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Sun Z, Cao Y, Xing Y, Wu M, Shao X, Huang Q, Bai L, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Antiangiogenic effect of arsenic trioxide in HUVECs by FoxO3a-regulated autophagy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22728. [PMID: 33592126 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to have antitumor effect in different tumors, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Autophagy plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy and has been found to be activated by ATO in different cells. However, the role of autophagy in the antitumor effect of ATO has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in the antiangiogenic effect of ATO in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and its underlying mechanism. Our data showed that ATO suppresses angiogenesis and induces autophagy in HUVECs through upregulation of forkhead box protein O3 (FoxO3a). Co-incubated with autophagy inhibitor or knockdown of FoxO3a effectively inhibited ATO-induced autophagy and reversed the antiangiogenic effect of ATO, indicating that ATO-induced autophagy plays an antiangiogenic role in HUVECs. Our results highlight the importance of autophagy in the antiangiogenic effect of ATO and provide an improved understanding of the function of ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yidan Cao
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yueping Xing
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Muyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Shao
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingli Huang
- Research Facility Center for Morphology of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaxian Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Lu Y, Gutgesell LM, Xiong R, Zhao J, Li Y, Rosales CI, Hollas M, Shen Z, Gordon-Blake J, Dye K, Wang Y, Lee S, Chen H, He D, Dubrovyskyii O, Zhao H, Huang F, Lasek AW, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ. Design and Synthesis of Basic Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders for Endocrine Therapy Resistant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11301-11323. [PMID: 31746603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical steroidal selective estrogen receptor (ER) degrader (SERD), fulvestrant, is effective in metastatic breast cancer, but limited by poor pharmacokinetics, prompting the development of orally bioavailable, nonsteroidal SERDs, currently in clinical trials. These trials address local breast cancer as well as peripheral metastases, but patients with brain metastases are generally excluded because of the lack of blood-brain barrier penetration. A novel family of benzothiophene SERDs with a basic amino side arm (B-SERDs) was synthesized. Proteasomal degradation of ERα was induced by B-SERDs that achieved the objectives of oral and brain bioavailability, while maintaining high affinity binding to ERα and both potency and efficacy comparable to fulvestrant in cell lines resistant to endocrine therapy or bearing ESR1 mutations. A novel 3-oxyazetidine side chain was designed, leading to 37d, a B-SERD that caused endocrine-resistant ER+ tumors to regress in a mouse orthotopic xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 1601 W Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Donghong He
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 1601 W Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 1601 W Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | | | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 1601 W Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
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3
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Ceramella J, Caruso A, Occhiuzzi MA, Iacopetta D, Barbarossa A, Rizzuti B, Dallemagne P, Rault S, El-Kashef H, Saturnino C, Grande F, Sinicropi MS. Benzothienoquinazolinones as new multi-target scaffolds: Dual inhibition of human Topoisomerase I and tubulin polymerization. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Resveratrol-Inspired Benzo[b]selenophenes Act as Anti-Oxidants in Yeast. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020507. [PMID: 29495287 PMCID: PMC6017489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural (poly)phenol primarily found in plants protecting them against pathogens, as well as harmful effects of physical and chemical agents. In higher eukaryotic cells and organisms, this compound displays a remarkable range of biological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-aging, cardio- and neuro-protective properties. Here, biological activities of synthetic selenium-containing derivatives of resveratrol—benzo[b]selenophenes—have been studied in lower eukaryotes Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their toxicity, as well as DNA damaging and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing potencies, manifested through their ability to act as redox active anti-microbial agents, have been examined. We show that some benzo[b]selenophenes can kill yeast cells and that the killing effects are not mediated by DNA damage types that can be detected as DNA double-strand breaks. These benzo[b]selenophenes could potentially be used as anti-fungal agents, although their concentrations relevant to application in humans need to be further evaluated. In addition, most of the studied benzo[b]selenophenes display redox-modulating/anti-oxidant activity (comparable or even higher than that of resveratrol or Trolox) causing a decrease in the intracellular ROS levels in yeast cells. Therefore, after careful re-evaluation in other biological systems these observations might be transferred to humans, where resveratrol-inspired benzo[b]selenophenes could be used as supra-anti-oxidant supplements.
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5
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Xiong R, Zhao J, Gutgesell LM, Wang Y, Lee S, Karumudi B, Zhao H, Lu Y, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ. Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs) Developed against Treatment-Resistant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1325-1342. [PMID: 28117994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen and to aromatase inhibitors that lower circulating estradiol occurs in up to 50% of patients, generally leading to an endocrine-independent ER+ phenotype. Selective ER downregulators (SERDs) are able to ablate ER and thus, theoretically, to prevent survival of both endocrine-dependent and -independent ER+ tumors. The clinical SERD fulvestrant is hampered by intramuscular administration and undesirable pharmacokinetics. Novel SERDs were designed using the 6-OH-benzothiophene (BT) scaffold common to arzoxifene and raloxifene. Treatment-resistant (TR) ER+ cell lines (MCF-7:5C and MCF-7:TAM1) were used for optimization, followed by validation in the parent endocrine-dependent cell line (MCF-7:WS8), in 2D and 3D cultures, using ERα in-cell westerns, ERE-luciferase, and cell viability assays, with 2 (GDC-0810/ARN-810) used for comparison. Two BT SERDs with superior in vitro activity to 2 were studied for bioavailability and shown to cause regression of a TR, endocrine-independent ER+ xenograft superior to that with 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lauren M Gutgesell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sue Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Bhargava Karumudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, ‡Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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6
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Segura-Uribe JJ, Pinto-Almazán R, Coyoy-Salgado A, Fuentes-Venado CE, Guerra-Araiza C. Effects of estrogen receptor modulators on cytoskeletal proteins in the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1231-1240. [PMID: 28966632 PMCID: PMC5607812 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor modulators are compounds of interest because of their estrogenic agonistic/antagonistic effects and tissue specificity. These compounds have many clinical applications, particularly for breast cancer treatment and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, as well as for the treatment of climacteric symptoms. Similar to estrogens, neuroprotective effects of estrogen receptor modulators have been described in different models. However, the mechanisms of action of these compounds in the central nervous system have not been fully described. We conducted a systematic search to investigate the effects of estrogen receptor modulators in the central nervous system, focusing on the modulation of cytoskeletal proteins. We found that raloxifene, tamoxifen, and tibolone modulate some cytoskeletal proteins such as tau, microtuble-associated protein 1 (MAP1), MAP2, neurofilament 38 (NF38) by different mechanisms of action and at different levels: neuronal microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubule-associated proteins. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the study of these compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases since they present the benefits of estrogens without their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Segura-Uribe
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, Mexico.,Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia E Fuentes-Venado
- Clínica de Trastornos del Sueño, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitacion, Hospital General de Zona No. 197, Texcoco, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Xiong R, Patel HK, Gutgesell LM, Zhao J, Delgado-Rivera L, Pham TND, Zhao H, Carlson K, Martin T, Katzenellenbogen JA, Moore TW, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ. Selective Human Estrogen Receptor Partial Agonists (ShERPAs) for Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2015; 59:219-237. [PMID: 26681208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 70% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), represents the standard of care for many patients; however, 30-50% develop resistance, underlining the need for alternative therapeutics. Paradoxically, agonists at ERα such as estradiol (E2) have demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with heavily treated breast cancer, although side effects in gynecological tissues are unacceptable. A drug that selectively mimics the actions of E2 in breast cancer therapy but minimizes estrogenic effects in other tissues is a novel, therapeutic alternative. We hypothesized that a selective human estrogen receptor partial agonist (ShERPA) at ERα would provide such an agent. Novel benzothiophene derivatives with nanomolar potency in breast cancer cell cultures were designed. Several showed partial agonist activity, with potency of 0.8-76 nM, mimicking E2 in inhibiting growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines. Three ShERPAs were tested and validated in xenograft models of endocrine-independent and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, and in contrast to E2, ShERPAs did not cause significant uterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Hitisha K Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Lauren M Gutgesell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Loruhama Delgado-Rivera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Thao N D Pham
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kathryn Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Teresa Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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8
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Molloy ME, White BEP, Gherezghiher T, Michalsen BT, Xiong R, Patel H, Zhao H, Maximov PY, Jordan VC, Thatcher GRJ, Tonetti DA. Novel selective estrogen mimics for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2515-26. [PMID: 25205655 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-resistant breast cancer is a major clinical obstacle. The use of 17β-estradiol (E2) has reemerged as a potential treatment option following exhaustive use of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, although side effects have hindered its clinical usage. Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) expression was shown to be a predictor of disease outcome for patients receiving endocrine therapy and may predict a positive response to an estrogenic treatment. Here, we have investigated the use of novel benzothiophene selective estrogen mimics (SEM) as an alternative to E2 for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Following in vitro characterization of SEMs, a panel of clinically relevant PKCα-expressing, tamoxifen-resistant models were used to investigate the antitumor effects of these compounds. SEM treatment resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis of tamoxifen-resistant cell lines in vitro. In vivo SEM treatment induced tumor regression of tamoxifen-resistant T47D:A18/PKCα and T47D:A18-TAM1 tumor models. T47D:A18/PKCα tumor regression was accompanied by translocation of estrogen receptor (ER) α to extranuclear sites, possibly defining a mechanism through which these SEMs initiate tumor regression. SEM treatment did not stimulate growth of E2-dependent T47D:A18/neo tumors. In addition, unlike E2 or tamoxifen, treatment with SEMs did not stimulate uterine weight gain. These findings suggest the further development of SEMs as a feasible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer without the side effects associated with E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Molloy
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bethany E Perez White
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Teshome Gherezghiher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bradley T Michalsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hitisha Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Hemachandra LPMP, Patel H, Chandrasena REP, Choi J, Piyankarage SC, Wang S, Wang Y, Thayer EN, Scism RA, Michalsen BT, Xiong R, Siklos MI, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. SERMs attenuate estrogen-induced malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by upregulating detoxification of oxidative metabolites. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:505-15. [PMID: 24598415 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing hormone-dependent cancers with long-term exposure to estrogens is attributed both to proliferative, hormonal actions at the estrogen receptor (ER) and to chemical carcinogenesis elicited by genotoxic, oxidative estrogen metabolites. Nontumorigenic MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells are classified as ER(-) and undergo estrogen-induced malignant transformation. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), in use for breast cancer chemoprevention and for postmenopausal osteoporosis, were observed to inhibit malignant transformation, as measured by anchorage-independent colony growth. This chemopreventive activity was observed to correlate with reduced levels of oxidative estrogen metabolites, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and DNA oxidation. The ability of raloxifene, desmethylarzoxifene (DMA), and bazedoxifene to inhibit this chemical carcinogenesis pathway was not shared by 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Regulation of phase II rather than phase I metabolic enzymes was implicated mechanistically: raloxifene and DMA were observed to upregulate sulfotransferase (SULT 1E1) and glucuronidase (UGT 1A1). The results support upregulation of phase II metabolism in detoxification of catechol estrogen metabolites leading to attenuated ROS formation as a mechanism for inhibition of malignant transformation by a subset of clinically important SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Madhubhani P Hemachandra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612.
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10
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Abstract
The formation of quinone methides (QMs) from either direct 2-electron oxidation of 2- or 4-alkylphenols, isomerization of o-quinones, or elimination of a good leaving group could explain the cytotoxic/cytoprotective effects of several drugs, natural products, as well as endogenous compounds. For example, the antiretroviral drug nevirapine and the antidiabetic agent troglitazone both induce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity through mechanisms involving quinone methide formation. The anesthetic phencyclidine induces psychological side effects potentially through quinone methide mediated covalent modification of crucial macromolecules in the brain. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene are metabolized to quinone methides which could potentially contribute to endometrial carcinogenic properties and/or induce detoxification enzymes and enhance the chemopreventive effects of these SERMs. Endogenous estrogens and/or estrogens present in estrogen replacement formulations are also metabolized to catechols and further oxidized to o-quinones which can isomerize to quinone methides. Both estrogen quinoids could cause DNA damage which could enhance hormone dependent cancer risk. Natural products such as the food and flavor agent eugenol can be directly oxidized to a quinone methide which may explain the toxic effects of this natural compound. Oral toxicities associated with chewing areca quid could be the result of exposure to hydroxychavicol through initial oxidation to an o-quinone which isomerizes to a p-quinone methide. Similar o-quinone to p-quinone methide isomerization reactions have been reported for the ubiquitous flavonoid quercetin which needs to be taken into consideration when evaluating risk-benefit assessments of these natural products. The resulting reaction of these quinone methides with proteins, DNA, and/or resulting modulation of gene expression may explain the toxic and/or beneficial effects of the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781) College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood Street Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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VandeVrede L, Abdelhamid R, Qin Z, Choi J, Piyankarage S, Luo J, Larson J, Bennett BM, Thatcher GRJ. An NO donor approach to neuroprotective and procognitive estrogen therapy overcomes loss of NO synthase function and potentially thrombotic risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70740. [PMID: 23976955 PMCID: PMC3745399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are effective therapeutics that preserve favorable actions of estrogens on bone and act as antiestrogens in breast tissue, decreasing the risk of vertebral fractures and breast cancer, but their potential in neuroprotective and procognitive therapy is limited by: 1) an increased lifetime risk of thrombotic events; and 2) an attenuated response to estrogens with age, sometimes linked to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. Herein, three 3(rd) generation SERMs with similar high affinity for estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) were studied: desmethylarzoxifene (DMA), FDMA, and a novel NO-donating SERM (NO-DMA). Neuroprotection was studied in primary rat neurons exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation; reversal of cholinergic cognitive deficit was studied in mice in a behavioral model of memory; long term potentiation (LTP), underlying cognition, was measured in hippocampal slices from older 3×Tg Alzheimer's transgenic mice; vasodilation was measured in rat aortic strips; and anticoagulant activity was compared. Pharmacologic blockade of GPR30 and NOS; denudation of endothelium; measurement of NO; and genetic knockout of eNOS were used to probe mechanism. Comparison of the three chemical probes indicates key roles for GPR30 and eNOS in mediating therapeutic activity. Procognitive, vasodilator and anticoagulant activities of DMA were found to be eNOS dependent, while neuroprotection and restoration of LTP were both shown to be dependent upon GPR30, a G-protein coupled receptor mediating estrogenic function. Finally, the observation that an NO-SERM shows enhanced vasodilation and anticoagulant activity, while retaining the positive attributes of SERMs even in the presence of NOS dysfunction, indicates a potential therapeutic approach without the increased risk of thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren VandeVrede
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramy Abdelhamid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sujeewa Piyankarage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John Larson
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Bennett
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Selective estrogen receptor modulator BC-1 activates antioxidant signaling pathway in vitro via formation of reactive metabolites. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:373-9. [PMID: 23334240 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Benzothiophene compounds are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which are recently found to activate antioxidant signaling. In this study the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant signaling activation by benzothiophene compound BC-1 were investigated. METHODS HepG2 cells were stably transfected with antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase reporter (HepG2-ARE cells). The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in HepG2-ARE cells was suppressed using siRNA. The metabolites of BC-1 in rat liver microsome incubation were analyzed using LC-UV and LC-MS. RESULTS Addition of BC-1 (5 μmol/L) in HepG2-ARE cells resulted in a 17-fold increase of ARE-luciferase activity. Pretreatment with the estrogen receptor agonist E2 (5 μmol/L) or antagonist ICI 182,780 (5 μmol/L) did not affect BC-1-induced ARE-luciferase activity. However, transfection of the cells with anti-Nrf2 siRNA suppressed this effect by 79%. Addition of BC-1 in rat microsome incubation resulted in formation of di-quinone methides and o-quinones, followed by formation of GSH conjugates. BC-1 analogues with hydrogen (BC-2) or fluorine (BC-3) at the 4' position did not form the di-quinone methides. Both BC-2 and BC-3 showed comparable estrogenic activity with BC-1, but did not induce ARE-luciferase activity in HepG2-ARE cells. CONCLUSION Benzothiophene compound BC-1 activates ARE signaling via reactive metabolite formation that is independent of estrogen receptors.
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Dunlap T, Piyankarage SC, Wijewickrama GT, Abdul-Hay S, Vanni M, Litosh V, Luo J, Thatcher GRJ. Quinone-induced activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling by aspirin prodrugs masquerading as nitric oxide. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2725-36. [PMID: 23035985 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The promising therapeutic potential of the NO-donating hybrid aspirin prodrugs (NO-ASA) includes induction of chemopreventive mechanisms and has been reported in almost 100 publications. One example, NCX-4040 (pNO-ASA), is bioactivated by esterase to a quinone methide (QM) electrophile. In cell cultures, pNO-ASA and QM-donating X-ASA prodrugs that cannot release NO rapidly depleted intracellular GSH and caused DNA damage; however, induction of Nrf2 signaling elicited cellular defense mechanisms including upregulation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). In HepG2 cells, the "NO-specific" 4,5-diaminofluorescein reporter, DAF-DA, responded to NO-ASA and X-ASA, with QM-induced oxidative stress masquerading as NO. LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated efficient alkylation of Cys residues of proteins including glutathione-S-transferase-P1 (GST-P1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Evidence was obtained for alkylation of Keap1 Cys residues associated with Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, nuclear translocation of Nrf2, activation of antioxidant response element (ARE), and upregulation of cytoprotective target genes. At least in cell culture, pNO-ASA acts as a QM donor, bioactivated by cellular esterase activity to release salicylates, NO(3)(-), and an electrophilic QM. Finally, two novel aspirin prodrugs were synthesized, both potent activators of ARE, designed to release only the QM and salicylates on bioactivation. Current interest in electrophilic drugs acting via Nrf2 signaling suggests that QM-donating hybrid drugs can be designed as informative chemical probes in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Su TR, Lin JJ, Chiu CC, Chen JYF, Su JH, Cheng ZJ, Hwang WI, Huang HH, Wu YJ. Proteomic investigation of anti-tumor activities exerted by sinularin against A2058 melanoma cells. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1139-52. [PMID: 22539317 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extracts from soft corals have been increasingly investigated for biomedical and therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study is to examine and analyze the anti-tumor effects of the genus Sinularia extract sinularin on A2058 melanoma cells using MTT assay, cell migration assay, wound healing assay, flow cytometric analysis, and proteomic analysis. Sinularin dose-dependently (1-5 μg/mL) inhibited melanoma cell proliferation while the treatment at identical concentrations suppressed cell migration. Sinularin dose-dependently enhanced apoptotic melanoma cells and caused tumor cell accumulation at G2/M phase, indicating that sinularin exerts apoptosis-induced and cell cycle-delayed activities in A2058 melanoma cells. Comparative proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of sinularin at the molecular level by comparison between the protein profiling of melanoma cells treated with sinularin and without the treatment. Thirty-five differential proteins (13 upregulated and 22 downregulated) concerning the treatment were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomic data and Western blot displayed the levels of several tumor inhibitory or apoptosis-associated proteins including annexin A1, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 and prohibitin (upregulated), heat shock protein 60, heat shock protein beta-1, and peroxiredoxin-2 (downregulated) in A2058 melanoma cells exposed to sinularin. Increased expression of p53, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-8, cleaved-caspase-9, p21, and Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 in sinularin-treated melanoma cells suggest that the anti-tumor activities of sinularin against melanoma cells are particularly correlated with these pro-apoptotic factors. These data provide important information for the mechanisms of anti-tumor effects of sinularin on melanoma cells and may be helpful for drug development and progression monitoring of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Rong Su
- Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
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15
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Kastrati I, Edirisinghe PD, Hemachandra LPMP, Chandrasena ER, Choi J, Wang YT, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Raloxifene and desmethylarzoxifene block estrogen-induced malignant transformation of human breast epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27876. [PMID: 22140478 PMCID: PMC3226622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is association between exposure to estrogens and the development and progression of hormone-dependent gynecological cancers. Chemical carcinogenesis by catechol estrogens derived from oxidative metabolism is thought to contribute to breast cancer, yet exact mechanisms remain elusive. Malignant transformation was studied in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells, since estrogens are not proliferative in this cell line. The human and equine estrogen components of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and their catechol metabolites were studied, along with the influence of co-administration of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), raloxifene and desmethyl-arzoxifene (DMA), and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Transformation was induced by human estrogens, and selectively by the 4-OH catechol metabolite, and to a lesser extent by an equine estrogen metabolite. The observed estrogen-induced upregulation of CYP450 1B1 in estrogen receptor negative MCF-10A cells, was compatible with a causal role for 4-OH catechol estrogens, as was attenuated transformation by CYP450 inhibitors. Estrogen-induced malignant transformation was blocked by SERMs correlating with a reduction in formation of nucleobase catechol estrogen (NCE) adducts and formation of 8-oxo-dG. NCE adducts can be formed consequent to DNA abasic site formation, but NCE adducts were also observed on incubation of estrogen quinones with free nucleotides. These results suggest that NCE adducts may be a biomarker for cellular electrophilic stress, which together with 8-oxo-dG as a biomarker of oxidative stress correlate with malignant transformation induced by estrogen oxidative metabolites. The observed attenuation of transformation by SERMs correlated with these biomarkers and may also be of clinical significance in breast cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Praneeth D. Edirisinghe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - L-P-Madhubani P. Hemachandra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Esala R. Chandrasena
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yue-Ting Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Abdelhamid R, Luo J, VandeVrede L, Kundu I, Michalsen B, Litosh VA, Schiefer IT, Gherezghiher T, Yao P, Qin Z, Thatcher GRJ. Benzothiophene Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Provide Neuroprotection by a novel GPR30-dependent Mechanism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:256-268. [PMID: 21731800 PMCID: PMC3124785 DOI: 10.1021/cn100106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benzothiophene SERM (BT-SERM), raloxifene, was compared with estrogens in protection of primary rat neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Structure-activity relationships for neuroprotection were determined for a family of BT-SERMs displaying a spectrum of ERα and ERβ binding affinity and agonist/antagonist activity, leading to discovery of a neuroprotective pharmacophore, present in the clinically relevant SERMS, raloxifene and desmethylarzoxifene (DMA), for which submicromolar potency was observed for neuroprotection. BT-SERM neuroprotection did not correlate with binding to ER nor classical ER activity, however, both the neuroprotective SERMs and estrogens were shown, using pharmacological probes, to activate the same kinase signaling cascades. The antiestrogen ICI 182,780 inhibited the actions of estrogens, but not those of BT-SERMs, whereas antagonism of the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR30, was effective for both SERMs and estrogens. Since SERMs have antioxidant activity, ER-independent mechanisms were studied using the classical phenolic antioxidants, BHT and Trolox, and the Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective electrophile, sulforaphane. However, neuroprotection by these agents was not sensitive to GPR30 antagonism. Collectively, these data indicate that the activity of neuroprotective BT-SERMs is GPR30-dependent and ER-independent and not mediated by antioxidant effects. Comparison of novel BT-SERM derivatives and analogs identified a neuroprotective pharmacophore of potential use in design of novel neuroprotective agents with a spectrum of ER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Abdelhamid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Lawren VandeVrede
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Indraneel Kundu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Bradley Michalsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Vladislav A. Litosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Isaac T. Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Teshome Gherezghiher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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17
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Peng KW, Wang H, Qin Z, Wijewickrama GT, Lu M, Wang Z, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Selective estrogen receptor modulator delivery of quinone warheads to DNA triggering apoptosis in breast cancer cells. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:1039-49. [PMID: 19839584 DOI: 10.1021/cb9001848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen exposure is a risk factor for breast cancer, and estrogen oxidative metabolites have been implicated in chemical carcinogenesis. Oxidation of the catechol metabolite of estrone (4-OHE) and the beta-naphthohydroquinone metabolite of equilenin (4-OHEN) gives o-quinones that produce ROS and damage DNA by adduction and oxidation. To differentiate hormonal and chemical carcinogensis pathways in estrogen receptor positive ER(+) cells, catechol or beta-naphthohydroquinone warheads were conjugated to the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) desmethylarzoxifene (DMA). ER binding was retained in the DMA conjugates; both were antiestrogens with submicromolar potency in mammary and endometrial cells. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and caspase-3/7 activation were compared in ER(+) and ER(-)MDA-MB-231 cells, and production of ROS was detected using a fluorescent reporter. Comparison was made to DMA, isolated warheads, and a DMA-mustard. Conjugation of warheads to DMA increased cytotoxicity accompanied by induction of apoptosis and activation of caspase-3/7. Activation of caspase-3/7, induction of apoptosis, and cytotoxicity were all increased significantly in ER(+) cells for the DMA conjugates. ROS production was localized in the nucleus for conjugates in ER(+) cells. Observations are compatible with beta-naphthohydroquinone and catechol groups being concentrated in the nucleus by ER binding, where oxidation and ROS production result, concomitant with caspase-dependent apoptosis. The results suggest that DNA damage induced by catechol estrogen metabolites can be amplified in ER(+) cells independent of hormonal activity. The novel conjugation of quinone warheads to an ER-targeting SERM gives ER-dependent, enhanced apoptosis in mammary cancer cells of potential application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-wei Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Huali Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Gihani T. Wijewickrama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Meiling Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Zhican Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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18
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Yu B, Qin Z, Wijewickrama GT, Edirisinghe P, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Comparative methods for analysis of protein covalent modification by electrophilic quinoids formed from xenobiotics. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:728-41. [PMID: 19301905 DOI: 10.1021/bc800435m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of biotin and fluorophore tags is useful for assaying covalent protein modification. Oxidative bioactivation of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) yields reactive quinoid electrophiles that covalently modify proteins, and bioactivation is associated with carcinogenic and chemopreventive effects. Identification of the protein targets of electrophilic metabolites is of general importance for xenobiotics. Four methodologies using SERM derivatized biotin/fluorophore tags were compared for purification and quantification: (1) covert oxidatively activated tags (COATags; SERM conjugated to biotin); (2) dansylTags (SERM conjugated to fluorophore); and azidoTags (SERM azide derivatives) in a two-step conjugation to biotin, using either (3) Staudinger ligation or (4) click chemistry. All synthetic derivatives retained the estrogen receptor ligand characteristics of the parent SERMs. Model proteins with bioactivation by tyrosinase in buffer or cell lysates and liver proteins with in situ bioactivation in rat primary hepatocytes were studied by immunoassay and fluorescence. Comparison showed that the azidoTag/Staudinger method was sensitive but nonspecific, the azidoTag/click methodology had low sensitivity, and the dansylTag methodology failed to detect modified proteins in hepatocytes. The COATag methodology was judged superior, detecting 5 ng of modified protein in vitro and identifying protein targets in hepatocytes. In metabolism studies in rat liver microsomes, the azide group was metabolically labile, which was a contributing factor in not selecting the azidoTag methodology in the oxidative environments required for bioactivation. For study of the protein targets of electrophilic metabolites formed by in situ oxidative bioactivation, the COATag is both sensitive and specific and does not appear to suffer from poor cell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolan Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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Qin Z, Kastrati I, Ashgodom RT, Lantvit DD, Overk CR, Choi Y, van Breemen RB, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Structural modulation of oxidative metabolism in design of improved benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:161-9. [PMID: 18936111 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene and arzoxifene are benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) of clinical use in postmenopausal osteoporosis and treatment of breast cancer and potentially in hormone replacement therapy. The benefits of arzoxifene are attributed to improved bioavailability over raloxifene, whereas the arzoxifene metabolite, desmethylarzoxifene (DMA) is a more potent antiestrogen. As polyaromatic phenolics, benzothiophene SERMs undergo oxidative metabolism to electrophilic quinoids. The long-term clinical use of SERMs demands increased understanding of correlations between structure and toxicity, with metabolism being a key component. A homologous series of 4'-substituted 4'-desmethoxyarzoxifene derivatives was developed, and metabolism was studied in liver and intestinal microsomes. Formation of glutathione conjugates was assayed in rat liver microsomes and novel adducts were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Formation of glucuronide conjugates was assayed in human intestine and liver microsomes, demonstrating formation of glucuronides ranging from 5 to 100% for the benzothiophene SERMs: this trend was inversely correlated with the loss of parent SERM in rat liver microsomal incubations. Molecular orbital calculations generated thermodynamic parameters for oxidation that correlated with Hammett substituent constants; however, metabolism in liver microsomes correlated with a combination of both Hammett and Hansch lipophilicity parameters. The results demonstrate a rich oxidative chemistry for the benzothiophene SERMs, the amplitude of which can be powerfully modulated, in a predictable manner, by structural tuning of the 4'-substituent. The predicted extensive metabolism of DMA was confirmed in vivo and compared with the relatively stable arzoxifene and F-DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Chandrasena REP, Edirisinghe PD, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Problematic detoxification of estrogen quinones by NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione-S-transferase. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1324-9. [PMID: 18588320 DOI: 10.1021/tx8000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen exposure through early menarche, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy increases the risk factor for hormone-dependent cancers. Although the molecular mechanisms are not completely established, DNA damage by quinone electrophilic reactive intermediates, derived from estrogen oxidative metabolism, is strongly implicated. A current hypothesis has 4-hydroxyestrone-o-quinone (4-OQE) acting as the proximal estrogen carcinogen, forming depurinating DNA adducts via Michael addition. One aspect of this hypothesis posits a key role for NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in the reduction of 4-OQE and protection against estrogen carcinogenesis, despite two reports that 4-OQE is not a substrate for NQO1. 4-OQE is rapidly and efficiently trapped by GSH, allowing measurement of NADPH-dependent reduction of 4-OQE in the presence and absence of NQO1. 4-OQE was observed to be a substrate for NQO1, but the acceleration of NADPH-dependent reduction by NQO1 over the nonenzymic reaction is less than 10-fold and at more relevant nanomolar concentrations of substrate is less than 2-fold. An alternative detoxifying enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase, was observed to be a target for 4-OQE, rapidly undergoing covalent modification. These results indicate that a key role for NQO1 and GST in direct detoxification of 4-hydroxy-estrogen quinones is problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Esala P Chandrasena
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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21
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Dunlap T, Abdul-Hay SO, Chandrasena REP, Hagos GK, Sinha V, Wang Z, Wang H, Thatcher GRJ. Nitrates and NO-NSAIDs in cancer chemoprevention and therapy: in vitro evidence querying the NO donor functionality. Nitric Oxide 2008; 19:115-24. [PMID: 18485921 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Properties of the NO-ASA family of NO-donating NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs), notably NCX 4016 (mNO-ASA) and NCX 4040 (pNO-ASA), reported in more than one hundred publications, have included positive preclinical data in cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Evidence is presented that the antiproliferative, the chemopreventive (antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE) activation), and the anti-inflammatory activity of NO-ASA in cell cultures is replicated by X-ASA derivatives that are incapable of acting as NO donors. pBr-ASA and mBr-ASA are conisogenic with NO-ASA, but are not NO donors. The biological activity of pNO-ASA is replicated by pBr-ASA; and both pNO-ASA and pBr-ASA are bioactivated to the same quinone methide electrophile. The biological activity of mNO-ASA is replicated by mBr-ASA; mNO-ASA and mBr-ASA are bioactivated to different benzyl electrophiles. The observed activity is likely initiated by trapping of thiol biomolecules by the quinone and benzyl electrophiles, leading to depletion of GSH and modification of Cys-containing sensor proteins. Whereas all NO-NSAIDs containing the same structural "linker" as NCX 4040 and NCX 4016 are anticipated to possess activity resulting from bioactivation to electrophilic metabolites, this expectation does not extend to other linker structures. Nitrates require metabolic bioactivation to liberate NO bioactivity, which is often poorly replicated in vitro, and NO bioactivity provided by NO-NSAIDs in vivo provides proven therapeutic benefits in mitigation of NSAID gastrotoxicity. The in vivo properties of X-ASA drugs await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Dunlap T, Chandrasena REP, Wang Z, Sinha V, Wang Z, Thatcher GRJ. Quinone Formation as a Chemoprevention Strategy for Hybrid Drugs: Balancing Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1903-12. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7002257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - R. Esala P. Chandrasena
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vaishali Sinha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Zhican Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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