1
|
Laplane L, Maley CC. The evolutionary theory of cancer: challenges and potential solutions. Nat Rev Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41568-024-00734-2. [PMID: 39256635 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The clonal evolution model of cancer was developed in the 1950s-1970s and became central to cancer biology in the twenty-first century, largely through studies of cancer genetics. Although it has proven its worth, its structure has been challenged by observations of phenotypic plasticity, non-genetic forms of inheritance, non-genetic determinants of clone fitness and non-tree-like transmission of genes. There is even confusion about the definition of a clone, which we aim to resolve. The performance and value of the clonal evolution model depends on the empirical extent to which evolutionary processes are involved in cancer, and on its theoretical ability to account for those evolutionary processes. Here, we identify limits in the theoretical performance of the clonal evolution model and provide solutions to overcome those limits. Although we do not claim that clonal evolution can explain everything about cancer, we show how many of the complexities that have been identified in the dynamics of cancer can be integrated into the model to improve our current understanding of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Laplane
- UMR 8590 Institut d'Histoire et Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS, University Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
- UMR 1287 Hematopoietic Tissue Aging, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carlund O, Thörn E, Osterman P, Fors M, Dernstedt A, Forsell MNE, Erlanson M, Landfors M, Degerman S, Hultdin M. Semimethylation is a feature of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and subgroups with poor prognosis are characterized by global hypomethylation and short telomere length. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38773655 PMCID: PMC11110316 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is the most common lymphoma and is known to be a biologically heterogeneous disease regarding genetic, phenotypic, and clinical features. Although the prognosis is good, one-third has a primary refractory or relapsing disease which underscores the importance of developing predictive biological markers capable of identifying high- and low-risk patients. DNA methylation (DNAm) and telomere maintenance alterations are hallmarks of cancer and aging. Both these alterations may contribute to the heterogeneity of the disease, and potentially influence the prognosis of LBCL. RESULTS We studied the DNAm profiles (Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip) and relative telomere lengths (RTL) with qPCR of 93 LBCL cases: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL, n = 66), High-grade B-cell lymphoma (n = 7), Primary CNS lymphoma (n = 8), and transformation of indolent B-cell lymphoma (n = 12). There was a substantial methylation heterogeneity in DLBCL and other LBCL entities compared to normal cells and other B-cell neoplasms. LBCL cases had a particularly aberrant semimethylated pattern (0.15 ≤ β ≤ 0.8) with large intertumor variation and overall low hypermethylation (β > 0.8). DNAm patterns could not be used to distinguish between germinal center B-cell-like (GC) and non-GC DLBCL cases. In cases treated with R-CHOP-like regimens, a high percentage of global hypomethylation (β < 0.15) was in multivariable analysis associated with worse disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR 6.920, 95% CI 1.499-31.943) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 4.923, 95% CI 1.286-18.849) in DLBCL and with worse DSS (HR 5.147, 95% CI 1.239-21.388) in LBCL. These cases with a high percentage of global hypomethylation also had a higher degree of CpG island methylation, including islands in promoter-associated regions, than the cases with less hypomethylation. Additionally, telomere length was heterogenous in LBCL, with a subset of the DLBCL-GC cases accounting for the longest RTL. Short RTL was independently associated with worse DSS (HR 6.011, 95% CI 1.319-27.397) and PFS (HR 4.689, 95% CI 1.102-19.963) in LBCL treated with R-CHOP-like regimens. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that subclones with high global hypomethylation and hypermethylated CpG islands could have advantages in tumor progression, e.g. by inactivating tumor suppressor genes or promoting treatment resistance. Our findings suggest that cases with high global hypomethylation and thus poor prognosis could be candidates for alternative treatment regimens including hypomethylating drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Carlund
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elina Thörn
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pia Osterman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maja Fors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andy Dernstedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias N E Forsell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Erlanson
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Lymphoid neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group of disease entities and subtypes with markedly different molecular and clinical features. Beyond genetic alterations, lymphoid tumors also show widespread epigenomic changes. These severely affect the levels and distribution of DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin accessibility, and three-dimensional genome interactions. DNA methylation stands out as a tracer of cell identity and memory, as B cell neoplasms show epigenetic imprints of their cellular origin and proliferative history, which can be quantified by an epigenetic mitotic clock. Chromatin-associated marks are informative to uncover altered regulatory regions and transcription factor networks contributing to the development of distinct lymphoid tumors. Tumor-intrinsic epigenetic and genetic aberrations cooperate and interact with microenvironmental cells to shape the transcriptome at different phases of lymphoma evolution, and intraclonal heterogeneity can now be characterized by single-cell profiling. Finally, epigenetics offers multiple clinical applications, including powerful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Duran-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain;
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain;
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rational combinations of targeted cancer therapies: background, advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:213-234. [PMID: 36509911 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be highly effective, resistance to single-agent therapies remains a major challenge. Combining drugs can help avoid resistance, but the number of possible drug combinations vastly exceeds what can be tested clinically, both financially and in terms of patient availability. Rational drug combinations based on a deep understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with therapy resistance are potentially powerful in the treatment of cancer. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies and how effective drug combinations can be identified to combat resistance. The challenges in clinically developing these combinations and future perspectives are considered.
Collapse
|
5
|
Paul P, Stüssi G, Bruscaggin A, Rossi D. Genetics and epigenetics of CLL. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:551-563. [PMID: 36503384 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a heterogeneous biological behavior, which is highly influenced by its immunogenetic, epigenetic, and genomic properties. The remarkably variable clinical course of the disease has been associated with genetic features such as chromosomal abnormalities, the presence of either high or low numbers of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGHV), and somatic mutations of several specific driver genes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided a comprehensive characterization of the genomic and epigenomic landscape in CLL, elucidating important underlying mechanisms of the disease's biology. The scope of this review is to summarize the most recent discoveries about novel genetic and epigenetic alterations, discussing their impact on clinical outcomes and response to currently available therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Paul
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stüssi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bruscaggin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kulis M, Martin-Subero JI. Integrative epigenomics in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Biological insights and clinical applications. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:280-290. [PMID: 36121003 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is not only characterised by driver genetic alterations but by extensive epigenetic changes. Over the last decade, epigenomic studies have described the DNA methylome, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and the three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture of CLL. Beyond its regulatory role, the DNA methylome contains imprints of the cellular origin and proliferative history of CLL cells. These two aspects are strong independent prognostic factors. Integrative analyses of chromatin marks have uncovered novel regulatory elements and altered transcription factor networks as non-genetic means mediating gene deregulation in CLL. Additionally, CLL cells display a disease-specific pattern of 3D genome interactions. From the technological perspective, we are currently witnessing a transition from bulk omics to single-cell analyses. This review aims at summarising the major findings from the epigenomics field as well as providing a prospect of the present and future of single-cell analyses in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kulis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Martin-Subero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagler A, Wu CJ. The end of the beginning: application of single-cell sequencing to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2023; 141:369-379. [PMID: 36095842 PMCID: PMC9936302 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis has emerged over the past decade as a transformative technology informative for the systematic analysis of complex cell populations such as in cancers and the tumor immune microenvironment. The methodologic and analytical advancements in this realm have evolved rapidly, scaling from but a few cells at its outset to the current capabilities of processing and analyzing hundreds of thousands of individual cells at a time. The types of profiling attainable at individual cell resolution now range from genetic and transcriptomic characterization and extend to epigenomic and spatial analysis. Additionally, the increasing ability to achieve multiomic integration of these data layers now yields ever richer insights into diverse molecular disease subtypes and the patterns of cellular circuitry on a per-cancer basis. Over the years, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) consistently has been at the forefront of genomic investigation, given the ready accessibility of pure leukemia cells and immune cells from circulating blood of patients with this disease. Herein, we review the recent forays into the application of single-cell analysis to CLL, which are already revealing a new understanding of the natural progression of CLL, the impact of novel therapies, and the interactions with coevolving nonmalignant immune cell populations. As we emerge from the end of the beginning of this technologic revolution, CLL stands poised to reap the benefits of single-cell analysis from the standpoints of uncovering fresh fundamental biological knowledge and of providing a path to devising regimens of personalized diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Nagler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular characterization of Richter syndrome identifies de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with poor prognosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:309. [PMID: 36658118 PMCID: PMC9852595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Richter syndrome (RS) is the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into aggressive lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We characterize 58 primary human RS samples by genome-wide DNA methylation and whole-transcriptome profiling. Our comprehensive approach determines RS DNA methylation profile and unravels a CLL epigenetic imprint, allowing CLL-RS clonal relationship assessment without the need of the initial CLL tumor DNA. DNA methylation- and transcriptomic-based classifiers were developed, and testing on landmark DLBCL datasets identifies a poor-prognosis, activated B-cell-like DLBCL subset in 111/1772 samples. The classification robustly identifies phenotypes very similar to RS with a specific genomic profile, accounting for 4.3-8.3% of de novo DLBCLs. In this work, RS multi-omics characterization determines oncogenic mechanisms, establishes a surrogate marker for CLL-RS clonal relationship, and provides a clinically relevant classifier for a subset of primary "RS-type DLBCL" with unfavorable prognosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Q, Gao Y, Lin S, Goldin LR, Wang Y, Stevenson H, Edelman DC, Killian K, Marti G, Meltzer PS, Xiang S, Caporaso NE. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Front Genet 2023; 13:1056043. [PMID: 36712882 PMCID: PMC9873975 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1056043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation aberrations are widespread among the malignant B lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), suggesting that DNA methylation might contribute to the pathogenesis of CLL. Aim: We aimed to explore the differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with CLL and screen the differentially methylated and expressed genes (DMEGs) by combining public databases. We aimed to observe the direction of each DMEG in CLL based on the DMPs in the promoter and the body region respectively to narrow down DMEGs. We also aimed to explore the methylation heterogeneity of CLL subgroups and the effect of B cells maturation on CLL. Methods: In this population-based case control study, we reported a genome-wide DNA methylation association study using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, profiling the DNA methylation of CD19+ B Cells from 48 CLL cases and 28 healthy controls. By integrating methylation data and expression data from public databases, gene sets were jointly screened, and then the relationship between methylation sites in promoter and body region and expression of each gene was explored. In addition, support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm was used to identify subgroups of CLL cases based on methylation pattern, and the effect of B-cell differentiation related methylation sites on CLL-related sites was observed. Results: We identified 34,797 DMPs related to CLL across the genome, most of which were hypomethylated; the majority were located in gene body regions. By combining these DMPs with published DNA methylation and RNA sequencing data, we detected 26,244 replicated DMPs associated with 1,130 genes whose expression were significantly different in CLL cases. Among these DMEGs, nine low expressed DMEGs were selected with hypermethylated in promoter and hypomethylated in body region, and 83 high expressed DMEGs were selected with both hypomethylated in promoter and body region. The 48 CLL cases were divided into 3 subgroups based on methylation site by SVM algorithm. Over 92% of CpGs associated with B cell subtypes were found in CLL-related DMPs. Conclusion: The DNA methylation pattern was altered across the genome in CLL patients. The methylation of ZAP70, FMOD, and ADAMTS17 was significantly different between CLL cases and controls. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and identify the underlying mechanisms through which these methylation markers are associated with CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Ying Gao,
| | - Shuchun Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lynn R. Goldin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Holly Stevenson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel C. Edelman
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Keith Killian
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gerald Marti
- Lymphoid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul S. Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Song Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li S. Inferring the Cancer Cellular Epigenome Heterogeneity via DNA Methylation Patterns. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:375-393. [PMID: 38113008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells evolve through space and time, generating genetically and phenotypically diverse cancer cell populations that are continually subjected to the selection pressures of their microenvironment and cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and Cancer Center, Farmington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Panda D, Das N, Thakral D, Gupta R. Genomic landscape of mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas - an appraisal from lymphomagenesis to drug resistance. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:52. [PMID: 36504392 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas are one of the most common hematological malignancies with a divergent clinical presentation, phenotype, and course of disease regulated by underlying genetic mechanism. MAIN BODY Genetic and molecular alterations are not only critical for lymphomagenesis but also largely responsible for differing therapeutic response in these neoplasms. In recent years, advanced molecular tools have provided a deeper understanding regarding these oncogenic drives for predicting progression as well as refractory behavior in these diseases. The prognostic models based on gene expression profiling have also been proved effective in various clinical scenarios. However, considerable overlap does exist between the genotypes of individual lymphomas and at the same time where additional molecular lesions may be associated with each entity apart from the key genetic event. Therefore, genomics is one of the cornerstones in the multimodality approach essential for classification and risk stratification of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. CONCLUSION We hereby in this review discuss the wide range of genetic aberrancies associated with tumorigenesis, immune escape, and chemoresistance in major B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devasis Panda
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nupur Das
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Deepshi Thakral
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Old and New Facts and Speculations on the Role of the B Cell Receptor in the Origin of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214249. [PMID: 36430731 PMCID: PMC9693457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of the B cell receptor (BcR) on the surface of leukemic cells represents a key event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) since it can lead to the maintenance and expansion of the neoplastic clone. This notion was initially suggested by observations of the CLL BcR repertoire and of correlations existing between certain BcR features and the clinical outcomes of single patients. Based on these observations, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block BcR signaling, have been introduced in therapy with the aim of inhibiting CLL cell clonal expansion and of controlling the disease. Indeed, the impressive results obtained with these compounds provided further proof of the role of BcR in CLL. In this article, the key steps that led to the determination of the role of BcR are reviewed, including the features of the CLL cell repertoire and the fine mechanisms causing BcR engagement and cell signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the biological effects of the engagement, which can lead to cell survival/proliferation or apoptosis depending on certain intrinsic cell characteristics and on signals that the micro-environment can deliver to the leukemic cells. In addition, consideration is given to alternative mechanisms promoting cell proliferation in the absence of BcR signaling, which can explain in part the incomplete effectiveness of TKI therapies. The role of the BcR in determining clonal evolution and disease progression is also described. Finally, we discuss possible models to explain the selection of a special BcR set during leukemogenesis. The BcR may deliver activation signals to the cells, which lead to their uncontrolled growth, with the possible collaboration of other still-undefined events which are capable of deregulating the normal physiological response of B cells to BcR-delivered stimuli.
Collapse
|
13
|
Benetatos L, Benetatou A, Vartholomatos G. Epialleles and epiallelic heterogeneity in hematological malignancies. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:139. [PMID: 35834015 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation has a well-established role in the pathogenesis, prognosis, and response to treatment in all the spectra of hematological malignancies. However, most of the data reported involve average DNA methylation observed in a sample. The emergence of bisulfite sequencing methods such as enhanced reduced representation that permit analyze adjacent CpGs led to exciting findings. Among these are the epialleles shift and the resulting epigenetic heterogeneity observed in leukemias and lymphomas. Epialleles seem to have an influential role as the cause of mutations that characterize leukemias, may stratify groups with different prognosis and response to treatment, and may be redistributed in the genome at different time points of the disease promoting activation of alternate transcriptional networks. Epiallelic shift may be responsible for the intratumor heterogeneity observed within the cells of the same tumor which increases with disease aggressiveness. It may also responsible for the interpatient heterogeneity explaining why blood cancers exhibit different behavior among different patients. Understanding better epiallelic conformation and the consequent chromatin conformational changes and the pathways that may be affected will permit deeper understanding of hematological malignancies pathogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Benetatos
- Blood Bank, Preveza General Hospital, Selefkias 2, 48100, Preveza, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Casado-Pelaez M, Bueno-Costa A, Esteller M. Single cell cancer epigenetics. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:820-838. [PMID: 35821003 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bulk sequencing methodologies have allowed us to make great progress in cancer research. Unfortunately, these techniques lack the resolution to fully unravel the epigenetic mechanisms that govern tumor heterogeneity. Consequently, many novel single cell-sequencing methodologies have been developed over the past decade, allowing us to explore the epigenetic components that regulate different aspects of cancer heterogeneity, namely: clonal heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment (TME), spatial organization, intratumoral differentiation programs, metastasis, and resistance mechanisms. In this review, we explore the different sequencing techniques that enable researchers to study different aspects of epigenetics (DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, DNA-protein interactions, and chromatin 3D architecture) at the single cell level, their potential applications in cancer, and their current technical limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Casado-Pelaez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Bueno-Costa
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kashyap A, Rapsomaniki MA, Barros V, Fomitcheva-Khartchenko A, Martinelli AL, Rodriguez AF, Gabrani M, Rosen-Zvi M, Kaigala G. Quantification of tumor heterogeneity: from data acquisition to metric generation. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:647-676. [PMID: 34972597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are unique and complex ecosystems, in which heterogeneous cell subpopulations with variable molecular profiles, aggressiveness, and proliferation potential coexist and interact. Understanding how heterogeneity influences tumor progression has important clinical implications for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction. Several recent innovations in data acquisition methods and computational metrics have enabled the quantification of spatiotemporal heterogeneity across different scales of tumor organization. Here, we summarize the most promising efforts from a common experimental and computational perspective, discussing their advantages, shortcomings, and challenges. With personalized medicine entering a new era of unprecedented opportunities, our vision is that of future workflows integrating across modalities, scales, and dimensions to capture intricate aspects of the tumor ecosystem and to open new avenues for improved patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kashyap
- IBM Research Europe -Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vesna Barros
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, IBM Research, IBM R&D Labs, University of Haifa Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498825, Israel; The Hebrew University, The Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Anna Fomitcheva-Khartchenko
- IBM Research Europe -Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH-Zurich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8099 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maria Gabrani
- IBM Research Europe -Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rosen-Zvi
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, IBM Research, IBM R&D Labs, University of Haifa Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498825, Israel; The Hebrew University, The Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Govind Kaigala
- IBM Research Europe -Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ten Hacken E, Wu CJ. Understanding CLL biology through mouse models of human genetics. Blood 2021; 138:2621-2631. [PMID: 34940815 PMCID: PMC8703365 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in large-scale next-generation sequencing studies of human samples have progressively defined the highly heterogeneous genetic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). At the same time, the numerous challenges posed by the difficulties in rapid manipulation of primary B cells and the paucity of CLL cell lines have limited the ability to interrogate the function of the discovered putative disease "drivers," defined in human sequencing studies through statistical inference. Mouse models represent a powerful tool to study mechanisms of normal and malignant B-cell biology and for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. Advances in genetic engineering technologies, including the introduction of conditional knockin/knockout strategies, have opened new opportunities to model genetic lesions in a B-cell-restricted context. These new studies build on the experience of generating the MDR mice, the first example of a genetically faithful CLL model, which recapitulates the most common genomic aberration of human CLL: del(13q). In this review, we describe the application of mouse models to the studies of CLL pathogenesis and disease transformation from an indolent to a high-grade malignancy (ie, Richter syndrome [RS]) and treatment, with a focus on newly developed genetically inspired mouse lines modeling recurrent CLL genetic events. We discuss how these novel mouse models, analyzed using new genomic technologies, allow the dissection of mechanisms of disease evolution and response to therapy with greater depth than previously possible and provide important insight into human CLL and RS pathogenesis and therapeutic vulnerabilities. These models thereby provide valuable platforms for functional genomic analyses and treatment studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwok M, Wu CJ. Clonal Evolution of High-Risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Contemporary Perspective. Front Oncol 2021; 11:790004. [PMID: 34976831 PMCID: PMC8716560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.790004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution represents the natural process through which cancer cells continuously search for phenotypic advantages that enable them to develop and expand within microenvironmental constraints. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), clonal evolution underpins leukemic progression and therapeutic resistance, with differences in clonal evolutionary dynamics accounting for its characteristically diverse clinical course. The past few years have witnessed profound changes in our understanding of CLL clonal evolution, facilitated by a maturing definition of high-risk CLL and an increasing sophistication of next-generation sequencing technology. In this review, we offer a modern perspective on clonal evolution of high-risk CLL, highlighting recent discoveries, paradigm shifts and unresolved questions. We appraise recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of CLL clonal evolution, focusing on the genetic and non-genetic sources of intratumoral heterogeneity, as well as tumor-immune dynamics. We review the technological innovations, particularly in single-cell technology, which have fostered these advances and represent essential tools for future discoveries. In addition, we discuss clonal evolution within several contexts of particular relevance to contemporary clinical practice, including the settings of therapeutic resistance to CLL targeted therapy and immunotherapy, as well as Richter transformation of CLL to high-grade lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Kwok
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stevenson FK, Forconi F, Kipps TJ. Exploring the pathways to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2021; 138:827-835. [PMID: 34075408 PMCID: PMC8432043 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), increasing knowledge of the biology of the tumor cells has led to transformative improvements in our capacity to assess and treat patients. The dependence of tumor cells on surface immunoglobulin receptor signaling, survival pathways, and accessory cells within the microenvironment has led to a successful double-barreled attack with designer drugs. Studies have revealed that CLL should be classified based on the mutational status of the expressed IGHV sequences into 2 diseases, either unmutated (U) or mutated (M) CLL, each with a distinctive cellular origin, biology, epigenetics/genetics, and clinical behavior. The origin of U-CLL lies among the natural antibody repertoire, and dominance of IGHV1-69 reveals a superantigenic driver. In both U-CLL and M-CLL, a calibrated stimulation of tumor cells by self-antigens apparently generates a dynamic reiterative cycle as cells, protected from apoptosis, transit between blood and tissue sites. But there are differences in outcome, with the balance between proliferation and anergy favoring anergy in M-CLL. Responses are modulated by an array of microenvironmental interactions. Availability of T-cell help is a likely determinant of cell fate, the dependency on which varies between U-CLL and M-CLL, reflecting the different cells of origin, and affecting clinical behavior. Despite such advances, cell-escape strategies, Richter transformation, and immunosuppression remain as challenges, which only may be met by continued research into the biology of CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Haematology Department, Cancer Care Directorate, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pacholewska A, Grimm C, Herling CD, Lienhard M, Königs A, Timmermann B, Altmüller J, Mücke O, Reinhardt HC, Plass C, Herwig R, Hallek M, Schweiger MR. Altered DNA Methylation Profiles in SF3B1 Mutated CLL Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179337. [PMID: 34502260 PMCID: PMC8431484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in splicing factor genes have a severe impact on the survival of cancer patients. Splicing factor 3b subunit 1 (SF3B1) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); patients carrying these mutations have a poor prognosis. Since the splicing machinery and the epigenome are closely interconnected, we investigated whether these alterations may affect the epigenomes of CLL patients. While an overall hypomethylation during CLL carcinogenesis has been observed, the interplay between the epigenetic stage of the originating B cells and SF3B1 mutations, and the subsequent effect of the mutations on methylation alterations in CLL, have not been investigated. We profiled the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of 27 CLL patients with and without SF3B1 mutations and identified local decreases in methylation levels in SF3B1mut CLL patients at 67 genomic regions, mostly in proximity to telomeric regions. These differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were enriched in gene bodies of cancer-related signaling genes, e.g., NOTCH1, HTRA3, and BCL9L. In our study, SF3B1 mutations exclusively emerged in two out of three epigenetic stages of the originating B cells. However, not all the DMRs could be associated with the methylation programming of B cells during development, suggesting that mutations in SF3B1 cause additional epigenetic aberrations during carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Grimm
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmen D. Herling
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Matthias Lienhard
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Anja Königs
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Oliver Mücke
- German Cancer Research Center, Cancer Epigenomics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- West German Cancer Center Essen, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- German Cancer Research Center, Cancer Epigenomics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (C.P.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Michael Hallek
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao L, Chen E, Zhang H, Ba Y, Yan B, Li T, Yang J. Construction of a novel methylation-related prognostic model for colorectal cancer based on microsatellite status. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1781-1790. [PMID: 34397105 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to construct a novel methylation-related prognostic model based on microsatellite status that may enhance the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) from methylation and microsatellite status perspective. DNA methylation and mRNA expression data with clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set. The samples were divided into microsatellite stability and microsatellite instability group, and CIBERSORT was used to assess the immune cell infiltration characteristics. After identifying the differentially methylated genes and differentially expression genes using R packages, the methylation-driven genes were further identified. Prognostic genes that were used to establish the methylation-related risk score model were generated by the univariate and multivariate Cox regression model. Finally, we established and evaluated the methylation-related prognostic model for CRC patients. A total of 69 MDGs were obtained and three of these genes (MIOX, TH, DKFZP434K028) were selected to construct the prognostic model. Patients in the low-risk score group had a conspicuously better overall survival than those in the high-risk score group (p < .0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for this model was 0.689 at 3 years, 0.674 at 4 years, and 0.658 at 5 years. The Wilcoxon test showed that higher risk score was associated with higher T stage (p = .01), N stages (p = .0028), metastasis (p = .013), and advanced pathological stage (p = .0013). However, the more instability of microsatellite status, the lower risk score of CRC patients (p = .0048). Our constructed methylation-related prognostic model based on microsatellite status presents potential significance in assessing recurrence risk stratification, tumor staging, and immunotherapy for CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Cao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erfei Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hezi Zhang
- Shenzhen Nuclear Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Ba
- Shenzhen Nuclear Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Bianbian Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
DNA Methylation and Intra-Clonal Heterogeneity: The Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143587. [PMID: 34298798 PMCID: PMC8307727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a model to investigate the impact of tumor intra-clonal heterogeneity in personalized medicine. Indeed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which is considered the major CML driver. TKI use has highlighted the existence of intra-clonal heterogeneity, as indicated by the persistence of a minority subclone for several years despite the presence of the target fusion protein in all cells. Epigenetic modifications could partly explain this heterogeneity. This review summarizes the results of DNA methylation studies in CML. Next-generation sequencing technologies allowed for moving from single-gene to genome-wide analyses showing that methylation abnormalities are much more widespread in CML cells. These data showed that global hypomethylation is associated with hypermethylation of specific sites already at diagnosis in the early phase of CML. The BCR-ABL-independence of some methylation profile alterations and the recent demonstration of the initial intra-clonal DNA methylation heterogeneity suggests that some DNA methylation alterations may be biomarkers of TKI sensitivity/resistance and of disease progression risk. These results also open perspectives for understanding the epigenetic/genetic background of CML predisposition and for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Targeting BCR and BCL-2 signaling is a widely used therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. C481S mutation decreases the covalent binding affinity of ibrutinib to BTK, resulting in reversible rather than irreversible inhibition. In addition to BTK, mutations in PLCG2 have been demonstrated to mediate acquired ibrutinib resistance. Venetoclax, a highly selective BCL2 inhibitor, has high affinity to the BH3-binding grove of BCL2. Mutation in BCL2 (Gly101Val) decreases the affinity of BCL2 for venetoclax and confers acquired resistance in cell lines and primary patient cells. This review discusses the common mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugapriya Thangavadivel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 455D Wiseman Hall CCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 455D Wiseman Hall CCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Capp J. Interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression variability: Considering complexity in evolvability. Evol Appl 2021; 14:893-901. [PMID: 33897810 PMCID: PMC8061278 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability, epigenetic variability, and gene expression variability (noise) are generally considered independently in their relationship with phenotypic variation. However, they appear to be intrinsically interconnected and influence it in combination. The study of the interplay between genetic and epigenetic variability has the longest history. This article rather considers the introduction of gene expression variability in its relationships with the two others and reviews for the first time experimental evidences over the four relationships connected to gene expression noise. They show how introducing this third source of variability complicates the way of thinking evolvability and the emergence of biological novelty. Finally, cancer cells are proposed to be an ideal model to decipher the dynamic interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression variability when one of them is either experimentally increased or therapeutically targeted. This interplay is also discussed in an evolutionary perspective in the context of cancer cell drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology InstituteINSACNRSINRAEUniversity of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zapatka M, Tausch E, Öztürk S, Yosifov DY, Seiffert M, Zenz T, Schneider C, Blöhdorn J, Döhner H, Mertens D, Lichter P, Stilgenbauer S. Clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is scant in relapsed but accelerated in refractory cases after chemo(immune)therapy. Haematologica 2021; 107:604-614. [PMID: 33691380 PMCID: PMC8883533 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.265777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution is involved in the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In order to link evolutionary patterns to different disease courses, we performed a long-term longitudinal mutation profiling study of CLL patients. Tracking somatic mutations and their changes in allele frequency over time and assessing the underlying cancer cell fraction revealed highly distinct evolutionary patterns. Surprisingly, in long-term stable disease and in relapse after long-lasting clinical response to treatment, clonal shifts are minor. In contrast, in refractory disease major clonal shifts occur although there is little impact on leukemia cell counts. As this striking pattern in refractory cases is not linked to a strong contribution of known CLL driver genes, the evolution is mostly driven by treatment-induced selection of sub-clones, underlining the need for novel, non-genotoxic treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Eugen Tausch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Deyan Yordanov Yosifov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany; Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- University Hospital and University of Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Christof Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Johannes Blöhdorn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Daniel Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany; Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee M, Nam HY, Kang HB, Lee WH, Lee GH, Sung GJ, Han MW, Cho KJ, Chang EJ, Choi KC, Kim SW, Kim SY. Epigenetic regulation of p62/SQSTM1 overcomes the radioresistance of head and neck cancer cells via autophagy-dependent senescence induction. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:250. [PMID: 33674559 PMCID: PMC7935951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are composed of subpopulations of cancer cells with functionally distinct features. Intratumoral heterogeneity limits the therapeutic effectiveness of cancer drugs. To address this issue, it is important to understand the regulatory mechanisms driving a subclonal variety within a therapy-resistant tumor. We identified tumor subclones of HN9 head and neck cancer cells showing distinct responses to radiation with different levels of p62 expression. Genetically identical grounds but epigenetic heterogeneity of the p62 promoter regions revealed that radioresistant HN9-R clones displayed low p62 expression via the creation of repressive chromatin architecture, in which cooperation between DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferases 1) and HDAC1 (histone deacetylases 1) resulted in DNA methylation and repressive H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks in the p62 promoter. Combined inhibition of DNMT1 and HDAC1 by genetic depletion or inhibitors enhanced the suppressive effects on proliferative capacity and in vivo tumorigenesis following irradiation. Importantly, ectopically p62-overexpressed HN9-R clones increased the induction of senescence along with p62-dependent autophagy activation. These results demonstrate the heterogeneous expression of p62 as the key component of clonal variation within a tumor against irradiation. Understanding the epigenetic diversity of p62 heterogeneity among subclones allows for improved identification of the functional state of subclones and provides a novel treatment option to resolve resistance to current therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Yun Nam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- New Drug R&D Center, HLB LifeScience, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyeok Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Jun Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Myung Woul Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin CH, Lee YS, Huang YY, Tsai CN. Methylation status of vault RNA 2-1 promoter is a predictor of glycemic response to glucagon-like peptide-1 analog therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001416. [PMID: 33674278 PMCID: PMC7938984 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic efficiency of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog is about 50%-70% in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Discovery of potential genetic biomarkers for prediction of treatment efficiency of GLP-1 analog before therapy is still necessary. We assess whether DNA methylation was associated with glycemic response to GLP-1 analog therapy in patients with poorly controlled T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of training (n=10) and validation (n=128) groups of patients with T2DM receiving GLP-1 analogs. DNA methylome was analyzed using Infinium Human Methylation EPIC Bead Chip in the training group. The candidate genes were examined using a pyrosequencing platform in the validation group. The association between DNA methylation status and glycemic response to GLP-1 was analyzed in these patients. RESULTS The most differential methylation region between those with a good (responsive) and poor (unresponsive) glycemic response to GLP-1 analog therapy was located on chromosome 5q31.1 (135415693 to 135416613), the promoter of VTRNA2-1 in the training group. The methylation status of the VTRNA2-1 promoter was examined in the validation group via pyrosequencing reaction, and the hypomethylation of VTRNA2-1 (<40% methylation) was significantly associated with poor glycemic response to GLP-1 treatment (OR 2.757, 95% CI 1.240 to 6.130, p=0.011). Since the VTRNA2-1 promoter region was previously reported maternal imprinting extended to the adjacent centromeric CCCTC-binding factor site that contained an A/C polymorphism (rs2346018), which was associated with methylation density of VTRNA2-1, this A/C polymorphism was also integrated to analyze association with glycemic response to GLP-1 analog therapy. In patients with the A allele of rs2346018 and hypomethylation (<40%) on the VTRNA2-1 promoter, the OR increased to 4.048 (95% CI 1.438 to 11.389, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS The glycemic response to GLP-1 analog treatment is associated with the methylation status of the VTRNA2-1 promoter and polymorphism of rs2346018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Neu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be divided into three categories: those who are minimally affected by the problem, often never requiring therapy; those that initially follow an indolent course but subsequently progress and require therapy; and those that from the point of diagnosis exhibit an aggressive disease necessitating treatment. Likewise, such patients pass through three phases: development of the disease, diagnosis, and need for therapy. Finally, the leukemic clones of all patients appear to require continuous input from the exterior, most often through membrane receptors, to allow them to survive and grow. This review is presented according to the temporal course that the disease follows, focusing on those external influences from the tissue microenvironment (TME) that support the time lines as well as those internal influences that are inherited or develop as genetic and epigenetic changes occurring over the time line. Regarding the former, special emphasis is placed on the input provided via the B-cell receptor for antigen and the C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor-4 and the therapeutic agents that block these inputs. Regarding the latter, prominence is laid upon inherited susceptibility genes and the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that lead to the developmental and progression of the disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Mutation
- PAX5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Kanti R Rai
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barrow TM, Wong Doo N, Milne RL, Giles GG, Willmore E, Strathdee G, Byun HM. Analysis of retrotransposon subfamily DNA methylation reveals novel early epigenetic changes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2021; 106:98-110. [PMID: 31919093 PMCID: PMC7776340 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.228478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons such as LINE-1 and Alu comprise >25% of the human genome. While global hypomethylation of these elements has been widely reported in solid tumours, their epigenetic dysregulation is yet to be characterised in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and there has been scant consideration of their evolutionary history that mediates sensitivity to hypomethylation. Here, we developed an approach for locus- and evolutionary subfamily-specific analysis of retrotransposons using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K microarray platform, which we applied to publicly-available datasets from CLL and other haematological malignancies. We identified 9,797 microarray probes mapping to 117 LINE-1 subfamilies and 13,130 mapping to 37 Alu subfamilies. Of these, 10,782 were differentially methylated (PFDR<0.05) in CLL patients (n=139) compared with healthy individuals (n=14), with enrichment at enhancers (P=0.002). Differential methylation was associated with evolutionary age of LINE-1 (r2=0.31, P=0.003) and Alu (r2=0.74, P=0.002) elements, with greater hypomethylation of older subfamilies (L1M, AluJ). Locus-specific hypomethylation was associated with differential expression of proximal genes, including DCLK2, HK1, ILRUN, TANK, TBCD, TNFRSF1B and TXNRD2, with higher expression of DCLK2 and TNFRSF1B associated with reduced patient survival. Hypomethylation at nine loci was highly frequent in CLL (>90% patients) but not observed in healthy individuals or other leukaemias, and was detectable in blood samples taken prior to CLL diagnosis in 9 of 82 individuals from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Our results demonstrate differential methylation of retrotransposons in CLL by their evolutionary heritage that modulates expression of proximal genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Barrow
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Wong Doo
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Strathdee
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oleksiewicz U, Machnik M. Causes, effects, and clinical implications of perturbed patterns within the cancer epigenome. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:15-35. [PMID: 33359485 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations accumulating over a patient's lifetime are well-defined causative factors that fuel carcinogenesis. It is now clear, however, that epigenomic signature is also largely perturbed in many malignancies. These alterations support the transcriptional program crucial for the acquisition and maintenance of cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic instability may arise due to the genetic mutations or transcriptional deregulation of the proteins implicated in epigenetic signaling. Moreover, external stimulation and physiological aging may also participate in this phenomenon. The epigenomic signature is frequently associated with a cell of origin, as well as with tumor stage and differentiation, which all reflect its high heterogeneity across and within various tumors. Here, we will overview the current understanding of the causes and effects of the altered and heterogeneous epigenomic landscape in cancer. We will focus mainly on DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications as the key regulatory epigenetic signaling marks. In addition, we will describe how this knowledge is translated into the clinic. We will particularly concentrate on the applicability of epigenetic alterations as biomarkers for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction. Finally, we will also review current developments regarding epi-drug usage in clinical and experimental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Oleksiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marta Machnik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The proliferative history shapes the DNA methylome of B-cell tumors and predicts clinical outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:1066-1081. [PMID: 34079956 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic analysis of the DNA methylation variability in 1,595 samples of normal cell subpopulations and 14 tumor subtypes spanning the entire human B-cell lineage. Differential methylation among tumor entities relates to differences in cellular origin and to de novo epigenetic alterations, which allowed us to build an accurate machine learning-based diagnostic algorithm. We identify extensive patient-specific methylation variability in silenced chromatin associated with the proliferative history of normal and neoplastic B cells. Mitotic activity generally leaves both hyper- and hypomethylation imprints, but some B-cell neoplasms preferentially gain or lose DNA methylation. Subsequently, we construct a DNA methylation-based mitotic clock called epiCMIT, whose lapse magnitude represents a strong independent prognostic variable in B-cell tumors and is associated with particular driver genetic alterations. Our findings reveal DNA methylation as a holistic tracer of B-cell tumor developmental history, with implications in the differential diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
31
|
Capp JP, Thomas F. Tissue-disruption-induced cellular stochasticity and epigenetic drift: Common origins of aging and cancer? Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000140. [PMID: 33118188 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related and cancer-related epigenomic modifications have been associated with enhanced cell-to-cell gene expression variability that characterizes increased cellular stochasticity. Since gene expression variability appears to be highly reduced by-and epigenetic and phenotypic stability acquired through-direct or long-range cellular interactions during cell differentiation, we propose a common origin for aging and cancer in the failure to control cellular stochasticity by cell-cell interactions. Tissue-disruption-induced cellular stochasticity associated with epigenetic drift would be at the origin of organ dysfunction because of an increase in phenotypic variation among cells, ultimately leading to cell death and organ failure through a loss of coordination in cellular functions, and eventually to cancerization. We propose mechanistic research perspectives to corroborate this hypothesis and explore its evolutionary consequences, highlighting a positive correlation between the median age of mass loss onset (a proxy for the onset of organ aging) and the median age at cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, University of Toulouse, INSA, CNRS, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC (CREES), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Epigenome-wide analysis reveals functional modulators of drug sensitivity and post-treatment survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:474-483. [PMID: 33082556 PMCID: PMC7852668 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients display a highly variable clinical course, with progressive acquisition of drug resistance. We sought to identify aberrant epigenetic traits that are enriched following exposure to treatment that could impact patient response to therapy. Methods Epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation was performed for 20 patients at two timepoints during treatment. The prognostic significance of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) was assessed in independent cohorts of 139 and 163 patients. Their functional role in drug sensitivity was assessed in vitro. Results We identified 490 DMRs following exposure to therapy, of which 31 were CLL-specific and independent of changes occurring in normal B-cell development. Seventeen DMR-associated genes were identified as differentially expressed following treatment in an independent cohort. Methylation of the HOXA4, MAFB and SLCO3A1 DMRs was associated with post-treatment patient survival, with HOXA4 displaying the strongest association. Re-expression of HOXA4 in cell lines and primary CLL cells significantly increased apoptosis in response to treatment with fludarabine, ibrutinib and idelalisib. Conclusion Our study demonstrates enrichment for multiple CLL-specific epigenetic traits in response to chemotherapy that predict patient outcomes, and particularly implicate epigenetic silencing of HOXA4 in reducing the sensitivity of CLL cells to therapy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Clonal dynamics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3759-3769. [PMID: 31770443 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia has a highly variable disease course across patients, thought to be driven by the vast inter- and intrapatient molecular heterogeneity described in several large-scale DNA-sequencing studies conducted over the past decade. Although the last 5 years have seen a dramatic shift in the therapeutic landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, including the regulatory approval of several potent targeted agents (ie, idelalisib, ibrutinib, venetoclax), the vast majority of patients still inevitably experience disease recurrence or persistence. Recent genome-wide sequencing approaches have helped to identify subclonal populations within tumors that demonstrate a broad spectrum of somatic mutations, diverse levels of response to therapy, patterns of repopulation, and growth kinetics. Understanding the impact of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features on clonal growth dynamics and drug response will be an important step toward the selection and timing of therapy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Delgado J, Nadeu F, Colomer D, Campo E. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: from molecular pathogenesis to novel therapeutic strategies. Haematologica 2020; 105:2205-2217. [PMID: 33054046 PMCID: PMC7556519 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm with very heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior. The last decade has been remarkably fruitful in novel findings elucidating multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease including mechanisms of genetic susceptibility, insights into the relevance of immunogenetic factors driving the disease, profiling of genomic alterations, epigenetic subtypes, global epigenomic tumor cell reprogramming, modulation of tumor cell and microenvironment interactions, and dynamics of clonal evolution from early steps in monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis to progression and transformation into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. All this knowledge has offered new perspectives that are being exploited therapeutically with novel target agents and management strategies. In this review we provide an overview of these novel advances and highlight questions and perspectives that need further progress to translate into the clinics the biological knowledge and improve the outcome of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Delgado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia (CIBERONC), Madrid
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia (CIBERONC), Madrid
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia (CIBERONC), Madrid
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
- Hematopathology Section, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia (CIBERONC), Madrid
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
- Hematopathology Section, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee D, Park Y, Kim S. Towards multi-omics characterization of tumor heterogeneity: a comprehensive review of statistical and machine learning approaches. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5896573. [PMID: 34020548 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-omics molecular characterization of cancer opened a new horizon for our understanding of cancer biology and therapeutic strategies. However, a tumor biopsy comprises diverse types of cells limited not only to cancerous cells but also to tumor microenvironmental cells and adjacent normal cells. This heterogeneity is a major confounding factor that hampers a robust and reproducible bioinformatic analysis for biomarker identification using multi-omics profiles. Besides, the heterogeneity itself has been recognized over the years for its significant prognostic values in some cancer types, thus offering another promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. A number of computational approaches to unravel such heterogeneity from high-throughput molecular profiles of a tumor sample have been proposed, but most of them rely on the data from an individual omics layer. Since the heterogeneity of cells is widely distributed across multi-omics layers, methods based on an individual layer can only partially characterize the heterogeneous admixture of cells. To help facilitate further development of the methodologies that synchronously account for several multi-omics profiles, we wrote a comprehensive review of diverse approaches to characterize tumor heterogeneity based on three different omics layers: genome, epigenome and transcriptome. As a result, this review can be useful for the analysis of multi-omics profiles produced by many large-scale consortia. Contact:sunkim.bioinfo@snu.ac.kr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dohoon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngjune Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kleinstern G, O'Brien DR, Li X, Tian S, Kabat BF, Rabe KG, Norman AD, Yan H, Vachon CM, Boddicker NJ, Call TG, Parikh SA, Bruins L, Bonolo de Campos C, Leis JF, Shanafelt TD, Ding W, Cerhan JR, Kay NE, Slager SL, Braggio E. Tumor mutational load predicts time to first treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis beyond the CLL international prognostic index. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:906-917. [PMID: 32279347 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing identified about 60 genes recurrently mutated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We examined the additive prognostic value of the total number of recurrently mutated CLL genes (i.e., tumor mutational load [TML]) or the individually mutated genes beyond the CLL international prognostic index (CLL-IPI) in newly diagnosed CLL and high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (HC MBL). We sequenced 59 genes among 557 individuals (112 HC MBL/445 CLL) in a multi-stage design, to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for time-to-first treatment (TTT), adjusted for CLL-IPI and sex. TML was associated with shorter TTT in the discovery and validation cohorts, with a combined estimate of continuous HR = 1.27 (CI:1.17-1.39, P = 2.6 × 10-8 ; c-statistic = 0.76). When stratified by CLL-IPI, the association of TML with TTT was stronger and validated within low/intermediate risk (combined HR = 1.54, CI:1.37-1.72, P = 7.0 × 10-14 ). Overall, 80% of low/intermediate CLL-IPI cases with two or more mutated genes progressed to require therapy within 5 years, compared to 24% among those without mutations. TML was also associated with shorter TTT in the HC MBL cohort (HR = 1.53, CI:1.12-2.07, P = .007; c-statistic = 0.71). TML is a strong prognostic factor for TTT independent of CLL-IPI, especially among low/intermediate CLL-IPI risk, and a better predictor than any single gene. Mutational screening at early stages may improve risk stratification and better predict TTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geffen Kleinstern
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Daniel R. O'Brien
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Brian F. Kabat
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Kari G. Rabe
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Aaron D. Norman
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Huihuang Yan
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Celine M. Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | | | | | | | - Laura Bruins
- Division of Hematology /OncologyMayo Clinic Scottsdale Arizona USA
| | | | - Jose F. Leis
- Division of Hematology /OncologyMayo Clinic Scottsdale Arizona USA
| | - Tait D. Shanafelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyStanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of HematologyMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - James R. Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Neil E. Kay
- Division of HematologyMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Susan L. Slager
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Division of Hematology /OncologyMayo Clinic Scottsdale Arizona USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Papamichos SI, Jungbauer C. Comment on: "UGT2B17 modifies drug response in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia". Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1345-1346. [PMID: 32704175 PMCID: PMC7553948 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-1005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros I Papamichos
- Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Austrian Red Cross, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christof Jungbauer
- Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Austrian Red Cross, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
MOTIVATION The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression. Its alteration has been shown to coincide with the occurrence of cancer. A key challenge is in understanding the role of chromatin structure (CS) in cellular processes and its implications in diseases. RESULTS We propose a comparative pipeline to analyze CSs and apply it to study chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We model the chromatin of the affected and control cells as networks and analyze the network topology by state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that CSs are a rich source of new biological and functional information about DNA elements and cells that can complement protein-protein and co-expression data. Importantly, we show the existence of structural markers of cancer-related DNA elements in the chromatin. Surprisingly, CLL driver genes are characterized by specific local wiring patterns not only in the CS network of CLL cells, but also of healthy cells. This allows us to successfully predict new CLL-related DNA elements. Importantly, this shows that we can identify cancer-related DNA elements in other cancer types by investigating the CS network of the healthy cell of origin, a key new insight paving the road to new therapeutic strategies. This gives us an opportunity to exploit chromosome conformation data in healthy cells to predict new drivers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Our predicted CLL genes and RNAs are provided as a free resource to the community at https://life.bsc.es/iconbi/chromatin/index.html. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Malod-Dognin
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - V Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse 31037, France
- University Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse 31330, France
| | - A Valencia
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Coordination Node, Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, ELIXIR-Spain (INB, ELIXIR-ES), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - N Pržulj
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nadeu F, Diaz-Navarro A, Delgado J, Puente XS, Campo E. Genomic and Epigenomic Alterations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 15:149-177. [PMID: 31977296 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a common disease in Western countries and has heterogeneous clinical behavior. The relevance of the genetic basis of the disease has come to the forefront recently, with genome-wide studies that have provided a comprehensive view of structural variants, somatic mutations, and different layers of epigenetic changes. The mutational landscape is characterized by relatively common copy number alterations, a few mutated genes occurring in 10-15% of cases, and a large number of genes mutated in a small number of cases. The epigenomic profile has revealed a marked reprogramming of regulatory regions in tumor cells compared with normal B cells. All of these alterations are differentially distributed in clinical and biological subsets of the disease, indicating that they may underlie the heterogeneous evolution of the disease. These global studies are revealing the molecular complexity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and provide new perspectives that have helped to understand its pathogenic mechanisms and improve the clinical management of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Nadeu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; ,
| | - Ander Diaz-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Delgado
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Hematology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; , .,Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
DNA methylation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with differential response to chemotherapy. Sci Data 2020; 7:133. [PMID: 32358561 PMCID: PMC7195470 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is an important clinical problem and can also occur without detectable cytogenetic aberrations or gene mutations. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is molecularly well characterized and has been elemental for establishing central paradigms in oncology. This prompted us to check whether specific epigenetic changes at the level of DNA methylation might underlie development of treatment resistance. We used Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips to obtain DNA methylation profiles of 71 CLL patients with differential responses. Thirty-six patients were categorized as relapsed/refractory after treatment with fludarabine or bendamustine and 21 of them had genetic aberrations of TP53. The other 35 patients were untreated at the time of sampling and 15 of them had genetic aberration of TP53. Although we could not correlate chemoresistance with epigenetic changes, the patients were comprehensively characterized regarding relevant prognostic and molecular markers (e.g. IGHV mutation status, chromosome aberrations, TP53 mutation status, clinical parameters), which makes our dataset a unique and valuable resource that can be used by researchers to test alternative hypotheses. Measurement(s) | DNA methylation | Technology Type(s) | methylation profiling by array | Factor Type(s) | TP53 mutation status • response to fludarabine or bendamustine • chromosomal aberration • IGHV mutation status | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12006624
Collapse
|
41
|
Bartholdy BA, Wang X, Yan XJ, Pascual M, Fan M, Barrientos J, Allen SL, Martinez-Climent JA, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N, Scharff MD, Roa S. CLL intraclonal fractions exhibit established and recently acquired patterns of DNA methylation. Blood Adv 2020; 4:893-905. [PMID: 32150608 PMCID: PMC7065474 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraclonal subpopulations of circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with different proliferative histories and reciprocal surface expression of CXCR4 and CD5 have been observed in the peripheral blood of CLL patients and named proliferative (PF), intermediate (IF), and resting (RF) cellular fractions. Here, we found that these intraclonal circulating fractions share persistent DNA methylation signatures largely associated with the mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGHV) and their origins from distinct stages of differentiation of antigen-experienced B cells. Increased leukemic birth rate, however, showed a very limited impact on DNA methylation of circulating CLL fractions independent of IGHV mutation status. Additionally, DNA methylation heterogeneity increased as leukemic cells advanced from PF to RF in the peripheral blood. This frequently co-occurred with heterochromatin hypomethylation and hypermethylation of Polycomb-repressed regions in the PF, suggesting accumulation of longevity-associated epigenetic features in recently born cells. On the other hand, transcriptional differences between paired intraclonal fractions confirmed their proliferative experience and further supported a linear advancement from PF to RF in the peripheral blood. Several of these differentially expressed genes showed unique associations with clinical outcome not evident in the bulk clone, supporting the pathological and therapeutic relevance of studying intraclonal CLL fractions. We conclude that independent methylation and transcriptional landscapes reflect both preexisting cell-of-origin fingerprints and more recently acquired hallmarks associated with the life cycle of circulating CLL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Bartholdy
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xiahoua Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Marién Pascual
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manxia Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Jose Angel Martinez-Climent
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kanti R Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY; and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Matthew D Scharff
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Sergio Roa
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Machnik M, Oleksiewicz U. Dynamic Signatures of the Epigenome: Friend or Foe? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030653. [PMID: 32156057 PMCID: PMC7140607 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly dynamic epigenetic signaling is influenced mainly by (micro)environmental stimuli and genetic factors. The exact mechanisms affecting particular epigenomic patterns differ dependently on the context. In the current review, we focus on the causes and effects of the dynamic signatures of the human epigenome as evaluated with the high-throughput profiling data and single-gene approaches. We will discuss three different aspects of phenotypic outcomes occurring as a consequence of epigenetics interplaying with genotype and environment. The first issue is related to the cases of environmental impacts on epigenetic profile, and its adverse and advantageous effects related to human health and evolutionary adaptation. The next topic will present a model of the interwoven co-evolution of genetic and epigenetic patterns exemplified with transposable elements (TEs) and their epigenetic repressors Krüppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB–ZNFs). The third aspect concentrates on the mitosis-based microevolution that takes place during carcinogenesis, leading to clonal diversity and expansion of tumor cells. The whole picture of epigenome plasticity and its role in distinct biological processes is still incomplete. However, accumulating data define epigenomic dynamics as an essential co-factor driving adaptation at the cellular and inter-species levels with a benefit or disadvantage to the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machnik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Urszula Oleksiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Teng H, Xue M, Liang J, Wang X, Wang L, Wei W, Li C, Zhang Z, Li Q, Ran X, Shi X, Cai W, Wang W, Gao H, Sun Z. Inter- and intratumor DNA methylation heterogeneity associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3035-3048. [PMID: 32194853 PMCID: PMC7053185 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse clinical manifestations. However, little is known about the epigenetic heterogeneity and its clinical relevance for this prevalent cancer. Methods: We generated 7.56 Tb single-base resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data for 84 ESCC and paired paraneoplastic tissues. The analysis identified inter- and intratumor DNA methylation (DNAm) heterogeneity, epigenome-wide DNAm alterations together with the functional regulators involved in the hyper- or hypomethylated regions, and their association with clinical features. We then validated the correlation between the methylation level of specific regions and clinical outcomes of 96 ESCC patients in an independent cohort. Results: ESCC manifested substantial inter- and intratumor DNAm heterogeneity. The high intratumor DNAm heterogeneity was associated with lymph node metastasis and worse overall survival. Interestingly, hypermethylated regions in ESCC were enriched in promoters of numerous transcription factors, and demethylated noncoding regions related to RXR transcription factor binding appeared to contribute to the development of ESCC. Furthermore, we identified numerous DNAm alterations associated with carcinogenesis and lymph node metastasis of ESCC. We also validated three novel prognostic markers for ESCC, including one each in the promoter of CLK1, the 3' untranslated region of ZEB2, and the intergenic locus surrounded by several lncRNAs. Conclusions: This study presents the first population-level resource for dissecting base-resolution DNAm variation in ESCC and provides novel insights into the ESCC pathogenesis and progression, which might facilitate diagnosis and prognosis for this prevalent malignancy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Genome-wide promoter methylation of hairy cell leukemia. Blood Adv 2020; 3:384-396. [PMID: 30723113 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a tumor of mature clonal B cells with unique genetic, morphologic, and phenotypic features. DNA methylation profiling has provided a new tier of investigation to gain insight into the origin and behavior of B-cell malignancies; however, the methylation profile of HCL has not been specifically investigated. DNA methylation profiling was analyzed with the Infinium HumanMethylation27 array in 41 mature B-cell tumors, including 11 HCL, 7 splenic marginal zone lymphomas (SMZLs), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia with an unmutated (n = 7) or mutated (n = 6) immunoglobulin gene heavy chain variable (IGHV) region or using IGHV3-21 (n = 10). Methylation profiles of nontumor B-cell subsets and gene expression profiling data were obtained from public databases. HCL had a methylation signature distinct from each B-cell tumor entity, including the closest entity, SMZL. Comparison with normal B-cell subsets revealed the strongest similarity with postgerminal center (GC) B cells and a clear separation from pre-GC and GC cellular programs. Comparison of the integrated analysis with post-GC B cells revealed significant hypomethylation and overexpression of BCR-TLR-NF-κB and BRAF-MAPK signaling pathways and cell adhesion, as well as hypermethylation and underexpression of cell-differentiation markers and methylated genes in cancer, suggesting regulation of the transformed hairy cells through specific components of the B-cell receptor and the BRAF signaling pathways. Our data identify a specific methylation profile of HCL, which may help to distinguish it from other mature B-cell tumors.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rendeiro AF, Krausgruber T, Fortelny N, Zhao F, Penz T, Farlik M, Schuster LC, Nemc A, Tasnády S, Réti M, Mátrai Z, Alpár D, Bödör C, Schmidl C, Bock C. Chromatin mapping and single-cell immune profiling define the temporal dynamics of ibrutinib response in CLL. Nat Commun 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 31996669 PMCID: PMC6989523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib provides effective treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite extensive heterogeneity in this disease. To define the underlining regulatory dynamics, we analyze high-resolution time courses of ibrutinib treatment in patients with CLL, combining immune-phenotyping, single-cell transcriptome profiling, and chromatin mapping. We identify a consistent regulatory program starting with a sharp decrease of NF-κB binding in CLL cells, which is followed by reduced activity of lineage-defining transcription factors, erosion of CLL cell identity, and acquisition of a quiescence-like gene signature. We observe patient-to-patient variation in the speed of execution of this program, which we exploit to predict patient-specific dynamics in the response to ibrutinib based on the pre-treatment patient samples. In aggregate, our study describes time-dependent cellular, molecular, and regulatory effects for therapeutic inhibition of B cell receptor signaling in CLL, and it establishes a broadly applicable method for epigenome/transcriptome-based treatment monitoring. Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, provides effective treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here, the authors describe time-dependent molecular changes to malignant cells and to the immune system in patients undergoing ibrutinib therapy, with can be used for therapy monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André F Rendeiro
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fangwen Zhao
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Penz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda C Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amelie Nemc
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Szabolcs Tasnády
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marienn Réti
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mátrai
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Donát Alpár
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,MTA-SE Lendület Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- MTA-SE Lendület Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Schmidl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gutierrez C, Wu CJ. Clonal dynamics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2019; 2019:466-475. [PMID: 31808879 PMCID: PMC6913465 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2019000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia has a highly variable disease course across patients, thought to be driven by the vast inter- and intrapatient molecular heterogeneity described in several large-scale DNA-sequencing studies conducted over the past decade. Although the last 5 years have seen a dramatic shift in the therapeutic landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, including the regulatory approval of several potent targeted agents (ie, idelalisib, ibrutinib, venetoclax), the vast majority of patients still inevitably experience disease recurrence or persistence. Recent genome-wide sequencing approaches have helped to identify subclonal populations within tumors that demonstrate a broad spectrum of somatic mutations, diverse levels of response to therapy, patterns of repopulation, and growth kinetics. Understanding the impact of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features on clonal growth dynamics and drug response will be an important step toward the selection and timing of therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Piperidines
- Purines/therapeutic use
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolinones/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Transcriptome
- Whole Genome Sequencing
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gutierrez
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tsagiopoulou M, Papakonstantinou N, Moysiadis T, Mansouri L, Ljungström V, Duran-Ferrer M, Malousi A, Queirós AC, Plevova K, Bhoi S, Kollia P, Oscier D, Anagnostopoulos A, Trentin L, Ritgen M, Pospisilova S, Stavroyianni N, Ghia P, Martin-Subero JI, Pott C, Rosenquist R, Stamatopoulos K. DNA methylation profiles in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:177. [PMID: 31791414 PMCID: PMC6889736 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to gain insight into the contribution of DNA methylation to disease progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), using 450K Illumina arrays, we determined the DNA methylation profiles in paired pre-treatment/relapse samples from 34 CLL patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy, mostly (n = 31) with the fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab (FCR) regimen. Results The extent of identified changes in CLL cells versus memory B cells from healthy donors was termed “epigenetic burden” (EB) whereas the number of changes between the pre-treatment versus the relapse sample was termed “relapse changes” (RC). Significant (p < 0.05) associations were identified between (i) high EB and short time-to-first-treatment (TTFT); and, (ii) few RCs and short time-to-relapse. Both the EB and the RC clustered in specific genomic regions and chromatin states, including regulatory regions containing binding sites of transcription factors implicated in B cell and CLL biology. Conclusions Overall, we show that DNA methylation in CLL follows different dynamics in response to chemoimmunotherapy. These epigenetic alterations were linked with specific clinical and biological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsagiopoulou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Papakonstantinou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Theodoros Moysiadis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR, Greece.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martí Duran-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ana C Queirós
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karla Plevova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sujata Bhoi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagoula Kollia
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | | | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Matthias Ritgen
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Niki Stavroyianni
- Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jose I Martin-Subero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR, Greece. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sermer D, Pasqualucci L, Wendel HG, Melnick A, Younes A. Emerging epigenetic-modulating therapies in lymphoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:494-507. [PMID: 30837715 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the treatment of lymphoma, the prognosis of patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease continues to be poor; thus, a continued need exists for the development of novel approaches and therapies. Epigenetic dysregulation might drive and/or promote tumorigenesis in various types of malignancies and is prevalent in both B cell and T cell lymphomas. Over the past decade, a large number of epigenetic-modifying agents have been developed and introduced into the clinical management of patients with haematological malignancies. In this Review, we provide a concise overview of the most promising epigenetic therapies for the treatment of lymphomas, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins (BETs), protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) and isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs), and highlight the most promising future directions of research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sermer
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xanthopoulos C, Kostareli E. Advances in Epigenetics and Epigenomics in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-019-00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
The development and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a highly heterogenous B cell malignancy, are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors, including pharmacological interventions, can affect the epigenetic landscape of CLL and thereby determine the CLL phenotype, clonal evolution, and clinical outcome. In this review, we critically present the latest advances in the field of CLL epigenomics/epigenetics in order to provide a systematic overview of to-date achievements and highlight the potential of epigenomics approaches in light of novel treatment therapies.
Recent Findings
Recent technological advances have enabled broad and precise mapping of the CLL epigenome. The identification of CLL-specific DNA methylation patterns has allowed for accurate CLL subtype definition, a better understanding of clonal origin and evolution, and the discovery of reliable biomarkers. More recently, studies have started to unravel the prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic potential of mapping chromatin dynamics and histone modifications in CLL. Finally, analysis of non-coding RNA expression has indicated their contribution to disease pathogenesis and helped to define prognostic subsets in CLL.
Summary
Overall, the potential of CLL epigenomics for predicting treatment response and resistance is mounting, especially with the advent of novel targeted CLL therapies.
Collapse
|
50
|
Guo M, Peng Y, Gao A, Du C, Herman JG. Epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer. Biomark Res 2019; 7:23. [PMID: 31695915 PMCID: PMC6824025 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is one of the hallmarks of human cancers. Tumor genotype variations among tumors within different patients are known as interpatient heterogeneity, and variability among multiple tumors of the same type arising in the same patient is referred to as intra-patient heterogeneity. Subpopulations of cancer cells with distinct phenotypic and molecular features within a tumor are called intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). Since Nowell proposed the clonal evolution of tumor cell populations in 1976, tumor heterogeneity, especially ITH, was actively studied. Research has focused on the genetic basis of cancer, particularly mutational activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). The phenomenon of ITH is commonly explained by Darwinian-like clonal evolution of a single tumor. Despite the monoclonal origin of most cancers, new clones arise during tumor progression due to the continuous acquisition of mutations. It is clear that disruption of the "epigenetic machinery" plays an important role in cancer development. Aberrant epigenetic changes occur more frequently than gene mutations in human cancers. The epigenome is at the intersection of the environment and genome. Epigenetic dysregulation occurs in the earliest stage of cancer. The current trend of epigenetic therapy is to use epigenetic drugs to reverse and/or delay future resistance to cancer therapies. A majority of cancer therapies fail to achieve durable responses, which is often attributed to ITH. Epigenetic therapy may reverse drug resistance in heterogeneous cancer. Complete understanding of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity may assist in designing combinations of targeted therapies based on molecular information extracted from individual tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Guo
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 China
| | - Yaojun Peng
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Aiai Gao
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Chen Du
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - James G Herman
- 3The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|