH, Son MH, Lee IH, Roe JS. Streamlined DNA-encoded small molecule library screening and validation for the discovery of novel chemotypes targeting BET proteins. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:637-649. [PMID: 37207130 PMCID: PMC10189352 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeting aberrant epigenetic programs that drive tumorigenesis is a promising approach to cancer therapy. DNA-encoded library (DEL) screening is a core platform technology increasingly used to identify drugs that bind to protein targets. Here, we use DEL screening against bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins to identify inhibitors with new chemotypes, and successfully identified BBC1115 as a selective BET inhibitor. While BBC1115 does not structurally resemble OTX-015, a clinically active pan-BET inhibitor, our intensive biological characterization revealed that BBC1115 binds to BET proteins, including BRD4, and suppresses aberrant cell fate programs. Phenotypically, BBC1115-mediated BET inhibition impaired proliferation in acute myeloid leukemia, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, intravenous administration of BBC1115 inhibited subcutaneous tumor xenograft growth with minimal toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Since epigenetic regulations are ubiquitously distributed across normal and malignant cells, it will be critical to evaluate if BBC1115 affects normal cell function. Nonetheless, our study shows integrating DEL-based small-molecule compound screening and multi-step biological validation represents a reliable strategy to discover new chemotypes with selectivity, efficacy, and safety profiles for targeting proteins involved in epigenetic regulation in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Ha Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jae-Seok Roe, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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7
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Strickland LN, Faraoni EY, Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK, Bailey-Lundberg JM. The resurgence of the Adora2b receptor as an immunotherapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163585. [PMID: 37187740 PMCID: PMC10175829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma that impedes drug delivery, reduces parenchymal blood flow, and suppresses the anti-tumor immune response. The extracellular matrix and abundance of stromal cells result in severe hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and emerging publications evaluating PDAC tumorigenesis have shown the adenosine signaling pathway promotes an immunosuppressive TME and contributes to the overall low survival rate. Hypoxia increases many elements of the adenosine signaling pathway, resulting in higher adenosine levels in the TME, further contributing to immune suppression. Extracellular adenosine signals through 4 adenosine receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, Adora3). Of the 4 receptors, Adora2b has the lowest affinity for adenosine and thus, has important consequences when stimulated by adenosine binding in the hypoxic TME. We and others have shown that Adora2b is present in normal pancreas tissue, and in injured or diseased pancreatic tissue, Adora2b levels are significantly elevated. The Adora2b receptor is present on many immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. In these immune cell types, adenosine signaling through Adora2b can reduce the adaptive anti-tumor response, augmenting immune suppression, or may contribute to transformation and changes in fibrosis, perineural invasion, or the vasculature by binding the Adora2b receptor on neoplastic epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic consequences of Adora2b activation on cell types in the tumor microenvironment. As the cell-autonomous role of adenosine signaling through Adora2b has not been comprehensively studied in pancreatic cancer cells, we will also discuss published data from other malignancies to infer emerging therapeutic considerations for targeting the Adora2b adenosine receptor to reduce the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potential of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Bailey-Lundberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Perurena N, Lock R, Davis RA, Raghavan S, Pilla NF, Ng R, Loi P, Guild CJ, Miller AL, Sicinska E, Cleary JM, Rubinson DA, Wolpin BM, Gray NS, Santagata S, Hahn WC, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Aguirre AJ, Cichowski K. USP9X mediates an acute adaptive response to MAPK suppression in pancreatic cancer but creates multiple actionable therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101007. [PMID: 37030295 PMCID: PMC10140597 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) frequently harbor KRAS mutations. Although MEK inhibitors represent a plausible therapeutic option, most PDACs are innately resistant to these agents. Here, we identify a critical adaptive response that mediates resistance. Specifically, we show that MEK inhibitors upregulate the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 by triggering an association with its deubiquitinase, USP9X, resulting in acute Mcl-1 stabilization and protection from apoptosis. Notably, these findings contrast the canonical positive regulation of Mcl-1 by RAS/ERK. We further show that Mcl-1 inhibitors and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, which suppress Mcl-1 transcription, prevent this protective response and induce tumor regression when combined with MEK inhibitors. Finally, we identify USP9X as an additional potential therapeutic target. Together, these studies (1) demonstrate that USP9X regulates a critical mechanism of resistance in PDAC, (2) reveal an unexpected mechanism of Mcl-1 regulation in response to RAS pathway suppression, and (3) provide multiple distinct promising therapeutic strategies for this deadly malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Perurena
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Lock
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel A Davis
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Natalie F Pilla
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raymond Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Loi
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline J Guild
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail L Miller
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Douglas A Rubinson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G11 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G11 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Silva-Pedrosa R, Salgado AJ, Ferreira PE. Revolutionizing Disease Modeling: The Emergence of Organoids in Cellular Systems. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060930. [PMID: 36980271 PMCID: PMC10047824 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular models have created opportunities to explore the characteristics of human diseases through well-established protocols, while avoiding the ethical restrictions associated with post-mortem studies and the costs associated with researching animal models. The capability of cell reprogramming, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology, solved the complications associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESC) usage. Moreover, iPSCs made significant contributions for human medicine, such as in diagnosis, therapeutic and regenerative medicine. The two-dimensional (2D) models allowed for monolayer cellular culture in vitro; however, they were surpassed by the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system. The 3D cell culture provides higher cell-cell contact and a multi-layered cell culture, which more closely respects cellular morphology and polarity. It is more tightly able to resemble conditions in vivo and a closer approach to the architecture of human tissues, such as human organoids. Organoids are 3D cellular structures that mimic the architecture and function of native tissues. They are generated in vitro from stem cells or differentiated cells, such as epithelial or neural cells, and are used to study organ development, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Organoids have become a powerful tool for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human physiology, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of cancer, metabolic diseases, and brain disorders. Although organoid technology is up-and-coming, it also has some limitations that require improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Eduardo Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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10
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Pancreatic Cancer Organoids: An Emerging Platform for Precision Medicine? Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030890. [PMID: 36979869 PMCID: PMC10046065 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, with remarkable resistance to treatment, poor prognosis, and poor clinical outcome. More efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to improve patients’ survival. Recently, the development of organoid culture systems has gained substantial attention as an emerging preclinical research model. PDAC organoids have been developed to study pancreatic cancer biology, progression, and treatment response, filling the translational gap between in vitro and in vivo models. Here, we review the rapidly evolving field of PDAC organoids and their potential as powerful preclinical tools that could pave the way towards precision medicine for pancreatic cancer.
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11
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D’Agosto S, Fiorini E, Pezzini F, Delfino P, Simbolo M, Vicentini C, Andreani S, Capelli P, Rusev B, Lawlor RT, Bassi C, Landoni L, Pea A, Luchini C, Scarpa A, Corbo V. Long-term organoid culture of a small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:999792. [PMID: 37082125 PMCID: PMC10112019 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.999792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms whose incidence has markedly increased over the last decades. A grading system based on the tumor cells' proliferation index predicts high-risk for G3 NETs. However, low-to-intermediate grade (G1/G2) NETs have an unpredictable clinical course that varies from indolent to highly malignant. Cultures of human cancer cells enable to perform functional perturbation analyses that are instrumental to enhance our understanding of cancer biology. To date, no tractable and reliable long-term culture of G1/G2 NET has been reported to permit disease modeling and pharmacological screens. Here, we report of the first long-term culture of a G2 metastatic small intestinal NET that preserves the main genetic drivers of the tumor and retains expression patterns of the endocrine cell lineage. Replicating the tissue, this long-term culture showed a low proliferation index, and yet it could be propagated continuously without dramatic changes in the karyotype. The model was readily available for pharmacological screens using targeted agents and as expected, showed low tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Overall, this is the first long-term culture of NETs to faithfully recapitulate many aspects of the original neuroendocrine tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D’Agosto
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Fiorini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Delfino
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Simbolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Andreani
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Capelli
- Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata dell’Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Borislav Rusev
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T. Lawlor
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Landoni
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Pea
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Corbo,
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12
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Liao X, Tsai HI. KRAS mutation: The booster of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma transformation and progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147676. [PMID: 37152291 PMCID: PMC10157181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. It has a poor response to conventional therapy and has an extremely poor 5-year survival rate. PDAC is driven by multiple oncogene mutations, with the highest mutation frequency being observed in KRAS. The KRAS protein, which binds to GTP, has phosphokinase activity, which further activates downstream effectors. KRAS mutation contributes to cancer cell proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, immune escape, and therapy resistance in PDAC, acting as a critical driver of the disease. Thus, KRAS mutation is positively associated with poorer prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients. This review focus on the KRAS mutation patterns in PDAC, and further emphases its role in signal transduction, metabolic reprogramming, therapy resistance and prognosis, hoping to provide KRAS target therapy strategies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Zhang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Liao, ; Hsiang-i Tsai,
| | - Hsiang-i Tsai
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Liao, ; Hsiang-i Tsai,
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13
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Yu YY, Zhu YJ, Xiao ZZ, Chen YD, Chang XS, Liu YH, Tang Q, Zhang HB. The pivotal application of patient-derived organoid biobanks for personalized treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Biomark Res 2022; 10:73. [PMID: 36207749 PMCID: PMC9547471 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) occupy more than 30% of the cancer-related incidence and mortality around the world. Despite advances in the treatment strategies, the long-term overall survival has not been improved for patients with GICs. Recently, the novel patient-derived organoid (PDO) culture technology has become a powerful tool for GICs in a manner that recapitulates the morphology, pathology, genetic, phenotypic, and behavior traits of the original tumors. Excitingly, a number of evidences suggest that the versatile technology has great potential for personalized treatment, suppling the clinical application of molecularly guided personalized treatment. In the paper, we summarize the literature on the topics of establishing organoid biobanks of PDOs, and their application in the personalized treatment allowing for radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy selection for GICs. Despite the limitations of current organoid models, high-throughput drug screening of GIC PDO combined with next-generation sequencing technology represents a novel and pivotal preclinical model for precision medicine of tumors and has a great value in promoting the transformation from basic cancer research to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Juan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Song Chang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Hong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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ERBB2 S310F mutation independently activates PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways through homodimers to contribute gallbladder carcinoma growth. Med Oncol 2022; 39:64. [PMID: 35477796 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability and mutability are a prominent character of tumor. The whole-exosome sequence reveals that ERBB2 mutations are the representative mutations of gallbladder carcinoma, which takes potential targets for gallbladder carcinoma therapy. However, the roles of ERBB2 mutations are unclear in gallbladder carcinoma. We identified S310F mutation is the hottest mutation of ERBB2 mutations from TCGA PanCancer Altas data with 10,967 samples and our previous study with 157 gallbladder carcinoma samples. S310F mutation located in ERBB2 extracellular domain, promoted ERBB2 homodimerization and consequent auto-phosphorylation to activate the downstream PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, which was independent on ERBB1, ERBB3, and ERBB4. ERBB2 S310F mutation up-regulated aerobic glycolysis and promoted gallbladder carcinoma growth. Our study reveals the roles of ERBB2 S310F mutation, which is beneficial to ERBB2 S310F mutant gallbladder carcinoma therapy.
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15
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DeStefanis RA, Kratz JD, Olson AM, Sunil A, DeZeeuw AK, Gillette AA, Sha GC, Johnson KA, Pasch CA, Clipson L, Skala MC, Deming DA. Impact of baseline culture conditions of cancer organoids when determining therapeutic response and tumor heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5205. [PMID: 35338174 PMCID: PMC8956720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Representative models are needed to screen new therapies for patients with cancer. Cancer organoids are a leap forward as a culture model that faithfully represents the disease. Mouse-derived cancer organoids (MDCOs) are becoming increasingly popular, however there has yet to be a standardized method to assess therapeutic response and identify subpopulation heterogeneity. There are multiple factors unique to organoid culture that could affect how therapeutic response and MDCO heterogeneity are assessed. Here we describe an analysis of nearly 3500 individual MDCOs where individual organoid morphologic tracking was performed. Change in MDCO diameter was assessed in the presence of control media or targeted therapies. Individual organoid tracking was identified to be more sensitive to treatment response than well-level assessment. The impact of different generations of mice of the same genotype, different regions of the colon, and organoid specific characteristics including baseline size, passage number, plating density, and location within the matrix were examined. Only the starting size of the MDCO altered the subsequent growth. These results were corroborated using ~ 1700 patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) isolated from 19 patients. Here we establish organoid culture parameters for individual organoid morphologic tracking to determine therapeutic response and growth/response heterogeneity for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A DeStefanis
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kratz
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Autumn M Olson
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sunil
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa K DeZeeuw
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Amani A Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gioia C Sha
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cheri A Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dustin A Deming
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Yeo D, Giardina C, Saxena P, Rasko JEJ. The next wave of cellular immunotherapies in pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:561-576. [PMID: 35229033 PMCID: PMC8857655 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease that is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide by 2030. The overall 5-year survival rate is around 10%. Pancreatic cancer typically presents late with locally advanced or metastatic disease, and there are limited effective treatments available. Cellular immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has had significant success in treating hematological malignancies. However, CAR T cell therapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer has been limited. This review provides an overview of current and ongoing CAR T cell clinical studies of pancreatic cancer and the major challenges and strategies to improve CAR T cell efficacy. These strategies include arming CAR T cells; developing off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR T cells; using other immune CAR cells, like natural killer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; and combination therapy. Careful incorporation of preclinical models will enhance management of affected individuals, assisting incorporation of cellular immunotherapies. A multifaceted, personalized approach involving cellular immunotherapy treatment is required to improve pancreatic cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannel Yeo
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Caroline Giardina
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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17
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Zhang T, Zhu L, Cai J, He J. Four drug metabolism-related subgroups of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in prognosis, immune infiltration, and gene mutation. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:427-440. [PMID: 35340619 PMCID: PMC8898926 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to screen the drug metabolism-related subgroups of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and to study the prognosis, clinical features, immune infiltration, and gene mutation differences of different subtypes in PAAD patients. All 181 cases of PAAD samples and clinical characteristics data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). After matching the drug metabolism-related genes downloaded from PMID 33202946 with the TCGA dataset, the drug metabolism-related genes were initially obtained. Besides, univariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen the drug metabolism genes related to the prognosis of PAAD. Moreover, the construction of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and gene ontology were performed. The four subgroups of PAAD obtained from unsupervised clustering analysis were systematically analyzed, including prognostic, GSVA, immune infiltration, and gene mutation analysis. A total of 83 drug metabolism genes related to the prognosis of PAAD were obtained and enriched in 16 pathways. The PPI network was composed of 248 relationship pairs. Four subgroups that can identify different subtypes of PPAD were obtained, and there were significant differences in survival and clinical characteristics, mutation types, and immune infiltration abundance between subgroups. A total of 17 different pathways among the four subgroups involved in cell cycle, response to stimulants such as drugs, and transmembrane transport. In this study, the four subgroups related to the drug metabolism of PAAD were comprehensively analyzed, and the important role of drug metabolism-related genes in the immune infiltration and prognosis of PAAD were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Jing’an District, 200040 , Shanghai , China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Jing’an District, 200040 , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianhua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Jing’an District, 200040 , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiaqi He
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , No. 221 Yan’an West Road, Jing’an District, 200040 , Shanghai , China
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18
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Zhi J, Yi J, Hou X, Wang W, Yang W, Hu L, Huang J, Guo S, Ruan X, Gao M, Zheng X. Targeting SHP2 sensitizes differentiated thyroid carcinoma to the MEK inhibitor. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:247-264. [PMID: 35141016 PMCID: PMC8822290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic targeting of components of the MAPK/ERK pathway in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is often limited due to the development of adaptive resistance. However, the detailed mechanism of MEK inhibitor (MEKi) resistance is not fully understood. Here, MEKi-resistant models were constructed successfully, in which multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signaling pathways and Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) were activated in MEKi-resistant cells. Given the physiological role of SHP2 as the downstream target of many RTKs, we first found blockade of SHP2 enhanced the sensitivity to MEKi in constructed MEKi-resistant models. Interestingly, we also found that compared with MEKi treatment alone, MEKi in combination with an SHP2 inhibitor markedly suppressed the reactivation of the MEK/ERK pathway; thus, the addition of the SHP2 inhibitor significantly improved the antitumor effects of MEKi. The synergistic suppression of DTC upon treatment with both inhibitors was further confirmed in xenograft models and transgenic models. Thus, our data suggest that RTKs activation leads to reactivation of the MAPK pathway and resistance to MEKi in DTC, which is reversed by SHP2 blockade. As a novel active inhibitor of SHP2, SHP099 in combination with MEKi is a promising therapeutic approach for advanced DTC and MEKi-resistant one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtai Zhi
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai District of Tianjin, Institute of Otolaryngology of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Auditory Speech and Balance Medicine, Key Clinical Discipline of Tianjin (Otolaryngology), Otolaryngology Clinical Quality Control CentreRehabilitation Road No. 24, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyu Yi
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai District of Tianjin, Institute of Otolaryngology of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Auditory Speech and Balance Medicine, Key Clinical Discipline of Tianjin (Otolaryngology), Otolaryngology Clinical Quality Control CentreRehabilitation Road No. 24, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai District of Tianjin, Institute of Otolaryngology of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Auditory Speech and Balance Medicine, Key Clinical Discipline of Tianjin (Otolaryngology), Otolaryngology Clinical Quality Control CentreRehabilitation Road No. 24, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute10901 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research InstituteMarshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical CenterNo. 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Qu J, Kalyani FS, Liu L, Cheng T, Chen L. Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1331-1353. [PMID: 34713636 PMCID: PMC8696219 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell type, spatial organization, and microenvironment but also have adverse effects in stem cell cultures, whereas PDX are expensive with a low transplantation success rate and require a long culture time. In recent years, advances in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture technology have led to the development of novel physiological systems that model the tissues of origin more precisely than traditional culture methods. Patient-derived cancer organoids bridge the conventional gaps in PDC and PDX models and closely reflect the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis, and have led to new patient-specific drug screening techniques, development of individualized treatment regimens, and discovery of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance. Synergistic combinations of cancer organoids with other technologies, for example, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homology-independent organoid transgenesis, and with treatments, such as immunotherapy, have been useful in overcoming their limitations and led to the development of more suitable model systems that recapitulate the complex stroma of cancer, inter-organ and intra-organ communications, and potentially multiorgan metastasis. In this review, we discuss various methods for the creation of organ-specific cancer organoids and summarize organ-specific advances and applications, synergistic technologies, and treatments as well as current limitations and future prospects for cancer organoids. Further advances will bring this novel 3D organoid culture technique closer to clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Cheng
- Thoracic Medicine Department 1, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
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20
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The Diverse Applications of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194979. [PMID: 34638463 PMCID: PMC8508245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies. While immortalized cancer cell lines and genetically engineered murine models have increased our understanding of PDAC tumorigenesis, they do not recapitulate inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity. PDAC patient derived organoid (PDO) biobanks have overcome this hurdle, and provide an opportunity for the high throughput screening of potential new therapies. This review provides a summary of the PDAC PDO biobanks established to date, and discusses how they have advanced our understanding of PDAC biology. Looking forward, the development of coculturing techniques for specific immune or stromal cell populations will enable a better understanding of the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment, and the impact of this crosstalk on treatment response.
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21
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Kastner C, Hendricks A, Deinlein H, Hankir M, Germer CT, Schmidt S, Wiegering A. Organoid Models for Cancer Research-From Bed to Bench Side and Back. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4812. [PMID: 34638297 PMCID: PMC8507862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are a new 3D ex vivo culture system that have been applied in various fields of biomedical research. First isolated from the murine small intestine, they have since been established from a wide range of organs and tissues, both in healthy and diseased states. Organoids genetically, functionally and phenotypically retain the characteristics of their tissue of origin even after multiple passages, making them a valuable tool in studying various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The finding that organoids can also be established from tumor tissue or can be engineered to recapitulate tumor tissue has dramatically increased their use in cancer research. In this review, we discuss the potential of organoids to close the gap between preclinical in vitro and in vivo models as well as clinical trials in cancer research focusing on drug investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kastner
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Hendricks
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Deinlein
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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22
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Chen N, Zheng Q, Wan G, Guo F, Zeng X, Shi P. Impact of posttranslational modifications in pancreatic carcinogenesis and treatments. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:739-759. [PMID: 34342796 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive cancer, with a 9% 5-year survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. In part, this is because PC is composed of heterogeneous subgroups with different biological and functional characteristics and personalized anticancer treatments are required. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in modifying protein functions/roles and are required for the maintenance of cell viability and biological processes; thus, their dysregulation can lead to disease. Different types of PTMs increase the functional diversity of the proteome, which subsequently influences most aspects of normal cell biology or pathogenesis. This review primarily focuses on ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation, as well as the current understanding of their roles and molecular mechanisms in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Additionally, we briefly summarize studies and clinical trials on PC treatments to advance our knowledge of drugs available to target the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation PTM types. Further investigation of PTMs could be a critical field of study in relation to PC, as they have been implicated in the initiation and progression of many other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhong Chen
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cell Biology & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Qiaoqiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Autophagy is required for proper cysteine homeostasis in pancreatic cancer through regulation of SLC7A11. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021475118. [PMID: 33531365 PMCID: PMC8017731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021475118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer and is highly refractory to current therapies. We had previously shown that PDAC can utilize its high levels of basal autophagy to support its metabolism and maintain tumor growth. Consistent with the importance of autophagy in PDAC, autophagy inhibition significantly enhances response of PDAC patients to chemotherapy in two randomized clinical trials. However, the specific metabolite(s) that autophagy provides to support PDAC growth is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrate that under nutrient-replete conditions, loss of autophagy in PDAC leads to a relatively restricted impairment of amino acid pools, with cysteine levels showing a significant drop. Additionally, we made the striking discovery that autophagy is critical for the proper membrane localization of the cystine transporter SLC7A11. Mechanistically, autophagy impairment results in the loss of SLC7A11 on the plasma membrane and increases its localization at the lysosome in an mTORC2-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate a critical link between autophagy and cysteine metabolism and provide mechanistic insights into how targeting autophagy can cause metabolic dysregulation in PDAC.
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24
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Zhang X, Chen Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhao Z, Zhao G, Lau WY, Gao Y, Liu R. Development and validation of glycolysis-related prognostic score for prediction of prognosis and chemosensitivity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5615-5627. [PMID: 33942483 PMCID: PMC8184720 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with aggressive biological behaviour. Its rapid proliferation and tumour growth require reprogramming of glucose metabolism or the Warburg effect. However, the association between glycolysis-related genes with clinical features and prognosis of PDAC is still unknown. Here, we used the meta-analysis to correlate the hazard ratios (HR) of 106 glycolysis genes from MSigDB by the cox proportional hazards regression analysis in 6 clinical data sets of PDAC patients to form a training cohort, and a single group of PDAC patients from the TCGA, ICGC, Arrayexpress and GEO databases to form the validation cohort. Then, a glycolysis-related prognosis (GRP) score based on 29 glycolysis prognostic genes was established in 757 PDAC patients from the training composite cohort and validated in 267 ICGC-CA validation cohort (all P < .05). In addition, including PADC, the prognostic value was also confirmed in other 7 out of 30 pan-cancer cohorts. The GRP score was significantly related to specific metabolism pathways, immune genes and immune cells in the patients with PADC (all P < .05). Finally, by combining with immune cells, the GRP score also well-predicted the chemosensitivity of patients with PADC in the TCGA cohort (AUC = 0.709). In conclusion, this study developed a GRP score for patients with PDAC in predicting prognosis and chemosensitivity for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qinjunjie Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery IVThe Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qu Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Ming Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Dong Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yu‐Zhen Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratorySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Rong Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
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25
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Verduin M, Hoeben A, De Ruysscher D, Vooijs M. Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids as Predictors of Treatment Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641980. [PMID: 33816288 PMCID: PMC8012903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer organoids have taken a prominent role in pre-clinical and translational research and have been generated for most common solid tumors. Cancer organoids have been shown to retain key genetic and phenotypic characteristics of their tissue of origin, tumor subtype and maintain intratumoral heterogeneity and therefore have the potential to be used as predictors for individualized treatment response. In this review, we highlight studies that have used cancer organoids to compare the efficacy of standard-of-care and targeted combination treatments with clinical patient response. Furthermore, we review studies using cancer organoids to identify new anti-cancer treatments using drug screening. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and improvements needed to understand the full potential of cancer organoids as avatars for clinical management of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Verduin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Patient-derived Organoid Pharmacotyping is a Clinically Tractable Strategy for Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg 2021; 272:427-435. [PMID: 32657929 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PDAC patients who undergo surgical resection and receive effective chemotherapy have the best chance of long-term survival. Unfortunately, we lack predictive biomarkers to guide optimal systemic treatment. Ex-vivo generation of PDO for pharmacotyping may serve as predictive biomarkers in PDAC. The goal of the current study was to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of a PDO-guided precision medicine framework of care. METHODS PDO cultures were established from surgical specimens and endoscopic biopsies, expanded in Matrigel, and used for high-throughput drug testing (pharmacotyping). Efficacy of standard-of-care chemotherapeutics was assessed by measuring cell viability after drug exposure. RESULTS A framework for rapid pharmacotyping of PDOs was established across a multi-institutional consortium of academic medical centers. Specimens obtained remotely and shipped to a central biorepository maintain viability and allowed generation of PDOs with 77% success. Early cultures maintain the clonal heterogeneity seen in PDAC with similar phenotypes (cystic-solid). Late cultures exhibit a dominant clone with a pharmacotyping profile similar to early passages. The biomass required for accurate pharmacotyping can be minimized by leveraging a high-throughput technology. Twenty-nine cultures were pharmacotyped to derive a population distribution of chemotherapeutic sensitivity at our center. Pharmacotyping rapidly-expanded PDOs was completed in a median of 48 (range 18-102) days. CONCLUSIONS Rapid development of PDOs from patients undergoing surgery for PDAC is eminently feasible within the perioperative recovery period, enabling the potential for pharmacotyping to guide postoperative adjuvant chemotherapeutic selection. Studies validating PDOs as a promising predictive biomarker are ongoing.
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Pham TND, Shields MA, Spaulding C, Principe DR, Li B, Underwood PW, Trevino JG, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG. Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Their Utility in Immunotherapy Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030440. [PMID: 33503832 PMCID: PMC7865443 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune checkpoint blockade has provided durable clinical responses in a number of human malignancies, but not in patients with pancreatic cancer. Efforts to understand mechanisms of resistance and increase efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer require the use of appropriate preclinical models in the laboratory. Here, we discuss the benefits, caveats, and potentials for improvement of the most commonly used models, including murine-based and patient-derived models. Abstract The advent of immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape for several human malignancies. Antibodies against immune checkpoints, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, demonstrate durable clinical benefits in several cancer types. However, checkpoint blockade has failed to elicit effective anti-tumor responses in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which remains one of the most lethal malignancies with a dismal prognosis. As a result, there are significant efforts to identify novel immune-based combination regimens for PDAC, which are typically first tested in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the utility and limitations of syngeneic and genetically-engineered mouse models that are currently available for testing immunotherapy regimens. We also discuss patient-derived xenograft mouse models, human PDAC organoids, and ex vivo slice cultures of human PDAC tumors that can complement murine models for a more comprehensive approach to predict response and resistance to immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N. D. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +1-312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +1-312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
| | - Mario A. Shields
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Daniel R. Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Patrick W. Underwood
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (P.W.U.); (J.G.T.)
| | - Jose G. Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (P.W.U.); (J.G.T.)
| | - David J. Bentrem
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +1-312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +1-312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
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28
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Sakalem ME, De Sibio MT, da Costa FADS, de Oliveira M. Historical evolution of spheroids and organoids, and possibilities of use in life sciences and medicine. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000463. [PMID: 33491924 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An impressive percentage of biomedical advances were achieved through animal research and cell culture investigations. For drug testing and disease researches, both animal models and preclinical trials with cell cultures are extremely important, but present some limitations, such as ethical concern and inability of representing complex tissues and organs. 3D cell cultures arise providing a more realistic in vitro representation of tissues and organs. Environment and cell type in 3D cultures can represent in vivo conditions and thus provide accurate data on cell-to-cell interactions, and cultivation techniques are based on a scaffold, usually hydrogel or another polymeric material, or without scaffold, such as suspended microplates, magnetic levitation, and microplates for spheroids with ultra-low fixation coating. PURPOSE AND SCOPE This review aims at presenting an updated summary of the most common 3D cell culture models available, as well as a historical background of their establishment and possible applications. SUMMARY Even though 3D culturing is incapable of replacing other current research types, they will continue to substitute some unnecessary animal experimentation, as well as complement monolayer cultures. CONCLUSION In this aspect, 3D culture emerges as a valuable alternative to the investigation of functional, biochemical, and molecular aspects of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Teresa De Sibio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Felipe Allan da Silva da Costa
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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29
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Vaes RDW, van Dijk DPJ, Welbers TTJ, Blok MJ, Aberle MR, Heij L, Boj SF, Olde Damink SWM, Rensen SS. Generation and initial characterization of novel tumour organoid models to study human pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1509-1524. [PMID: 33047901 PMCID: PMC7749546 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with pancreatic cancer develops cachexia. The mechanisms underlying cancer cachexia development and progression remain elusive, although tumour-derived factors are considered to play a major role. Pancreatic tumour organoids are in vitro three-dimensional organ-like structures that retain many pathophysiological characteristics of the in vivo tumour. We aimed to establish a pancreatic tumour organoid biobank from well-phenotyped cachectic and non-cachectic patients to enable identification of tumour-derived factors driving cancer cachexia. METHODS Organoids were generated from tumour tissue of eight pancreatic cancer patients. A comprehensive pre-operative patient assessment of cachexia-related parameters including nutritional status, physical performance, body composition, and inflammation was performed. Tumour-related and cachexia-related characteristics of the organoids were analysed using histological stainings, targeted sequencing, and real-time-quantitative PCR. Cachexia-related factors present in the circulation of the patients and in the tumour organoid secretome were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The established human pancreatic tumour organoids presented typical features of malignancy corresponding to the primary tumour (i.e. nuclear enlargement, multiple nucleoli, mitosis, apoptosis, and mutated KRAS and/or TP53). These tumour organoids also expressed variable levels of many known cachexia-related genes including interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β, Mcp-1, GDF15, and LIF. mRNA expression of IL-1α and IL-1β was significantly reduced in organoids from cachectic vs. non-cachectic patients (IL-1α: -3.8-fold, P = 0.009, and IL-1β: -4.7-fold, P = 0.004). LIF, IL-8, and GDF15 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in organoids from cachectic vs. non-cachectic patients (LIF: 1.6-fold, P = 0.003; IL-8: 1.4-fold, P = 0.01; GDF15: 2.3-fold, P < 0.001). In line with the GDF15 and IL-8 mRNA expression levels, tumour organoids from cachectic patients secreted more GDF15 and IL-8 compared with organoids from non-cachectic patients (5.4 vs. 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.01, and 7.4 vs. 1.3 ng/mL, P = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This novel human pancreatic tumour organoid biobank provides a valuable tool to increase our understanding of the mechanisms driving cancer cachexia. Our preliminary characterization of the secretome of these organoids supports their application in functional studies including conditioned medium approaches and in vivo transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne D W Vaes
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa T J Welbers
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus J Blok
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Merel R Aberle
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Heij
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sylvia F Boj
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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30
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Frappart PO, Hofmann TG. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Organoids: The Shining Light at the End of the Tunnel for Drug Response Prediction and Personalized Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102750. [PMID: 32987786 PMCID: PMC7598647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) causes massive medical problems because of late diagnosis and limited responsiveness to standard chemotherapeutic treatments. This makes PDAC one of the major causes of death by cancer. To address this problem, novel tools for early diagnosis and therapy are needed. The recent development of PDAC organoids, which represent micro-scale mini-tumors, offers promising new options for personalized drug-testing based on primary PDAC patient material. This overview article summarizes and discusses the current state-of-the-art in exploiting the organoid technology to improve clinical management of PDAC. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents 90% of pancreatic malignancies. In contrast to many other tumor entities, the prognosis of PDAC has not significantly improved during the past thirty years. Patients are often diagnosed too late, leading to an overall five-year survival rate below 10%. More dramatically, PDAC cases are on the rise and it is expected to become the second leading cause of death by cancer in western countries by 2030. Currently, the use of gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel or FOLFIRINOX remains the standard chemotherapy treatment but still with limited efficiency. There is an urgent need for the development of early diagnostic and therapeutic tools. To this point, in the past 5 years, organoid technology has emerged as a revolution in the field of PDAC personalized medicine. Here, we are reviewing and discussing the current technical and scientific knowledge on PDAC organoids, their future perspectives, and how they can represent a game change in the fight against PDAC by improving both diagnosis and treatment options.
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31
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HOXC10 upregulation confers resistance to chemoradiotherapy in ESCC tumor cells and predicts poor prognosis. Oncogene 2020; 39:5441-5454. [PMID: 32587398 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant disease and is a common cause of death in China. By performing an integrative study investigating public databases and clinical samples collected by our group, we found that HOXC10 (homeobox C10) is upregulated in ESCC tumor tissues compared with nontumor tissues and that the upregulation of HOXC10 is correlated with the poor prognosis of patients with ESCC. The enforced expression of HOXC10 promoted ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our study revealed that HOXC10 could bind the promoter region of human Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB3/HER3) and activate the PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we found that HOXC10 could bind X-ray repair cross complementing 6 (Ku70) and accelerate the DNA repair mechanism via the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. We further evaluated HOXC10 expression in ESCC patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy or platinum-based chemotherapy. The results demonstrate that HOXC10 upregulation predicts the poor prognosis of ESCC patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Our study reveals that HOXC10 upregulation reflects the poor prognosis of ESCC patients and directs the selection of postoperative therapy regimens.
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32
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Wang Z, Hausmann S, Lyu R, Li TM, Lofgren SM, Flores NM, Fuentes ME, Caporicci M, Yang Z, Meiners MJ, Cheek MA, Howard SA, Zhang L, Elias JE, Kim MP, Maitra A, Wang H, Bassik MC, Keogh MC, Sage J, Gozani O, Mazur PK. SETD5-Coordinated Chromatin Reprogramming Regulates Adaptive Resistance to Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:834-849.e13. [PMID: 32442403 PMCID: PMC8187079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive targeted therapy resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are poorly understood. Here, we identify SETD5 as a major driver of PDAC resistance to MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi). SETD5 is induced by MEKi resistance and its deletion restores refractory PDAC vulnerability to MEKi therapy in mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. SETD5 lacks histone methyltransferase activity but scaffolds a co-repressor complex, including HDAC3 and G9a. Gene silencing by the SETD5 complex regulates known drug resistance pathways to reprogram cellular responses to MEKi. Pharmacological co-targeting of MEK1/2, HDAC3, and G9a sustains PDAC tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Our work uncovers SETD5 as a key mediator of acquired MEKi therapy resistance in PDAC and suggests a context for advancing MEKi use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simone Hausmann
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruitu Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tie-Mei Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shane M Lofgren
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natasha M Flores
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary E Fuentes
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marcello Caporicci
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ze Yang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Cory Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Milton CK, Self AJ, Clarke PA, Banerji U, Piccioni F, Root DE, Whittaker SR. A Genome-scale CRISPR Screen Identifies the ERBB and mTOR Signaling Networks as Key Determinants of Response to PI3K Inhibition in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1423-1435. [PMID: 32371585 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
KRAS mutation is a key driver of pancreatic cancer and PI3K pathway activity is an additional requirement for Kras-induced tumorigenesis. Clinical trials of PI3K pathway inhibitors in pancreatic cancer have shown limited responses. Understanding the molecular basis for this lack of efficacy may direct future treatment strategies with emerging PI3K inhibitors. We sought new therapeutic approaches that synergize with PI3K inhibitors through pooled CRISPR modifier genetic screening and a drug combination screen. ERBB family receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and mTOR signaling were key modifiers of sensitivity to alpelisib and pictilisib. Inhibition of the ERBB family or mTOR was synergistic with PI3K inhibition in spheroid, stromal cocultures. Near-complete loss of ribosomal S6 phosphorylation was associated with synergy. Genetic alterations in the ERBB-PI3K signaling axis were associated with decreased survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Suppression of the PI3K/mTOR axis is potentiated by dual PI3K and ERBB family or mTOR inhibition. Surprisingly, despite the presence of oncogenic KRAS, thought to bestow independence from receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, inhibition of the ERBB family blocks downstream pathway activation and synergizes with PI3K inhibitors. Further exploration of these therapeutic combinations is warranted for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Milton
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette J Self
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Steven R Whittaker
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Liu HD, Xia BR, Jin MZ, Lou G. Organoid of ovarian cancer: genomic analysis and drug screening. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1240-1251. [PMID: 31939100 PMCID: PMC7316695 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common malignant tumors of the female reproductive system, and its standard treatments are cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Great advances have been achieved in novel treatment strategies, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological tumors due to therapeutic resistance and the gap between preclinical data and actual clinical efficacy. Organoids are a 3D culture model that markedly affects gene analysis, drug screening, and drug sensitivity determination of tumors, especially when used in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In addition, organoid can lead to advances in the preclinical research of ovarian cancer due to its convenient cultivation, good genetic stability, and high homology with primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-D Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - B-R Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - M-Z Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - G Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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35
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microRNAs Tune Oxidative Stress in Cancer Therapeutic Tolerance and Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236094. [PMID: 31816897 PMCID: PMC6928693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsed disease following first-line therapy remains one of the central problems in cancer management, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, growth factor receptor-based targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy. Cancer cells develop therapeutic resistance through both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms including cellular heterogeneity, drug tolerance, bypassing alternative signaling pathways, as well as the acquisition of new genetic mutations. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are byproducts originated from cellular oxidative metabolism. Recent discoveries have shown that a disabled antioxidant program leads to therapeutic resistance in several types of cancers. ROSs are finely tuned by dysregulated microRNAs, and vice versa. However, mechanisms of a crosstalk between ROSs and microRNAs in regulating therapeutic resistance are not clear. Here, we summarize how the microRNA-ROS network modulates cancer therapeutic tolerance and resistance and direct new vulnerable targets against drug tolerance and resistance for future applications.
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