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Dodamani MH, Lila AR, Memon SS, Sarathi V, Arya S, Rane A, Sehemby MK, Garg R, Bhandare VV, Karlekar M, Patil VA, Kunwar A, Bandgar TR. Genotypic Spectrum and its Correlation with Alopecia and Clinical Response in Hereditary Vitamin D Resistant Rickets: Our Experience and Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:483-492. [PMID: 36705686 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia in hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) has some correlation with severe rickets and poor overall response. However, these observations are based on small series. Hence, we aim to assess the genotypic spectrum of HVDRR and its correlation with alopecia and clinical response. Seven genetically-proven HVDDR patients from five unrelated families and 119 probands from systematic review were analysed retrospectively for phenotypic and genotypic data and overall response to therapy. In our cohort mean age at rickets onset was 12 (± 3.4) months. Alopecia was present in all patients but one. All patients had poor overall response to oral high-dose calcium and calcitriol and most required intravenous calcium. Genetic analyses revealed four novel variants. On systematic review, alopecia was present in majority (81.5%) and preceded the onset of rickets. Patients with alopecia had higher serum calcium (7.6 vs.6.9 mg/dl, p = 0.008), lower 1, 25(OH)2 D (200 vs.320 pg/ml, p = 0.03) and similar overall response to oral therapy (28.7% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.56). Alopecia was present in 51.4% of non-truncating (NT) ligand-binding domain (LBD) variants, whereas it was universal in truncating LBD and all DNA binding-domain (DBD) variants. Overall response to oral therapy was highest in LBD-NT (46.4%) as compared to 7.6% in LBD-truncating and 19% in DBD-NT variants. Among LBD-NT variants, those affecting RXR heterodimerization, but not those affecting ligand affinity, were associated with alopecia. Both alopecia and overall response have genotypic correlation. Age at diagnosis and overall response to oral therapy were similar between patients with and without alopecia in genetically proven HVDRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Havalappa Dodamani
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Saba Samad Memon
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India.
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Ankita Rane
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Manjeet Kaur Sehemby
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Robin Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | | | - Manjiri Karlekar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Virendra A Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar R Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
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Abstract
Rickets is a metabolic bone disease that develops as a result of inadequate mineralization of growing bone due to disruption of calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D metabolism. Nutritional rickets remains a significant child health problem in developing countries. In addition, several rare genetic causes of rickets have also been described, which can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of genetic disorders of vitamin D biosynthesis and action, such as vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1A (VDDR1A), vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1B (VDDR1B), vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2A (VDDR2A), and vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2B (VDDR2B). The second group involves genetic disorders of excessive renal phosphate loss (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets) due to impairment in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption as a result of FGF23-related or FGF23-independent causes. In this review, we focus on clinical, laboratory and genetic characteristics of various types of hereditary rickets as well as differential diagnosis and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Acar
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yufei Shi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Department of Genetics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gopinath SD. Inhibition of Stat3 signaling ameliorates atrophy of the soleus muscles in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:2. [PMID: 28122601 PMCID: PMC5264327 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although skeletal muscle wasting has long been observed as a clinical outcome of impaired vitamin D signaling, precise molecular mechanisms that mediate the loss of muscle mass in the absence of vitamin D signaling are less clear. To determine the molecular consequences of vitamin D signaling, we analyzed the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling, a known contributor to various muscle wasting pathologies, in skeletal muscles. Methods We isolated soleus (slow) and tibialis anterior (fast) muscles from mice lacking the vitamin D receptor (VDR−/−) and used western blot analysis, quantitative RTPCR, and pharmacological intervention to analyze muscle atrophy in VDR−/− mice. Results We found that slow and fast subsets of muscles of the VDR−/− mice displayed elevated levels of phosphorylated Stat3 accompanied by an increase in Myostatin expression and signaling. Consequently, we observed reduced activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling components, ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) and ribosomal S6 protein (rpS6), that regulate protein synthesis and cell size, respectively. Concomitantly, we observed an increase in atrophy regulators and a block in autophagic gene expression. An examination of the upstream regulation of Stat3 levels in VDR−/− muscles revealed an increase in IL-6 protein expression in the soleus, but not in the tibialis anterior muscles. To investigate the involvement of satellite cells (SCs) in atrophy in VDR−/− mice, we found that there was no significant deficit in SC numbers in VDR−/− muscles compared to the wild type. Unlike its expression within VDR−/− fibers, Myostatin levels in VDR−/− SCs from bulk muscles were similar to those of wild type. However, VDR−/− SCs induced to differentiate in culture displayed increased p-Stat3 signaling and Myostatin expression. Finally, VDR−/− mice injected with a Stat3 inhibitor displayed reduced Myostatin expression and function and restored active p70S6K and rpS6 levels, resulting in an amelioration of loss of muscle mass in the soleus muscles. Conclusions The loss of muscle mass in slow muscles in the absence of vitamin D signaling is due to elevated levels of phosphorylated Stat3 that leads to an increase in Myostatin signaling, which in turn decreases protein synthesis and fiber size through the phosphorylation of p70S6K and rpS6, respectively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-017-0121-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra D Gopinath
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Cho JH, Kang E, Kim GH, Lee BH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. Long-term clinical outcome and the identification of homozygous CYP27B1 gene mutations in a patient with vitamin D hydroxylation-deficient rickets type 1A. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:169-173. [PMID: 27777911 PMCID: PMC5073165 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D hydroxylation-deficient rickets type 1A (VDDR1A) is an autosomal recessively-inherited disorder caused by mutations in CYP27B1 encoding the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme. We report on a female patient with VDDR1A who presented with hypocalcemic seizure at the age of 13 months. The typical clinical and biochemical features of VDDR1A were found, such as hypocalcemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, secondary hyperparathyroidism and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). Radiographic images of the wrist showed metaphyseal widening with cupping and fraying of the ulna and distal radius, suggesting rickets. A mutation analysis of the CYP27B1 gene identified a homozygous mutation of c.589+1G>A in the splice donor site in intron 3, which was known to be pathogenic. Since that time, the patient has been under calcitriol and calcium treatment, with normal growth and development. During the follow-up period, she did not develop genu valgum, scoliosis, or nephrocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hyang Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Schlingmann KP, Ruminska J, Kaufmann M, Dursun I, Patti M, Kranz B, Pronicka E, Ciara E, Akcay T, Bulus D, Cornelissen EAM, Gawlik A, Sikora P, Patzer L, Galiano M, Boyadzhiev V, Dumic M, Vivante A, Kleta R, Dekel B, Levtchenko E, Bindels RJ, Rust S, Forster IC, Hernando N, Jones G, Wagner CA, Konrad M. Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in SLC34A1 Encoding Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter 2A Cause Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:604-14. [PMID: 26047794 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH) is characterized by severe hypercalcemia with failure to thrive, vomiting, dehydration, and nephrocalcinosis. Recently, mutations in the vitamin D catabolizing enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) were described that lead to increased sensitivity to vitamin D due to accumulation of the active metabolite 1,25-(OH)2D3. In a subgroup of patients who presented in early infancy with renal phosphate wasting and symptomatic hypercalcemia, mutations in CYP24A1 were excluded. Four patients from families with parental consanguinity were subjected to homozygosity mapping that identified a second IIH gene locus on chromosome 5q35 with a maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 6.79. The sequence analysis of the most promising candidate gene, SLC34A1 encoding renal sodium-phosphate cotransporter 2A (NaPi-IIa), revealed autosomal-recessive mutations in the four index cases and in 12 patients with sporadic IIH. Functional studies of mutant NaPi-IIa in Xenopus oocytes and opossum kidney (OK) cells demonstrated disturbed trafficking to the plasma membrane and loss of phosphate transport activity. Analysis of calcium and phosphate metabolism in Slc34a1-knockout mice highlighted the effect of phosphate depletion and fibroblast growth factor-23 suppression on the development of the IIH phenotype. The human and mice data together demonstrate that primary renal phosphate wasting caused by defective NaPi-IIa function induces inappropriate production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 with subsequent symptomatic hypercalcemia. Clinical and laboratory findings persist despite cessation of vitamin D prophylaxis but rapidly respond to phosphate supplementation. Therefore, early differentiation between SLC34A1 (NaPi-IIa) and CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) defects appears critical for targeted therapy in patients with IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Schlingmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Justyna Ruminska
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ismail Dursun
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Monica Patti
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgitta Kranz
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Ewa Pronicka
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teoman Akcay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Bulus
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Keçiören Research and Educational Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sikora
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ludwig Patzer
- Children's Hospital St. Elisabeth and St. Barbara, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Matthias Galiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veselin Boyadzhiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital St. Marina, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslav Dumic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Robert Kleta
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René J Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Stephan Rust
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Ian C Forster
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Konrad
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany;
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Jin Z, Li X, Wan Y. Minireview: nuclear receptor regulation of osteoclast and bone remodeling. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:172-86. [PMID: 25549044 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells essential for skeletal remodeling and regeneration. However, excessive osteoclasts often contribute to prevalent bone degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and cancer bone metastasis. Osteoclast dysregulation is also associated with rare disorders such as osteopetrosis, pycnodysostosis, Paget's disease, and Gorham-Stout syndrome. The nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors functions as metabolic sensors that control a variety of physiological processes including skeletal homeostasis and serves as attractive therapeutic targets for many diseases. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the new players and the new mechanisms for how NRs regulate osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. An enhanced understanding of NR functions in osteoclastogenesis will facilitate the development of not only novel osteoprotective medicine but also prudent strategies to minimize the adverse skeletal effects of certain NR-targeting drugs for a better treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Pozza ME, Kaewsakhorn T, Trinarong C, Inpanbutr N, Toribio RE. Serum vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in ponies, horses and foals from the United States and Thailand. Vet J 2014; 199:451-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Keisala T, Minasyan A, Lou YR, Zou J, Kalueff AV, Pyykkö I, Tuohimaa P. Premature aging in vitamin D receptor mutant mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:91-7. [PMID: 19500727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypervitaminosis vitamin D(3) has been recently implicated in premature aging through the regulation of 1alpha hydroxylase expression by klotho and fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf-23). Here we examined whether the lack of hormonal function of vitamin D(3) in mice is linked to aging phenomena. For this, we used vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) "Tokyo" knockout (KO) mice (fed with a special rescue diet) and analyzed their growth, skin and cerebellar morphology, as well as overall motor performance. We also studied the expression of aging-related genes, such as Fgf-23, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), p53, insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), in liver, as well as klotho in liver, kidney and prostate tissues. Overall, VDR KO mice showed several aging related phenotypes, including poorer survival, early alopecia, thickened skin, enlarged sebaceous glands and development of epidermal cysts. There was no difference either in the structure of cerebellum or in the number of Purkinje cells. Unlike the wildtype controls, VDR KO mice lose their ability to swim after 6 months of age. Expression of all the genes was lower in old VDR KO mice, but only NF-kappaB, Fgf-23, p53 and IGF1R were significantly lower. Since the phenotype of aged VDR knockout mice is similar to mouse models with hypervitaminosis D(3), our study suggests that VDR genetic ablation promotes premature aging in mice, and that vitamin D(3) homeostasis regulates physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Keisala
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.
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Minasyan A, Keisala T, Zou J, Zhang Y, Toppila E, Syvälä H, Lou YR, Kalueff AV, Pyykkö I, Tuohimaa P. Vestibular dysfunction in vitamin D receptor mutant mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:161-6. [PMID: 19429446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. Vitamin D deficits are associated with muscle weakness and osteoporosis, whereas vitamin D supplementation may improve muscle function, body sway and frequency of falls, growth and mineral homeostasis of bones. The loss of muscle strength and mass, as well as deficits in bone formation, lead to poor balance. Poor balance is one of the main causes of falls, and may lead to dangerous injuries. Here we examine balance functions in vitamin D receptor deficient (VDR-/-) mice, an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II, and in 1alpha-hydroxylase deficient (1alpha-OHase-/-) mice, an animal model of pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets. Recently developed methods (tilting box, rotating tube test), swim test, and modified accelerating rotarod protocol were used to examine whether the absence of functional VDR, or the lack of a key vitamin D-activating enzyme, could lead to mouse vestibular dysfunctions. Overall, VDR-/- mice, but not 1alpha-OHase-/- mice, showed shorter latency to fall from the rotarod, smaller fall angle in the tilting box test, and aberrant poor swimming. These data suggest that VDR deficiency in mice is associated with decreased balance function, and may be relevant to poorer balance/posture control in humans with low levels of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minasyan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland.
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Moore DD, Kato S, Xie W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Schmidt DR, Xiao R, Kliewer SA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:742-59. [PMID: 17132852 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors of the NR1H and NR1I subgroups include the constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and vitamin D receptor. The newly emerging functions of these related receptors are under the control of metabolic pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics, bile acids, cholesterol, and calcium. This review summarizes results of structural, pharmacologic, and genetic studies of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tissandié E, Guéguen Y, Lobaccaro JMA, Aigueperse J, Souidi M. Vitamine D : Métabolisme, régulation et maladies associées. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:1095-100. [PMID: 17156732 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200622121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is well known as a hormone involved in mineral metabolism and bone growth. Conversion into the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) from the precursor is effected by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1) and the kidney (CYP27B1). CYP27A1 has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated by nuclear receptors (PPARalpha, gamma, HNF-4alpha and SHP) which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. CYP27B1 is tightly regulated by the plasma levels of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25(OH)2D3 itself. In vitamin D target organs, inactivation of vitamin D is attributed to CYP24A1 which is transcriptionally induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 whose action is mediated by binding to its cognate nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Diseases associated to Vitamin D deficiency (rickets in children, and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults) and autosomal recessive forms of inherited rickets illustrate the key role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recently, discovery of 1,25(OH)2D3 new biological actions that include antiproliferative, prodifferentiating effect on many cell types and immunoregulatory properties creates a growing interest for this vitamin. In this way, a best understanding of various actors implicated in vitamin D metabolism and its regulation is of a major importance to optimise the use of vitamin D in disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Tissandié
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire (IRSN), Département de radioprotection de l'Homme, Service de radiobiologie et d'épidémiologie, Laboratoire de radiotoxicologie expérimentale, BP 17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Jiang W, Miyamoto T, Kakizawa T, Nishio SI, Oiwa A, Takeda T, Suzuki S, Hashizume K. Inhibition of LXRalpha signaling by vitamin D receptor: possible role of VDR in bile acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:176-84. [PMID: 17054913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7alpha), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acid, is stimulated by oxysterol receptor, liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and negatively regulated by a bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor. In the current study, we demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)(2)D3 blunted the LXRalpha-mediated induction of CYP7alpha mRNA in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. In co-transfection experiments in HepG2 cells, VDR repressed the activity of rat CYP7alpha promoter in a ligand-dependent manner through inhibition of LXRalpha signaling. We also confirmed the ability of VDR to repress LXRalpha transcriptional activation using a synthetic LXRalpha responsive reporter. Deletion analyses revealed that the ligand-binding domain of VDR was required for the suppression and the DNA-binding domain was dispensable. Given the fact that VDR can be activated by the secondary bile acid as well as 1,25-(OH)(2)D3, the crosstalk between LXRalpha and VDR signaling in regulation of bile acid metabolism provides a possible contribution of VDR to modulate bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, and highlights a physiological function of VDR beyond calcium metabolism in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Kalueff AV, Keisala T, Minasyan A, Kuuslahti M, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P. Behavioural anomalies in mice evoked by “Tokyo” disruption of the Vitamin D receptor gene. Neurosci Res 2006; 54:254-60. [PMID: 16427152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with many important functions in the brain, mediated through the nuclear Vitamin D receptor (VDR). Mounting clinical data link VDR mutations to various psychiatric phenotypes. We have reported previously that mutant mice lacking functional VDR ("Tokyo" VDR mutant mice) display several behavioural anomalies, including high anxiety and aberrant grooming. Given the important role of Vitamin D and VDR in brain development and functioning, we hypothesized that several other important behavioural domains may be affected by disruption of the VDR gene in mice. Here we report that VDR mutants display unaffected depressive-like behaviour, but show abnormal social behaviours, reduced social barbering and aggressiveness, impaired nest building and aberrant maternal (pup neglect, cannibalism) behaviours. Taken together, these findings confirm the important role postulated for the VDR in the regulation of behaviour, and suggest the mice lacking functional VDR may be a useful tool to model different brain disorders.
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Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Kuuslahti M, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P. Increased severity of chemically induced seizures in mice with partially deleted Vitamin D receptor gene. Neurosci Lett 2006; 394:69-73. [PMID: 16256271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a neuroactive steroid hormone with multiple functions in the brain. Numerous clinical and experimental data link various Vitamin D-related dysfunctions to epilepsy. Here, we study the role of Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in experimental epilepsy in mice. To examine this problem, we assessed the seizure profiles in VDR knockout mice following a systemic injection of pentylenetetrazole (70 mg/kg). Overall, compared to the wild-type (WT) 129S1 mice (n=10 in each group), the VDR knockout group significantly demonstrated shorter latencies to the onset, higher Racine scores and increased mortality rates. Our findings suggest that VDRs modulate seizure susceptibility in mice, and that the Vitamin D/VDR endocrine system may be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.
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Ito M, Sakai Y, Furumoto M, Segawa H, Haito S, Yamanaka S, Nakamura R, Kuwahata M, Miyamoto KI. Vitamin D and phosphate regulate fibroblast growth factor-23 in K-562 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E1101-9. [PMID: 15671080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00502.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) has been recently identified as playing an important pathophysiological role in phosphate homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism. To elucidate the precise physiological regulation of FGF-23, we characterized the mouse FGF-23 5'-flanking region and analyzed its promoter activity. The 5'-flanking region of the mouse FGF-23 gene contained a TFIID site (TATA box) and several putative transcription factor binding sites, including MZF1, GATA-1 and c-Ets-1 motifs, but it did not contain the typical sequences of the vitamin D response element. Plasmids encoding 554-bp (pGL/-0.6), 364-bp (pGL/-0.4) and 200-bp (pGL/-0.13) promoter regions containing the TFIID element and +1-bp fragments drove the downstream expression of a luciferase reporter gene in transfection assays. We also found that FGF-23 mRNA was expressed in K-562 erythroleukemia cell lines but not in MC3T3-E1, Raji, or Hep G2 human carcinoma cells. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the presence of high phosphate markedly stimulated pGL/-0.6 activity, but calcium had no effect. In addition, the plasma FGF-23 levels were affected by the dietary and plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations. Finally, the levels of plasma FGF-23 in vitamin D receptor-null mice were significantly lower than in wild-type mice. The presents study demonstrated that vitamin D and the plasma phosphate level are important regulators of the transcription of the mouse FGF-23 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Ito
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The Univ. of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, Japan
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Xue Y, Karaplis AC, Hendy GN, Goltzman D, Miao D. Genetic models show that parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 play distinct and synergistic roles in postnatal mineral ion homeostasis and skeletal development. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1515-28. [PMID: 15843402 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, loss-of-function mutations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase [1alpha(OH)ase] genes lead to isolated hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D-dependent rickets type I, respectively. To better understand the relative contributions of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] to skeletal and calcium homeostasis, we compared mice with targeted disruption of the PTH or 1alpha(OH)ase genes to the double null mutants. Although PTH-/- and 1alpha(OH)ase-/- mice displayed only moderate hypocalcemia, PTH-/-1alpha(OH)ase-/- mice died of tetany with severe hypocalcemia by 3 weeks of age. At 2 weeks, PTH-/- mice exhibited only minimal dysmorphic changes, whereas 1alpha(OH)ase-/- mice displayed epiphyseal dysgenesis which was most severe in the double mutants. Although reduced osteoblastic bone formation was seen in both mutants, PTH deficiency caused only a slight reduction in long bone length but a marked reduction in trabecular bone volume, whereas 1alpha(OH)ase ablation caused a smaller reduction in trabecular bone volume but a significant decrease in bone length. The results therefore show that PTH plays a predominant role in appositional bone growth, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 acts predominantly on endochondral bone formation. Although PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 independently, but not additively, regulate osteoclastic bone resorption, they do affect the renal calcium transport pathway cooperatively. Consequently, PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 exhibit discrete and collaborative roles in modulating skeletal and calcium homeostasis and loss of the renal component of calcium conservation might be the major factor contributing to the lethal hypocalcemia in double mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingben Xue
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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Segawa H, Kaneko I, Yamanaka S, Ito M, Kuwahata M, Inoue Y, Kato S, Miyamoto KI. Intestinal Na-Pi cotransporter adaptation to dietary Pi content in vitamin D receptor null mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F39-47. [PMID: 14996670 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00375.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that vitamin D may play a role in intestinal Na+-dependent phosphate transport adaptation to variable levels of dietary Pi. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to assess Na+-dependent Pi cotransport activity in transgenic mice to determine whether vitamin D is an essential mediator of this process. Intestinal brush-border membrane (BBM), Na+-dependent Pi cotransport activity was significantly decreased in vitamin D receptor (VDR) null [VDR (−/−)] mice compared with wild-type (VDR+/+) mice. While intestinal Na-Pi cotransporter (type IIb) mRNA levels were similar in VDR (−/−) and VDR (+/+) mice, type IIb Na-Pi cotransporter protein expression was markedly suppressed in VDR (−/−) mice compared with VDR (+/+) mice. Furthermore, Na-Pi cotransport activity in renal BBM was similar in VDR (−/−) and VDR (+/+) mice, but type IIa Na-Pi cotransporter protein expression was decreased in VDR (−/−) mice. After administration of a low-Pi diet, type IIb protein expression was significantly increased in VDR (+/+) and VDR (−/−) mice, and type IIb protein expression was present in the intestinal BBM of VDR (−/−) mice. These data demonstrate that intestinal Na-Pi cotransport adaptation to a low-Pi diet occurs independently of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3, Tokushima City 770-8503, Japan
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Bolander FF. Molecular Bases of Endocrinopathies. Mol Endocrinol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012111232-5/50017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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