1
|
Antonarelli G, Taurelli Salimbeni B, Marra A, Esposito A, Locatelli MA, Trapani D, Pescia C, Fusco N, Curigliano G, Criscitiello C. The CDK4/6 inhibitors biomarker landscape: The most relevant biomarkers of response or resistance for further research and potential clinical utility. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 192:104148. [PMID: 37783318 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6is) in combination with Endocrine Therapy (ET) represent the standard frontline therapy for patients with Hormone Receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic Breast Cancer (mBC). Clinical activity and efficacy of CDK4/6is-based therapies have been proven both in the endocrine sensitive and resistant settings. Therapy resistance eventually underpins clinical progression to any CDK4/6is-based therapies, yet there is a lack of validated molecular biomarkers predictive of either intrinsic or acquired resistance to CDK4/6is in clinical practice. As the "post-CDK4/6is" landscape for the management of HR-positive/HER2-negative mBC is rapidly evolving with the introduction of novel therapies, there is an urgent need for the definition of clinically relevant molecular biomarkers of intrinsic/acquired resistance mechanisms to CDK4/6is. This narrative review outlines the role of currently approved CDK4/6is-based therapies, describes the most relevant molecular biomarkers of CDK4/6is-resistance, and ultimately provides a perspective on the clinical and research scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Antonarelli
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Taurelli Salimbeni
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Esposito
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Adelia Locatelli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pescia
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Ma G, Zhang J, Cheng J, Yang Z, Song S. 18F-FES and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging as a predictive biomarkers for metastatic breast cancer patients undergoing cyclin-dependent 4/6 kinase inhibitors with endocrine treatment. Ann Nucl Med 2023; 37:675-684. [PMID: 37787851 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential value of dual tracers 18F-FDG and 18F-FES PET/CT in predicting response to Cyclin-Dependent 4/6 Kinase (CDK4/6) inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy for metastatic estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 38 ER-positive metastatic breast cancer patients from our center who underwent both 18F-FDG and 18F-FES PET/CT scans within 1 month before CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy. The extracted parameters comprised the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for both FDG and FES PET, as well as the ratio between FES and FDG SUVmax. Each parameter was dichotomized based on its median threshold. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), which was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 15.6 months, progressive disease was observed in 23 out of 38 patients, and the median PFS for the whole cohort was 21.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.7-29.3]. FES and FDG PET identified 6 patients (15.8%) with FES-negative lesions, suggesting ER heterogeneity in metastatic lesions. The median PFS of these patients was only 5.3 months (95% CI 1.7-8.9), which was substantially shorter than that of patients with 100% FES-positive lesions (median PFS 22.9 months, 95% CI 17.1-28.7, P < 0.001). Patients with 100% FES-positive lesions who had high FES/FDG showed significantly shorter PFS compared to those with low FES/FDG (14.9 vs. 30.5 months, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that FDG and FES PET imaging may serve as valuable tools for patient selection in the context of CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy combined with endocrine treatment, and have the potential to function as prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shaoli Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Armand J, Safonov A, Zhang M, Soni RK, Schwartz G, McGuinness JE, Hibshoosh H, Razavi P, Kim M, Chandarlapaty S, Yang HW. Sequential activation of E2F via Rb degradation and c-Myc drives resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113198. [PMID: 37865915 PMCID: PMC10757862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are key therapeutic agents in the management of metastatic hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. However, the emergence of drug resistance limits their long-term efficacy. Here, we show that breast cancer cells develop CDK4/6i resistance via a sequential two-step process of E2F activation. This process entails retinoblastoma (Rb)-protein degradation, followed by c-Myc-mediated amplification of E2F transcriptional activity. CDK4/6i treatment halts cell proliferation in an Rb-dependent manner but dramatically reduces Rb-protein levels. However, this reduction in Rb levels insufficiently induces E2F activity. To develop CDK4/6i resistance, upregulation or activating mutations in mitogenic or hormone signaling are required to stabilize c-Myc levels, thereby augmenting E2F activity. Our analysis of pre-treatment tumor samples reveals a strong correlation between c-Myc levels, rather than Rb levels, and poor therapeutic outcomes after CDK4/6i treatment. Moreover, we propose that proteasome inhibitors can potentially reverse CDK4/6i resistance by restoring Rb levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jessica Armand
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anton Safonov
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mimi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gary Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia E McGuinness
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai Z, Shi Q, Li Y, Jin L, Li S, Wong LL, Wang J, Jiang X, Zhu M, Lin J, Wang Q, Yang W, Liu Y, Zhang J, Gong C, Yao H, Yao Y, Liu Q. LncRNA EILA promotes CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in breast cancer by stabilizing cyclin E1 protein. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3821. [PMID: 37801505 PMCID: PMC10558131 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) plus endocrine therapy are now standard first-line therapy for advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer, but developing resistance is just a matter of time in these patients. Here, we report that a cyclin E1-interacting lncRNA (EILA) is up-regulated in CDK4/6i-resistant breast cancer cells and contributes to CDK4/6i resistance by stabilizing cyclin E1 protein. EILA overexpression correlates with accelerated cell cycle progression and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Silencing EILA reduces cyclin E1 protein and restores CDK4/6i sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, hairpin A of EILA binds to the carboxyl terminus of cyclin E1 protein and hinders its binding to FBXW7, thereby blocking its ubiquitination and degradation. EILA is transcriptionally regulated by CTCF/CDK8/TFII-I complexes and can be inhibited by CDK8 inhibitors. This study unveils the role of EILA in regulating cyclin E1 stability and CDK4/6i resistance, which may serve as a biomarker to predict therapy response and a potential therapeutic target to overcome resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qianfeng Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yudong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shunying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lok Lam Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoting Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Mengdi Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jinna Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen Nanshan District Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, China
| | - Chang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yandan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navarro-Yepes J, Kettner NM, Rao X, Bishop CS, Bui TN, Wingate HF, Raghavendra AS, Wang Y, Wang J, Sahin AA, Meric-Bernstam F, Hunt KK, Damodaran S, Tripathy D, Keyomarsi K. Abemaciclib Is Effective in Palbociclib-Resistant Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3264-3283. [PMID: 37384539 PMCID: PMC10592446 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) plus endocrine therapy (ET) is standard of care for patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, resistance to CDK4/6is plus ET remains a clinical problem with limited therapeutic options following disease progression. Different CDK4/6is might have distinct mechanisms of resistance, and therefore using them sequentially or targeting their differentially altered pathways could delay disease progression. To understand pathways leading to resistance to the CDK4/6is palbociclib and abemaciclib, we generated multiple in vitro models of palbociclib-resistant (PR) and abemaciclib-resistant (AR) cell lines as well as in vivo patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and ex vivo PDX-derived organoids (PDxO) from patients who progressed on CDK4/6i. PR and AR breast cancer cells exhibited distinct transcriptomic and proteomic profiles that sensitized them to different classes of inhibitors; PR cells upregulated G2-M pathways and responded to abemaciclib, while AR cells upregulated mediators of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (OXPHOS) and responded to OXPHOS inhibitors. PDX and organoid models derived from patients with PR breast cancer remained responsive to abemaciclib. Resistance to palbociclib while maintaining sensitivity to abemaciclib was associated with pathway-specific transcriptional activity but was not associated with any individual genetic alterations. Finally, data from a cohort of 52 patients indicated that patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative MBC who progressed on palbociclib-containing regimens can exhibit a meaningful overall clinical benefit from abemaciclib-based therapy when administered after palbociclib. These findings provide the rationale for clinical trials evaluating the benefit of abemaciclib treatment following progression on a prior CDK4/6i. SIGNIFICANCE Palbociclib-resistant breast cancers respond to abemaciclib and express pathway-specific signatures of sensitivity, providing a biomarker-driven therapeutic option for patients with metastatic breast cancer following disease progression on cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Navarro-Yepes
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kettner
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cassandra Santaella Bishop
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tuyen N. Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hannah F. Wingate
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aysegul A. Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Senthil Damodaran
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debasish Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Witkiewicz AK, Schultz E, Wang J, Hamilton D, Levine E, O'Connor T, Knudsen ES. Determinants of response to CDK4/6 inhibitors in the real-world setting. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:90. [PMID: 37704753 PMCID: PMC10499925 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use and a known mechanism of action for CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy, features of disease evolution and determinants of therapeutic response in the real-world setting remain unclear. Here, a cohort of patients treated with standard-of-care combination regimens was utilized to explore features of disease and determinants of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In this cohort of 280 patients, >90% of patients were treated with palbociclib in combination with either an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or fulvestrant (FUL). Most of these patients had modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) scores, and ER, HER2, and PR immunohistochemistry. Both the SBR score and lack of PR expression were associated with shorter PFS in patients treated with AI combinations and remained significant in multivariate analyses (HR = 3.86, p = 0.008). Gene expression analyses indicated substantial changes in cell cycle and estrogen receptor signaling during the course of treatment. Furthermore, gene expression-based subtyping indicated that predominant subtypes changed with treatment and progression. The luminal B, HER2, and basal subtypes exhibited shorter PFS in CDK4/6 inhibitor combinations when assessed in the pretreatment biopsies; however, they were not associated with OS. Using unbiased approaches, cell cycle-associated gene sets were strongly associated with shorter PFS in pretreatment biopsies irrespective of endocrine therapy. Estrogen receptor signaling gene sets were associated with longer PFS particularly in the AI-treated cohort. Together, these data suggest that there are distinct pathological and biological features of HR+/HER2- breast cancer associated with response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Clinical trial registration number: NCT04526587.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Emily Schultz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Deanna Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ellis Levine
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Tracey O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khorrami M, Viswanathan VS, Reddy P, Braman N, Kunte S, Gupta A, Abraham J, Montero AJ, Madabhushi A. Radiomic predicts early response to CDK4/6 inhibitors in hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:67. [PMID: 37567880 PMCID: PMC10421862 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) and endocrine therapy (ET) is the standard of care for hormone receptor-positive (HR + ), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Currently, there are no robust biomarkers that can predict response to CDK4/6i, and it is not clear which patients benefit from this therapy. Since MBC patients with liver metastases have a poorer prognosis, developing predictive biomarkers that could identify patients likely to respond to CDK4/6i is clinically important. Here we show the ability of imaging texture biomarkers before and a few cycles after CDK4/6i therapy, to predict early response and overall survival (OS) on 73 MBC patients with known liver metastases who received palbociclib plus ET from two sites. The delta radiomic model was associated with OS in validation set (HR: 2.4; 95% CI, 1.06-5.6; P = 0.035; C-index = 0.77). Compared to RECIST response, delta radiomic features predicted response with area under the curve (AUC) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-0.88. Our study revealed that radiomics features can predict a lack of response earlier than standard anatomic/RECIST 1.1 assessment and warrants further study and clinical validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priyanka Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals/Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nathaniel Braman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siddharth Kunte
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals/Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jame Abraham
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alberto J Montero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals/Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oropeza E, Seker S, Carrel S, Mazumder A, Lozano D, Jimenez A, VandenHeuvel SN, Noltensmeyer DA, Punturi NB, Lei JT, Lim B, Waltz SE, Raghavan SA, Bainbridge MN, Haricharan S. Molecular portraits of cell cycle checkpoint kinases in cancer evolution, progression, and treatment responsiveness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2860. [PMID: 37390209 PMCID: PMC10313178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is prerequisite for cancer formation. However, it is unknown whether the mode of dysregulation affects disease characteristics. Here, we conduct comprehensive analyses of cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation using patient data and experimental investigations. We find that ATM mutation predisposes the diagnosis of primary estrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor (HER)2- cancer in older women. Conversely, CHK2 dysregulation induces formation of metastatic, premenopausal ER+/HER2- breast cancer (P = 0.001) that is treatment-resistant (HR = 6.15, P = 0.01). Lastly, while mutations in ATR alone are rare, ATR/TP53 co-mutation is 12-fold enriched over expected in ER+/HER2- disease (P = 0.002) and associates with metastatic progression (HR = 2.01, P = 0.006). Concordantly, ATR dysregulation induces metastatic phenotypes in TP53 mutant, not wild-type, cells. Overall, we identify mode of cell cycle dysregulation as a distinct event that determines subtype, metastatic potential, and treatment responsiveness, providing rationale for reconsidering diagnostic classification through the lens of the mode of cell cycle dysregulation..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Oropeza
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sinem Seker
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Carrel
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aloran Mazumder
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Athena Jimenez
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nindo B. Punturi
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bora Lim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology/Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan E. Waltz
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Research Service, Cincinnati Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 3200 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Svasti Haricharan
- Aging and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brett JO, Dubash TD, Johnson GN, Niemierko A, Mariotti V, Kim LS, Xi J, Pandey A, Dunne S, Nasrazadani A, Lloyd MR, Kambadakone A, Spring LM, Micalizzi DS, Onozato ML, Che D, Nayar U, Brufsky A, Kalinsky K, Ma CX, O'Shaughnessy J, Han HS, Iafrate AJ, Ryan LY, Juric D, Moy B, Ellisen LW, Maheswaran S, Wagle N, Haber DA, Bardia A, Wander SA. A Gene Panel Associated With Abemaciclib Utility in ESR1-Mutated Breast Cancer After Prior Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6-Inhibitor Progression. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200532. [PMID: 37141550 PMCID: PMC10530719 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC), first-line treatment is endocrine therapy (ET) plus cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i). After disease progression, which often comes with ESR1 resistance mutations (ESR1-MUT), which therapies to use next and for which patients are open questions. An active area of exploration is treatment with further CDK4/6i, particularly abemaciclib, which has distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared with the other approved CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib and ribociclib. We investigated a gene panel to prognosticate abemaciclib susceptibility in patients with ESR1-MUT MBC after palbociclib progression. METHODS We examined a multicenter retrospective cohort of patients with ESR1-MUT MBC who received abemaciclib after disease progression on ET plus palbociclib. We generated a panel of CDK4/6i resistance genes and compared abemaciclib progression-free survival (PFS) in patients without versus with mutations in this panel (CDKi-R[-] v CDKi-R[+]). We studied how ESR1-MUT and CDKi-R mutations affect abemaciclib sensitivity of immortalized breast cancer cells and patient-derived circulating tumor cell lines in culture. RESULTS In ESR1-MUT MBC with disease progression on ET plus palbociclib, the median PFS was 7.0 months for CDKi-R(-) (n = 17) versus 3.5 months for CDKi-R(+) (n = 11), with a hazard ratio of 2.8 (P = .03). In vitro, CDKi-R alterations but not ESR1-MUT induced abemaciclib resistance in immortalized breast cancer cells and were associated with resistance in circulating tumor cells. CONCLUSION For ESR1-MUT MBC with resistance to ET and palbociclib, PFS on abemaciclib is longer for patients with CDKi-R(-) than CDKi-R(+). Although a small and retrospective data set, this is the first demonstration of a genomic panel associated with abemaciclib sensitivity in the postpalbociclib setting. Future directions include testing and improving this panel in additional data sets, to guide therapy selection for patients with HR+/HER2- MBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O. Brett
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Taronish D. Dubash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Andrzej Niemierko
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Leslie S.L. Kim
- Baylor University Medical Center Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Texas Oncology, Dallas, TX
| | - Jing Xi
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Apurva Pandey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Siobhan Dunne
- Baylor University Medical Center Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Texas Oncology, Dallas, TX
| | - Azadeh Nasrazadani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maxwell R. Lloyd
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laura M. Spring
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas S. Micalizzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maristela L. Onozato
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dante Che
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Utthara Nayar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam Brufsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cynthia X. Ma
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joyce O'Shaughnessy
- Baylor University Medical Center Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Texas Oncology, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Anthony J. Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lianne Y. Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dejan Juric
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Beverly Moy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leif W. Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhil Wagle
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seth A. Wander
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bui TBV, Burgering BMT, Goga A, Rugo HS, van 't Veer LJ. Biomarkers for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced/Metastatic Breast Cancer: Translation to Clinical Practice. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100473. [PMID: 35666959 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have emerged as effective treatments for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced/metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Dedicated research efforts have been undertaken to find predictive biomarkers of response or resistance to these therapies although no molecular biomarkers for mBC have reached the clinic so far. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the performance of biomarkers in predicting progression-free survival in phase II and III clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HR+/HER2- mBC. METHODS For this narrative review, a structured literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library (CENTRAL) was performed. Phase II or III clinical trials of a CDK4/6 inhibitor in patients with HR+/HER2- mBC reporting on at least one molecular biomarker analysis of progression-free survival were included. Publications and selected conference abstracts were included up until November 2021. RESULTS Twenty-two articles reporting biomarker results of 12 clinical trials were included. Retinoblastoma protein status and cyclin E1 mRNA expression were promising baseline biomarkers, whereas PIK3CA circulating tumor DNA ratio on treatment relative to baseline, change in plasma thymidine kinase activity, and circulating tumor cell count were potential dynamic biomarkers of response. A number of biomarkers were unsuccessful, despite a strong mechanistic rationale, and others are still being explored. CONCLUSION Our review of clinical trials showed that there are a number of promising biomarkers at baseline and several dynamic biomarkers that might predict response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Validation of these findings and assessment of clinical utility are crucial to make the final translation to clinical practice. Better understanding of disease heterogeneity and further elucidation of resistance mechanisms could inform future studies of rationally selected biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tam Binh V Bui
- Faculty of Medicine (SUMMA), Utrecht University/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Goga
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Laura J van 't Veer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Witkiewicz AK, Kumarasamy V, Sanidas I, Knudsen ES. Cancer cell cycle dystopia: heterogeneity, plasticity, and therapy. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:711-725. [PMID: 35599231 PMCID: PMC9388619 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cell cycle has been extensively studied regarding cancer etiology, progression, and therapeutic intervention. The canonical cell cycle framework is supported by a plethora of data pointing to a relatively simple linear pathway in which mitogenic signals are integrated in a stepwise fashion to allow progression through G1/S with coordinate actions of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)4/6 and CDK2 on the RB tumor suppressor. Recent work on adaptive mechanisms and intrinsic heterogeneous dependencies indicates that G1/S control of the cell cycle is a variable signaling pathway rather than an invariant engine that drives cell division. These alterations can limit the effectiveness of pharmaceutical agents but provide new avenues for therapeutic interventions. These findings support a dystopian view of the cell cycle in cancer where the canonical utopian cell cycle is often not observed. However, recognizing the extent of cell cycle heterogeneity likely creates new opportunities for precision therapeutic approaches specifically targeting these states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Vishnu Kumarasamy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ioannis Sanidas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Knudsen ES, Kumarasamy V, Nambiar R, Pearson JD, Vail P, Rosenheck H, Wang J, Eng K, Bremner R, Schramek D, Rubin SM, Welm AL, Witkiewicz AK. CDK/cyclin dependencies define extreme cancer cell-cycle heterogeneity and collateral vulnerabilities. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110448. [PMID: 35235778 PMCID: PMC9022184 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression through G1/S phase of the cell cycle is coordinated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activities. Here, we find that the requirement for different CDK activities and cyclins in driving cancer cell cycles is highly heterogeneous. The differential gene requirements associate with tumor origin and genetic alterations. We define multiple mechanisms for G1/S progression in RB-proficient models, which are CDK4/6 independent and elicit resistance to FDA-approved inhibitors. Conversely, RB-deficient models are intrinsically CDK4/6 independent, but exhibit differential requirements for cyclin E. These dependencies for CDK and cyclins associate with gene expression programs that denote intrinsically different cell-cycle states. Mining therapeutic sensitivities shows that there are reciprocal vulnerabilities associated with RB1 or CCND1 expression versus CCNE1 or CDKN2A. Together, these findings illustrate the complex nature of cancer cell cycles and the relevance for precision therapeutic intervention. Knudsen et al. find that there is extensive heterogeneity in the requirement for CDK and cyclins across cancer models. Multiple biochemically distinct mechanisms drive cell division. Divergent cell-cycle states harbor distinct genetic and pharmacological vulnerabilities, suggesting that cell-cycle diversity could be exploited for a precision approach to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Vishnu Kumarasamy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ram Nambiar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Joel D Pearson
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Paris Vail
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Hanna Rosenheck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kevin Eng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mazumder A, Jimenez A, Ellsworth RE, Freedland SJ, George S, Bainbridge MN, Haricharan S. The DNA damage repair landscape in Black women with breast cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221075458. [PMID: 35154416 PMCID: PMC8829704 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221075458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in women irrespective of their race or ethnicity. While Black women with ER+ breast cancer are 42% more likely to die of their disease than White women, molecular mechanisms underlying this disparate outcome are understudied. Recent studies identify DNA damage repair (DDR) genes as a new class of endocrine therapy resistance driver that contributes to poor survival among ER+ breast cancer patients. Here, we systematically analyze DDR regulation in the tumors and normal breast of Black women and its impact on survival outcome. METHOD Mutation and up/downregulation of 104 DDR genes in breast tumor and normal samples from Black patients relative to White counterparts was assessed. For DDR genes that were differently regulated in the tumor samples from Black women in multiple datasets associations with survival outcome were tested. RESULTS Overall, Black patient tumors upregulate or downregulate RNA levels of a wide array of single strand break repair (SSBR) genes relative to their white counterparts and uniformly upregulate double strand break repair (DSBR) genes. This DSBR upregulation was also detectable in samples of normal breast tissue from Black women. Eight candidate DDR genes were reproducibly differently regulated in tumors from Black women and associated with poor survival. A unique DDR signature comprised of simultaneous upregulation of homologous recombination gene expression and downregulation of SSBR genes was enriched in Black patients. This signature associated with cell cycle dysregulation (p < 0.001), a hallmark of endocrine therapy resistance, and concordantly, with significantly worse survival outcomes in all datasets analyzed (hazard ratio of 9.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results constitute the first systematic analysis of DDR regulation in Black women and provide strong rationale for refining biomarker profiles to ensure precision medicine for underserved populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aloran Mazumder
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Athena Jimenez
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Ellsworth
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sophia George
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Asghar US, Kanani R, Roylance R, Mittnacht S. Systematic Review of Molecular Biomarkers Predictive of Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Metastatic Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100002. [PMID: 35005994 PMCID: PMC8769124 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of hormone-positive metastatic breast cancers (mBCs). They are currently established as standard therapies in combination with endocrine therapy as first- and second-line systemic treatment options for both endocrine-sensitive and endocrine-resistant mBC populations. In the first-line metastatic setting, the median progression-free survival for the three currently approved CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, with aromatase inhibitors is greater than 2 years (palbociclib 27.6 months; ribociclib 25.3 months; and abemaciclib 28.18 months). Although CDK4/6 inhibitors have significant clinical benefits and enable physicians to delay starting chemotherapy, they are expensive and can be associated with drug toxicities. Here, we have performed a systemic review of the reported molecular markers predictive of drug response including intrinsic and acquired resistance for CDK4/6 inhibition in mBC. The rapidly emerging molecular landscape is captured through next-generation sequencing of breast cancers (DNA with or without RNA), liquid biopsies (circulating tumor DNA), and protein analyses. Individual molecular candidates with robust and reliable evidence are discussed in more depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzma S. Asghar
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Croydon University Hospital, Thornton Heath, United Kingdom
- Concr LTD, Babraham Research Campus Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cohort Innovation Space, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ruhi Kanani
- University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Roylance
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre UCLH/UCL, and Breast Unit, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Mittnacht
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Preclinical Investigation of GBM-N019 as a Potential Inhibitor of Glioblastoma via Exosomal mTOR/CDK6/STAT3 Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092391. [PMID: 34572040 PMCID: PMC8471927 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain malignancies with high incidences of developing treatment resistance, resulting in poor prognoses. Glioma stem cell (GSC)-derived exosomes are important players that contribute to GBM tumorigenesis and aggressive properties. Herein, we investigated the inhibitory roles of GBM-N019, a novel small molecule on the transfer of aggressive and invasive properties through the delivery of oncogene-loaded exosomes from GSCs to naïve and non-GSCs. Our results indicated that GBM-N019 significantly downregulated the expressions of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) signaling networks with concomitant inhibitory activities against viability, clonogenicity, and migratory abilities of U251 and U87MG cells. Treatments with GBM-N019 halted the exosomal transfer of protein kinase B (Akt), mTOR, p-mTOR, and Ras-related protein RAB27A to the naïve U251 and U87MG cells, and rescued the cells from invasive and stemness properties that were associated with activation of these oncogenes. GBM-N019 also synergized with and enhanced the anti-GBM activities of palbociclib in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggested that GBM-N019 possesses good translational relevance as a potential anti-glioblastoma drug candidate worthy of consideration for clinical trials against recurrent glioblastomas.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Piciotti R, Invernizzi M, Guerini-Rocco E, Haricharan S, Fusco N. Mismatch repair-deficient hormone receptor-positive breast cancers: Biology and pathological characterization. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:266. [PMID: 34001143 PMCID: PMC8130151 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of patients with a diagnosis of hormone receptor (HR)+ breast cancer has improved remarkably since the arrival of endocrine therapy. Yet, resistance to standard treatments is a major clinical challenge for breast cancer specialists and a life-threatening condition for the patients. In breast cancer, mismatch repair (MMR) status assessment has been demonstrated to be clinically relevant not only in terms of screening for inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome, but also for prognostication, selection for immunotherapy, and early identification of therapy resistance. Peculiar traits characterize the MMR biology in HR+ breast cancers compared to other cancer types. In these tumors, MMR genetic alterations are relatively rare, occurring in ~3 % of cases. On the other hand, modifications at the protein level can be observed also in the absence of gene alterations and vice versa. In HR+ breast cancers, the prognostic role of MMR deficiency has been confirmed by several studies, but its predictive value remains a matter of controversy. The characterization of MMR status in these patients is troubled by the lack of tumor-specific guidelines and/or companion diagnostic tests. For this reason, precise identification of MMR-deficient breast cancers can be problematic. A deeper understanding of the MMR biology and clinical actionability in HR+ breast cancer may light the path to effective tumor-specific diagnostic tools. For a precise MMR status profiling, the specific strengths and limitations of the available technologies should be taken into consideration. This article aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of MMR alterations in HR+ breast cancer. The available armamentarium for MMR testing in these tumors is also examined along with possible strategies for a tailored pathological characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sajjadi
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Piciotti
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale Piazza D'Armi, 1, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Svasti Haricharan
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lawal B, Lin LC, Lee JC, Chen JH, Bekaii-Saab TS, Wu ATH, Ho CL. Multi-Omics Data Analysis of Gene Expressions and Alterations, Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Immune Infiltrations, Reveals the Onco-Immune Prognostic Relevance of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050954. [PMID: 33668805 PMCID: PMC7956610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/Cyclin-dependent kinases are multifunctional proteins that play instrumental roles in carcinogenesis. However, the genetic alterations of the STAT3/CDK2/4/6 signaling axis and its role in predicting immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response remain unclear. Here, we used in silico analyses of multi-Omics data to map out the role of epigenetic and genetic alterations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in tumor immune infiltrations, immunotherapy response, and prognosis of cancer patients. Our study collectively suggested that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 are important onco-immune signatures that contribute to tumor immune invasion, poor prognoses, and immune therapy failure. Our finding may be clinically useful in designing therapeutic strategies, prognosis assessment, and follow-up management in patients receiving immunotherapy in multiple cancers. Abstract Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/Cyclin-dependent kinases are multifunctional proteins that play an important implicative role in cancer initiations, progression, drug resistance, and metastasis, and has been extensively explored in cancer therapy. However, the genetic alterations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 and its role in predicting immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response are yet to be well exploited. In this study, we use in silico methods to analyze differential expression, prognostic value, genetic and epigenetic alterations, association with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) infiltrations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in multiple cancer types. Our results revealed that the expression of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 was altered in various cancers and is associated with poor overall and disease-free survival of the cohorts. Moreover, genetic alterations in STAT3/CDK2/4/6 co-occurred with a number of other genetic alterations and are associated with poorer prognoses of the cohorts. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis suggests CDK2/4/6/STAT3 may directly interact with factors that promote tumorigenesis and immune response. We found that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 expressions were associated with infiltrations of CAF and the various immune cells in multiple cancers and it’s associated with poor response to immunotherapy. Collectively, our study suggested that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 are important onco-immune signatures that play central roles in tumor immune invasion, poor prognoses and, immune therapy response. Findings from the present study may therefore be clinically useful in prognosis assessment and follow-up management of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Lawal
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Chin Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 325 Cheng-Kung Road Section 2, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Tanios S. Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Ching-Liang Ho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (C.-L.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Z, Zou W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Li S, Chen C. Mechanisms of CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580251. [PMID: 33364954 PMCID: PMC7751736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new-generation CDK inhibitor, a CDK4/6 inhibitor combined with endocrine therapy has been successful in the treatment of advanced estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although there has been overall progress in the treatment of cancer, drug resistance is an emerging cause for breast cancer–related death. Overcoming CDK4/6 resistance is an urgent problem. Overactivation of the cyclin-CDK-Rb axis related to uncontrolled cell proliferation is the main cause of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be clarified further. We review various resistance mechanisms of CDK4/6 inhibitors in luminal breast cancer. The cell signaling pathways involved in therapy resistance are divided into two groups: upstream response mechanisms and downstream bypass mechanisms. Finally, we discuss possible strategies to overcome CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and identify novel resistance targets for future clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of the Third Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Queen Mary Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of the Third Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhang
- Kunming Medical University Haiyuan College, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Siyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|