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Burchert H, Lapidaire W, Williamson W, McCourt A, Dockerill C, Woodward W, Tan CMJ, Bertagnolli M, Mohamed A, Alsharqi M, Hanssen H, Huckstep OJ, Leeson P, Lewandowski AJ. Aerobic Exercise Training Response in Preterm-Born Young Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure and Stage 1 Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:1227-1236. [PMID: 36459100 PMCID: PMC10161761 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0858oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Premature birth is an independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular risk. Individuals affected are reported to have a lower rate of [Formula: see text]o2 at peak exercise intensity ([Formula: see text]o2PEAK) and at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold ([Formula: see text]o2VAT), but little is known about their response to exercise training. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine whether the [Formula: see text]o2PEAK response to exercise training differed between preterm-born and term-born individuals; the secondary objective was to quantify group differences in [Formula: see text]o2VAT response. Methods: Fifty-two preterm-born and 151 term-born participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training (n = 102) or a control group (n = 101). Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were conducted before and after the intervention to measure [Formula: see text]o2PEAK and the [Formula: see text]o2VAT. A prespecified subgroup analysis was conducted by fitting an interaction term for preterm and term birth histories and exercise group allocation. Measurements and Main Results: For term-born participants, [Formula: see text]o2PEAK increased by 3.1 ml/kg/min (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 4.4), and the [Formula: see text]o2VAT increased by 2.3 ml/kg/min (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.8) in the intervention group versus controls. For preterm-born participants, [Formula: see text]o2PEAK increased by 1.8 ml/kg/min (95% CI, -0.4 to 3.9), and the [Formula: see text]o2VAT increased by 4.6 ml/kg/min (95% CI, 2.1 to 7.0) in the intervention group versus controls. No significant interaction was observed with birth history for [Formula: see text]o2PEAK (P = 0.32) or the [Formula: see text]o2VAT (P = 0.12). Conclusions: The training intervention led to significant improvements in [Formula: see text]o2PEAK and [Formula: see text]o2VAT, with no evidence of a statistically different response based on birth history. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02723552).
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Burchert
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Winok Lapidaire
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wilby Williamson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle McCourt
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Dockerill
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Woodward
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl M. J. Tan
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Afifah Mohamed
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Alsharqi
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Odaro J. Huckstep
- Department of Biology, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Lewandowski
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cui C, Wu C, Wang J, Ma Z, Zheng X, Zhu P, Wang N, Zhu Y, Guan W, Chen F. Restored intestinal integrity, nutrients transporters, energy metabolism, antioxidative capacity and decreased harmful microbiota were associated with IUGR piglet's catch-up growth before weanling. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:129. [PMID: 36229888 PMCID: PMC9564052 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth (CUG) before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence. But there was limited knowledge about the underlying mechanism of CUG occurrence. METHODS Eighty litters of newborn piglets were divided into normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR groups according to birth weight. At 26 d, those piglets with IUGR but over average body weight of eighty litters of weaned piglets were considered as CUG, and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered as NCUG. This study was conducted to systemically compare the intestinal difference among NBW, CUG and NCUG weaned piglets considering the crucial role of the intestine for piglet growth. RESULTS The results indicated that the mRNA expression of nutrients (amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids) transporters, and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) I were upregulated in CUG piglets' gut with improved morphology compared with those NCUG, as well as the ratio of P-AMPK/AMPK protein expression which is the indicator of energy metabolism. Meanwhile, CUG piglet's gut showed higher antioxidative capacity with increased SOD and GSH-Px activity, decreased MDA levels, as well as higher mRNA expressions of Nrf2, Keap1, SOD, and GSH-Px. Furthermore, inflammatory parameters including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 factors, and the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were significantly elevated in the NCUG intestine, while the protein expression of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 was reduced. The alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was higher in CUG piglets in contrast with NCUG piglets, and the increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria was also observed in CUG piglets. CONCLUSIONS CUG piglet's intestine showed comprehensive restoration including higher nutrients transport, energy metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal physical barrier, while lower oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and pathogenic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pengwei Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Nuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Shenzhen Kingsino Technology CO., LTD, Shenzhen, 518107, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Hatta H. Sex-specific differences in the metabolic enzyme activity and transporter levels in mouse skeletal muscle during postnatal development. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 48:361-378. [PMID: 36735925 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although sex-associated differences in energy metabolism in adults are well-characterized, developmental sex-specific changes in skeletal muscle metabolism are largely unknown. This study investigated sex differences in high-energy phosphate, glycolytic, and mitochondrial enzyme activities and metabolite transporter protein levels in mouse skeletal muscles during the early postnatal period (day 10), post-weaning (day 28), sexual maturity (day 56), and adult life (day 140). No significant sex-specific differences were observed on days 10 and 28, except for glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 level. The hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities of skeletal muscle were higher and the citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were lower in female mice than those in male mice on days 56 and 140. The GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 protein levels were higher and the monocarboxylate transporter 4 level was lower in the skeletal muscles of female mice than those of male mice, particularly on days 56 and 140. At 140 days of age, the respiratory exchange ratio during treadmill running (15 m/min, 60 min) was lower in females than that in males, despite no sex differences at rest. In summary, sex differences were not evident in the early postnatal and post-weaning periods but became apparent after the mice reached sexual maturity. These findings indicate that sexually mature animals are a better model for investigating sex differences, particularly in the context of studying energy metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Physical and Neurological Development of a Girl Born to a Mother with Methylmalonic Acidemia and Kidney Transplantation and Review of the Literature. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8111013. [PMID: 34828726 PMCID: PMC8619094 DOI: 10.3390/children8111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: actual literature suggests that children of methylmalonic acidemia patients are mostly healthy, but data are only partial, especially regarding long-term outcome. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the possible long-term neurological effects of fetal exposure to high levels of methylmalonic acid in a child of a renal transplant recipient. Methods: we retrospectively evaluated the clinical and neurological records of a girl whose mother is a kidney transplant recipient affected by methylmalonic acidemia. Subsequently, we compared our results with the ones already published. Results: the girl’s weight and stature were within the normal range in the first years of life but, starting from 4 years of age, she became progressively overweight. Regarding the neurodevelopment aspects, for the first time we performed a complete and seriated neuropsychological evaluation, highlighting a mild but significant weakness in the verbal domain, with a worsening trend at three-year revaluation. Conclusions: since children of MMA patients are exposed to methylmalonic acid, the efforts of the physicians caring for these children should be directed on careful evaluation of growth, prevention of obesity and regular neurological examination together with structured neuropsychological tests to achieve a better insight in possible complications of pregnancy in patients suffering from this condition.
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5
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Owen-Jones Z, Perrochon A, Hermand E, Ponthier L, Fourcade L, Borel B. Evolution of Muscular Oxygenation during a Walking Test in Preterm Children. J Pediatr 2020; 227:142-148.e1. [PMID: 32750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore measures of peripheral muscular oxygenation, coupled to gait characteristics, between preterm and full-term children during a 6-minute walking test (6MWT). STUDY DESIGN Prepubescent children performed a 6MWT. During the test, changes in muscular oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin were measured with Near-infrared spectroscopy technology, positioned on subjects' calves. Gait variables were monitored with the OptoGait system. RESULTS Forty-five children (33 full-term children and 12 preterm children, mean age, 4.9 ± 0.7 and 4.6 ± 0.9 years, respectively) participated in this study. Statistical analysis highlighted a decreased walking performance for preterm children, with significantly lower walking distance (P < .05) than children born full-term (405.1 ± 91.8 m vs 461.0 ± 73.3 m respectively; -9%). A concomitant increase of oxygen extraction (over the time course of Variation of desoxyhemoglobin) was observed from the third minute of the test (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was found for other near-infrared spectroscopy measures. Finally, the analysis of gait variables highlighted a group effect for walking speed (P < .05) and stride length (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Premature children showed decreased walking performance and greater change in peripheral muscular oxygen extraction, associated with slower walking speed and stride length. This may point to a muscular maladjustment and reduced functional capacities for children born preterm. These phenomena could be responsible for greater muscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Owen-Jones
- ILFOMER, Institut Limousin de Formation aux Métiers de la Réadaptation, Limoges, France; Laboratoire HAVAE, EA6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Anaick Perrochon
- ILFOMER, Institut Limousin de Formation aux Métiers de la Réadaptation, Limoges, France; Laboratoire HAVAE, EA6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Hermand
- Laboratoire HAVAE, EA6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire UMR INSERM U1272, "Hypoxie and Poumon", University Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Laure Ponthier
- Service de Réanimation Néonatal et Pédiatrique, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Fourcade
- Département de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hopital Mère Enfant, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Benoit Borel
- ILFOMER, Institut Limousin de Formation aux Métiers de la Réadaptation, Limoges, France; Laboratoire HAVAE, EA6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
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6
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Qi M, Wang J, Tan B, Liao S, Long C, Yin Y. Postnatal growth retardation is associated with intestinal mucosa mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant energy status in piglets. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10100-10111. [PMID: 32667125 PMCID: PMC7520312 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with postnatal growth retardation (PGR) are prone to developing chronic disease. Abnormal development in small intestine is casually implicated in impaired growth performance. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this present study, PGR piglets (aged 42 days) were employed as a good model to analyse changes in nutrient absorption and energy metabolism in the intestinal mucosa. The results showed lower serum concentrations of free amino acids, and lipid metabolites in PGR piglets, which were in accordance with the down‐regulated mRNA expressions involved in fatty acid and amino acid transporters in the jejunal and ileal mucosa. The decreased activities of digestive enzymes and the marked swelling in mitochondria were also observed in the PGR piglets. In addition, it was found that lower ATP production, higher AMP/ATP ratio, deteriorated mitochondrial complex III and ATP synthase, and decreased manganese superoxide dismutase activity in the intestinal mucosa of PGR piglets. Furthermore, altered gene expression involved in energy metabolism, accompanied by decreases in the protein abundance of SIRT1, PGC‐1α and PPARγ, as well as phosphorylations of AMPKα, mTOR, P70S6K and 4E‐BP1 were observed in intestinal mucosa of PGR piglets. In conclusion, decreased capability of nutrient absorption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aberrant energy status in the jejunal and ileal mucosa may contribute to PGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan International Joint laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Simeng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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7
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Tetri LH, Diffee GM, Barton GP, Braun RK, Yoder HE, Haraldsdottir K, Eldridge MW, Goss KN. Sex-Specific Skeletal Muscle Fatigability and Decreased Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity in Adult Rats Exposed to Postnatal Hyperoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 29651255 PMCID: PMC5884929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature birth affects more than 10% of live births, and is characterized by relative hyperoxia exposure in an immature host. Long-term consequences of preterm birth include decreased aerobic capacity, decreased muscular strength and endurance, and increased prevalence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postnatal hyperoxia exposure in rodents is a well-established model of chronic lung disease of prematurity, and also recapitulates the pulmonary vascular, cardiovascular, and renal phenotype of premature birth. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether postnatal hyperoxia exposure in rats could recapitulate the skeletal and metabolic phenotype of premature birth, and to characterize the subcellular metabolic changes associated with postnatal hyperoxia exposure, with a secondary aim to evaluate sex differences in this model. Compared to control rats, male rats exposed to 14 days of postnatal hyperoxia then aged to 1 year demonstrated higher skeletal muscle fatigability, lower muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, more mitochondrial damage, and higher glycolytic enzyme expression. These differences were not present in female rats with the same postnatal hyperoxia exposure. This study demonstrates detrimental mitochondrial and muscular outcomes in the adult male rat exposed to postnatal hyperoxia. Given that young adults born premature also demonstrate skeletal muscle dysfunction, future studies are merited to determine whether this dysfunction as well as reduced aerobic capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Tetri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gary M Diffee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gregory P Barton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rudolf K Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hannah E Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristin Haraldsdottir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marlowe W Eldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kara N Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Kolarova H, Krizova J, Hulkova M, Hansikova H, Hulkova H, Smid V, Zeman J, Honzik T, Tesarova M. Changes in transcription pattern lead to a marked decrease in COX, CS and SQR activity after the developmental point of the 22(nd) gestational week. Physiol Res 2018; 67:79-91. [PMID: 29137472 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue differentiation and proliferation throughout fetal development interconnect with changes in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) on the cellular level. Reevaluation of the expression data revealed a significant increase in COX4 and MTATP6 liver transcription levels after the 22(nd) gestational week (GW) which inspired us to characterize its functional impact. Specific activities of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), citrate synthase (CS), succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) and mtDNA determined by spectrophotometry and RT-PCR were studied in a set of 25 liver and 18 skeletal muscle samples at 13(th) to 29(th) GW. Additionally, liver hematopoiesis (LH) was surveyed by light microscopy. The mtDNA content positively correlated with the gestational age only in the liver. The activities of COX, CS and SQR in both liver and muscle isolated mitochondria significantly decreased after the 22(nd) GW in comparison with earlier GW. A continuous decline of LH, not correlating with the documented OXPHOS-specific activities, was observed from the 14(th) to the 24(th) GW indicating their exclusive reflection of liver tissue processes. Two apparently contradictory processes of increasing mtDNA transcription and decreasing OXPHOS-specific activities seem to be indispensable for rapid postnatal adaptation to high energy demands. The inadequate capacity of mitochondrial energy production may be an important factor in the mortality of children born before the critical developmental point of the 22(nd) GW.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kolarova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Zhang LL, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang T. Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on intestinal morphology and energy metabolism of intrauterine growth retarded weanling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 71:231-245. [PMID: 28429991 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1312812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that there is a relationship between intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and postnatal intestinal damage involved in energy deficits. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the intestinal morphology, intestinal function and energy metabolism of piglets with IUGR. At weaning (21 ± 1.1 d of age), 24 IUGR piglets and 24 normal birth weight (NBW) piglets were selected according to their birth weights (BW) (IUGR: 0.95 ± 0.04 kg BW; NBW: 1.58 ± 0.04 kg BW) and their weights at the time of weaning (IUGR: 5.26 ± 0.15 kg BW; NBW: 6.98 ± 0.19 kg BW). The piglets were fed a diet of either long-chain triglycerides (LCT) (containing 5% LCT) or MCT (containing 1% LCT and 4% MCT) for 28 d. Then, the piglets' intestinal morphology, biochemical parameters and mRNA abundance related to intestinal damage and energy metabolism were determined. IUGR was found to impair intestinal morphology, with evidence of decreased villus height and increased crypt depth; however, these negative effects of IUGR were ameliorated by MCT treatment. IUGR piglets showed compromised intestinal digestion and absorption functions when compared with NBW piglets. However, feeding MCT increased the maltase activity in the jejunum and alleviated IUGR-induced reductions in plasma d-xylose concentrations and jejunal sucrase activity. IUGR decreased the efficiency of the piglets' intestinal energy metabolism; however, piglets fed an MCT diet exhibited increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and ATP synthase F1 complex beta polypeptide expression, as well as decreased adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase alpha 1 expression in the jejunum of piglets. In addition, up-regulation of the piglets' citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase levels was found to occur following MCT treatment at both the activity and the transcriptional levels of the jejunum. Therefore, it can be postulated that MCT treatment has beneficial effects in alleviating IUGR-induced intestinal morphologic damage, which is associated with improved intestinal energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hao Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yue Li
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Tian Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
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10
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Zhang H, Li Y, Su W, Ying Z, Zhou L, Zhang L, Wang T. Resveratrol attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of intrauterine growth retarded suckling piglets by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and redox status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27958670 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Emerging evidence has identified mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the effect of resveratrol (RSV) on hepatic mitochondrial function in intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) suckling piglets. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven normal birth weight (NBW) and fourteen IUGR neonatal male piglets were selected. Piglets were fed control diets supplemented with 0 (NBW-CON), 0 (IUGR-CON), and 1.0 (IUGR-RSV) g RSV per kg of milk dry matter from 7 to 21 days of age (n = 7), respectively. Mitochondrial function, swelling, and redox status in the liver were assessed. Compared with NBW, IUGR impaired hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and energy homeostasis of the control piglets. IUGR control piglets showed overproduction of superoxide radicals, increased concentration of malondialdehyde, and marked swelling in the mitochondria. RSV improved mitochondrial DNA content, ATP production, and fatty acid oxidation in the liver of IUGR piglets, along with an increased activity of sirtuin 1. RSV inhibited mitochondrial superoxide anion accumulation, increased complex III and manganese superoxide dismutase activities, and ameliorated mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation in the IUGR piglets. CONCLUSION RSV may have beneficial effects in improving hepatic mitochondrial function and redox status in the IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weipeng Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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DeFreitas MJ, Katsoufis CP, Abitbol CL. Cardio-renal consequences of low birth weight and preterm birth. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Kan B, Razzaghian HR, Lavoie PM. An Immunological Perspective on Neonatal Sepsis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:290-302. [PMID: 26993220 PMCID: PMC5104533 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite concerted international efforts, mortality from neonatal infections remains unacceptably high in some areas of the world, particularly for premature infants. Recent developments in flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing technologies have led to major discoveries over the past few years, providing a more integrated understanding of the developing human immune system in the context of its microbial environment. We review these recent findings, focusing on how in human newborns incomplete maturation of the immune system before a full term of gestation impacts on their vulnerability to infection. We also discuss some of the clinical implications of this research in guiding the design of more-accurate age-adapted diagnostic and preventive strategies for neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Kan
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hamid Reza Razzaghian
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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13
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Illsinger S, Das AM. Impact of selected inborn errors of metabolism on prenatal and neonatal development. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:403-13. [PMID: 20503433 DOI: 10.1002/iub.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In general, data regarding maturational processes of different metabolic pathways in the very vulnerable fetal and neonatal period are rare. This review is to substantiate the impact of selected inborn errors of metabolism on this critical period of life and their clinical manifestation. Significant adaptation of mitochondrial/energy-, carbohydrate-, lysosomal-, and amino acid-metabolism occurs during early prenatal and neonatal development. In utero, metabolic environment has an impact on the development of the fetus as well as fetal organ maturation. Defects of distinct metabolic pathways could therefore already be of significant relevance in utero and for clinical manifestations in the early fetal and neonatal period. Disturbances of these pathways may influence intrauterine growth and health. Production of a toxic intrauterine milieu, energy-deficiency, modification of membrane function, or disturbance of the normal intrauterine expression of genes may be responsible for fetal compromise and developmental disorders. Three categories of metabolic disorders will be discussed: the "intoxication type" (classical galactosemia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, and "maternal phenylketonuria"), the "storage type" (Morbus Niemann Pick type C), and the "energy deficient type" (including long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, and respiratory chain defects). For these disorders, the pathophysiology of early manifestation, special aspects regarding the prenatal and neonatal period, and diagnostic as well as therapeutic options are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Illsinger
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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14
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Pejznochova M, Tesarova M, Hansikova H, Magner M, Honzik T, Vinsova K, Hajkova Z, Havlickova V, Zeman J. Mitochondrial DNA content and expression of genes involved in mtDNA transcription, regulation and maintenance during human fetal development. Mitochondrion 2010; 10:321-9. [PMID: 20096380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial biogenesis and adequate energy production are important for fetal growth and early postnatal adaptation. The aim of the study was to characterize mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and expression patterns of POLG, TFAM, NRF1,NRF2 and PGC1 family of regulated coactivators (PGC1A, PGC1B and PRC) involved in the mtDNA transcription, regulation and maintenance in human fetal tissues during second trimester of gestation. Further the mRNA expression profiles of selected cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunits were analysed. Moreover enzyme activities of COX and CS and protein levels of COX subunits were analysed. DNA, RNA and proteins were isolated from 26 pairs of fetal liver and muscle samples obtained at autopsy after termination of pregnancy for genetic indications unrelated to OXPHOS deficiency between 13th and 28th week of gestation. This work offers a broad view on the mtDNA content changes in two different tissues during the second trimester of gestation and in the corresponding tissues after birth. The important differences in expression of POLG, TFAM, NRF2 genes and family PGC1 coactivators were found between the fetal tissues. The significant tissue-specific changes in expression of selected COX subunits on mRNA level (COX4 and MTCO2) were observed. Further the considerable differences in enzyme activities of COX and CS are demonstrated between fetal and postnatal phase. In conclusion our study indicates that the fetal developing tissues might differ in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis depending on their energy demand and the age of gestation. Moreover the gene expression is changed mainly on transcriptional level through fetal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pejznochova
- Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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15
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Minai L, Martinovic J, Chretien D, Dumez F, Razavi F, Munnich A, Rötig A. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly and function during human fetal development. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:120-6. [PMID: 18249146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency may have early antenatal manifestations, probably related to the time course and/or tissue specificity of the disease gene expression during the embryo-fetal period. This feature hampers a fully reliable prenatal enzymological diagnosis of OXPHOS deficiency. We have studied OXPHOS in various human fetal tissues from 9 to 17 weeks of gestation. We found that the fetal respiratory chain complexes are fully assembled and functional at early stages of development in heart, liver, muscle, brain and kidney. We also observed a marked increase of respiratory chain activities and mitochondria content in postnatal compared to prenatal tissues. However, we were not able to detect obvious modification in the size, composition or activity of the various OXPHOS complexes during the second trimester of pregnancy that could account for the variations we observed in a pathological context. Therefore, we suggest that the time-dependent expression of respiratory chain deficiency either during fetal life or after birth could be related to the differential expression or regulation of the mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Minai
- INSERM U781 and Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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16
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Honzik T, Wenchich L, Böhm M, Hansikova H, Pejznochova M, Zapadlo M, Plavka R, Zeman J. Activities of respiratory chain complexes and pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated muscle mitochondria in premature neonates. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:269-76. [PMID: 17698302 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most diseases in premature neonates are secondary to immaturity of various organ systems. Also the inadequate capacity of mitochondrial energy production may play an important role in the neonatal morbidity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The activities and amount of respiratory chain (RC) complexes, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and citrate synthase (CS) were analysed in isolated muscle mitochondria obtained at autopsy in 19 premature neonates using spectrophotometric and radioenzymatic methods and blue-native electrophoresis and Western blotting. Two groups of children recommended for muscle biopsy at the age of 0.5-2 and 3-18 years served as controls. RESULTS In premature neonates, the activities of RC complexes III, IV, PDH and CS were markedly lower in comparison with older children. On the contrary, the activity of complex I was higher in premature neonates than in older children. The ratios between RC complexes I, II and III and CS were significantly higher in premature neonates in comparison with older children. In addition, the protein amount of RC complexes and PDH subunits were lower in premature neonates in comparison with older children. CONCLUSION The results of our study document the age-dependent differences in activities of PDH and respiratory chain complexes in early childhood. Lower functional capacity of mitochondrial energy-providing system in critically ill neonates may be explained by combination of various factors including the delay in maturation of PDH and respiratory chain complexes in very premature neonates and increased degradation of mitochondrial proteins in connection with sepsis, tissue hypoperfusion or hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Clinical, biochemical and molecular analyses of six patients with isolated cytochrome c oxidase deficiency due to mutations in the SCO2 gene. Acta Paediatr 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Böhm M, Pronicka E, Karczmarewicz E, Pronicki M, Piekutowska-Abramczuk D, Sykut-Cegielska J, Mierzewska H, Hansikova H, Vesela K, Tesarova M, Houstkova H, Houstek J, Zeman J. Retrospective, multicentric study of 180 children with cytochrome C oxidase deficiency. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:21-6. [PMID: 16326995 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000190572.68191.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective, multicenter study of 180 children with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency analyzed the clinical features, prognosis, and molecular bases of the COX deficiency. Clinical symptoms including failure to thrive, encephalopathy, hypotony, Leigh syndrome, cardiac involvement, and hepatopathy appeared in most patients early after birth or in early childhood. Two thirds of all children died. Biochemical examination revealed an isolated COX deficiency in 101 children and COX deficiency combined with disturbances of other respiratory chain complexes in 79 children. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate increased in 85% and 81% of examined cases, respectively. Pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA were established in 75 patients. Mutations in surfeit locus protein 1 gene (SURF1) were found in 47 children with Leigh syndrome; 2bp deletion 845-846delCT was found in 89% of independent alleles. Mutations in a mitochondrial copper-binding protein (SCO2) gene were found in nine children with encephalomyopathy and/or cardiomyopathy; all of them were homozygotes or heterozygotes for 1541G>A mutation. Different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion or depletion were found in nine children, mtDNA mutation 3243A>G in six, mtDNA mutation 8363G>A in two children with Leigh syndrome and mtDNA mutations 8344A>G, and 9205-9206delTA in one child each. COX deficiency represents a heterogeneous group of diseases with unfavorable prognosis. Marked prevalence of two nuclear DNA mutations (845-846delCT in the SURF1 gene and 1541G>A in the SCO2 gene) associated with COX deficiency in a Slavonic population suggests the existence of regional differences in the genetic basis of COX deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Böhm
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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López S, Miró Ò, Martínez E, Pedrol E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Milinkovic A, Soler A, García-Viejo MA, Nunes V, Casademont J, Gatell JM, Cardellach F. Mitochondrial Effects of Antiretroviral Therapies in Asymptomatic Patients. Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background A decrease in the mitochondrial (mt) DNA to nuclear DNA ratio has gained acceptance as a marker of mitochondrial toxicity in treated HIV-infected patients, but the functional meaning of this alteration is unclear. Methods We assessed mtDNA content, mitochondrial content and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of consecutive asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Patients selected had been receiving a first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen for at least 6 months, consisting of zidovudine plus lamivudine or stavudine plus didanosine plus either nelfinavir or nevirapine, or were antiretroviral-naive. The mtDNA content was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, mitochondrial content by citrate synthase activity, enzyme activity of complexes III and IV (both partially encoded by mtDNA) of the electron transport chain by spectrophotometry, oxygen consumption by polarography, and oxidative damage in cell membranes by monitoring cis-parinaric acid fluorescence. Results Mitochondrial content was significantly lower in all treated groups. Patients receiving stavudine plus didanosine had mtDNA depletion and a decrease in complex IV activity. However, oxygen consumption capacity and lipid peroxidation were unaffected in all groups. Conclusion Long-term HAART may induce mitochondrial abnormalities in PBMC mitochondria, which do not necessarily translate into functional abnormalities, at least in asymptomatic patients. This study was presented in the 4th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions & Lipodystrophy in HIV (San Diego, Calif., USA, September 2002) and in ‘Late Breakers & Hot Topics’ session in the 6th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection (Glasgow, UK, November 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia López
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Òscar Miró
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Martínez
- Infectious Disease Unit. Hospital Clínic, ‘August Pi i Sunyer’ Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enric Pedrol
- Infectious Disease Unit. Hospital Clínic, ‘August Pi i Sunyer’ Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- HIV-Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundació Hospital-Asil de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Milinkovic
- Infectious Disease Unit. Hospital Clínic, ‘August Pi i Sunyer’ Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Soler
- HIV-Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundació Hospital-Asil de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel A García-Viejo
- Infectious Disease Unit. Hospital Clínic, ‘August Pi i Sunyer’ Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Center-IRO, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Casademont
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Gatell
- Infectious Disease Unit. Hospital Clínic, ‘August Pi i Sunyer’ Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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