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Tsai YF, Liu YC, Yang CI, Chuang TM, Ke YL, Yeh TJ, Gau YC, Du JS, Wang HC, Cho SF, Hsu CM, Wu PF, Huang CI, Huang CF, Yu ML, Dai CY, Hsiao HH. Poor Prognosis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Hepatitis C Infection. J Pers Med 2021; 11:844. [PMID: 34575621 PMCID: PMC8465128 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with a higher prevalence and distinctive clinical characteristics and outcomes. METHODS A retrospective analysis of adult DLBCL patients from 2011 to 2015 was studied. RESULTS A total of 206 adult DLBCL were enrolled with 22 (10.7%) HCV-positive patients. Compared to HCV-negative patients, the HCV-positive group had a poor performance status (p = 0.011), lower platelet count (p = 0.029), and higher spleen and liver involvement incidences (liver involvement, p = 0.027, spleen involvement, p = 0.026), and they received fewer cycles of chemotherapy significantly due to morbidity and mortality (p = 0.048). Overall survival was shorter in HCV-positive DLBCL (25.3 months in HCV-positive vs. not reached (NR), p = 0.049). With multivariate analysis, poor performance status (p < 0.001), advanced stage (p < 0.001), less chemotherapy cycles (p < 0.001), and the presence of liver toxicity (p = 0.001) contributed to poor OS in DLBCL. Among HCV-positive DLBCL, the severity of liver fibrosis was the main risk factor related to death. CONCLUSION Inferior survival of HCV-positive DLBCL was observed and associated with poor performance status, higher numbers of complications, and intolerance of treatment, leading to fewer therapy. Therefore, anti-HCV therapy, such as direct-acting antiviral agents, might benefit these patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tsai
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
| | - Ching-I Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
- Specialist Nurse and Surgical Nurse Practitioner Office, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Ming Chuang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Ya-Lun Ke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Tsung-Jang Yeh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Yuh-Ching Gau
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Jeng-Shiun Du
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Hui-Ching Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
| | - Shih-Feng Cho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
| | - Chin-Mu Hsu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Pey-Fang Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-I.Y.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-I.H.); (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.); (C.-Y.D.)
- Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Kandathil AJ, Balagopal A. Human Hepegivirus-1: Innocent Traveler, Helpful Symbiote, or Insidious Pathogen? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1229-1231. [PMID: 31671171 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Kandathil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Fama A, Larson MC, Link BK, Habermann TM, Feldman AL, Call TG, Ansell SM, Liebow M, Xiang J, Maurer MJ, Slager SL, Nowakowski GS, Stapleton JT, Cerhan JR. Human Pegivirus Infection and Lymphoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1221-1228. [PMID: 31671178 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV) is a single-strand RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. Although no definitive association between HPgV infection and disease has been identified, previous studies have suggested an association of HPgV viremia with risk of lymphomas. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including 1 cohort study and 14 case-control studies, assessing the association of HPgV viremia with adult lymphomas. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model, overall and by geographic region and lymphoma subtype. RESULTS The overall OR for lymphoma was 2.85 (95% CI, 1.98-4.11), with statistically significantly elevated ORs observed in 8 of 15 studies. There was a small amount of heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 28.9%; Q = 18.27, P = .16), and the funnel plot provided no evidence for publication bias. The strongest association with lymphoma risk was observed for studies from Southern Europe (OR, 5.68 [95% CI, 1.98-16.3]), whereas weaker ORs (with 95% CIs) were observed for studies from North America (2.24 [1.76-2.85]), Northern Europe (2.90 [.45-18.7), and the Middle East (2.51 [.87-7.27]), but all of similar magnitude. Participants with HPgV viremia had statistically significantly increased risks (OR [95% CI]) for developing diffuse large B-cell (3.29 [1.63-6.62]), follicular (3.01 [1.95-4.63]), marginal zone (1.90 [1.13-3.18]), and T-cell (2.11 [1.17-3.89]) lymphomas, while the risk for Hodgkin lymphoma (3.53 [.48-25.9]) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1.45 [.45-4.66]) were increased but did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports a positive association of HPgV viremia with lymphoma risk, overall and for the major lymphoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Heffron AS, Lauck M, Somsen ED, Townsend EC, Bailey AL, Sosa M, Eickhoff J, Capuano III S, Newman CM, Kuhn JH, Mejia A, Simmons HA, O’Connor DH. Discovery of a Novel Simian Pegivirus in Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) with Lymphocytic Enterocolitis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101509. [PMID: 33007921 PMCID: PMC7599636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for viruses. In five out of eight common marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus not present in ten matched, clinically normal controls. The novel virus, which we named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). We screened 146 living WNPRC common marmosets for SOBV, finding an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over four years, 85 of these 146 animals died or were euthanized. Histological examination revealed 27 SOBV-positive marmosets from this cohort had lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative marmosets, indicating no association between SOBV and disease in this cohort (p = 0.0798). We also detected SOBV in two of 33 (6%) clinically normal marmosets screened during transfer from the New England Primate Research Center, suggesting SOBV could be exerting confounding influences on comparisons of common marmoset studies from multiple colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Elizabeth D. Somsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Elizabeth C. Townsend
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Megan Sosa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (M.S.); (S.C.III); (A.M.); (H.A.S.)
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Saverio Capuano III
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (M.S.); (S.C.III); (A.M.); (H.A.S.)
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (M.S.); (S.C.III); (A.M.); (H.A.S.)
| | - Heather A. Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (M.S.); (S.C.III); (A.M.); (H.A.S.)
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (A.S.H.); (M.L.); (E.D.S.); (E.C.T.); (C.M.N.)
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (M.S.); (S.C.III); (A.M.); (H.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-890-0845
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Fama A, Xiang J, Link BK, Allmer C, Klinzman D, Feldman AL, Nowakowski GS, Liebow M, Larson MC, Maurer MJ, Ansell SM, Novak AJ, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Call TG, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk and prognosis: a North American study. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:644-653. [PMID: 29808922 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association of Human Pegivirus (HPgV) viraemia with risk of developing lymphoma, overall and by major subtypes. Because this virus has also been associated with better prognosis in the setting of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, we further assessed the association of HPgV with prognosis. We used risk factor data and banked plasma samples from 2094 lymphoma cases newly diagnosed between 2002 and 2009 and 1572 frequency-matched controls. Plasma samples were tested for HPgV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and those with RNA concentrations <5000 genome equivalents/ml were confirmed using nested RT-PCR methods. To assess the role of HPgV in lymphoma prognosis, we used 2948 cases from a cohort study of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients (included all cases from the case-control study). There was a positive association of HPgV viraemia with risk of lymphoma overall (Odds ratio = 2·14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·63-2·80; P < 0·0001), and for all major subtypes except Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and this was not confounded by other lymphoma risk factors. In contrast, there was no association of HPgV viraemia with event-free survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1·00; 95% CI 0·85-1·18) or overall survival (HR = 0·97; 95% CI 0·79-1·20) for lymphoma overall, or any of the subtypes. These data support the hypothesis for a role of HPgV in the aetiology of multiple lymphoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cristine Allmer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Donna Klinzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anne J Novak
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Soleiman-Meigooni S, Asgari A, Hoseini-Shokouh SJ, Rajabi J, Kazemi-Galougahi MH, Moshtaghi M. Association between Hepatitis G and Unknown Chronic Hepatitis. Electron Physician 2015; 7:985-9. [PMID: 26052409 PMCID: PMC4455299 DOI: 10.14661/2015.985-989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a hepatotrope virus with unknown importance. The genome of the virus has been detected in patients with acute or chronic non-A-E hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the association between hepatitis G and unknown chronic hepatitis. Methods: This case-control study was performed in Ebne-Sina military hospital in Hamadan, Iran. The cases were 35 military staff with unknown chronic hepatitis. The control group consisted of 59 healthy subjects who had normal levels of serum alanine aminoteransferase (ALT). The data were analyzed by SPSS, version18, using Fisher’s exact test, the Student’s t-test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Only one patient in the case group (2.9%) tested positive for HGV antibodies, and no one was infected in the control group. There was no association between HGV infection and unknown chronic hepatitis in our study (P=0.37). A significant association was found between the male gender and unknown chronic hepatitis (OR=14.9, P=0.01). Conclusion: No association between HGV infection and unknown chronic hepatitis was found in our study, so it was not necessary to evaluate these patients for HGV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni
- Infectious disease specialist, Infectious Disease Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asgari
- Infectious disease specialist, Infectious Disease Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Hoseini-Shokouh
- Infectious disease specialist, Infectious Disease Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Rajabi
- Infectious disease specialist, Infectious Disease Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Kazemi-Galougahi
- Ph.D. Candidate of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Colaci M, Fallahi P, Piluso A, Antonelli A, Zignego AL. Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:327-43. [PMID: 25848462 PMCID: PMC4381161 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by possible development of both liver and extrahepatic disorders. The tropism of HCV for the lymphoid tissue is responsible for several immune-mediated disorders; a poly-oligoclonal B-lymphocyte expansion, commonly observed in a high proportion of patients with HCV infection, are responsible for the production of different autoantibodies and immune-complexes, such as mixed cryoglobulins. These serological alterations may characterize a variety of autoimmune or neoplastic diseases. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis due to small-vessel deposition of circulating mixed cryoglobulins is the prototype of HCV-driven immune-mediated and lymphoproliferative disorders; interestingly, in some cases the disease may evolve to frank malignant lymphoma. In addition, HCV shows an oncogenic potential as suggested by several clinico-epidemiological and laboratory studies; in addition to hepatocellular carcinoma that represents the most frequent HCV-related malignancy, a causative role of HCV has been largely demonstrated in a significant percentage of patients with isolated B-cells non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The same virus may be also involved in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer, a rare neoplastic condition that may complicate HCV-related thyroid involvement. Patients with HCV infection are frequently asymptomatic or may develop only hepatic alteration, while a limited but clinically relevant number can develop one or more autoimmune and/or neoplastic disorders. Given the large variability of their prevalence among patients' populations from different countries, it is possible to hypothesize a potential role of other co-factors, i.e., genetic and/or environmental, in the pathogenesis of HCV-related extra-hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodoveo Ferri
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Sebastiani
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Colaci
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Piluso
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- Clodoveo Ferri, Marco Sebastiani, Dilia Giuggioli, Michele Colaci, Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
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8
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Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1521-32. [PMID: 25667328 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV; originally called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) is an RNA virus within the genus Pegivirus of the family Flaviviridae that commonly causes persistent infection. Worldwide, ~750 million people are actively infected (viraemic) and an estimated 0.75-1.5 billion people have evidence of prior HPgV infection. No causal association between HPgV and disease has been identified; however, several studies described a beneficial relationship between persistent HPgV infection and survival in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The beneficial effect appeared to be related to a reduction in host immune activation. HPgV replicates well in vivo (mean plasma viral loads typically >1×107 genome copies ml-1); however, the virus grows poorly in vitro and systems to study this virus are limited. Consequently, mechanisms of viral persistence and host immune modulation remain poorly characterized, and the primary permissive cell type(s) has not yet been identified. HPgV RNA is found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and PBMCs, including T- and B-lymphocytes, NK-cells, and monocytes, although the mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission is unclear. HPgV RNA is also present in serum microvesicles with properties of exosomes. These microvesicles are able to transmit viral RNA to PBMCs in vitro, resulting in productive infection. This review summarizes existing data on HPgV cellular tropism and the effect of HPgV on immune activation in various PBMCs, and discusses how this may influence viral persistence. We conclude that an increased understanding of HPgV replication and immune modulation may provide insights into persistent RNA viral infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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9
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Chang CM, Stapleton JT, Klinzman D, McLinden JH, Purdue MP, Katki HA, Engels EA. GBV-C infection and risk of NHL among U.S. adults. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5553-60. [PMID: 25115299 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some retrospective studies suggest an association between infection with GB virus-C (GBV-C) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We evaluated this association prospectively in a nested case-control study within the U.S. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Cases (N = 658) and controls (N = 1,316) were individually matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, timing of study entry, and sample selection. Prediagnostic PLCO serum samples were tested for GBV-C RNA (as a measure of active infection) and E2 antibody (active or resolved infection). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for the association between GBV-C and NHL overall and NHL subtypes. Twelve cases (1.8%) and seven controls (0.5%) were GBV-C RNA-positive. GBV-C RNA positivity was associated with NHL overall [OR, 3.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-8.71] and, based on small numbers, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR, 5.31; 95% CI, 1.54-18.36). The association with NHL persisted when the interval between testing and selection was greater than 4 years (OR, 6.00; 95% CI, 1.21-29.73). In contrast, E2 antibody positivity was not associated with NHL risk (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.74-1.58). Our study demonstrates that GBV-C infection precedes development of NHL. GBV-C infection may play an etiologic role in a small proportion of NHL cases, perhaps by causing chronic immune stimulation or impaired immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Donna Klinzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James H McLinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Hormuzd A Katki
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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10
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Anggorowati N, Yano Y, Subronto YW, Utsumi T, Heriyanto DS, Mulya DP, Rinonce HT, Widasari DI, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Hayashi Y. GB virus C infection in Indonesian HIV-positive patients. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:298-308. [PMID: 23590588 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C), a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in HIV-positive patients. However, the prevalence of GBV-C in HIV-positive individuals in Indonesia is unknown. Since GBV-C is more prevalent in anti-HCV positive patients than in anti-HCV negative subjects, transmission of GBV-C and HCV could be by the same method. This study examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of GBV-C infection in HIV patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C among HIV patients (n = 125, median age 31 years) based on the 5'UTR region was 111/125 (88.8%), including 39/48 (81.3%) and 72/77 (93.5%) HIV-infected patients with and without HCV infection, respectively. GBV-C isolates were of genotype 2a, 3 and 6 in 58.3%, 12.6% and 28.4% of patients, respectively. Patients with genotype 3 were significantly younger than those with genotypes 2a or 6 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). Genotypes 3 and 6 were significantly associated with injection drug use (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively) and HCV co-infection (P < 0.001 for both genotypes), indicating a shared transmission route with HCV. In conclusion, the prevalence of GBV-C among HIV-positive patients in Indonesia is high, and three genotypes were detected, namely genotype 2a, 3 and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nungki Anggorowati
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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11
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Datta S, Chatterjee S, Policegoudra RS, Gogoi HK, Singh L. Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A review. World J Virol 2012; 1:162-73. [PMID: 24175222 PMCID: PMC3782277 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i6.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is among the haematological malignancies with high prevalence worldwide, causing estimated 355 900 new cases and 191 400 deaths in 2008. High prevalence of NHL is documented in economically more developed areas while low prevalence is observed in less developed areas of the globe. A wide array of environmental factors have been reported to be either directly involved or in modifying the risk of NHL development. In addition to these factors, a number of infectious agents, chiefly viruses have also been implicated in the development of NHL. This article reviews the available literature to discuss the role of hepatitis viruses in NHL development, possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis and also identify the areas in which further research is required to better understand this disease. A brief discussion on the clinical aspects such as classification, staging, treatment approaches have also been included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibnarayan Datta
- Sibnarayan Datta, Soumya Chatterjee, Rudragoud S Policegoudra, Hemant K Gogoi, Lokendra Singh, Biotechnology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, PIN-784001, India
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12
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Kriesel JD, Hobbs MR, Jones BB, Milash B, Nagra RM, Fischer KF. Deep sequencing for the detection of virus-like sequences in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis: detection of GBV-C in human brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31886. [PMID: 22412845 PMCID: PMC3297595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of unknown origin that affects the central nervous system of an estimated 400,000 Americans. GBV-C or hepatitis G is a flavivirus that is found in the serum of 1–2% of blood donors. It was originally associated with hepatitis, but is now believed to be a relatively non-pathogenic lymphotropic virus. Fifty frozen specimens from the brains of deceased persons affected by MS were obtained along with 15 normal control brain specimens. RNA was extracted and ribosomal RNAs were depleted before sequencing on the Illumina GAII. These 36 bp reads were compared with a non-redundant database derived from the 600,000+ viral sequences in GenBank organized into 4080 taxa. An individual read successfully aligned to the viral database was considered to be a “hit”. Normalized MS specimen hit rates for each viral taxon were compared to the distribution of hits in the normal controls. Seventeen MS and 11 control brain extracts were sequenced, yielding 4–10 million sequences (“reads”) each. Over-representation of sequence from at least one of 12 viral taxa was observed in 7 of the 17 MS samples. Sequences resembling other viruses previously implicated in the pathogenesis of MS were not significantly enriched in any of the diseased brain specimens. Sequences from GB virus C (GBV-C), a flavivirus not previously isolated from brain, were enriched in one of the MS samples. GBV-C in this brain specimen was confirmed by specific amplification in this single MS brain specimen, but not in the 30 other MS brain samples available. The entire 9.4 kb sequence of this GBV-C isolate is reported here. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the detection of occult viral infections in the brains of deceased persons with MS. The first isolation of GBV-C from human brain is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kriesel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
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13
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van den Bosch C. A Role for RNA Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Burkitt's Lymphoma: The Need for Reappraisal. Adv Hematol 2011; 2012:494758. [PMID: 22550493 PMCID: PMC3328886 DOI: 10.1155/2012/494758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain infectious agents are associated with lymphomas, but the strength of the association varies geographically, suggesting that local environmental factors make important contributions to lymphomagenesis. Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma has well-defined environmental requirements making it particularly suitable for research into local environmental factors. The Epstein-Barr virus and holoendemic Malaria are recognized as important cofactors in endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma and their contributions are discussed. Additionally, infection with Chikungunya Fever, a potentially oncogenic arbovirus, was associated with the onset of endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma in one study and also with space-time case clusters of the lymphoma. Chikungunya Virus has several characteristics typical of oncogenic viruses. The Flavivirus, Hepatitis C, a Class 1 Human Carcinogen, closely related to the arboviruses, Yellow Fever, and Dengue, is also more distantly related to Chikungunya Virus. The mechanisms of oncogenesis believed to operate in Hepatitis C lymphomagenesis are discussed, as is their potential applicability to Chikungunya Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry van den Bosch
- Research Facilitation Forum, Pilgrims Hospices, Canterbury, Kent CT2 8JA, UK
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14
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Nicolosi Guidicelli S, Lopez-Guillermo A, Falcone U, Conconi A, Christinat A, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Grisanti S, Lobetti-Bodoni C, Piffaretti JC, Johnson PW, Mombelli G, Cerny A, Montserrat E, Cavalli F, Zucca E. Hepatitis C virus and GBV-C virus prevalence among patients with B-cell lymphoma in different European regions: a case-control study of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. Hematol Oncol 2011; 30:137-42. [PMID: 22105737 DOI: 10.1002/hon.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with some B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B cell-NHLs). Patients with HCV infection frequently show co-infections with GB virus C (GBV-C, formerly known as hepatitis G virus), and some studies have suggested a higher incidence of GBV-C infection in patients with B cell-NHLs. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the association between HCV and/or GBV-C infection and B cell-NHLs in different geographic areas. One hundred thirty-seven lymphoma cases and 125 non-lymphoma matched controls were enrolled in an international case-control study conducted in Switzerland (Bellinzona), Spain (Barcelona) and England (Southampton) on samples collected from 2001 to 2002. In Bellinzona (41 cases and 81 controls), the overall prevalence of HCV was 3.3% (4.9% in NHLs), and the overall prevalence of GBV-C was 24% (22% in NHLs). In Barcelona (46 cases and 44 controls), the prevalence of HCV was 10% (8.7% in NHLs) and the prevalence of GBV-C 20% (13% in NHLs). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of both infections between patients with NHL and controls. In Southampton, 50 NHL cases were analysed, none of them was found to be HCV-positive; therefore, no control group was analysed and GBV-C analysis was not performed, too. Both in Bellinzona and in Barcelona, the seropositivity rate was significantly lower for HCV than for GBV-C, suggesting that their transmission can be independent. The incidence of HCV was significantly higher in Barcelona than that in Bellinzona. This study confirmed the existence of marked geographic differences in the prevalence of HCV in NHL but cannot provide any significant evidence for an association between HCV and/or GBV-C and B-cell NHLs.
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15
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Varma S, Menon MC, Garg A, Malhotra P, Sharma A, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in northern India. Hepatol Int 2011; 5:688-92. [PMID: 21484139 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been postulated to be an etiological agent for lymphoid malignancies. Whereas a high prevalence of HCV infection in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients has been shown to exist in many geographical areas of high HCV prevalence, studies from other parts have not established any form of association. In India, there is a scarcity of data to show either a positive or a negative association between NHL and HCV infection. Therefore, we determined the prevalence of HCV infection in patients with NHL. METHODS A total of 228 subjects were included, out of which, the number of newly diagnosed consecutive patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (NHL and CLL) were 57 [mean age, 48.7 years (range: 18-80)] and the control group consisted of 171 subjects [mean age, 48.6 years (range: 18-80)]. We used third generation enzyme immunoassay to detect HCV antibodies. HCV RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR. RESULTS Among the 57 patients of NHL, 44 (77.2%) had high-grade disease (diffuse large B cell), 6 (10.5%) intermediate-grade (follicular lymphoma), and 7 (12.3%) low-grade (small lymphocytic); 26 patients had B symptoms at diagnosis. None of the patient tested positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) while 1 patient (1.75%) tested positive for HCV RNA. Among the age- and sex- matched controls, 2 (1.17%) subjects tested positive for anti-HCV; both were also positive for HCV RNA. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection is unlikely to be associated with lymphoproliferative disorders in northern India and does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Varma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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16
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Krajden M, Yu A, Braybrook H, Lai AS, Mak A, Chow R, Cook D, Tellier R, Petric M, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Brooks-Wilson AR, Gallagher RP, Spinelli JJ. GBV-C/hepatitis G virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case control study. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2885-92. [PMID: 19904755 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether there was an association between GBV-C viremia and the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in 553 NHL cases and 438 controls from British Columbia, Canada. Cases were aged 20-79, diagnosed between March 2000 and February 2004, and resident in Greater Vancouver or Victoria. Cases and controls were tested for GBV-C RNA by RT-PCR and positive samples were genotyped. Overall, GBV-C RNA was detected in 4.5% of NHL cases vs. 1.8% of controls [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-6.69]. The association between GBV-C RNA detection and NHL remained even after individuals with a history of prior transfusion, injection drug use and hepatitis C virus sero-positivity were excluded. GBV-C viremia showed the strongest association with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (adjusted OR = 5.18, 95% CI = 2.06-13.71). Genotyping was performed on 29/33 GBV-C RNA positive individuals; genotypes 2a (n = 22); 2b (n = 5) and 3 (n = 2) were identified, consistent with the distribution of genotypes found in North America. This is the largest case-control study to date associating GBV-C viremia and NHL risk. As GBV-C is known to be transmitted through blood products this may have important implications for blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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