Inhibition of Nuclear Pore Complex Formation Selectively Induces Cancer Cell Death

Nuclear envelope and chromatin choreography direct cellular differentiation

The nuclear envelope plays an indispensable role in the spatiotemporal organization of chromatin and transcriptional regulation during the intricate process of cell differentiation. This review outlines the distinct regulatory networks between nuclear envelope proteins, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications in controlling the expression of cell lineage-specific genes during differentiation. Nuclear lamina with its associated nuclear envelope proteins organize heterochromatin via Lamina-Associated Domains (LADs), proximal to the nuclear periphery. Since nuclear lamina is mechanosensitive, we critically examine the impact of extracellular forces on differentiation outcomes. The nuclear envelope is spanned by nuclear pore complexes which, in addition to their central role in transport, are associated with chromatin organization. Furthermore, mutations in the nuclear envelope proteins disrupt differentiation, resulting in developmental disorders. Investigating the underlying nuclear envelope controlled regulatory mechanisms of chromatin remodelling during lineage commitment will accelerate our fundamental understanding of developmental biology and regenerative medicine.

Homeostatic regulation of nucleoporins is a central driver of nuclear pore biogenesis

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are channels that control access to the genome. The number of NPCs that cells assemble varies between different cell types and in disease. However, the mechanisms regulating NPC formation in mammalian cells remain unclear. Using a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we identify translation-related factors, proteasome components, and the CCR4-NOT complex as top regulators of NPC assembly and numbers. While inhibition of ribosomal function and protein translation reduces NPC formation, blocking protein degradation or CCR4-NOT function increases NPC numbers. We demonstrate that CCR4-NOT inhibition raises global mRNA levels, increasing the pool of nucleoporin mRNAs available for translation. Upregulation of nucleoporin complexes in CCR4-NOT-inhibited cells allows for higher NPC formation, increasing total NPC numbers in normal and cancer cells. Our findings uncover that nucleoporin mRNA stability and protein homeostasis are major determinants of NPC formation and highlight a role for the CCR4-NOT complex in negatively regulating NPC assembly.

The Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Bromoxib Disrupts Nuclear Import and Export by Affecting Nucleoporins of the Nuclear Pore Complex

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are natural products with potent antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. We have previously shown that the polybrominated diphenyl ether bromoxib (4,5,6-tribromo-2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy) phenol), isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea species, exhibits a strong cytotoxic potential in leukemia and lymphoma cells by targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Here, using a mass spectrometric thermal proteome profiling (TPP) approach, we observed that bromoxib induces a rapid reduction in the levels of 19 nucleoporins (NUPs) that are part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This apparently affected the functionality of the NPC, as evidenced by the bromoxib-mediated inhibition of the nuclear translocation and subsequent gene reporter activity of transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In addition, bromoxib inhibited the nuclear export of the mRNA of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) and the subsequent import of the HIV-Tat protein into the nucleus as determined by the decrease in Tat-dependent gene reporter luciferase activity. Inhibition of nuclear mRNA-export also affected expression of the short-lived anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Mcl-1, which has been shown to induce apoptosis. Thus, its ability to target both mitochondrial metabolism and the NPC renders bromoxib a promising anticancer agent.

Selinexor as a Therapeutic Target: Advances in Non-small Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Strategies

Selinexor treats lung cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This review summarizes the prevalence and types of lung cancer and emphasizes the challenges associated with current treatments like resistance and limited effectiveness. Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) that has emerged as a potential therapy that targets the nuclear export of tumor suppressor proteins. The mechanisms of selinexor, its potential in combination therapies, and challenges like side effects and drug resistance are explained in this review. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of selinexor in preclinical studies, particularly against KRAS-mutant NSCLC and in combination with chemotherapy for SCLC. The review concludes with a discussion of future directions and underscores the potential of selinexor to improve the treatment strategies for lung cancer.

Cells Prioritize the Regulation of Cell Mass Density

A cell's global physical state is characterized by its volume and dry mass. The ratio of cell mass to volume is the cell mass density (CMD), which is also a measure of macromolecular crowding and concentrations of all proteins. Using the Fluorescence eXclusion method (FXm) and Quantitative Phase Microscopy (QPM), we investigate CMD dynamics after exposure to sudden media osmolarity change. We find that while the cell volume and mass exhibit complex behavior after osmotic shock, CMD follows a straightforward monotonic recovery in 48 hours. The recovery is cell-cycle independent and relies on a coordinated adjustment of protein synthesis and volume growth rates. Surprisingly, we find that the protein synthesis rate decreases when CMD increases. This result is explained by CMD-dependent nucleoplasm-cytoplasm transport, which serves as negative regulatory feedback on CMD. The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE plays a role in regulating CMD by affecting both protein synthesis and volume change. Taken together, we reveal that cells possess a robust control system that actively regulates CMD during environmental change.

Nuclear pore and nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment in oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration: relevance to molecular mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Parkinson's and other related neurodegenerative diseases

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope and facilitate the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. The dysfunction of the NPC and nuclear transport plays a significant role in aging and the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Common features among these neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), encompass mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates in specific brain regions. The susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to mitochondrial stress underscores the pivotal role of mitochondria in PD progression. Disruptions in mitochondrial-nuclear communication are exacerbated by aging and α-synuclein-induced oxidative stress in PD. The precise mechanisms underlying mitochondrial impairment-induced neurodegeneration in PD are still unclear. Evidence suggests that perturbations in dopaminergic neuronal nuclei are linked to PD-related neurodegeneration. These perturbations involve structural damage to the nuclear envelope and mislocalization of pivotal transcription factors, potentially driven by oxidative stress or α-synuclein pathology. The presence of protein aggregates, pathogenic mutations, and ongoing oxidative stress can exacerbate the dysfunction of NPCs, yet this mechanism remains understudied in the context of oxidative stress-induced PD. This review summarizes the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration and outlines the current evidence for nuclear envelope and nuclear transport abnormalities in PD, particularly in oxidative stress. We highlight the potential role of nuclear pore and nucleocytoplasmic transport dysfunction in PD and stress the importance of systematically investigating NPC components in PD.

Nup210 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Regulating Nuclear Plasma Transport

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) regulates nucleoplasmic transport, transcription, and genomic integrity in eukaryotic cells. However, little is known about how NPC works in cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of the nuclear pore protein 210 (Nucleoporin 210, Nup210) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the expression of Nup210 was increased in CRC and was associated with poor patient prognosis, but it was not a statistically significant independent prognostic factor. Moreover, knockdown of Nup210 in CRC cells inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, nuclear size and nuclear plasma material transport capacity decreased along with the number and density of NPCs on the surface of CRC cells when Nup210 expression was inhibited. Furthermore, Nup210 required nuclear localization sequences (NLS) to localize to the nuclear membrane surface and interact with importin-α/β, which in turn affected the transit of nuclear plasma material. Importazole, a small molecule inhibitor of importin, along with therapy that targets the Nup210 protein is anticipated to be a novel strategy for CRC treatment. Their combination may be able to more effectively lower CRC tumor load. In conclusion, Nup210 modulates cellular nucleoplasmic transport capability and cell surface NPC density via NLS, thus promoting CRC progression. This discovery validates the molecular function of NPC in the development of CRC and provides a theoretical foundation for NPC-regulated nuclear import targeting as a therapeutic strategy for CRC.

The Potential of Nuclear Pore Complexes in Cancer Therapy

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) play a critical role in regulating transport-dependent gene expression, influencing various stages of cancer development and progression. Dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport has profound implications, particularly in the context of cancer-associated protein mislocalization. This review provides specific information about the relationship between nuclear pore complexes, key regulatory proteins, and their impact on cancer biology. Highlighting the influence of tumor-suppressor proteins as well as the potential of gold nanoparticles and intelligent nanosystems in cancer treatment, their role in inhibiting cell invasion is examined. This article concludes with the clinical implications of nuclear export inhibitors, particularly XPO1, as a therapeutic target in various cancers, with selective inhibitors of nuclear export compounds demonstrating efficacy in both hematological and solid malignancies. The review aims to explore the role of NPCs in cancer biology, focusing on their influence on gene expression, cancer progression, protein mislocalization, and the potential of targeted therapies such as nuclear export inhibitors and intelligent nanosystems in cancer treatment. Despite their significance and the number of research studies, the direct role of NPCs in carcinogenesis remains incompletely understood.

The Complex Regulation of Cytokinesis upon Abscission Checkpoint Activation

Cytokinetic abscission is a crucial process that guides the separation of daughter cells at the end of each cell division. This process involves the cleavage of the intercellular bridge, which connects the newly formed daughter cells. Over the years, researchers have identified several cellular contributors and intracellular processes that influence the spatial and temporal distribution of the cytoskeleton during cytokinetic abscission. This review presents the most important scientific discoveries that allow activation of the abscission checkpoint, ensuring a smooth and successful separation of a single cell into two cells during cell division. Here, we describe different factors, such as abscission checkpoint, ICB tension, nuclear pore defects, DNA replication stress, chromosomal stability, and midbody proteins, which play a role in the regulation and correct timing of cytokinetic abscission. Furthermore, we explore the downsides associated with the dysregulation of abscission, including its negative impact on cells and the potential to induce tumor formation in humans. Finally, we propose a novel factor for improving cancer therapy and give future perspectives in this research field.

Identification of novel nuclear pore complex associated proteins in esophageal carcinoma by an integrated bioinformatics analysis

Nucleoporins (NUPs) are components of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that participate in the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules as well as in many essential processes that may be led to carcinogenesis. We selected three expression profile microarray datasets from GEO and as well as TCGA data to identify differentially expressed NUPs genes in esophageal carcinoma. Our findings indicated that NUP133, NUP37, NUP43, NUP50, GLE1 and NDC1 are overexpressed in esophageal carcinoma, among which NUP50 and GLE1genes are reported for the first time in esophageal carcinoma. All identified NUPs were also associated with distant metastasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

A mechanistic insight into cancer progression mediated by Nucleoporins

The nuclear pore complexes are essential for cellular and molecular processes such as trafficking between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, chromatin, transcriptional outputs, and DNA damage repair. Nucleoporins, components of nuclear pore complexes, have been linked to cancer through nucleo-cytoplasmic cargo trafficking, cell division, signalling pathways, chromatin-related processes, and protein stability and degradation. This study aims to understand how nucleoporins specifically contribute to cancer proliferation and progression across various cancer types. Accordingly, angles such as nuclear trafficking, fusion proteins, tumour suppressors, signalling pathways, tumour microenvironment, nucleosomes, and chromatin processes were found to bridge the function of nucleoporins and cancer progression, and the underlying mechanisms have been analysed in this study. A deep understanding of the function of nucleoporins in cancer progression will pave the way for the effective targeting of these molecules for therapeutic gain. Improved treatment responses can enhance the quality of life of cancer patients.

Unlocking the Gateway: The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the p53 Family Driven by the Nuclear Pores and Its Implication for the Therapeutic Approach in Cancer

The p53 family remains a captivating focus of an extensive number of current studies. Accumulating evidence indicates that p53 abnormalities rank among the most prevalent in cancer. Given the numerous existing studies, which mostly focus on the mutations, expression profiles, and functional perturbations exhibited by members of the p53 family across diverse malignancies, this review will concentrate more on less explored facets regarding p53 activation and stabilization by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in cancer, drawing on several studies. p53 integrates a broad spectrum of signals and is subject to diverse regulatory mechanisms to enact the necessary cellular response. It is widely acknowledged that each stage of p53 regulation, from synthesis to degradation, significantly influences its functionality in executing specific tasks. Over recent decades, a large body of data has established that mechanisms of regulation, closely linked with protein activation and stabilization, involve intricate interactions with various cellular components. These often transcend canonical regulatory pathways. This new knowledge has expanded from the regulation of genes themselves to epigenomics and proteomics, whereby interaction partners increase in number and complexity compared with earlier paradigms. Specifically, studies have recently shown the involvement of the NPC protein in such complex interactions, underscoring the further complexity of p53 regulation. Furthermore, we also discuss therapeutic strategies based on recent developments in this field in combination with established targeted therapies.

UBAP2L ensures homeostasis of nuclear pore complexes at the intact nuclear envelope

Assembly of macromolecular complexes at correct cellular sites is crucial for cell function. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large cylindrical assemblies with eightfold rotational symmetry, built through hierarchical binding of nucleoporins (Nups) forming distinct subcomplexes. Here, we uncover a role of ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like (UBAP2L) in the assembly and stability of properly organized and functional NPCs at the intact nuclear envelope (NE) in human cells. UBAP2L localizes to the nuclear pores and facilitates the formation of the Y-complex, an essential scaffold component of the NPC, and its localization to the NE. UBAP2L promotes the interaction of the Y-complex with POM121 and Nup153, the critical upstream factors in a well-defined sequential order of Nups assembly onto NE during interphase. Timely localization of the cytoplasmic Nup transport factor fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) to the NE and its interaction with the Y-complex are likewise dependent on UBAP2L. Thus, this NPC biogenesis mechanism integrates the cytoplasmic and the nuclear NPC assembly signals and ensures efficient nuclear transport, adaptation to nutrient stress, and cellular proliferative capacity, highlighting the importance of NPC homeostasis at the intact NE.

Stromal Rigidity Stress Accelerates Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Progression and Chromosomal Instability via Nuclear Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Localization

Because the mechanotransduction by stromal stiffness stimulates the rupture and repair of the nuclear envelope in pancreatic progenitor cells, accumulated genomic aberrations are under selection in the tumor microenvironment. Analysis of cell growth, micronuclei, and phosphorylated Ser-139 residue of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX) foci linked to mechanotransduction pressure in vivo during serial orthotopic passages of mouse KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53flox/flox;Pdx1-Cre (KPC) cancer cells in the tumor and in migrating through the size-restricted 3-μm micropores. To search for pancreatic cancer cell-of-origin, analysis of single-cell data sets revealed that the extracellular matrix shaped an alternate route of acinar-ductal transdifferentiation of acinar cells into topoisomerase II α (TOP2A)-overexpressing cancer cells and derived subclusters with copy number amplifications in MYC-PTK2 (protein tyrosine kinase 2) locus and PIK3CA. High-PTK2 expression is associated with 171 differentially methylated CpG loci, 319 differentially expressed genes, and poor overall survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas-Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma cohort. Abolished RGD-integrin signaling by disintegrin KG blocked the PTK2 phosphorylation, increased cancer apoptosis, decreased vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (VAV1) expression, and prolonged overall survival in the KPC mice. Reduction of α-smooth muscle actin deposition in the CD248 knockout KPC mice remodeled the tissue stroma and down-regulated TOP2A expression in the epithelium. In summary, stromal stiffness induced the onset of cancer cells-of-origin by ectopic TOP2A expression, and the genomic amplification of MYC-PTK2 locus via alternative transdifferentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells is the vulnerability useful for disintegrin KG treatment.

Nucleoporin Nup358 drives the differentiation of myeloid-biased multipotent progenitors by modulating HDAC3 nuclear translocation

Nucleoporins, the components of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), can play cell type- and tissue-specific functions. Yet, the physiological roles and mechanisms of action for most NPC components have not yet been established. We report that Nup358, a nucleoporin linked to several myeloid disorders, is required for the developmental progression of early myeloid progenitors. We found that Nup358 ablation in mice results in the loss of myeloid-committed progenitors and mature myeloid cells and the accumulation of myeloid-primed multipotent progenitors (MPPs) in bone marrow. Accumulated MPPs in Nup358 knockout mice are greatly restricted to megakaryocyte/erythrocyte-biased MPP2, which fail to progress into committed myeloid progenitors. Mechanistically, we found that Nup358 is required for histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) nuclear import and function in MPP2 cells and established that this nucleoporin regulates HDAC3 nuclear translocation in a SUMOylation-independent manner. Our study identifies a critical function for Nup358 in myeloid-primed MPP2 differentiation and uncovers an unexpected role for NPCs in the early steps of myelopoiesis.

Potential value of expression of receptor accessory protein 4 for evaluating the prognosis of lower-grade glioma patients

BACKGROUND

REEP4 is involved in the regulation of the biological process of mitosis. Lower grade glioma (LGG), as a malignant tumor, is accompanied by abnormalities in mitosis, but there have been no reports of REEP4 so far.

METHODS

We collected transcriptome data, DNA methylation data and the clinical characteristics of thousands of patients with LGG. Various big data analysis methods and molecular biology experiments were employed to reveal the impact of REEP4 on the pathological process of LGG.

RESULTS

It was found that the expression of REEP4 was significantly elevated and negatively regulated by its methylation site. Therefore, both the high expression of REEP4 and low methylation state of cg16311504 showed that the patients are correlated with lower patient survival rate. In addition, high REEP4 expression participates in the regulation of various cancer-related cellular signaling pathways, such as the cell cycle, MAPK signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, etc. More importantly, the level of immune cell infiltration significantly increased in the high expression group of REEP4 in the LGG tumor microenvironment and REEP4 has a high positive correlation with PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints.

CONCLUSIONS

In brief, this study is the first to introduce REEP4 in malignant tumors, which can be used as an independent risk factor that participates in the malignant process of LGG. More importantly, REEP4 has the potential to become a new star in the field of anti-tumor treatment.

Pan-cancer analysis of NUP155 and validation of its role in breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis

NUP155 is reported to be correlated with tumor development. However, the role of NUP155 in tumor physiology and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has not been previously examined. This study comprehensively investigated the expression, immunological function, and prognostic significance of NUP155 in different cancer types. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that NUP155 was upregulated in 26 types of cancer. Additionally, NUP155 upregulation was strongly correlated with advanced pathological or clinical stages and poor prognosis in several cancers. Furthermore, NUP155 was significantly and positively correlated with DNA methylation, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and stemness score in most cancers. Additionally, NUP155 was also found to be involved in TIME and closely associated with tumor infiltrating immune cells and immunoregulation-related genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a strong correlation between NUP155 and immunomodulatory pathways, especially antigen processing and presentation. The role of NUP155 in breast cancer has not been examined. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that NUP155 was upregulated in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) cells and revealed its oncogenic role in BRCA using molecular biology experiments. Thus, our study highlights the potential value of NUP155 as a biomarker in the assessment of prognostic prediction, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapeutic response in pan-cancer.

Hypoxia and its effect on the cellular system

Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for different functions of cell organelles owing to cellular survival. A balanced oxygen homeostasis is an essential requirement to maintain the regulation of normal cellular systems. Any changes in the oxygen level are stressful and can alter the expression of different homeostasis regulatory genes and proteins. Lack of oxygen or hypoxia results in oxidative stress and formation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Substantial cellular damages due to hypoxia have been reported to play a major role in various pathological conditions. There are different studies which demonstrated that the functions of cellular system are disrupted by hypoxia. Currently, study on cellular effects following hypoxia is an important field of research as it not only helps to decipher different signaling pathway modulation, but also helps to explore novel therapeutic strategies. On the basis of the beneficial effect of hypoxia preconditioning of cellular organelles, many therapeutic investigations are ongoing as a promising disease management strategy in near future. Hence, the present review discusses about the effects of hypoxia on different cellular organelles, mechanisms and their involvement in the progression of different diseases.

Integrating a Biomineralized Nanocluster for H2S-Sensitized ROS Bomb against Breast Cancer

Nanomaterial-assisted chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has received considerable attention in recent years. It outperforms other modalities by its distinctive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through a nonexogenous stimulant. However, CDT is limited by the insufficient content of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Herein, a biodegradable MnS@HA-DOX nanocluster (MnS@HA-DOX NC) was constructed by in situ biomineralization from hyaluronic acid, to enlarge the ROS cascade and boost Mn2+-based CDT. The acid-responsive NCs could quickly degrade after internalization into endo/lysosomes, releasing Mn2+, H2S gas, and anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by Mn2+ was amplified by both H2S and DOX, producing a mass of cytotoxic ·OH radicals. Through the combined action of gas therapy (GT), CDT, and chemotherapy, oxidative stress would be synergistically enhanced, inducing irreversible DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, eventually resulting in cancer cell apoptosis.

UCHL1 is a potential molecular indicator and therapeutic target for neuroendocrine carcinomas

Neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer and small-cell lung cancer, commonly have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We report that ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a deubiquitinating enzyme, is elevated in tissues and plasma from patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas. Loss of UCHL1 decreases tumor growth and inhibits metastasis of these malignancies. UCHL1 maintains neuroendocrine differentiation and promotes cancer progression by regulating nucleoporin, POM121, and p53. UCHL1 binds, deubiquitinates, and stabilizes POM121 to regulate POM121-associated nuclear transport of E2F1 and c-MYC. Treatment with the UCHL1 inhibitor LDN-57444 slows tumor growth and metastasis across neuroendocrine carcinomas. The combination of UCHL1 inhibitors with cisplatin, the standard of care used for neuroendocrine carcinomas, significantly delays tumor growth in pre-clinical settings. Our study reveals mechanisms of UCHL1 function in regulating the progression of neuroendocrine carcinomas and identifies UCHL1 as a therapeutic target and potential molecular indicator for diagnosing and monitoring treatment responses in these malignancies.

Androgen deprivation induces double-null prostate cancer via aberrant nuclear export and ribosomal biogenesis through HGF and Wnt activation

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) targeting androgen/androgen receptor (AR)- signaling pathways is the main therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, ADT eventually fails in most patients who consequently develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While more potent AR antagonists and blockers for androgen synthesis were developed to improve clinical outcomes, they also show to induce more diverse CRPC phenotypes. Specifically, the AR- and neuroendocrine-null PCa, DNPC, occurs in abiraterone and enzalutamide-treated patients. Here, we uncover that current ADT induces aberrant HGF/MET signaling activation that further elevates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human DNPC samples. Co-activation of HGF/MET and Wnt/β-catenin axes in mouse prostates induces DNPC-like lesions. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses identify increased expression and activity of XPO1 and ribosomal proteins in mouse DNPC-like cells. Elevated expression of XPO1 and ribosomal proteins is also identified in clinical DNPC specimens. Inhibition of XPO1 and ribosomal pathways represses DNPC growth in both in vivo and ex vivo conditions, evidencing future therapeutic targets.

Nucleoporin 93, a new substrate of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase HECTD1, promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression

Nucleoporin 93 (NUP93) is an important component of the nuclear pore complex, exhibiting pro-tumorigenic properties in some cancers. However, its function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NUP93 in ESCC and the underlying mechanisms involved. Through analysis of public human cancer datasets, we observed higher expression of NUP93 in esophageal cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Stable ESCC cell lines with NUP93 overexpression or knockdown were established by lentiviral vector transduction and puromycin selection. NUP93 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle transition, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells, while the overexpression of NUP93 displayed opposite effects. NUP93 positively regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and AKT signaling transduction in ESCC cells. In addition, NUP93 increased the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in ESCC cells and attenuated NK cell-mediated lysis of ESCC cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that NUP93 promotes the growth of ESCC in nude mice, enhances Ki67 and PD-L1 expression, and promotes AKT signaling transduction in xenografts. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (HECTD1) contributes to the ubiquitination and degradation of NUP93 and acts as a tumor suppressor in ESCC. To conclude, this study has shown that NUP93 has pro-tumor properties in ESCC and that HECTD1 functions as an upstream regulator of NUP93 in ESCC. These findings may contribute to the investigation of potential therapeutic targets in ESCC.

Interdependent changes of nuclear lamins, nuclear pore complexes, and ploidy regulate cellular regeneration and stress response in the heart

In adult mammals, many heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are polyploid, do not proliferate (post-mitotic), and, consequently, cannot contribute to heart regeneration. In contrast, fetal and neonatal heart muscle cells are diploid, proliferate, and contribute to heart regeneration. We have identified interdependent changes of the nuclear lamina, nuclear pore complexes, and DNA-content (ploidy) in heart muscle cell maturation. These results offer new perspectives on how cells alter their nuclear transport and, with that, their gene regulation in response to extracellular signals. We present how changes of the nuclear lamina alter nuclear pore complexes in heart muscle cells. The consequences of these changes for cellular regeneration and stress response in the heart are discussed.

Repurposing FDA-Approved Drugs for Temozolomide-Resistant IDH1 Mutant Glioma Using High-Throughput Miniaturized Screening on Droplet Microarray Chip

To address the challenge of drug resistance and limited treatment options for recurrent gliomas with IDH1 mutations, a highly miniaturized screening of 2208 FDA-approved drugs is conducted using a high-throughput droplet microarray (DMA) platform. Two patient-derived temozolomide-resistant tumorspheres harboring endogenous IDH1 mutations (IDH1mut ) are utilized. Screening identifies over 20 drugs, including verteporfin (VP), that significantly affected tumorsphere formation and viability. Proteomics analysis reveals that nuclear pore complex may be a potential VP target, suggesting a new mechanism of action independent of its known effects on YAP1. Knockdown experiments exclude YAP1 as a drug target in tumorspheres. Pathway analysis shows that NUP107 is a potential upstream regulator associated with VP response. Analysis of publicly available genomic datasets shows a significant correlation between high NUP107 expression and decreased survival in IDH1mut astrocytoma, suggesting NUP107 may be a potential biomarker for VP response. This study demonstrates a miniaturized approach for cost-effective drug repurposing using 3D glioma models and identifies nuclear pore complex as a potential target for drug development. The findings provide preclinical evidence to support in vivo and clinical studies of VP and other identified compounds to treat IDH1mut gliomas, which may ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with this challenging disease.

Nuclear transport surveillance of p53 by nuclear pores in glioblastoma

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the central apparatus of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Disease-specific alterations of NPCs contribute to the pathogenesis of many cancers; however, the roles of NPCs in glioblastoma (GBM) are unknown. In this study, we report genomic amplification of NUP107, a component of NPCs, in GBM and show that NUP107 is overexpressed simultaneously with MDM2, a critical E3 ligase that mediates p53 degradation. Depletion of NUP107 inhibits the growth of GBM cell lines through p53 protein stabilization. Mechanistically, NPCs establish a p53 degradation platform via an export pathway coupled with 26S proteasome tethering. NUP107 is the keystone for NPC assembly; the loss of NUP107 affects the integrity of the NPC structure, and thus the proportion of 26S proteasome in the vicinity of nuclear pores significantly decreases. Together, our findings establish roles of NPCs in transport surveillance and provide insights into p53 inactivation in GBM.

Pitstop-2 and its novel derivative RVD-127 disrupt global cell dynamics and nuclear pores integrity by direct interaction with small GTPases

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an essential cell physiological process of broad biomedical relevance. Since the recent introduction of Pitstop-2 as a potent CME inhibitor, we and others have reported on substantial clathrin-independent inhibitory effects. Herein, we developed and experimentally validated a novel fluorescent derivative of Pitstop-2, termed RVD-127, to clarify Pitstop-2 diverse effects. Using RVD-127, we were able to trace additional protein targets of Pitstop-2. Besides inhibiting CME, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 proved to directly and reversibly bind to at least two members of the small GTPase superfamily Ran and Rac1 with particularly high efficacy. Binding locks the GTPases in a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-like conformation disabling their interaction with their downstream effectors. Consequently, overall cell motility, mechanics and nucleocytoplasmic transport integrity are rapidly disrupted at inhibitor concentrations well below those required to significantly reduce CME. We conclude that Pitstop-2 is a highly potent, reversible inhibitor of small GTPases. The inhibition of these molecular switches of diverse crucial signaling pathways, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and overall cell dynamics and motility, clarifies the diversity of Pitstop-2 activities. Moreover, considering the fundamental importance and broad implications of small GTPases in physiology, pathophysiology and drug development, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 open up novel avenues.

An Analysis Regarding the Association Between the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Background

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the main mediator of nuclear and cytoplasmic communication, and delaying or blocking nuclear RNA export and protein shuttling can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Although NPC is a research hotspot in structural biology, relevant studies in hepatocellular carcinoma are scarce, especially in terms of translation into clinical practice.

Methods

This study used a bioinformatics approach combining validation experiments to investigate the biological mechanisms that may be related with NPC. A series of experiments performed to explore the function of the Targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) in HCC.

Results

Patients with HCC can be divided into two NPC clusters. Patients with high NPC levels (C1) had a shorter survival time than those with low NPC levels (C2) and are characterised by high levels of proliferative signals. We demonstrated that TPX2 regulates HCC growth and inhibits apoptosis in an NPC-dependent manner and contributes to the maintenance of HCC stemness. We developed the NPCScore to predict the prognosis and degree of differentiation in HCC patients.

Conclusion

NPC plays an important role in the malignant proliferation of HCC. Assessing NPC expression patterns could help enhance our understanding of tumor cell proliferation and could guide more effective chemotherapeutic strategies.

Downregulation of NUP93 aggravates hypoxia-induced death of cardiomyocytes in vitro through abnormal regulation of gene transcription

Nuclear pore complex in the nuclear envelope plays an important role in controlling the transportation of RNAs, proteins and other macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The relationship between abnormal expression of nucleoporins and cardiovascular diseases is unclear. In this study we investigated how myocardial infarction affected the expression and function of nucleoporins in cardiomyocytes. We separately knocked down 27 nucleoporins in rat primary myocardial cells. Among 27 nucleoporins, knockdown of Nup93, Nup210 and Nup214 markedly increased the expression of ANP and BNP, two molecular markers of cardiomyocyte function. We showed that Nup93 was significantly downregulated in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Knockdown of Nup93 aggravated hypoxia-induced injury and cell death of cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of Nup93 led to the opposite effects. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed that knockdown of Nup93 did not affect the overall transportation of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but regulated the transcription of a large number of mRNAs in cardiomyocytes, which are mainly involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome subunits. Most of the down-regulated genes by Nup93 knockdown overlapped with the genes whose promoters could be directly bound by Nup93. Among these genes, we demonstrated that Nup93 knockdown significantly down-regulated the expression of YAP1. Overexpression of YAP1 partially rescued the function of Nup93 knockdown and attenuated the effects of hypoxia on cell injury and cardiomyocyte death. We conclude that down-regulation of Nup93, at least partially, contributes to hypoxia-induced injury and cardiomyocyte death through abnormal interaction with the genome to dynamically regulate the transcription of YAP1 and other genes. These results reveal a new mechanism of Nup93 and might provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemia-induced heart failure.

Nucleoporin 107 is a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with immune infiltration

OBJECTIVE

To assess the diagnostic value and clinical significance of nucleoporin 107 (NUP107) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and explore the possible mechanisms.

METHODS

The transcriptomic and clinical data of HCC patients were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GEO databases. Tissue specimens were collected from HCC patients in the Guangxi area. According to the expression levels and prognostic characteristics of NUP107, ROC curves and nomogram models were constructed using the R package.

RESULTS

NUP107 was highly expressed in 26 human cancers including HCC, and was associated with advanced HCC staging and worse prognosis. NUP107 showed satisfactory ability to predict the prognosis of HCC patients (AUC >0.8). Results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further showed that NUP107 was mainly associated with cell cycle-related pathways such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, G2M checkpoint, E2F target, and mitotic spindle. In addition, NUP107 was also associated with immune infiltration in HCC and showed significant positive correlation with immune checkpoints (PD-L1 and TIM-3).

ahctf1 and kras mutations combine to amplify oncogenic stress and restrict liver overgrowth in a zebrafish model of hepatocellular carcinoma

The nucleoporin (NUP) ELYS, encoded by AHCTF1, is a large multifunctional protein with essential roles in nuclear pore assembly and mitosis. Using both larval and adult zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in which the expression of an inducible mutant kras transgene (kras^G12V) drives hepatocyte-specific hyperplasia and liver enlargement, we show that reducing ahctf1 gene dosage by 50% markedly decreases liver volume, while non-hyperplastic tissues are unaffected. We demonstrate that in the context of cancer, ahctf1 heterozygosity impairs nuclear pore formation, mitotic spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation, leading to DNA damage and activation of a Tp53-dependent transcriptional programme that induces cell death and cell cycle arrest. Heterozygous expression of both ahctf1 and ranbp2 (encoding a second nucleoporin), or treatment of heterozygous ahctf1 larvae with the nucleocytoplasmic transport inhibitor, Selinexor, completely blocks kras^G12V-driven hepatocyte hyperplasia. Gene expression analysis of patient samples in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) dataset in The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that high expression of one or more of the transcripts encoding the 10 components of the NUP107-160 subcomplex, which includes AHCTF1, is positively correlated with worse overall survival. These results provide a strong and feasible rationale for the development of novel cancer therapeutics that target ELYS function and suggest potential avenues for effective combinatorial treatments.

A-type lamins involvement in transport and implications in cancer?

Nuclear lamins and transport are intrinsically linked, but their relationship is yet to be fully unraveled. A multitude of complex, coupled interactions between lamins and nucleoporins (Nups), which mediate active transport into and out of the nucleus, combined with well documented dysregulation of lamins in many cancers, suggests that lamins and nuclear transport may play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and the preservation of cancer. Changes of function related to lamin/Nup activity can principally lead to DNA damage, further increasing the genetic diversity within a tumor, which could lead to the reduction the effectiveness of antineoplastic treatments. This review discusses and synthesizes different connections of lamins to nuclear transport and offers a number of outlook questions, the answers to which could reveal a new perspective on the connection of lamins to molecular transport of cancer therapeutics, in addition to their established role in nuclear mechanics.

TurboID Identification of Evolutionarily Divergent Components of the Nuclear Pore Complex in the Malaria Model Plasmodium berghei

Twenty years since the publication of the Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei genomes one-third of their protein-coding genes still lack functional annotation. In the absence of sequence and structural homology, protein-protein interactions can facilitate functional prediction of such orphan genes by mapping protein complexes in their natural cellular environment. The Plasmodium nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a case in point: it remains poorly defined; its constituents lack conservation with the 30+ proteins described in the NPC of many opisthokonts, a clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi and animals, but not Plasmodium. Here, we developed a labeling methodology based on TurboID fusion proteins, which allows visualization of the P. berghei NPC and facilitates the identification of its components. Following affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identified 4 known nucleoporins (Nups) (138, 205, 221, and the bait 313), and verify interaction with the putative phenylalanine-glycine (FG) Nup637; we assigned 5 proteins lacking annotation (and therefore meaningful homology with proteins outside the genus) to the NPC, which is confirmed by green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging. Based on gene deletion attempts, all new Nups — Nup176, 269, 335, 390, and 434 — are essential to parasite survival. They lack primary sequence homology with proteins outside the Plasmodium genus; albeit 2 incorporate short domains with structural homology to human Nup155 and yeast Nup157, and the condensin SMC (Structural Maintenance Of Chromosomes 4). The protocols developed here showcase the power of proximity labeling for elucidating protein complex composition and annotation of taxonomically restricted genes in Plasmodium. It opens the door to exploring the function of the Plasmodium NPC and understanding its evolutionary position.

Quantitative analysis of nuclear pore complex organization in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The number, distribution, and composition of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in the nuclear envelope varies between cell types and changes during cellular differentiation and in disease. To understand how NPC density and organization are controlled, we analyzed the NPC number and distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe using structured illumination microscopy. The small size of yeast nuclei, genetic features of fungi, and our robust image analysis pipeline allowed us to study NPCs in intact nuclei under multiple conditions. Our data revealed that NPC density is maintained across a wide range of nuclear sizes. Regions of reduced NPC density are observed over the nucleolus and surrounding the spindle pole body (SPB). Lem2-mediated tethering of the centromeres to the SPB is required to maintain NPC exclusion near SPBs. These findings provide a quantitative understanding of NPC number and distribution in S. pombe and show that interactions between the centromere and the nuclear envelope influences local NPC distribution.

Nucleoporin-93 reveals a common feature of aggressive breast cancers: robust nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcription factors

By establishing multi-omics pipelines, we uncover overexpression and gene copy-number alterations of nucleoporin-93 (NUP93), a nuclear pore component, in aggressive human mammary tumors. NUP93 overexpression enhances transendothelial migration and matrix invasion in vitro, along with tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. These findings are supported by analyses of two sets of naturally occurring mutations: rare oncogenic mutations and inactivating familial nephrotic syndrome mutations. Mechanistically, NUP93 binds with importins, boosts nuclear transport of importins' cargoes, such as β-catenin, and activates MYC. Likewise, NUP93 overexpression enhances the ultimate nuclear transport step shared by additional signaling pathways, including TGF-β/SMAD and EGF/ERK. The emerging addiction to nuclear transport exposes vulnerabilities of NUP93-overexpressing tumors. Congruently, myristoylated peptides corresponding to the nuclear translocation signals of SMAD and ERK can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Our study sheds light on an emerging hallmark of advanced tumors, which derive benefit from robust nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Proximity Ligation Mapping of Microcephaly Associated SMPD4 Shows Association with Components of the Nuclear Pore Membrane

SMPD4 is a neutral sphingomyelinase implicated in a specific type of congenital microcephaly. Although not intensively studied, SMPD4 deficiency has also been found to cause cell division defects. This suggests a role for SMPD4 in cell-cycle and differentiation. In order to explore this role, we used proximity ligation to identify the partners of SMPD4 in vivo in HEK293T cells. We found that these partners localize near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nuclear membrane. Using mass spectrometry, we could identify these partners and discovered that SMPD4 is closely associated with several nucleoporins, including NUP35, a nucleoporin directly involved in pore membrane curvature and pore insertion. This suggests that SMPD4 may play a role in this process.

Impact of the Nuclear Envelope on Malignant Transformation, Motility, and Survival of Lung Cancer Cells

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) selectively mediate all nucleocytoplasmic transport and engage in fundamental cell-physiological processes. It is hypothesized that NPCs are critical for malignant transformation and survival of lung cancer cells, and test the hypothesis in lowly and highly metastatic non-small human lung cancer cells (NSCLCs). It is shown that malignant transformation is paralleled by an increased NPCs density, and a balanced pathological weakening of the physiological stringency of the NPC barrier. Pharmacological interference using barrier-breaking compounds collapses the stringency. Concomitantly, it induces drastic overall structural changes of NSCLCs, terminating their migration. Moreover, the degree of malignancy is found to be paralleled by substantially decreased lamin A/C levels. The latter provides crucial structural and mechanical stability to the nucleus, and interacts with NPCs, cytoskeleton, and nucleoskeleton for cell maintenance, survival, and motility. The recent study reveals the physiological importance of the NPC barrier stringency for mechanical and structural resilience of normal cell nuclei. Hence, reduced lamin A/C levels in conjunction with controlled pathological weakening of the NPC barrier stringency may facilitate deformability of NSCLCs during the metastasis steps. Modulation of the NPC barrier presents a potential strategy for suppressing the malignant phenotype or enhancing the effectiveness of currently existing chemotherapeutics.