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Qu H, Wang Y, Yan Q, Fan C, Zhang X, Wang D, Guo C, Chen P, Shi L, Liao Q, Zhou M, Wang F, Zeng Z, Xiang B, Xiong W. CircCDYL2 bolsters radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by promoting RAD51 translation initiation for enhanced homologous recombination repair. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:122. [PMID: 38654320 PMCID: PMC11036759 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy stands to be one of the primary approaches in the clinical treatment of malignant tumors. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, a malignancy predominantly treated with radiation therapy, provides an invaluable model for investigating the mechanisms underlying radiation therapy resistance in cancer. While some reports have suggested the involvement of circRNAs in modulating resistance to radiation therapy, the underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression level of circCDYL2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue samples. The effect of circCDYL2 on radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. The HR-GFP reporter assay determined that circCDYL2 affected homologous recombination repair. RNA pull down, RIP, western blotting, IF, and polysome profiling assays were used to verify that circCDYL2 promoted the translation of RAD51 by binding to EIF3D protein. RESULTS We have identified circCDYL2 as highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues, and it was closely associated with poor prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that circCDYL2 plays a pivotal role in promoting radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our investigation unveils a specific mechanism by which circCDYL2, acting as a scaffold molecule, recruits eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D protein (EIF3D) to the 5'-UTR of RAD51 mRNA, a crucial component of the DNA damage repair pathway to facilitate the initiation of RAD51 translation and enhance homologous recombination repair capability, and ultimately leads to radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a novel role of the circCDYL2/EIF3D/RAD51 axis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy resistance. Our work not only sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanism but also highlights the potential of circCDYL2 as a therapeutic sensitization target and a promising prognostic molecular marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongke Qu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Pan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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Komorowski L, Dabkowska A, Madzio J, Pastorczak A, Szczygiel K, Janowska M, Fidyt K, Bielecki M, Hunia J, Bajor M, Stoklosa T, Winiarska M, Patkowska E, Firczuk M. Concomitant inhibition of the thioredoxin system and nonhomologous DNA repair potently sensitizes Philadelphia-positive lymphoid leukemia to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e56. [PMID: 38486859 PMCID: PMC10938465 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (BCR::ABL1) gene fusion is an essential oncogene in both chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective in up to 95% of CML patients, 50% of Ph+ B-ALL cases do not respond to treatment or relapse. This calls for new therapeutic approaches for Ph+ B-ALL. Previous studies have shown that inhibitors of the thioredoxin (TXN) system exert antileukemic activity against B-ALL cells, particularly in combination with other drugs. Here, we present that peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1), one of the enzymes of the TXN system, is upregulated in Ph+ lymphoid as compared to Ph+ myeloid cells. PRDX1 knockout negatively affects the viability of Ph+ B-ALL cells and sensitizes them to TKIs. Analysis of global gene expression changes in imatinib-treated, PRDX1-deficient cells revealed that the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair is a novel vulnerability of Ph+ B-ALL cells. Accordingly, PRDX1-deficient Ph+ B-ALL cells were susceptible to NHEJ inhibitors. Finally, we demonstrated the potent efficacy of a novel combination of TKIs, TXN inhibitors, and NHEJ inhibitors against Ph+ B-ALL cell lines and primary cells, which can be further investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Ph+ B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Komorowski
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular MedicineMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Agnieszka Dabkowska
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Joanna Madzio
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and HematologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and HematologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Kacper Szczygiel
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Polpharma Biologics SAGdańskPoland
| | - Martyna Janowska
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsawPoland
| | - Jaromir Hunia
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Malgorzata Bajor
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Tumor Biology and GeneticsMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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Jin N, Xia Y, Gao Q. Combined PARP inhibitors and small molecular inhibitors in solid tumor treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 62:28. [PMID: 36601757 PMCID: PMC9851129 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of precision medicine, targeted therapy has attracted extensive attention. Poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are critical clinical drugs designed to induce cell death and are major antitumor targeted agents. However, preclinical and clinical data have revealed the limitations of PARPi monotherapy. Therefore, their combination with other targeted drugs has become a research hotspot in tumor treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of small molecular inhibitors in multiple haematological cancers and solid tumors via cellular signalling modulation, exhibiting potential as a combined pharmacotherapy. In the present review, studies focused on small molecular inhibitors targeting the homologous recombination pathway were summarized and clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of combined treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Qinglei Gao or Professor Yu Xia, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Qinglei Gao or Professor Yu Xia, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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Zhao J, Ruan J, Lv G, Shan Q, Fan Z, Wang H, Du Y, Ling L. Cell membrane-based biomimetic nanosystems for advanced drug delivery in cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 215:112503. [PMID: 35429736 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural types of cells display distinct characteristics with homotypic targeting and extended circulation in the blood, which are worthy of being explored as promising drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer therapy. To enhance their delivery efficiency, these cells can be combined with therapeutic agents and artificial nanocarriers to construct the next generation of DDSs in the form of biomimetic nanomedicines. In this review, we present the recent advances in cell membrane-based DDSs (CDDSs) and their applications for efficient cancer therapy. Different sources of cell membranes are discussed, mainly including red blood cells (RBC), leukocytes, cancer cells, stem cells and hybrid cells. Moreover, the extraction methods used for obtaining such cells and the mechanism contributing to the functional action of these biomimetic CDDSs are explained. Finally, a future perspective is proposed to highlight the limitations of CDDSs and the possible resolutions toward clinical transformation of currently developed biomimetic chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guangyao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiping Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Yuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Longbing Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Abbotts R, Dellomo AJ, Rassool FV. Pharmacologic Induction of BRCAness in BRCA-Proficient Cancers: Expanding PARP Inhibitor Use. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2640. [PMID: 35681619 PMCID: PMC9179544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, translation, transcription, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling. Best characterized is PARP1, which plays a central role in the repair of single strand DNA damage, thus prompting the development of small molecule PARP inhibitors (PARPi) with the intent of potentiating the genotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents such as chemo- and radiotherapy. However, preclinical studies rapidly uncovered tumor-specific cytotoxicity of PARPi in a subset of cancers carrying mutations in the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 genes (BRCA1/2), which are defective in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, and several PARPi are now FDA-approved for single agent treatment in BRCA-mutated tumors. This phenomenon, termed synthetic lethality, has now been demonstrated in tumors harboring a number of repair gene mutations that produce a BRCA-like impairment of HR (also known as a 'BRCAness' phenotype). However, BRCA mutations or BRCAness is present in only a small subset of cancers, limiting PARPi therapeutic utility. Fortunately, it is now increasingly recognized that many small molecule agents, targeting a variety of molecular pathways, can induce therapeutic BRCAness as a downstream effect of activity. This review will discuss the potential for targeting a broad range of molecular pathways to therapeutically induce BRCAness and PARPi synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna J. Dellomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz V. Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Qu H, Xu Z, Ren Y, Gong Z, Ju RH, Zhang F, Kang H, Xu Y, Chen X. Recent Advancements in the Treatment of Rectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: In Era of Imatinib. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1141-1152. [PMID: 35321404 PMCID: PMC8934706 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s352860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, with an annual incidence of 10–15 cases per million. However, rectal GIST has a low incidence, accounting for approximately 0.1% of all rectal tumors. The treatment of rectal GISTs is still controversial and the relative unified guidelines and consensus opinions are inadequate. Treatment is based primarily on the clinical experience of the physician. The widespread application of neoadjuvant imatinib therapy allows diversification of treatment, especially in the choice of surgical methods. Herein, we reviewed the most recent literature and summarized the new progress in rectal tumor treatment, with the aim of providing patients with more systematic and individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qu
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhaoHui Xu
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - YanYing Ren
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZeZhong Gong
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ri Hyok Ju
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - HaoNan Kang
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hernia and Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xin Chen, Tel +86 17709872266, Email
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Mori H, Tanoue S, Takaji R, Ueda S, Okahara M, Ueda SS. Arterial Administration of DNA Crosslinking Agents with Restraint of Homologous Recombination Repair by Intravenous Low-Dose Gemcitabine Is Effective for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010220. [PMID: 35008384 PMCID: PMC8750330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is considered incurable, and most cases are detected in the advanced stages. Establishing a new, effective interventional treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer is a pressing issue. Pretreatment with gemcitabine had a restraining effect on the homologous DNA recombination repair (HRR) of DNA crosslinking, inhibiting the function of Rad51, of which expression is found to be increased in pancreatic cancer. The aim of our prospective study was to assess the potential value of the arterial administration of DNA crosslinking agents after intravenous administration of low-dose gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. We confirmed, among forty-five patients with unresectable advanced pancreatic cancer, that a patient subgroup of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC, 10 patients) who underwent these treatment courses successively more than twice in the first 6 months had 33 months of overall survival, 31 months of local progression free survival, and a complete response of 40%. This treatment can be a new treatment option for LAPC. Abstract (1) Background: Pretreatment by Rad51-inhibitory substances such as gemcitabine followed by arterial chemotherapy using antineoplastic agents causing DNA crosslink might be more beneficial for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancers than conventional treatments. The efficacy of arterial administration of DNA crosslinking agents with pretreatment of intravenous low-dose gemcitabine for patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer (LAPC or MPC) is evaluated. (2) Methods: A single-arm, single-center, institutional review board-approved prospective study was conducted between 2005 and 2015. Forty-five patients (23 LAPC, 22 MPC) were included. Patients received a weekly low dose of gemcitabine intravenously for three weeks followed by arterial administration of mitomycin C and epirubicin hydrochloride at tumor-supplying arteries on the fifth or sixth week. This treatment course was repeated at 1.5-to-2-month intervals. Overall survival (OS), local progression-free survival (LPFS), and therapeutic response were evaluated. LAPC or MPC were divided according to treatment compliance, excellent or poor (1 or 2), to subgroups L1, L2, M1, and M2. (3) Results: OS of LAPC and MPC were 23 months and 13 months, respectively. The OS of LAPC with excellent treatment compliance (subgroup L1, 10 patients) was 33 months with 31 months of LPFS, and four patients (40%) had a complete response (CR). The OS of the L1 subgroup was significantly longer than those of other subgroups L2, M1, and M2, which were 17 months, 17 months, and 8 months, respectively. As Grade 3 adverse effects, severe bone marrow suppression, interstitial pneumonitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome were observed in six (13.0%), three (6.5%), and three (6.5%) patients, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Arterial DNA crosslinking with the systemic restraint of homologous recombination repair can be a new treatment option for LAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Nagato Memorial Hospital, Saiki 876-0835, Japan;
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-4270-0753
| | - Shuichi Tanoue
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryo Takaji
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Shinya Ueda
- Department of Radiology, Nagato Memorial Hospital, Saiki 876-0835, Japan;
- San-Ai Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Oita 870-1151, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan
| | - Mika Okahara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan
| | - Saori Sugi Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan;
- San-Ai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Oita 870-115, Japan
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Gianni P, Matenoglou E, Geropoulos G, Agrawal N, Adnani H, Zafeiropoulos S, Miyara SJ, Guevara S, Mumford JM, Molmenti EP, Giannis D. The Fanconi anemia pathway and Breast Cancer: A comprehensive review of clinical data. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:10-25. [PMID: 34489172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of breast cancer depends on several risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. Despite the evolution of DNA sequencing techniques and biomarker detection, the epidemiology and mechanisms of various breast cancer susceptibility genes have not been elucidated yet. Dysregulation of the DNA damage response causes genomic instability and increases the rate of mutagenesis and the risk of carcinogenesis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is an important component of the DNA damage response and plays a critical role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks and genomic stability. The FA pathway involves 22 recognized genes and specific mutations have been identified as the underlying defect in the majority of FA patients. A thorough understanding of the function and epidemiology of these genes in breast cancer is critical for the development and implementation of individualized therapies that target unique tumor profiles. Targeted therapies (PARP inhibitors) exploiting the FA pathway gene defects have been developed and have shown promising results. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on the involvement of FA genes in sporadic and familial breast cancer with a focus on clinical data derived from large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Evangelia Matenoglou
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Harsha Adnani
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - James M Mumford
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY.
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Review of Experimental Studies to Improve Radiotherapy Response in Bladder Cancer: Comments and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010087. [PMID: 33396795 PMCID: PMC7795454 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancer types in the world. Around 25% of all cases are muscle-invasive bladder cancer, for which the gold standard treatment in the absence of metastasis is the cystectomy. In recent years, trimodality treatment associating maximal transurethral resection and radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy is increasingly used as an organ-preserving alternative. However, the use of this treatment is still limited by the lack of biomarkers predicting tumour response and by a lack of targeted radiosensitising drugs that can improve the therapeutic index, especially by limiting side effects such as bladder fibrosis. In order to improve the bladder-preserving treatment, experimental studies addressing these main issues ought to be considered (both in vitro and in vivo studies). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we conducted a literature search in PubMed on experimental studies investigating how to improve bladder cancer radiotherapy with different radiosensitising agents using a comprehensive search string. We made comments on experimental model selection, experimental design and results, formulating the gaps of knowledge still existing: such as the lack of reliable predictive biomarkers of tumour response to chemoradiation according to the molecular tumour subtype and lack of efficient radiosensitising agents specifically targeting bladder tumour cells. We provided guidance to improve forthcoming studies, such as taking into account molecular characteristics of the preclinical models and highlighted the value of using patient-derived xenografts as well as syngeneic models. Finally, this review could be a useful tool to set up new radiation-based combined treatments with an improved therapeutic index that is needed for bladder preservation.
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10
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Xu L, Wu T, Lu S, Hao X, Qin J, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Kong B, Gong Y, Liu Z, Shao C. Mitochondrial superoxide contributes to oxidative stress exacerbated by DNA damage response in RAD51-depleted ovarian cancer cells. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101604. [PMID: 32554304 PMCID: PMC7303666 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Abnormal homologous recombination repair, high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of antioxidant genes are characteristic features of ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the redox homeostasis in ovarian cancer cells remain to be fully elucidated. We here demonstrated a critical role of RAD51, a protein essential for homologous recombination, in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. We found that RAD51 is overexpressed in high grade serous ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion or inhibition of RAD51 results in G2/M arrest, increased production of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. Importantly, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the induction of DNA damage and the perturbation of proliferation caused by RAD51 depletion. We further demonstrated that RAD51 inhibition or depletion led to elevated production of mitochondrial superoxide and increased accumulation of mitochondria. Moreover, CHK1 activation is required for the G2/M arrest and the generation of mitochondrial stress in response to RAD51 depletion. Together, our results indicate that nuclear DNA damage caused by RAD51 depletion may trigger mitochondria-originated redox dysregulation. Our findings suggest that a vicious cycle of nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial accumulation and oxidative stress may contribute to the tumor-suppressive effects of RAD51 depletion or inhibition. RAD51 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion of RAD51 leads to increased mitochondrial superoxide production and oxidative DNA damage. Increased production of mitochondrial ROS requires CHK1-mediated G2/M arrest. mROS increase is independent of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Hao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Junchao Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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11
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Alhmoud JF, Woolley JF, Al Moustafa AE, Malki MI. DNA Damage/Repair Management in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1050. [PMID: 32340362 PMCID: PMC7226105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is well recognized as a critical factor in cancer development and progression. DNA lesions create an abnormal nucleotide or nucleotide fragment, causing a break in one or both chains of the DNA strand. When DNA damage occurs, the possibility of generated mutations increases. Genomic instability is one of the most important factors that lead to cancer development. DNA repair pathways perform the essential role of correcting the DNA lesions that occur from DNA damaging agents or carcinogens, thus maintaining genomic stability. Inefficient DNA repair is a critical driving force behind cancer establishment, progression and evolution. A thorough understanding of DNA repair mechanisms in cancer will allow for better therapeutic intervention. In this review we will discuss the relationship between DNA damage/repair mechanisms and cancer, and how we can target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad F. Alhmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - John F. Woolley
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | | | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P. O. Box 2713, Qatar;
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12
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Deycmar S, Faccin E, Kazimova T, Knobel PA, Telarovic I, Tschanz F, Waller V, Winkler R, Yong C, Zingariello D, Pruschy M. The relative biological effectiveness of proton irradiation in dependence of DNA damage repair. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190494. [PMID: 31687835 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical parameters and empirical evidence are the primary determinants for current treatment planning in radiation oncology. Personalized medicine in radiation oncology is only at the very beginning to take the genetic background of a tumor entity into consideration to define an individual treatment regimen, the total dose or the combination with a specific anticancer agent. Likewise, stratification of patients towards proton radiotherapy is linked to its physical advantageous energy deposition at the tumor site with minimal healthy tissue being co-irradiated distal to the target volume. Hence, the fact that photon and proton irradiation also induce different qualities of DNA damages, which require differential DNA damage repair mechanisms has been completely neglected so far. These subtle differences could be efficiently exploited in a personalized treatment approach and could be integrated into personalized treatment planning. A differential requirement of the two major DNA double-strand break repair pathways, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, was recently identified in response to proton and photon irradiation, respectively, and subsequently influence the mode of ionizing radiation-induced cell death and susceptibility of tumor cells with defects in DNA repair machineries to either quality of ionizing radiation.This review focuses on the differential DNA-damage responses and subsequent biological processes induced by photon and proton irradiation in dependence of the genetic background and discusses their impact on the unicellular level and in the tumor microenvironment and their implications for combined treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deycmar
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Yang M, Tian X, Fan Z, Yu W, Li Z, Zhou J, Zhang W, Liang A. Targeting RAD51 enhances chemosensitivity of adult T‑cell leukemia‑lymphoma cells by reducing DNA double‑strand break repair. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2426-2434. [PMID: 31638261 PMCID: PMC6859462 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51, is a key homologous recombination protein that repairs DNA damage and maintains gene diversity and stability. Previous studies have demonstrated that the over‑expression of RAD51 is associated with chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy, and enhanced activity of DNA damage repair (DDR) systems contributes to resistance of adult T‑cell leukemia‑lymphoma (ATL) resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, targeting RAD51 is a potential strategy for the sensitization of ATL cells to chemotherapeutic drugs by inducing DNA damage. In general, cells can repair minor DNA damage through DDR; however, serious DNA damage may cause cell toxicity in cells which cannot be restored. In the present, down regulation of RAD51 by shRNA and imatinib sensitized Jurkat cells to etoposide by decreasing the activity of homologous recombination (HR). We found that the suppression of RAD51 by shRNA inhibited tumor cells proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of Jurkat cells after etoposide treatment. Importantly, downregulation of RAD51 by imatinib obviously increased the apoptosis of Jurkat cell after etoposide treatment. These results demonstrated that RAD51 may be of great value to as a novel target for the clinical treatment of adult T‑cell leukemia‑lymphoma (ATL), and it may improve the survival of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Xiaoxue Tian
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Zhuoyi Fan
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Wenlei Yu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R China
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Mukhopadhyay A, Drew Y, Matheson E, Salehan M, Gentles L, Pachter JA, Curtin NJ. Evaluating the potential of kinase inhibitors to suppress DNA repair and sensitise ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:125-132. [PMID: 30342021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) represent a major advance in the treatment of ovarian cancer associated with defects in homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR), primarily due to mutations in BRCA genes. Imatinib and PI3K inhibitors are reported to downregulate HRR and, in some cases, sensitise cells to PARPi. We investigated the ability of imatinib, and the PI3K inhibitors: NVP-BEZ235 and VS-5584, to downregulate HRR and sensitise paired ovarian cancer cells with mutant and reconstituted BRCA1 to the PARPi, olaparib and rucaparib. Olaparib and imatinib combinations were also measured in primary cultures of ovarian cancer. NVP-BEZ235 and imatinib reduced RAD51 levels and focus formation (an indication of HRR function), but VS-5584 did not. In colony-forming assays none of the inhibitors sensitised cells to PARPi cytotoxicity, in fact there was a mild protective effect. These conflicting data were resolved by the observation that the kinase inhibitors reduced the S-phase fraction, when HRR proteins are at their peak and cells are sensitive to PARPi cytotoxicity. In contrast, in primary cultures in 96-well plate assays, imatinib did increase olaparib-induced growth inhibition. However, in one primary culture that could be used in colony-formation cytotoxicity assays, imatinib protected from olaparib cytotoxicity. The kinase inhibitors protect from PARPi cytotoxicity by arresting cell growth, but this may be interpreted as synergy on the basis of 96-well cell growth assays. We urge caution before combining these drugs clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Tata Medical Center and Tata Translational Cancer Research Center, 14 MAR, Rajarhat, Kolkata, India
| | - Yvette Drew
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Matheson
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mo Salehan
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lucy Gentles
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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15
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Cava C, Castiglioni I. In silico perturbation of drug targets in pan-cancer analysis combining multiple networks and pathways. Gene 2019; 698:100-106. [PMID: 30840853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of cancer cell response to conventional therapies is crucial in order to choose the correct therapy of patients affected by cancer. The major problem is generally attributed to the lack of specific biological processes able to predict the therapy efficacy. Here, we optimized a computational method for the analysis of gene networks able to detect and quantify the effects of a drug in a pan-cancer study. Overall, our method, using several network topological measures has identified a cancer gene network with a key role in biological processes. The gene network, able to classify with a good performance cancer vs normal samples, was modulated in silico to evaluate the effects of new or approved drugs. This computational model could offer an interesting hint to decipher molecular mechanisms contributing to resistance or inefficacy of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cava
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F.Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F.Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Cardoso HJ, Vaz CV, Carvalho TM, Figueira MI, Socorro S. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib modulates the viability and apoptosis of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells dependently on the glycolytic environment. Life Sci 2019; 218:274-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, which frequently cause intraabdominal metastases. The current standard of care is surgery for localized cases, and adjuvant imatinib is recommended for tumors with a high risk of recurrence. To date, radiotherapy has not been commonly accepted as a part of multimodality treatment approach other than palliation. However, recently published case reports and some small series suggest that radiotherapy is a valuable option for controlling locally progressive, drug-resistant disease. The aim of this review is to provide a viewpoint from a radiation oncologist concerning the management of GISTs, especially rectal GIST, and clarify the role and technical aspects of radiotherapy in the treatment approach. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search in PubMed using the keywords "radiotherapy for rectal GIST" and "rectal GIST" was undertaken. The literature search included the related articles after 1995. STUDY SELECTION The main articles including rectal GIST case reports and GIST series containing rectal cases were the primary references. RESULTS Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. However, to date, radiotherapy is included in the multidisciplinary treatment strategy of rectal GISTs in some circumstances with palliative, adjuvant, or definitive intent using different treatment doses and fields. CONCLUSIONS Recently reported long-term local control rates indicate that GIST is a radiosensitive disease. This makes radiotherapy a valuable alternative in GIST management with curative intent, especially in patients who (1) cannot tolerate or are resistant to chemotherapy agents, (2) have an unresectable disease, (3) have a gross or microscopic residual disease after surgery, and (4) have a recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Elif Ozkan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
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18
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Deycmar S, Pruschy M. Combined Treatment Modalities for High-Energy Proton Irradiation: Exploiting Specific DNA Repair Dependencies. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:133-139. [DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deycmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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DNA damage repair in ovarian cancer: unlocking the heterogeneity. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:50. [PMID: 29925418 PMCID: PMC6011341 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is rarely curative; three quarters of patients with advanced disease relapse and ultimately die with resistant disease. Improving patient outcomes will require the introduction of new treatments and better patient selection. Abrogations in the DNA damage response (DDR) may allow such stratifications. A defective DNA-damage response (DDR) is a defining hallmark of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Indeed, current evidence indicates that all HGSOCs harbour a defect in at least one major DDR pathway. However, defective DDR is not mediated through a single mechanism but rather results from a variety of (epi)genetic lesions affecting one or more of the five major DNA repair pathways. Understanding the relationship between these pathways and how these are abrogated will be necessary in order to facilitate appropriate selection of both existing and novel agents. Here we review the current understanding of the DDR with regard to ovarian, and particularly high grade serous, cancer, with reference to existing and emerging treatments as appropriate.
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20
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Gee ME, Faraahi Z, McCormick A, Edmondson RJ. DNA damage repair in ovarian cancer: unlocking the heterogeneity. J Ovarian Res 2018. [PMID: 29925418 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0424-x] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is rarely curative; three quarters of patients with advanced disease relapse and ultimately die with resistant disease. Improving patient outcomes will require the introduction of new treatments and better patient selection. Abrogations in the DNA damage response (DDR) may allow such stratifications.A defective DNA-damage response (DDR) is a defining hallmark of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Indeed, current evidence indicates that all HGSOCs harbour a defect in at least one major DDR pathway. However, defective DDR is not mediated through a single mechanism but rather results from a variety of (epi)genetic lesions affecting one or more of the five major DNA repair pathways. Understanding the relationship between these pathways and how these are abrogated will be necessary in order to facilitate appropriate selection of both existing and novel agents.Here we review the current understanding of the DDR with regard to ovarian, and particularly high grade serous, cancer, with reference to existing and emerging treatments as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Gee
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Zahra Faraahi
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Aiste McCormick
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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21
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Gee ME, Faraahi Z, McCormick A, Edmondson RJ. DNA damage repair in ovarian cancer: unlocking the heterogeneity. J Ovarian Res 2018. [PMID: 29925418 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0424-x]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is rarely curative; three quarters of patients with advanced disease relapse and ultimately die with resistant disease. Improving patient outcomes will require the introduction of new treatments and better patient selection. Abrogations in the DNA damage response (DDR) may allow such stratifications.A defective DNA-damage response (DDR) is a defining hallmark of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Indeed, current evidence indicates that all HGSOCs harbour a defect in at least one major DDR pathway. However, defective DDR is not mediated through a single mechanism but rather results from a variety of (epi)genetic lesions affecting one or more of the five major DNA repair pathways. Understanding the relationship between these pathways and how these are abrogated will be necessary in order to facilitate appropriate selection of both existing and novel agents.Here we review the current understanding of the DDR with regard to ovarian, and particularly high grade serous, cancer, with reference to existing and emerging treatments as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Gee
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Zahra Faraahi
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Aiste McCormick
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Level 5, Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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22
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Pataer A, Shao R, Correa AM, Behrens C, Roth JA, Vaporciyan AA, Wistuba II, Swisher SG. Major pathologic response and RAD51 predict survival in lung cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2405-2414. [PMID: 29673125 PMCID: PMC6010873 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we determined that major pathologic response (MPR) as indicated by the percentage of residual viable tumor cells predicted overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, we assessed whether two genes and five protein biomarkers could predict MPR and OS in 98 patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We collected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of resected NSCLC tumors from 98 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We identified mutations in KRAS and EGFR genes using pyrosequencing and examined the expression of protein markers VEGFR2, EZH2, ERCC1, RAD51, and PKR using immunohistochemistry. We assessed whether gene mutation status or protein expression was associated with MPR or OS. We observed that KRAS mutation tended to be associated with OS (P = .06), but EGFR mutation was not associated with OS. We found that patients with high RAD51 expression levels had a poorer prognosis than did those with low RAD51 expression. We also observed that RAD51 expression was associated with MPR. MPR and RAD51 expression were associated with OS in univariate and multivariate analyses (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). Combination of MPR with RAD51 is a significant predictor of prognosis in patients with NSCLC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We demonstrated that MPR or RAD51 expression was associated with OS in patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prediction of a patient's prognosis could be improved by combined assessment of MPR and RAD51 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ruping Shao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Arlene M. Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
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23
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Penha RCC, Pellecchia S, Pacelli R, Pinto LFR, Fusco A. Ionizing Radiation Deregulates the MicroRNA Expression Profile in Differentiated Thyroid Cells. Thyroid 2018; 28:407-421. [PMID: 29397781 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) is a well-known risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer, and it has been reported to deregulate microRNA expression, which is important to thyroid carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of IR on microRNA expression profile of the normal thyroid cell line (FRTL-5 CL2), as well as its effect on radiosensitivity of thyroid cancer cell lines, especially the human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line (8505c). METHODS The global microRNA expression profile of irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells (5 Gy X-ray) was characterized, and data were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluating the expression of rno-miR-10b-5p, rno-miR-33-5p, rno-miR-128-1-5p, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-296-5p, rno-miR-328a-3p, and rno-miR-541-5p in irradiated cells. The miR-199a-3p and miR-10b-5p targets were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and luciferase target assays. The effects of miR-199a-3p and miR-10b-5p on DNA repair were determined by evaluating the activation of the protein kinases ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia, and Rad3-related and the serine 39 phosphorylation of variant histone H2AX as an indirect measure of double-strand DNA breaks in irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells. The impact of miR-10b-5p on radiosensitivity was analyzed by cell counting and MTT assays in FRTL-5 CL2, Kras-transformed FRTL-5 CL2 (FRTL KiKi), and 8505c cell lines. RESULTS The results reveal that miR-10b-5p and miR-199a-3p display the most pronounced alterations in expression in irradiated FRTL-5 CL2 cells. Dicer1 and Lin28b were validated as targets of miR-10b-5p and miR-199a-3p, respectively. Functional studies demonstrate that miR-10b-5p increases the growth rate of FRTL-5 CL2 cells, while miR-199a-3p inhibits their proliferation. Moreover, both of these microRNAs negatively affect homologous recombination repair, reducing activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related protein levels, consequently leading to an accumulation of the serine 39 phosphorylation of variant histone H2AX. Interestingly, the overexpression of miR-10b-5p decreases the viability of the irradiated FRTL5-CL2 and 8505c cell lines. Consistent with this observation, its inhibition in FRTL KiKi cells, which display high basal expression levels of miR-10b-5p, leads to the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IR deregulates microRNA expression, affecting the double-strand DNA breaks repair efficiency of irradiated thyroid cells, and suggest that miR-10b-5p overexpression may be an innovative approach for anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy by increasing cancer cell radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cortez Cardoso Penha
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA , CPQ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simona Pellecchia
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- 3 Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini e Radioterapia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Fusco
- 1 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA , CPQ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fu S, Jin L, Gong T, Pan S, Zheng S, Zhang X, Yang T, Sun Y, Wang Y, Guo J, Hui B, Zhang X. Effect of sinomenine hydrochloride on radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:1601-1608. [PMID: 29393484 PMCID: PMC5868396 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most important treatments for unresectable and locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), however, the response to radiotherapy is sometimes limited by the development of radioresistance. Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) has anticancer activity, but its effect on the radiosensitivity of ESCC is unclear. We determined the effect of SH on the radiosensitivity of ESCC cells and elucidated its potential radiosensitization mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. ESCC cells were subjected to SH and radiation, both separately and in combination. Untreated cells served as controls. The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and the clonogenic assay to estimate radiosensitization. Flow cytometry was used to investigate cell cycle phases and cell apoptosis. Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin B1, CDK1, Ku86, Ku70, and Rad51 expression was evaluated using western blotting. In vivo, tumor xenografts were created using BALB/c nude mice. Tumor-growth inhibition was recorded, and Ki-67 and Bax expression in the tumor tissues was assessed using immunohistochemistry. SH inhibited ESCC cell growth and markedly increased their radiosensitivity by inducing G2/M phase arrest. SH combined with radiation therapy significantly increased ESCC cell apoptosis. The molecular mechanism by which SH enhanced radiosensitivity of ESCC cells was related to Bcl-2, cyclin B1, CDK1, Ku86, Ku70, and Rad51 downregulation and Bax protein expression upregulation. SH combined with radiation considerably delayed the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that in the SH combined with radiation group, the expression of Bax was significantly higher while that of Ki-67 was lower than the expressions in the control groups. Taken together, our findings showed that SH could improve the sensitivity of radiation in ESCC cells by inducing G2/M phase arrest, promoting radiation-induced apoptosis and inhibiting DSB-repair pathways. SH appears to be a prospective radiosensitizer for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbo Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Tuotuo Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shupei Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xuanwei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Beina Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Arjumand W, Asiaf A, Ahmad ST. Noncoding RNAs in DNA Damage Response: Opportunities for Cancer Therapeutics. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1699:3-21. [PMID: 29086365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7435-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair machinery preserves genomic integrity, which is frequently challenged through endogenous and exogenous toxic insults, and any sort of repair machinery malfunctioning ultimately manifests in the form of several types of terrible human diseases such as cancers (Hoeijmakers, Nature 411(6835): 366-374, 2001). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial players of DNA repair machinery in a cell and play a vital role in maintaining genomic stability, which is essential for its survival and normal functioning thus preventing tumorigenesis. To preserve the integrity of the genome, cells initiate a specific cellular response, recognized as DNA damage response (DDR), which includes several distinct DNA repair pathways. These repair pathways permit normal cells to repair DNA damage or induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in case the damage is irreparable. Disruption of these pathways in cancer leads to an increase in genomic instability and mutagenesis. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that ncRNAs play a critical role in the regulation of DDR. There is an extensive crosstalk between ncRNAs and the canonical DDR signaling pathway. DDR-induced expression of ncRNAs can provide a regulatory mechanism to accurately control the expression of DNA damage responsive genes in a spatio-temporal manner. DNA damage alters expression of a variety of ncRNAs at multiple levels including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and RNA degradation and vice versa, wherein ncRNAs can directly regulate cellular processes involved in DDR by altering expression of their targeting genes, with a particular emphasis on microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Relationship between the defects in the DDR and deregulation of related ncRNAs in human cancers is one of the established, which is growing stronger with the advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques such as next-generation sequencing. Understanding of the mechanisms that explain the association between ncRNAs and DDR/DNA repair pathways will definitely increase our understanding on human tumor biology and on different responses to diverse drugs. Different ncRNAs interact with distinct DDR components and are promising targets for improving the effects to overcome the resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In this chapter, we will focus the role of ncRNAs in the DNA damage, repair, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wani Arjumand
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, 2A32 HRIC, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Asia Asiaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Clarke H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, 2A25 HRIC, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
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Chen Q, Cai D, Li M, Wu X. The homologous recombination protein RAD51 is a promising therapeutic target for cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627709 PMCID: PMC5561999 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is one of the pivotal enzymes for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, which implies it as a promising and novel target for cancer therapy. Recent findings have indicated RAD51 protein is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. The high-expression of RAD51 is related to poor prognosis. RAD51 is involved in the repair of DNA damage and the generation of genetic diversity by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. However, the exact mechanism of Rad51 in the progression of cervical cancer remains unclear. RI-1 is a small molecule that inhibits the central recombination protein RAD51. In this study, we found that RAD51 was highly expressed in invasive squamous cervical cancer (SCC). The administration of RI-1 inhibited cell growth in vitro and reduced growth of tumor xenografts in vivo with cervical cancer cells (HeLa and SiHa). Further investigation suggested that RAD51 protein significantly promoted the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 to S phase. In addition, the inhibition of RAD51 reduced the level of the cell cycle related protein cyclin D1, but increased the levels of p21 mRNA and protein. As a DNA DSB repair enzyme, the expression of RAD51 in tumor cells possibly affects their sensitivity to anti-cancer agents. Additionally, in experiments using cisplatin and ionizing radiation, RI-1 treated cervical cancer cells, HeLa and SiHa, were sensitized to a greater extent than the untreated control. Thus, HR inhibition of RAD51 may provide yet another mechanism of therapeutic target for the chemosensitization and radiosensitization of cervical cancer with RI-1. Collectively, our data demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of RAD51 suppressed the cervical cancer cell proliferation and the growth of cervical cancer xenografts by attenuating cell cycle transition, which could be a functional link between RAD51 and cyclin D1 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dongge Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Nieborowska-Skorska M, Sullivan K, Dasgupta Y, Podszywalow-Bartnicka P, Hoser G, Maifrede S, Martinez E, Di Marcantonio D, Bolton-Gillespie E, Cramer-Morales K, Lee J, Li M, Slupianek A, Gritsyuk D, Cerny-Reiterer S, Seferynska I, Stoklosa T, Bullinger L, Zhao H, Gorbunova V, Piwocka K, Valent P, Civin CI, Muschen M, Dick JE, Wang JC, Bhatia S, Bhatia R, Eppert K, Minden MD, Sykes SM, Skorski T. Gene expression and mutation-guided synthetic lethality eradicates proliferating and quiescent leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2392-2406. [PMID: 28481221 DOI: 10.1172/jci90825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescent and proliferating leukemia cells accumulate highly lethal DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired by 2 major mechanisms: BRCA-dependent homologous recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated (DNA-PK-mediated) nonhomologous end-joining, whereas DNA repair pathways mediated by poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) serve as backups. Here we have designed a personalized medicine approach called gene expression and mutation analysis (GEMA) to identify BRCA- and DNA-PK-deficient leukemias either directly, using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, microarrays, and flow cytometry, or indirectly, by the presence of oncogenes such as BCR-ABL1. DNA-PK-deficient quiescent leukemia cells and BRCA/DNA-PK-deficient proliferating leukemia cells were sensitive to PARP1 inhibitors that were administered alone or in combination with current antileukemic drugs. In conclusion, GEMA-guided targeting of PARP1 resulted in dual cellular synthetic lethality in quiescent and proliferating immature leukemia cells, and is thus a potential approach to eradicate leukemia stem and progenitor cells that are responsible for initiation and manifestation of the disease. Further, an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that this personalized medicine approach could also be applied to treat numerous solid tumors from individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Sullivan
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yashodhara Dasgupta
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Grazyna Hoser
- The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Maifrede
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Esteban Martinez
- Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniela Di Marcantonio
- Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elisabeth Bolton-Gillespie
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly Cramer-Morales
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaewong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Artur Slupianek
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Gritsyuk
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig Boltzmann-Cluster Oncology, and Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilona Seferynska
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Peter Valent
- Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig Boltzmann-Cluster Oncology, and Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Curt I Civin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Muschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Cy Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen M Sykes
- Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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An Z, Yu JR, Park WY. Rosiglitazone enhances radiosensitivity by inhibiting repair of DNA damage in cervical cancer cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:89-98. [PMID: 28184999 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the main treatment modalities for cervical cancer. Rosiglitazone (ROSI) has been reported to have antiproliferative effects against various types of cancer cells and also to induce antioxidant enzymes that can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby modify radiosensitivity. Here, we explored the effect of ROSI on radiosensitivity and the underlying mechanisms in cervical cancer cells. Three cervical cancer cell lines (ME-180, HeLa, and SiHa) were used. The cells were pretreated with ROSI and then irradiated. Expression of proteins of interest was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. Intracellular production of ROS was measured by H2DCFDA. Radiosensitivity was assessed by monitoring clonogenic survival. Expression of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutases) was increased by ROSI in HeLa and SiHa cells, but not in ME-180 cells. With ROSI pre-treatment, cell survival after irradiation remained unchanged in HeLa and SiHa cells, but decreased in ME-180 cells. Radiation-induced expression of γ-H2AX was increased and that of RAD51 was decreased by ROSI pre-treatment in ME-180 cells, but not in HeLa cells. ROSI increases radiosensitivity by inhibiting RAD51-mediated repair of DNA damage in some cervical cancer cell lines; therefore, ROSI is a potential inhibitor of RAD51 that can be used to enhance the effect of RT in the treatment of some cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe An
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 52 Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Gatto L, Nannini M, Saponara M, Di Scioscio V, Beltramo G, Frezza GP, Ercolani G, Pinna AD, Astolfi A, Urbini M, Brandi G, Biasco G, Pantaleo MA. Radiotherapy in the management of gist: state of the art and new potential scenarios. Clin Sarcoma Res 2017; 7:1. [PMID: 28078078 PMCID: PMC5223331 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-016-0065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. The main treatment for localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors is surgical resection. Unresectable or advanced GIST are poorly responsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy but the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) marked a revolutionary step in the treatment of these patients, radically improving prognosis and clinical benefit. Historically GIST has been considered radiation-resistant, and the role of radiotherapy in the management of patients with GIST is currently restricted to symptomatic palliation in current treatment guidelines. Case presentation Here we report two patients affected by metastatic GIST, treated with radiotherapy and radiosurgery in combination with TKIs, achieving an unexpected objective response in the first case and a significant clinical benefit associated with a local tumor control of several months in the second case. Conclusions These and other successful experiences that are progressively accumulating, open up new scenarios of use of radiation therapy in various settings of treatment. GIST is not universally radioresistant and radiotherapy, especially if combined with molecularly targeted therapy, can improve the outcomes for patients diagnosed with GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gatto
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Nannini
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Saponara
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Di Scioscio
- Department of Radiology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Beltramo
- Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Reparto Cyberknife, Milan, Italy
| | - G P Frezza
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Ercolani
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery and Organ Transplantation, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A D Pinna
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery and Organ Transplantation, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Astolfi
- Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Urbini
- Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Brandi
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Biasco
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M A Pantaleo
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Interdepartmental Centre of Cancer Research "G. Prodi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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An Z, Yu JR, Park WY. T0070907 inhibits repair of radiation-induced DNA damage by targeting RAD51. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu X, Jiang Y, Nowak B, Hargis S, Plunkett W. Mechanism-Based Drug Combinations with the DNA Strand-Breaking Nucleoside Analog CNDAC. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2302-2313. [PMID: 27474148 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CNDAC (2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-β-d-arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine, DFP10917) and its orally bioavailable prodrug, sapacitabine, are undergoing clinical trials for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The unique action mechanism of inducing DNA strand breaks distinguishes CNDAC from other deoxycytidine analogs. To optimize the clinical potentials of CNDAC, we explored multiple strategies combining CNDAC with chemotherapeutic agents targeting distinct DNA damage repair pathways that are currently in clinical use. The ability of each agent to decrease proliferative potential, determined by clonogenic assays, was determined in paired cell lines proficient and deficient in certain DNA repair proteins. Subsequently, each agent was used in combination with CNDAC at fixed concentration ratios. The clonogenicity was quantitated by median effect analysis, and a combination index was calculated. The c-Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib had synergy with CNDAC in HCT116 cells, regardless of p53 status. Inhibitors of PARP1 that interfere with homologous recombination (HR) repair or base excision repair (BER) and agents such as temozolomide that cause DNA damage repaired by the BER pathway were also synergistic with CNDAC. The toxicity of the nitrogen mustards bendamustine and cytoxan, or of platinum compounds, which generate DNA adducts repaired by nucleotide excision repair and HR, was additive with CNDAC. An additive cell killing was also achieved by the combination of CNDAC with taxane mitotic inhibitors (paclitaxel and docetaxel). At concentrations that allow survival of the majority of wild-type cells, the synergistic or additive combination effects were selective in HR-deficient cells. This study provides mechanistic rationales for combining CNDAC with other active drugs. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2302-13. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yingjun Jiang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Billie Nowak
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah Hargis
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and most patients who are diagnosed with HCC are ineligible for curative local therapy. The targeted agent sorafenib provides modest survival benefits in the setting of advanced disease. Novel systemic treatment options for HCC are sorely needed. In this review, we identify and categorize the drugs and targets that are in various phases of testing for use against HCC. We also focus on the potential for combining these agents with radiotherapy. This would help identify directions for future study that are likely to yield positive findings and improve outcomes for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Ohri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Andreas Kaubisch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Madhur Garg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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Wang CR, Mahmood J, Zhang QR, Vedadi A, Warrington J, Ou N, Bristow RG, Jaffray DA, Lu QB. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of a New Class of Anticancer Molecules for Targeted Radiotherapy of Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:640-50. [PMID: 26921393 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need to develop anticancer therapies that target cancer cells and tissues. Arising from innovative femtomedicine studies, a new class of non-platinum-based halogenated molecules (called FMD molecules) that selectively kill cancer cells and protect normal cells in treatments of multiple cancers has been discovered. This article reports the first observation of the radiosensitizing effects of such compounds in combination with ionizing radiation for targeted radiotherapy of a variety of cancers. We present in vitro and in vivo studies focused on combination with radiotherapy of cervical, ovarian, head and neck, and lung cancers. Our results demonstrate that treatments of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo mouse xenograft models with such compounds led to enhanced efficiencies in radiotherapy, while the compounds themselves induced no or little radiotoxicity toward normal cells or tissues. These compounds are therefore effective radiosensitizers that can be translated into clinical trials for targeted radiotherapy of multiple types of cancer. This study also shows the potential of femtomedicine to bring breakthroughs in understanding fundamental biologic processes and to accelerate the discovery of novel drugs for effective treatment or prevention of a variety of cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 640-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javed Mahmood
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Ontario Cancer and Techna Institutes, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin-Rong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Vedadi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Ontario Cancer and Techna Institutes, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Warrington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ning Ou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Ontario Cancer and Techna Institutes, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David A Jaffray
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Ontario Cancer and Techna Institutes, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Dal Pra A, Locke JA, Borst G, Supiot S, Bristow RG. Mechanistic Insights into Molecular Targeting and Combined Modality Therapy for Aggressive, Localized Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:24. [PMID: 26909338 PMCID: PMC4754414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the mainstay treatments for prostate cancer (PCa). The potentially curative approaches can provide satisfactory results for many patients with non-metastatic PCa; however, a considerable number of individuals may present disease recurrence and die from the disease. Exploiting the rich molecular biology of PCa will provide insights into how the most resistant tumor cells can be eradicated to improve treatment outcomes. Important for this biology-driven individualized treatment is a robust selection procedure. The development of predictive biomarkers for RT efficacy is therefore of utmost importance for a clinically exploitable strategy to achieve tumor-specific radiosensitization. This review highlights the current status and possible opportunities in the modulation of four key processes to enhance radiation response in PCa by targeting the: (1) androgen signaling pathway; (2) hypoxic tumor cells and regions; (3) DNA damage response (DDR) pathway; and (4) abnormal extra-/intracell signaling pathways. In addition, we discuss how and which patients should be selected for biomarker-based clinical trials exploiting and validating these targeted treatment strategies with precision RT to improve cure rates in non-indolent, localized PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dal Pra
- Radiation Medicine Program, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Locke
- Radiation Medicine Program, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gerben Borst
- Radiation Medicine Program, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane Supiot
- Integrated Center of Oncology (ICO) René Gauducheau , Nantes , France
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Radiation Medicine Program, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Cellular Pathways in Response to Ionizing Radiation and Their Targetability for Tumor Radiosensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010102. [PMID: 26784176 PMCID: PMC4730344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, improvements in the planning and application of radiotherapy in combination with surgery and chemotherapy resulted in increased survival rates of tumor patients. However, the success of radiotherapy is impaired by two reasons: firstly, the radioresistance of tumor cells and, secondly, the radiation-induced damage of normal tissue cells located in the field of ionizing radiation. These limitations demand the development of drugs for either radiosensitization of tumor cells or radioprotection of normal tissue cells. In order to identify potential targets, a detailed understanding of the cellular pathways involved in radiation response is an absolute requirement. This review describes the most important pathways of radioresponse and several key target proteins for radiosensitization.
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Wang Z, Lai ST, Ma NY, Deng Y, Liu Y, Wei DP, Zhao JD, Jiang GL. Radiosensitization of metformin in pancreatic cancer cells via abrogating the G2 checkpoint and inhibiting DNA damage repair. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:192-201. [PMID: 26304716 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences have demonstrated the potential of metformin as a novel agent for cancer prevention and treatment. Here, we investigated its ability of radiosensitization and the underlying mechanisms in human pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we found that metformin at 5 mM concentration enhanced the radiosensitivity of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells, with sensitization enhancement ratios of 1.39 and 1.27, respectively. Mechanistically, metformin caused abrogation of the G2 checkpoint and increase of mitotic catastrophe, associated with suppression of Wee1 kinase and in turn CDK1 Tyr15 phosphorylation. Furthermore, metformin inhibited both expression and irradiation-induced foci formation of Rad51, a key player in homologous recombination repair, ultimately leading to persistent DNA damage, as reflected by γ-H2AX and 53BP1 signaling. Finally, metformin-mediated AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K was identified as a possible upstream pathway controlling translational regulation of Wee1 and Rad51. Our data suggest that metformin radiosensitizes pancreatic cancer cells in vitro via abrogation of the G2 checkpoint and inhibition of DNA damage repair. However, the in vivo study is needed to further confirm the findings from the in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Song-Tao Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning-Yi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong-Ping Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai 201321, China.
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37
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In vivo studies of the PARP inhibitor, AZD-2281, in combination with fractionated radiotherapy: An exploration of the therapeutic ratio. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:486-94. [PMID: 26277432 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pre-clinical data have shown that PARP inhibitors (PARPi) may increase the efficacy of radiotherapy in prostate cancer. However, it is uncertain as to whether PARPi lead to clonogenic kill when combined with radiotherapy (RT). MATERIAL AND METHODS We tested the PARP inhibitor AZD-2281 as a radiosensitizing agent under oxic and hypoxic conditions for clonogenic survival in vitro and in vivo using the human prostate cancer cell line, 22Rv1. In addition, the effects of PARPi+RT on normal tissue were investigated using a crypt clonogenic assay. RESULTS AZD-2281 inhibited cellular PARP activity under both oxic and hypoxic conditions. The addition of AZD-2281 radiosensitized 22Rv1 cells under oxia, acute hypoxia and chronic hypoxia in vitro. The combination of AZD-2281 with fractionated radiotherapy resulted in a significant growth delay and clonogenic kill in vivo. No increased gut toxicity was observed using this combined PARPi+radiotherapy regimen. CONCLUSIONS This is the first preclinical study to demonstrate direct clonogenic kill in vivo by the addition of AZD-2281 to radiotherapy. As we did not observe gut toxicity, the use of PARPi in the context of prostate cancer radiotherapy warrants further investigation in clinical trials.
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Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Collan J, Balk MH, Leyvraz S, Montemurro M. Radiotherapy for GIST progressing during or after tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: A prospective study. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:233-8. [PMID: 26228971 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has been considered radiation-resistant, and radiotherapy is recommended only for palliation of bone metastases in current treatment guidelines. No registered prospective trial has evaluated GIST responsiveness to radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with GIST progressing at intra-abdominal sites or the liver were entered to this prospective Phase II multicenter study (identifier NCT00515931). Metastases were treated with external beam radiotherapy using either conformal 3D planning or intensity modulated radiotherapy and conventional fractionation to a cumulative planning target volume dose of approximately 40 Gy. Systemic therapy was maintained unaltered during the study. RESULTS Of the 25 patients entered, 19 were on concomitant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, most often imatinib. Two (8%) patients achieved partial remission, 20 (80%) had stable target lesion size for ⩾3 months after radiotherapy with a median duration of stabilization of 16 months, and 3 (12%) progressed. The median time to radiotherapy target lesion progression was 4-fold longer than the median time to GIST progression at any site (16 versus 4 months). Radiotherapy was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Responses to radiotherapy were infrequent, but most patients had durable stabilization of the target lesions. GIST patients with soft tissue metastases benefit frequently from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Juhani Collan
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja H Balk
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serge Leyvraz
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cardoso HJ, Vaz CV, Correia S, Figueira MI, Marques R, Maia CJ, Socorro S. Paradoxical and contradictory effects of imatinib in two cell line models of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:923-35. [PMID: 25786656 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imatinib mesylate is a chemotherapeutic drug that inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of c-KIT and has been successfully used to treat leukemias and some solid tumors. However, its application for treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) has shown modest effectiveness and did not follow the outcomes in cultured cells or animal models. Moreover, the molecular pathways by which imatinib induces cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells are poorly characterized. METHODS Two cell line models of HRPC (DU145 and PC3) were exposed to 20 μM of imatinib for 6-72 hr. MTS assay was used to assess cell viability during the course of experiment. Gene expression analysis of c-KIT, cell-cycle and apoptosis regulators, and angiogenic factors was determined by means of real-time PCR, western blot, and/or immunocytochemistry. The enzymatic activity of the apoptosis effector, caspase-3, was determined by a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Imatinib significantly decreased the viability of DU145 cells but paradoxically augmented the viability of PC3 cells. DU145 cells displayed diminished expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and augmented levels of caspase-8 and -9, as well as, increased enzymatic activity of caspase-3 in response to imatinib. No differences existed on the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins in PC3 cells treated with imatinib, though the activity of caspase-3 was decreased. The mRNA levels of angiogenic factor VEGF were decreased in DU145-treated cells, whereas an opposite effect was seen in PC3. In addition, it was shown that DU145 and PC3 cells present a differential expression of c-KIT protein variants. CONCLUSION DU145 and PC3 cells displayed a contradictory behavior in response to imatinib, which was underpinned by a distinct expression pattern (or activity) of target regulators of cell-cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The paradoxical effect of imatinib in PC3 cells may be related with the differential expression of c-KIT protein variants. Moreover, the present findings helped to understand the discrepancies in the efficacy of imatinib as therapeutic option in HRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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40
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Kotsantis P, Jones RM, Higgs MR, Petermann E. Cancer therapy and replication stress: forks on the road to perdition. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:91-138. [PMID: 25934360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated DNA replication occurs in cancer where it contributes to genomic instability. This process is a target of cytotoxic therapies. Chemotherapies exploit high DNA replication in cancer cells by modifying the DNA template or by inhibiting vital enzymatic activities that lead to slowing or stalling replication fork progression. Stalled replication forks can be converted into toxic DNA double-strand breaks resulting in cell death, i.e., replication stress. While likely crucial for many cancer treatments, replication stress is poorly understood due to its complexity. While we still know relatively little about the role of replication stress in cancer therapy, technical advances in recent years have shed new light on the effect that cancer therapeutics have on replication forks and the molecular mechanisms that lead from obstructed fork progression to cell death. This chapter will give an overview of our current understanding of replication stress in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kotsantis
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Higgs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Petermann
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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41
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Young A, Berry R, Holloway AF, Blackburn NB, Dickinson JL, Skala M, Phillips JL, Brettingham-Moore KH. RNA-seq profiling of a radiation resistant and radiation sensitive prostate cancer cell line highlights opposing regulation of DNA repair and targets for radiosensitization. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:808. [PMID: 25369795 PMCID: PMC4233036 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is a chosen treatment option for prostate cancer patients and while some tumours respond well, up to 50% of patients may experience tumour recurrence. Identification of functionally relevant predictive biomarkers for radioresponse in prostate cancer would enable radioresistant patients to be directed to more appropriate treatment options, avoiding the side-effects of radiotherapy. METHODS Using an in vitro model to screen for novel biomarkers of radioresistance, transcriptome analysis of a radioresistant (PC-3) and radiosensitive (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell line was performed. Following pathway analysis candidate genes were validated using qRT-PCR. The DNA repair pathway in radioresistant PC-3 cells was then targeted for radiation sensitization using the PARP inhibitor, niacinimide. RESULTS Opposing regulation of a DNA repair and replication pathway was observed between PC-3 and LNCaP cells from RNA-seq analysis. Candidate genes BRCA1, RAD51, FANCG, MCM7, CDC6 and ORC1 were identified as being significantly differentially regulated post-irradiation. qRT-PCR validation confirmed BRCA1, RAD51 and FANCG as being significantly differentially regulated at 24 hours post radiotherapy (p-value =0.003, 0.045 and 0.003 respectively). While the radiosensitive LNCaP cells down-regulated BRCA1, FANCG and RAD51, the radioresistant PC-3 cell line up-regulated these candidates to promote cell survival post-radiotherapy and a similar trend was observed for MCM7, CDC6 and ORC1. Inhibition of DNA repair using niacinamide sensitised the radioresistant cells to irradiation, reducing cell survival at 2 Gy from 66% to 44.3% (p-value =0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the DNA repair candidates identified via RNA-seq hold potential as both targets for radiation sensitization and predictive biomarkers in prostate cancer.
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Ward A, Khanna KK, Wiegmans AP. Targeting homologous recombination, new pre-clinical and clinical therapeutic combinations inhibiting RAD51. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 41:35-45. [PMID: 25467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for maintaining genomic stability and cell survival. However, when tumour cells with deficiencies in HR are faced with radio- and chemotherapies they are forced to rely on error-prone, alternative repair pathways or aberrant HR for survival; threatening genome integrity and driving further mutation. Accurate therapeutic targeting of the key drivers of DNA repair can circumvent survival pathways and avoid aggressive therapy resistant mutants. Several studies have identified that stabilization of the cancer genome in HR deficient cells can be achieved by overexpression of the recombinase RAD51. Radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance is associated with overactive HR repair mechanisms. However no clinical trials have directly targeted RAD51, despite RAD51 displaying synergy in several drug screens against multiple cancer types. Currently synthetic lethality targeting the DDR pathways and HR deficiency has had clinical success with BRCA1 functional loss and PARP inhibition. In this review we suggest that clinical outcomes could be improved by additionally targeting RAD51. We examine the latest developments in directly and indirectly targeting RAD51. We scrutinize the potential treatment efficacy and future clinical applications of RAD51 inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other therapies and consider the best therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambber Ward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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43
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Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Correia S, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The SCF/c-KIT system in the male: Survival strategies in fertility and cancer. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1064-79. [PMID: 25359157 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the delicate balance between cell survival and death is of the utmost importance for the proper development of germ cells and subsequent fertility. On the other hand, the fine regulation of tissue homeostasis by mechanisms that control cell fate is a factor that can prevent carcinogenesis. c-KIT is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase activated by its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). c-KIT signaling plays a crucial role in cell fate decisions, specifically controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Indeed, deregulating the SCF/c-KIT system by attenuation or overactivation of its signaling strength is linked to male infertility and cancer, and rebalancing its activity via c-KIT inhibitors has proven beneficial in treating human tumors that contain gain-of-function mutations or overexpress c-KIT. This review addresses the roles of SCF and c-KIT in the male reproductive tract, and discusses the potential application of c-KIT target therapies in disorders of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Jones RM, Kotsantis P, Stewart GS, Groth P, Petermann E. BRCA2 and RAD51 promote double-strand break formation and cell death in response to gemcitabine. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2412-21. [PMID: 25053826 PMCID: PMC4185294 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Replication inhibitors cause replication fork stalling and double-strand breaks (DSB) that result from processing of stalled forks. During recovery from replication blocks, the homologous recombination (HR) factor RAD51 mediates fork restart and DSB repair. HR defects therefore sensitize cells to replication inhibitors, with clear implications for cancer therapy. Gemcitabine is a potent replication inhibitor used to treat cancers with mutations in HR genes such as BRCA2. Here, we investigate why, paradoxically, mutations in HR genes protect cells from killing by gemcitabine. Using DNA replication and DNA damage assays in mammalian cells, we show that even short gemcitabine treatments cause persistent replication inhibition. BRCA2 and RAD51 are recruited to chromatin early after removal of the drug, actively inhibit replication fork progression, and promote the formation of MUS81- and XPF-dependent DSBs that remain unrepaired. Our data suggest that HR intermediates formed at gemcitabine-stalled forks are converted into DSBs and thus contribute to gemcitabine-induced cell death, which could have implications for the treatment response of HR-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Kotsantis
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Grant S Stewart
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Groth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Eva Petermann
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Alpay K, Farshchian M, Tuomela J, Sandholm J, Aittokallio K, Siljamäki E, Kallio M, Kähäri VM, Hietanen S. Inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity renders cancer cells highly sensitive to mitoxantrone. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105526. [PMID: 25148385 PMCID: PMC4141754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although c-Abl has increasingly emerged as a key player in the DNA damage response, its role in this context is far from clear. We studied the effect of inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity by imatinib with chemotherapy drugs and found a striking difference in cell survival after combined mitoxantrone (MX) and imatinib treatment compared to a panel of other chemotherapy drugs. The combinatory treatment induced apoptosis in HeLa cells and other cancer cell lines but not in primary fibroblasts. The difference in MX and doxorubicin was related to significant augmentation of DNA damage. Transcriptionally active p53 accumulated in cells in which human papillomavirus E6 normally degrades p53. The combination treatment resulted in caspase activation and apoptosis, but this effect did not depend on either p53 or p73 activity. Despite increased p53 activity, the cells arrested in G2 phase became defective in this checkpoint, allowing cell cycle progression. The effect after MX treatment depended partially on c-Abl: Short interfering RNA knockdown of c-Abl rendered HeLa cells less sensitive to MX. The effect of imatinib was decreased by c-Abl siRNA suggesting a role for catalytically inactive c-Abl in the death cascade. These findings indicate that MX has a unique cytotoxic effect when the kinase activity of c-Abl is inhibited. The treatment results in increased DNA damage and c-Abl–dependent apoptosis, which may offer new possibilities for potentiation of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Alpay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Cell Imaging Core, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaappo Aittokallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Siljamäki
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Kallio
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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46
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Chao OS, Goodman OB. Synergistic loss of prostate cancer cell viability by coinhibition of HDAC and PARP. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1755-66. [PMID: 25127709 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumors with BRCA germline mutations are defective in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) through homologous recombination (HR) pathways, making them sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi). However, BRCA germline mutations are rare in prostate cancer limiting the ability to therapeutically target these pathways. This study investigates whether histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi), reported to modulate DSB repair pathways in sporadic cancers, can downregulate DSB repair pathways and sensitize prostate cancer cells to PARPi. Prostate cancer cells cotreated with the HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the PARPi, olaparib, demonstrated a synergistic decrease in cell viability compared with single-agent treatment (combination index < 0.9), whereas normal prostatic cells did not. Similarly, clonogenicity was significantly decreased after cotreatment. Flow cytometric cell-cycle analysis and Annexin-V staining revealed significant apoptosis upon treatment with SAHA+olaparib. This coincided with increased DNA damage observed by immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of γH2AX foci, a marker of DSBs. In addition, immunoblot analysis showed a significant and persistent increase in nuclear γH2AX levels. Both SAHA and olaparib downregulated the expression of HR-related proteins, BRCA1 and RAD51, whereas SAHA + olaparib had an additive effect on RAD51. Silencing RAD51 sensitized prostate cancer cells to SAHA and olaparib alone. Collectively, cotreatment with HDACi and PARPi downregulated HR-related protein expression and concomitantly increased DNA damage, resulting in prostate cancer cell death. IMPLICATIONS These findings provide a strong rationale for supporting the use of combined HDAC and PARP inhibition in treating advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Chao
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada. Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada.
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Lupo B, Trusolino L. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in cancer: old and new paradigms revisited. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:201-15. [PMID: 25026313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases actualized the biological concept of synthetic lethality in the clinical practice, yielding a paradigmatic example of translational medicine. The profound sensitivity of tumors with germline BRCA mutations to PARP1/2 blockade owes to inherent defects of the BRCA-dependent homologous recombination machinery, which are unleashed by interruption of PARP DNA repair activity and lead to DNA damage overload and cell death. Conversely, aspirant BRCA-like tumors harboring somatic DNA repair dysfunctions (a vast entity of genetic and epigenetic defects known as "BRCAness") not always align with the familial counterpart and appear not to be equally sensitive to PARP inhibition. The acquisition of secondary resistance in initially responsive patients and the lack of standardized biomarkers to identify "BRCAness" pose serious threats to the clinical advance of PARP inhibitors; a feeling is also emerging that a BRCA-centered perspective might have missed the influence of additional, not negligible and DNA repair-independent PARP contributions onto therapy outcome. While regulatory approval for PARP1/2 inhibitors is still pending, novel therapeutic opportunities are sprouting from different branches of the PARP family, although they remain immature for clinical extrapolation. This review is an endeavor to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the multifaceted biology of PARPs and their evolving impact on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lupo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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48
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Ohara M, Funyu Y, Ebara S, Sakamoto Y, Seki R, Iijima K, Ohishi A, Kobayashi J, Komatsu K, Tachibana A, Tauchi H. Mutations in the FHA-domain of ectopically expressed NBS1 lead to radiosensitization and to no increase in somatic mutation rates via a partial suppression of homologous recombination. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:690-698. [PMID: 24614819 PMCID: PMC4100003 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mammalian cells repair DSBs through multiple pathways, and the repair pathway that is utilized may affect cellular radiation sensitivity. In this study, we examined effects on cellular radiosensitivity resulting from functional alterations in homologous recombination (HR). HR was inhibited by overexpression of the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain-mutated NBS1 (G27D/R28D: FHA-2D) protein in HeLa cells or in hamster cells carrying a human X-chromosome. Cells expressing FHA-2D presented partially (but significantly) HR-deficient phenotypes, which were assayed by the reduction of gene conversion frequencies measured with a reporter assay, a decrease in radiation-induced Mre11 foci formation, and hypersensitivity to camptothecin treatments. Interestingly, ectopic expression of FHA-2D did not increase the frequency of radiation-induced somatic mutations at the HPRT locus, suggesting that a partial reduction of HR efficiency has only a slight effect on genomic stability. The expression of FHA-2D rendered the exponentially growing cell population slightly (but significantly) more sensitive to ionizing radiation. This radiosensitization effect due to the expression of FHA-2D was enhanced when the cells were irradiated with split doses delivered at 24-h intervals. Furthermore, enhancement of radiation sensitivity by split dose irradiation was not seen in contact-inhibited G0/G1 populations, even though the cells expressed FHA-2D. These results suggest that the FHA domain of NBS1 might be an effective molecular target that can be used to induce radiosensitization using low molecular weight chemicals, and that partial inhibition of HR might improve the effectiveness of cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Yumi Funyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ebara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Ryota Seki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tauchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
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49
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Huang F, Mazin AV. A small molecule inhibitor of human RAD51 potentiates breast cancer cell killing by therapeutic agents in mouse xenografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100993. [PMID: 24971740 PMCID: PMC4074124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous recombination pathway is responsible for the repair of DNA double strand breaks. RAD51, a key homologous recombination protein, promotes the search for homology and DNA strand exchange between homologous DNA molecules. RAD51 is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells. Downregulation of RAD51 by siRNA increases radio- or chemo-sensitivity of cancer cells. We recently developed a specific RAD51 small molecule inhibitor, B02, which inhibits DNA strand exchange activity of RAD51 in vitro. In this study, we used human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 to investigate the ability of B02 to inhibit RAD51 and to potentiate an anti-cancer effect of chemotherapeutic agents including doxorubicin, etoposide, topotecan, and cisplatin. We found that the combination of B02 with cisplatin has the strongest killing effect on the cancer cells. We then tested the effect of B02 and cisplatin on the MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation in mouse xenografts. Our results showed that B02 significantly enhances the therapeutic effect of cisplatin on tumor cells in vivo. Our current data demonstrate that use of RAD51-specific small molecule inhibitor represents a feasible strategy of a combination anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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50
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Huang F, Mazin AV. Targeting the homologous recombination pathway by small molecule modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3006-13. [PMID: 24856061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the use of small molecule (MW <500 Da) compounds that modulate (inhibit or activate) important proteins of different biological pathways became widespread. Recently, the homologous recombination (HR) pathway emerged as a target for such modulators. Development of small molecule modulators pursues two distinct but not mutually exclusive purposes: to create a research tool to study the activities or functions of proteins of interest and to produce drugs targeting specific pathologies. Here, we review the progress of small molecule development in the area of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, United States
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, United States.
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