1
|
Kazemipoor M, Fadaei Tehrani P, Zandi H, Golvardi Yazdi R. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Berberis vulgaris (barberry) against bacteria associated with caries. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 7:601-608. [PMID: 33325156 PMCID: PMC8404507 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this in‐vitro study was to determine the antimicrobial capacity of a Berberis vulgaris plant extract on the bacteria being associated with caries including, Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis, S. salivaris and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Material and methods Chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) mouthwash and ampicillin (10 μg/disk) were applied as positive control groups. Inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) related to stem, leaf and fruit of B. vulgaris plant were recorded for every five bacteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 22, one‐way ANOVA repeated measure and post hoc Tukey statistical test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results There were no significant differences between the antimicrobial capacity of the positive controls and the extract from the stem and fruit of B. vulgaris (p > 0.05). The MIC values of the extract from the stem were significantly lower against S. sobrinus (64 μg/ml) and L. rhamnosus (128 μg/ml). The MIC value of the extract against S. mutans was significantly lower in the fruit group (64 μg/mL). The MBC value of the extract against S. sobrinus and L. rhamnosus was significantly lower in the stem group (128 μg/ml). The MBC value against S. mutans was significantly lower in the fruit group (128 μg/ml). Conclusions The results showed that CHX and B. vulgaris plant extract have similar antimicrobial activity against bacteria being associated with caries. Therefore, B. vulgaris, which shows antibacterial capacity, could be considered for further investigation as a safe, phytotherapeutic mouthwash to prevent dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kazemipoor
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Pooya Fadaei Tehrani
- Dental Students Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hengameh Zandi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Golvardi Yazdi
- Dental Students Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS, Gregory RL. Inhibition of nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by salts solutions intended for mouthrinses. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e4. [PMID: 30834226 PMCID: PMC6387890 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biofilm formation is critical to dental caries initiation and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nicotine exposure on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation concomitantly with the inhibitory effects of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium iodide (KI) salts. This study examined bacterial growth with varying concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and KI salts and nicotine levels consistent with primary levels of nicotine exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS A preliminary screening experiment was performed to investigate the appropriate concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and KI to use with nicotine. With the data, a S. mutans biofilm growth assay was conducted using nicotine (0-32 mg/mL) in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose with and without 0.45 M of NaCl, 0.23 M of KCl, and 0.113 M of KI. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye and the absorbance measured to determine biofilm formation. RESULTS The presence of 0.45 M of NaCl, 0.23 M of KCl, and 0.113 M of KI significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) nicotine-induced S. mutans biofilm formation by 52%, 79.7%, and 64.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results provide additional evidence regarding the biofilm-enhancing effects of nicotine and demonstrate the inhibitory influence of these salts in reducing the nicotine-induced biofilm formation. A short-term exposure to these salts may inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Operative Dentistry Division, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L. Gregory
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsuzukibashi O, Uchibori S, Kobayashi T, Umezawa K, Mashimo C, Nambu T, Saito M, Hashizume-Takizawa T, Ochiai T. Isolation and identification methods of Rothia species in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 134:21-26. [PMID: 28082174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rothia dentocariosa and Rothia mucilaginosa which are Gram-positive bacteria are part of the normal flora in the human oral cavity and pharynx. Furthermore, Rothia aeria, which was first isolated from air samples in the Russian space station Mir, is predicted to be an oral inhabitant. Immunocompromised patients are often infected by these organisms, leading to various systemic diseases. The involvement of these organisms in oral infections has attracted little attention, and their distribution in the oral cavity has not been fully clarified because of difficulties in accurately identifying these organisms. A suitable selective medium for oral Rothia species, including R. aeria, is necessary to assess the veritable prevalence of these organisms in the oral cavity. To examine the bacterial population in the oral cavity, a novel selective medium (ORSM) was developed for isolating oral Rothia species in this study. ORSM consists of tryptone, sodium gluconate, Lab-Lemco powder, sodium fluoride, neutral acriflavin, lincomycin, colistin, and agar. The average growth recovery of oral Rothia species on ORSM was 96.7% compared with that on BHI-Y agar. Growth of other representative oral bacteria, i.e. genera Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Neisseria, and Corynebacterium, was remarkably inhibited on the selective medium. PCR primers were designed based on partial sequences of the 16S rDNA genes of oral Rothia species. These primers reacted to each organism and did not react to other non-oral Rothia species or representative oral bacteria. These results indicated that these primers are useful for identifying oral Rothia species. A simple multiplex PCR procedure using these primers was a reliable method of identifying oral Rothia species. The proportion of oral Rothia species in saliva samples collected from 20 subjects was examined by culture method using ORSM. Rothia dentocariosa, Rothia mucilaginosa, and R. aeria accounted for 1.3%, 5.9%, and 0.8% of the total cultivable bacteria number on BHI-Y agar in the oral cavities of all subjects, respectively. It was indicated that among oral Rothia species, R. mucilaginosa is most predominant in the oral cavity of humans. A novel selective medium, ORSM, was useful for isolating each oral Rothia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tsuzukibashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Uchibori
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Taira Kobayashi
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Chiho Mashimo
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nambu
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hashizume-Takizawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leandro LF, Moraes TDS, de Oliveira PF, Alves JM, Senedese JM, Ozelin SD, Resende FA, De Grandis RA, Varanda EA, Bastos JK, Tavares DC, Martins CHG. Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of the phenolic-rich hydroalcoholic extract from Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne leaves. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:937-950. [PMID: 27452156 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest, which is considered one of the most important and endangered tropical forests on the planet. Although literature works have described many Copaifera spp., their biological activities remain little known. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate (1) the potential of the hydroalcoholic extract from C. trapezifolia leaves (CTE) to act against the causative agents of tooth decay and apical periodontitis and (2) the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of CTE to ensure that it is safe for subsequent application. Concerning the tested bacteria, the MIC and the minimum bactericidal concentration of CTE varied between 100 and 400 µg ml-1. The time-kill assay conducted at a CTE concentration of 100 µg ml-1 evidenced bactericidal activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Peptostreptococcus micros (clinical isolate) within 72 h. CTE at 200 µg ml-1 inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis and Peptostreptococcus micros biofilm formation by at least 50 %. A combination of CTE with chlorhexidine dichlorohydrate did not prompt any synergistic effects. The colony-forming assay conducted on V79 cells showed that CTE was cytotoxic at concentrations above 156 µg ml-1. CTE exerted mutagenic effect on V79 cells, but the micronucleus test conducted on Swiss mice and the Ames test did not reveal any mutagenicity. Therefore, the use of standardized and safe extracts could be an important strategy to develop novel oral care products with antibacterial action. These extracts could also serve as a source of compounds for the discovery of new promising biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fernando Leandro
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís da Silva Moraes
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jacqueline Morais Alves
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rone Aparecido De Grandis
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Candida albicans in oral samples from caries-free and caries-active children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2016; 17:367-375. [PMID: 27357362 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-016-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This was to examine the occurrence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans in dental plaque and saliva from caries-free and caries-active Greek children. METHODS Saliva and dental plaque samples from 46 caries-free and 51 caries-active 3-to-13-year-old children were examined using selective media for the three microbes. Identification of isolated mutans streptococci (S. mutans and S. sobrinus) was performed with biochemical test and specific DNA probes. The salivary levels of mutans streptococci were additionally determined by a chair-side test (Dentocult® SM strips). RESULTS The isolation frequencies of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans were 66, 11 and 18 %, respectively. Caries-active children harboured more frequently and at significantly higher numbers the specific microbes than caries-free children. A similar pattern was observed with the Dentocult® SM strip scores. No correlation was found between the presence of these microbes and the age or gender of the children. CONCLUSIONS Caries experience was statistically significantly related to the presence of all three microbes under study, both in dental plaque and saliva.
Collapse
|
6
|
Leandro LF, Mendes CA, Casemiro LA, Vinholis AHC, Cunha WR, de Almeida R, Martins CHG. Antimicrobial activity of apitoxin, melittin and phospholipase A₂ of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom against oral pathogens. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 87:147-55. [PMID: 25806982 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520130511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we used the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the apitoxin produced by Apis mellifera bees against the causative agents of tooth decay. Apitoxin was assayed in natura and in the commercially available form. The antibacterial actions of the main components of this apitoxin, phospholipase A2, and melittin were also assessed, alone and in combination. The following bacteria were tested: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, Lactobacillus casei, and Enterococcus faecalis. The MIC results obtained for the commercially available apitoxin and for the apitoxin in natura were close and lay between 20 and 40 µg / mL, which indicated good antibacterial activity. Melittin was the most active component in apitoxin; it displayed very promising MIC values, from 4 to 40 µg / mL. Phospholipase A2 presented MIC values higher than 400 µg / mL. Association of mellitin with phospholipase A2 yielded MIC values ranging between 6 and 80 µg / mL. Considering that tooth decay affects people's health, apitoxin and its component melittin have potential application against oral pathogens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsuzukibashi O, Uchibori S, Kobayashi T, Saito M, Umezawa K, Ohta M, Shinozaki-Kuwahara N. A selective medium for the isolation of Microbacterium species in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 116:60-5. [PMID: 26149625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Microbacterium has been isolated from the environment, dairy goods, and human clinical specimens. Although, in our previous studies, some Microbacterium species were infrequently detected in oral samples collected from humans, there is currently no report that these organisms, which are capable of causing serious systemic infections, were isolated from the human oral cavity. The aim of the present study was to develop a selective medium to isolate the representative Microbacterium species most frequently detected in human clinical specimens, and reveal the distribution of individual Microbacterium species in the oral cavity. The growth recoveries of representative Microbacterium species on the selective medium, designated as MSM, were sufficient. Moreover, the growth of other representative oral bacteria was markedly inhibited on the selective medium. The proportion of Microbacterium species in the saliva samples of 60 subjects, 20 of whom were removable denture wearers, was then examined. The proportion of these organisms was also examined in environmental samples obtained by swabbing 20 washstands. PCR primers were designed for representative Microbacterium species. The genus Microbacterium was detected in 45% of the saliva and denture plaque samples collected from the twenty removable denture wearers, but was absent in the saliva of the forty non-denture wearers. On the other hand, these organisms were detected in all environmental samples. The genus Microbacterium accounted for 0.00003%, 0.0001%, and 12.6% of the total cultivable bacteria number on the BHI medium in the saliva and denture plaque samples of removable denture wearers and in the environmental samples, respectively. The most predominant Microbacterium species in all positive samples was Microbacterium oxydans. These results indicated that the genus Microbacterium was not a part of the normal flora in the human oral cavity, except for subjects wearing dentures that were contaminated by the environment, and the selective medium, designated as MSM, was useful for isolating Microbacterium species, which are frequently encountered in human clinical specimens, from the various samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tsuzukibashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Uchibori
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Taira Kobayashi
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ohta
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Noriko Shinozaki-Kuwahara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rekha V, Jayamathi, RamaKrishnan, Vijayalakshmi D, Prabu, Kumar N, Manipal S, Keerthidaa. Anti cariogenic effect of terminalia chebula. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC51-4. [PMID: 25302268 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9844.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula is one of the traditional medicines used in the treatment of many diseases and possesses a wide variety of therapeutic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial properties of Terminalia chebula against oral pathogens related to caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, Antimicrobial activity was tested using Kirby bouer method by streaking. Total phenol and total flavonoid content were analysed. Twenty high caries risk patients were subjected to rinse aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula. Salivary samples were collected for pH and microbial screening. Oral pathogens were identified by qualitative biochemical analysis. RESULTS The total phenol content of extract was found to be 21.33 ±1.633 (mean ± SD) and total flavonoids was found to be 23.17 ± 2.317 (mean ± SD). There was a gradual increase in pH till 45mts post-rinse when compared to pre-rinse was observed. Antimicrobial effect of Terminalia Chebula aganist microbes showed that there was a significant reduction between the pre-rinse and post-rinse samples. CONCLUSION These promising findings suggested the presence of antimicrobial activity of Terminalia Chebula against oral pathogens and proven to be an effective alternate antimicrobial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Rekha
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayamathi
- Professor and HOD, Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - RamaKrishnan
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaki Vijayalakshmi
- Professor and HOD, Department of Orthodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabu
- Professor and HOD, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandha Kumar
- Professor and HOD, Department of Orthodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences , Pondicherry, India
| | - Sunayana Manipal
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Keerthidaa
- Under Graduate Student, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsuzukibashi O, Uchibori S, Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Kobayashi T, Takada K, Hirasawa M. A selective medium for the isolation of Corynebacterium species in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 104:67-71. [PMID: 24971800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium matruchotii is a microbial inhabitant in the oral cavity of humans and is associated with the formation of dental calculi. C. matruchotii forms highly specific morphological units, which are referred to as corn-cobs. Although other Corynebacterium species have frequently been isolated from the oral cavity of humans, their distribution has not been reported as extensively. The aim of the present study was to develop a selective medium to isolate the genus Corynebacterium and examine the distribution Corynebacterium species in the oral cavity of humans. The growth recoveries of representative Corynebacterium species on the selective medium were sufficient. Moreover, the growth of other representative oral bacteria was markedly inhibited on the selective medium. The proportion of Corynebacterium species in saliva samples collected from 20 subjects was examined. PCR primers were designed for the oral Corynebacterium species. C. matruchotii and Corynebacterium durum accounted for 0.3% and 1.5% of the total cultivable bacteria number on the BHI medium from saliva samples, respectively. The selective medium could distinguish C. matruchotii from C. durum by each colony color using differences in acid production from galactose. The selective medium, designated OCM, was useful for isolating oral Corynebacterium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tsuzukibashi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Uchibori
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Noriko Shinozaki-Kuwahara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Taira Kobayashi
- Department of Crown Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuko Takada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Masatomo Hirasawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jung WS, Kim H, Park SY, Cho EJ, Ahn SJ. Quantitative analysis of changes in salivary mutans streptococci after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Hashizume-Takizawa T, Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Tomita N, Kurita-Ochiai T. Establishment of a Convenient Sandwich-ELISA for Direct Quantification of Glucosyltransferase-I: Application for Dual Diagnosis of Dental Caries. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:89-93. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoya Tomita
- Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kobayashi T, Uchibori S, Tsuzukibashi O, Goto H, Aida M. A selective medium for Rothia mucilaginosa and its distribution in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:364-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Uchibori S, Tsudukibashi O, Goto H, Kobayashi T, Aida M. A novel selective medium for the isolation and distribution of Rothia dentocariosa in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:205-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Fekrazad R, Bargrizan M, Sajadi S, Sajadi S. Evaluation of the effect of photoactivated disinfection with Radachlorin(®) against Streptococcus mutans (an in vitro study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:249-53. [PMID: 21864798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.03.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of photoactivated disinfection has had a significant medical and technological effect in bacterial inactivation, as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial methods. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of photoactivated disinfection on Streptococcus mutans, when Radachlorin(®) was used as a photosensitizer. METHODS Streptococcus mutans samples of two different initial concentrations were treated with Radachlorin(®) gel (0.1%), irradiated by the light of a He-Ne laser (633nm), with energy density of 6J/cm(2), and cell viability was evaluated after culturing. RESULTS It was observed that the combination of Radachlorin(®) and laser was more effective than Radachlorin(®) or laser alone (p<0.05), in reduction of S. mutans and Radachlorin(®) was cytotoxic, in the dark, only for the lower concentration of bacteria. Lower concentration of S. mutans resulted in higher amount of killing, in the case of using Radachlorin(®) with or without laser. CONCLUSIONS The photoactivation of Radachlorin(®) using a He-Ne laser could inactivate S. mutans to a significant level. In addition Radachlorin(®) might be cytotoxic in the dark, for the lower concentration of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fekrazad
- Department of Dentistry, AJA University of Medical Sciences - Laser Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Souza MGM, Silva MLA, Filho AADS, Martins CHG, Crotti AEM, Pauletti PM, Groppo M, Cunha WR. Antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1835-40. [PMID: 20658673 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro inhibitory activity of crude EtOH/H2O extracts from the leaves and stems of Rosmarinus officinalis L. was evaluated against the following microorganisms responsible for initiating dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined with the broth microdilution method. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaf extract, which displayed the higher antibacterial activity than the stem extract, led to the identification of carnosic acid (2) and carnosol (3) as the major compounds in the fraction displaying the highest activity, as identified by HPLC analysis. Rosmarinic acid (1), detected in another fraction, did not display any activity against the selected microorganisms. HPLC Analysis revealed the presence of low amounts of ursolic acid (4) and oleanolic acid (5) in the obtained fractions. The results suggest that the antimicrobial activity of the extract from the leaves of R. officinalis may be ascribed mainly to the action of 2 and 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner A Bernardes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Sales de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bolean M, Paulino TDP, Thedei G, Ciancaglini P. Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal Induces GroEL Expression inStreptococcus mutans. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S79-84. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Bolean
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Tony de Paiva Paulino
- Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro-UFTM/CEFORES, CEP. 38.015-050, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
- Universidade de Uberaba, 38055-500, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morphological differentiation between S. mutans and S. sobrinus on modified SB-20 culture medium. Microbiol Res 2010; 166:63-7. [PMID: 20092983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the major role of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in the etiology of dental caries, it is important to use culture media that allow for differentiating these bacterial species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a modified SB-20 culture medium (SB-20M) for the isolation and morphological differentiation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, compared to biochemical identification (biotyping). Saliva samples were collected using the spatula method from 145 children, seeded on plates containing the SB-20M, in which sucrose was replaced by coarse granular cane sugar, and incubated in microaerophilia at 37°C during 72 h. Identification of the microorganisms was performed under stereomicroscopy based on colony morphology of 4904 colonies. The morphological identification was examined by biochemical tests of 94 randomly selected colonies with the macroscopic characteristic of S. mutans and S. sobrinus using sugar fermentation, resistance to bacitracin and production of hydrogen peroxide. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between morphological identification in the SB-20M medium and biochemical identification (biotyping). Biotyping confirmed that S. mutans and S. sobrinus colonies were correctly characterized in the SB-20M in 95.8% and 95.5% of the cases, respectively. Of the mutans streptococci detected in the children 98% were S. mutans and 2% S. sobrinus. The SB-20M medium is reliable for detection and direct morphological identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.
Collapse
|
19
|
Porto TS, Rangel R, Furtado NAJC, de Carvalho TC, Martins CHG, Veneziani RCS, Da Costa FB, Vinholis AHC, Cunha WR, Heleno VCG, Ambrosio SR. Pimarane-type diterpenes: antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. Molecules 2009; 14:191-9. [PMID: 19127247 PMCID: PMC6253883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven pimarane type-diterpenes re-isolated from Viguiera arenaria Baker and two semi-synthetic pimarane derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the following main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. The compounds ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (PA); ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-ol; ent-15-pimarene-8beta,19-diol; ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-acetoxy and the sodium salt derivative of PA were the most active compounds, displaying MIC values ranging from 2 to 8 microg mL(-1). Thus, this class of compounds seems promising as a class of new effective anticariogenic agents. Furthermore, our results also allow us to conclude that minor structural differences among these diterpenes significantly influence their antimicrobial activity, bringing new perspectives to the discovery of new natural compounds that could be employed in the development of oral care products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S. Porto
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Rander Rangel
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Niege A. J. C. Furtado
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane C. de Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. G. Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. S. Veneziani
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Da Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana H. C. Vinholis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Cunha
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Vladimir C. G. Heleno
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (S-R. A.), (V-G. H.); Tel.: +55-16-37118878; Fax: +55-16-37118878
| | - Sergio R. Ambrosio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (S-R. A.), (V-G. H.); Tel.: +55-16-37118878; Fax: +55-16-37118878
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuzukibashi O, Takada K, Saito M, Kimura C, Yoshikawa T, Makimura M, Hirasawa M. A novel selective medium for isolation of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:544-8. [PMID: 18624937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Conventional selective media have been used for the selection of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in clinical samples. The proportion of A. actinomycetemcomitans grown on the selective media in vitro may not reflect the true counts in vivo because of the low selectivity. A novel selective medium, designated AASM, was developed for the isolation of A. actinomycetemcomitans. MATERIAL AND METHODS AASM was prepared by adding of 200 microg/mL of vancomycin and 10 U/mL of bacitracin to AAGM, which contains dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, trypticase soy, yeast extract and agar. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by the recovery, on AASM, of A. actinomycetemcomitans from subgingival samples of 44 periodontally healthy subjects and 76 patients with chronic periodontitis. RESULTS All serotypes (a-f) of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains grew well, and the average growth recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans on AASM medium was 94.4% (80.0-109.7%) of that on AAGM. The exclusive rate of other bacteria was 99.9% in clinical samples cultured on AASM. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in periodontally healthy persons but was detected in 25 (32.9%) patients with chronic periodontitis. The predominant serotype was c, detected in 11 subjects. CONCLUSION The new selective medium, AASM, was highly selective for A. actinomycetemcomitans, eliminated possible false-positive results and was useful for the isolation of A. actinomycetemcomitans from clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Tsuzukibashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine for Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Takada K, Hayashi K, Sasaki K, Sato T, Hirasawa M. Selectivity of Mitis Salivarius agar and a new selective medium for oral streptococci in dogs. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:460-5. [PMID: 16522335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation on the applicability of Mitis Salivarius agar (MS) medium, commonly used for the detection of oral streptococci in human and animals, to dog specimens and the development of a new selective medium for isolating streptococci from the canine oral cavity are described. Oral samples from dogs were cultured on MS medium under anaerobic conditions. The predominant facultative anaerobic bacteria on MS plates were gram-negative rods. Selectivity of streptococci on MS medium was 21.2%. A new selective medium, designated MS-CAN-AE, was developed for the isolation of streptococci from the canine oral cavity. The average growth recovery of laboratory and clinically isolated strains of streptococci on MS-CAN-AE medium was 84.1% of that on MS medium. Gram-positive rods and gram-negative rods and cocci rarely grew on the MS-CAN-AE. The selectivity of MS-CAN-AE was 95.0% for clinical samples. MS-CAN-AE medium will be helpful for investigations of streptococci in the canine oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Takada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo City, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Paulino TP, Ribeiro KF, Thedei G, Tedesco AC, Ciancaglini P. Use of hand held photopolymerizer to photoinactivate Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:353-9. [PMID: 15740715 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main focus of this research was to investigate the photodynamic therapy (PDT), in vitro, acting on Streptococcus mutans and fibroblasts. A hand held photopolymerizer (HHP) and a classical photosensitizer (Rose Bengal) were used to induce photodynamic response. METHODS S. mutans and fibroblast were treated with different concentrations of Rose Bengal (0-50 microM) irradiated with light (400-500 nm) for different time periods (0-40s) and then cell viability was evaluated. RESULTS It was observed that the light (per se) is not toxic and in the dark Rose Bengal is toxic to the cells tested only at concentrations above 2.5 microM. Under light exposure concentrations of Rose Bengal above 0.5 microM all S. mutans were killed with no cytotoxic effects to fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS For the purpose of this work, the photoactivation of Rose Bengal, using the HHP, inactivated the bacteria without affecting the fibroblast viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony P Paulino
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takada K, Hirasawa M. A novel selective medium for isolation of Streptococcus mutans. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 60:189-93. [PMID: 15590093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the selective medium of Streptococcus mutans. A new selective medium, designated MS-MUTV, was prepared by adding 10 mg/l valinomycin to the MS-MUT medium previously described. The average recovery of S. mutans was 72.1%, and the growth of S. sobrinus and S. anginousus group was inhibited on MS-MUTV, but allowed on MS-MUT. One hundred and thirty-nine human saliva samples were examined and counted for S. mutans and non-S. mutans colonies. The recovery of S. mutans on MS-MUTV was similar to that on MS-MUT. Eighty-two and 7.9 percent of the saliva samples obtained S. mutans pure cultures, with no bacterial growth on MS-MUTV, respectively. The remaining 10.1% were contaminated with non-S. mutans, with low-level CFU. MS-MUTV is useful for the isolation of S. mutans alone from clinical samples in routine examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takada
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paulino TP, Magalhães PP, Thedei G, Tedesco AC, Ciancaglini P. Use of visible light-based photodynamic therapy to bacterial photoinactivation. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 33:46-49. [PMID: 21638539 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.2005.494033010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this laboratory exercise was to investigate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) acting over Streptococcus mutans. A handheld photopolymerizer and a classical photosensitizer (Rose Bengal) were used to induce photodynamic response. In this way, a suspension of S. mutans was treated with different concentrations of Rose Bengal (0-10 μmol/liter), irradiated with a light (400-600 nm) for 20 s, and then cell viability was evaluated. It was observed that the light (per se) is not toxic, and in the dark, Rose Bengal is toxic only to the cells tested at concentrations above 5.0 μmol/liter. Under light exposure, concentrations of Rose Bengal above 0.5 μmol/liter killed all S. mutans. Therefore, for the purpose of our work, the photoactivation of Rose Bengal using the handheld photopolymerizer was efficient in bacteria inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony P Paulino
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão, Preto, FFCLRP-USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hirasawa M, Takada K. A new selective medium for Streptococcus mutans and the distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and their serotypes in dental plaque. Caries Res 2003; 37:212-7. [PMID: 12740546 DOI: 10.1159/000070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new selective medium (MS-MUT) was developed for the isolation of Streptococcus mutans from clinical specimens. The average growth recovery of S. mutans on MS-MUT medium was 72.4% of that on MS medium. Growth of Streptococcus sobrinus was significantly inhibited on the medium with an average recovery of 0.034%. In 103 subjects, S. MUTANS was detected at 58.3, 75.0 and 95.7% in the dental plaque of caries-free (CF), caries-inactive (CI) and caries-active (CA) subjects, respectively. S. sobrinus was detected in 8.3, 13.6 and 38.3% of CF, CI and CA subjects, respectively. S. sobrinus alone was detected in only 4.3% of CA subjects. The subjects in whom neither S. mutans nor S. sobrinus were detected were 41.6% in CF and 25.0% in CI. The most predominant serotype was C with a 67% detection rate. S. sobrinus, serotypes D or G were usually found together with S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hirasawa
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|