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Lin Y, Hu T, Cheng L, Chen Y, Li W, Guo Q, Miao Y. Causal Effects of Plasma Haptoglobin Levels on Alzheimer's Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:339-348. [PMID: 37522206 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A connection between plasma levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been shown in several observational studies. It is debatable, nonetheless, how the two are related causally. OBJECTIVE To establish the causal relationship between Hp and AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS From the extensive genome-wide association studies and FinnGen dataset, summaries and statistics pertaining to AD were gathered. We investigated the possibility of a causal link between Hp and AD using a two-sample MR study. Inverse variance weighting was used as the primary analytical technique, and it was supported by the joint application of complementary analyses and fixed effects meta-analysis to combine results from various sources. RESULTS Genetically determined Hp was causally associated with AD [odds ratio (OR), 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 to 1.09; p = 8.96×10-4]; Inverse variance-weighted estimates coming from different data sources were combined in a meta-analysis with consistent findings (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p = 2.00×10-3). The outcomes of the inverse MR analysis showed that AD had no appreciable causal impact on Hp. CONCLUSION The present MR analysis shows that higher plasma Hp leads to an increased risk of AD. Strategies for plasma Hp testing may open up new doors for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingjun Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhen Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mohamed Asik R, Suganthy N, Aarifa MA, Kumar A, Szigeti K, Mathe D, Gulyás B, Archunan G, Padmanabhan P. Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular View of β-Amyloid Induced Morbific Events. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091126. [PMID: 34572312 PMCID: PMC8468668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a dynamic peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accelerates the disease progression. At the cell membrane and cell compartments, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases and engenders the Aβ. In addition, externally produced Aβ gets inside the cells by receptors mediated internalization. An elevated amount of Aβ yields spontaneous aggregation which causes organelles impairment. Aβ stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein via acceleration by several kinases. Aβ travels to the mitochondria and interacts with its functional complexes, which impairs the mitochondrial function leading to the activation of apoptotic signaling cascade. Aβ disrupts the Ca2+ and protein homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex (GC) that promotes the organelle stress and inhibits its stress recovery machinery such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). At lysosome, Aβ precedes autophagy dysfunction upon interacting with autophagy molecules. Interestingly, Aβ act as a transcription regulator as well as inhibits telomerase activity. Both Aβ and p-tau interaction with neuronal and glial receptors elevate the inflammatory molecules and persuade inflammation. Here, we have expounded the Aβ mediated events in the cells and its cosmopolitan role on neurodegeneration, and the current clinical status of anti-amyloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohamed Mohamed Asik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Asik Aarifa
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
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Soares Martins T, Marçalo R, Ferreira M, Vaz M, Silva RM, Martins Rosa I, Vogelgsang J, Wiltfang J, da Cruz e Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Exosomal Aβ-Binding Proteins Identified by "In Silico" Analysis Represent Putative Blood-Derived Biomarker Candidates for Alzheimer´s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083933. [PMID: 33920336 PMCID: PMC8070602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of exosomes as biomarker resources for diagnostics and even for therapeutics has intensified research in the field, including in the context of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). The search for disease biomarkers in peripheral biofluids is advancing mainly due to the easy access it offers. In the study presented here, emphasis was given to the bioinformatic identification of putative exosomal candidates for AD. The exosomal proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and plasma, were obtained from three databases (ExoCarta, EVpedia and Vesiclepedia), and complemented with additional exosomal proteins already associated with AD but not found in the databases. The final biofluids’ proteomes were submitted to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and the exosomal Aβ-binding proteins that can constitute putative candidates were identified. Among these candidates, gelsolin, a protein known to be involved in inhibiting Abeta fibril formation, was identified, and it was tested in human samples. The levels of this Aβ-binding protein, with anti-amyloidogenic properties, were assessed in serum-derived exosomes isolated from controls and individuals with dementia, including AD cases, and revealed altered expression patterns. Identification of potential peripheral biomarker candidates for AD may be useful, not only for early disease diagnosis but also in drug trials and to monitor disease progression, allowing for a timely therapeutic intervention, which will positively impact the patient’s quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Rui Marçalo
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Maria Ferreira
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Margarida Vaz
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Raquel M. Silva
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal;
| | - Ilka Martins Rosa
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (R.M.); (M.F.); (M.V.); (I.M.R.); (J.W.); (O.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Ayton S, Janelidze S, Roberts B, Palmqvist S, Kalinowski P, Diouf I, Belaidi AA, Stomrud E, Bush AI, Hansson O. Acute phase markers in CSF reveal inflammatory changes in Alzheimer's disease that intersect with pathology, APOE ε4, sex and age. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101904. [PMID: 32882319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown how neuroinflammation may feature in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We profiled acute phase response (APR) proteins (α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin, ceruloplasmin, complement C3, ferritin, α-fibrinogen, β-fibrinogen, γ-fibrinogen, haptoglobin, hemopexin) in CSF of 1291 subjects along the clinical and biomarker spectrum of AD to investigate the association between inflammatory changes, disease outcomes, and demographic variables. Subjects were stratified by Aβ42/t-tau as well as the following clinical diagnoses: cognitively normal (CN); subjective cognitive decline (SCD); mild cognitive impairment (MCI); and AD dementia. In separate multiple regressions (adjusting for diagnosis, age, sex, APOE-ε4) of each APR protein and a composite of all APR proteins, CSF Aβ42/t-tau status was associated with elevated ferritin, but not any other APR protein in CN and SCD subjects. Rather, the APR was elevated along with symptomatic progression (CN < SCD < MCI < AD), and this was elevation was mediated by CSF p-tau181. APOE ε4 status did not affect levels of any APR proteins in CSF, while these were elevated in males and with increased age. The performance of the APR in predicting clinical diagnosis was influenced by APOE ε4 status, sex, and age. These data provide new insight into inflammatory changes in AD and how this intersects with pathology changes and patient demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Blaine Roberts
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kalinowski
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Abdel A Belaidi
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Diouf I, Bush AI, Ayton S. Cerebrospinal fluid ceruloplasmin levels predict cognitive decline and brain atrophy in people with underlying β-amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104810. [PMID: 32087292 PMCID: PMC7150625 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may involve oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a circulating protein that intersects both these pathways, since its expression is increased during the acute phase response, and the protein acts to lower pro-oxidant iron in cells. Since the role of Cp in AD, and its potential for use as a biomarker is not established, we investigated CSF Cp and its association with longitudinal outcome measures related to AD. METHODS This was an observational study of 268 people from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (ADNI) cohort. Subjects were classified clinically as having AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or were cognitively normal (CN), and were also classified as being positive for β-amyloid using established thresholds in the CSF t-tau/Aβ42 ratio. Subjects underwent cognitive tests and MRI studies every 6 months for 2 years, then yearly thereafter for up to 6 years. RESULTS At baseline, CSF Cp was not associated with clinical or pathological diagnosis, but we found an unexpected association between CSF Cp and levels of CSF apolipoprotein E. In longitudinal analysis, high level of CSF Cp was associated with accelerated cognitive decline (as assessed by ADAS-Cog, CDR-SB, and MMSE) and ventricular volume enlargement in people classified as MCI and who had underlying β-amyloid pathology. CONCLUSION These results raise new questions into the role of Cp in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and APOE pathways involved in AD, and reveal the potential for this protein to be used as a biomarker in disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; CSIRO Health and Biosecurity/Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Li D, Huang F, Zhao Y, Villata PW, Griffin TJ, Zhang L, Li L, Yu F. Plasma lipoproteome in Alzheimer's disease: a proof-of-concept study. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:31. [PMID: 30250409 PMCID: PMC6147047 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although total plasma lipoproteome consists of proteins that have shown promises as biomarkers that can identify Alzheimer's disease (AD), effect sizes are modest. The objective of this study is to provide initial proof-of-concept that the plasma lipoproteome more likely differ between AD cases and controls when measured in individual plasma lipoprotein fractions than when measured as total in immunodepleted plasma. Methods We first developed a targeted proteomics method based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for measurement of 120 tryptic peptides from 79 proteins that are commonly present in plasma lipoproteins. Then in a proof-of concept case-control study of 5 AD cases and 5 sex- and age-matched controls, we applied the targeted proteomic method and performed relatively quantification of 120 tryptic peptides in plasma lipoprotein fractions (fractionated by sequential gradient ultracentrifugation) and in immunodepleted plasma (of albumin and IgG). Unadjusted p values from two-sample t-tests and overall fold change was used to evaluate a peptide relative difference between AD cases and controls, with lower p values (< 0.05) or greater fold differences (> 1.05 or < 0.95) suggestive of greater peptide/protein differences. Results Within-day and between-days technical precisions (mean %CV [SD] of all SRM transitions) of the targeted proteomic method were 3.95% (2.65) and 9.31% (5.59), respectively. Between-days technical precisions (mean % CV [SD]) of the entire plasma lipoproteomic workflow including plasma lipoprotein fractionation was 27.90% (14.61). Ten tryptic peptides that belonged to 5 proteins in plasma lipoproteins had unadjusted p values < 0.05, compared to no peptides in immunodepleted plasma. Furthermore, 27, 32, 17, and 20 tryptic peptides in VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL, demonstrated overall peptide fold differences > 1.05 or < 0.95, compared to only 6 tryptic peptides in immunodepleted plasma. The overall comparisons, therefore, suggested greater peptide/protein differences in plasma lipoproteome when measured in individual plasma lipoproteins than as total in immunodepleted plasma. Specifically, protein complement C3's peptide IHWESASLLR, had unadjusted p values of 0.00007, 0.00012, and 0.0006 and overall 1.25, 1.17, 1.14-fold changes in VLDL, IDL, and LDL, respectively. After positive False Discovery Rate (pFDR) adjustment, the complement C3 peptide IHWESASLLR in VLDL remained statistically different (adjusted p value < 0.05). Discussion The findings may warrant future studies to investigate plasma lipoproteome when measured in individual plasma lipoprotein fractions for AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Li
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Fangying Huang
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- 2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Peter W Villata
- 2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ling Li
- 5Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Fang Yu
- 6School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Shen L, Liao L, Chen C, Guo Y, Song D, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang K, Ying M, Li S, Liu Q, Ni J. Proteomics Analysis of Blood Serums from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Using iTRAQ Labeling Technology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:361-378. [PMID: 27911324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer' disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting up to 6% of the population over the age of 65. In order to discover differentially expressed proteins that might serve as potential biomarkers, the serums from AD patients and healthy controls were compared and analyzed using the proteomics approach of isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). For the first time, AD biomarkers in serums are investigated in the Han Chinese population using iTRAQ labeled proteomics strategy. Twenty-two differentially expressed proteins were identified and out of which nine proteins were further validated with more sample test. Another three proteins that have been reported in the literature to be potentially associated with AD were also investigated for alteration in expression level. Functions of those proteins were mainly related to the following processes: amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, cholesterol transport, complement and coagulation cascades, immune response, inflammation, hemostasis, hyaluronan metabolism, and oxidative stress. These results support current views on the molecular mechanism of AD. For the first time, differential expression of zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), fibulin-1 (FBLN1), platelet basic protein (PPBP), thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) were detected in the serums of AD patients compared with healthy controls. These proteins might play a role in AD pathophysiology and serve as potential biomarkers for AD diagnosis. Specifically, our results strengthened the crucial role of Aβ metabolism and blood coagulation in AD pathogenesis and proteins related to these two processes may be used as peripheral blood biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liping Liao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Youjiao Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ying
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Cuello AC. Early and Late CNS Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Two Extremes of a Continuum? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:956-966. [PMID: 28867259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1990 it was reported that individuals receiving NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) showed a markedly reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to the overall population. Large epidemiological studies corroborated this assertion and provoked numerous prospective AD clinical trials with a variety of NSAIDs, all of which demonstrated lack of efficacy. It is postulated that the explanation for the success of NSAIDS in preventing AD onset when given at preclinical stages, and for their failure when administered after AD clinical presentation, lies in the changing nature of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in the decades-long continuum of AD pathology. Early disease-aggravating CNS inflammation might start decades before the presentation of severe cognitive impairments or dementia, and the nature of this process will co-evolve with the neuropathological progression from preclinical to clinical AD stages. This early CNS inflammation should be considered a promising therapeutic target as we continue searching for an unequivocal diagnosis of AD preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Claudio Cuello
- McGill University Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Tang Y, Fung E, Xu A, Lan HY. C-reactive protein and ageing. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44 Suppl 1:9-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Department of Nephrology; Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Erik Fung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Guangzhou China
| | - Anping Xu
- Department of Nephrology; Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Guangzhou China
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Siotto M, Simonelli I, Pasqualetti P, Mariani S, Caprara D, Bucossi S, Ventriglia M, Molinario R, Antenucci M, Rongioletti M, Rossini PM, Squitti R. Association Between Serum Ceruloplasmin Specific Activity and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1181-9. [PMID: 26836154 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses demonstrate copper involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the systemic ceruloplasmin status in relation to copper is an emerging issue. To deepen this matter, we evaluated levels of ceruloplasmin concentration, ceruloplasmin activity, ceruloplasmin specific activity (eCp/iCp), copper, non-ceruloplasmin copper iron, transferrin, the ceruloplasmin/transferrin ratio, and the APOE genotype in a sample of 84 AD patients and 58 healthy volunteers. From the univariate logistic analyses we found that ceruloplasmin concentration, eCp/iCp, copper, transferrin, the ceruloplasmin/transferrin ratio, and the APOE genotype were significantly associated with the probability of AD. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, we selected the best subset of biological predictors by the forward stepwise procedure. The analysis showed a decrease of the risk of having AD for eCp/iCp (p = 0.001) and an increase of this risk for non-ceruloplasmin copper (p = 0.008), age (p = 0.001), and APOE-ɛ4 allele (p < 0.001). The estimated model showed a good power in discriminating AD patients from healthy controls (area under curve: 88% ; sensitivity: 66% ; specificity 93%). These data strength the breakdown of copper homeostasis and propose eCp/iCp as a reliable marker of ceruloplasmin status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Caprara
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Bucossi
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione (ISTC) - CNR, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Molinario
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirca Antenucci
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Molecular Biology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, IRCSS "San Raffaele Pisana", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione (ISTC) - CNR, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
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11
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Bester J, Soma P, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Viscoelastic and ultrastructural characteristics of whole blood and plasma in Alzheimer-type dementia, and the possible role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Oncotarget 2016; 6:35284-303. [PMID: 26462180 PMCID: PMC4742105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Patients typically present with neuro- and systemic inflammation and iron dysregulation, associated with oxidative damage that reflects in hypercoagulability. Hypercoagulability is closely associated with increased fibrin(ogen) and in AD patients fibrin(ogen) has been implicated in the development of neuroinflammation and memory deficits. There is still no clear reason precisely why (a) this hypercoagulable state, (b) iron dysregulation and (c) increased fibrin(ogen) could together lead to the loss of neuronal structure and cognitive function. Here we suggest an alternative hypothesis based on previous ultrastructural evidence of the presence of a (dormant) blood microbiome in AD. Furthermore, we argue that bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, might be the cause of the continuing and low-grade inflammation, characteristic of AD. Here, we follow an integrated approach, by studying the viscoelastic and ultrastructural properties of AD plasma and whole blood by using scanning electron microscopy, Thromboelastography (TEG®) and the Global Thrombosis Test (GTT®). Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence and close proximity of microbes to erythrocytes. TEG® analysis showed a hypercoagulable state in AD. TEG® results where LPS was added to naive blood showed the same trends as were found with the AD patients, while the GTT® results (where only platelet activity is measured), were not affected by the added LPS, suggesting that LPS does not directly impact platelet function. Our findings reinforce the importance of further investigating the role of LPS in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Prashilla Soma
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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12
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Chen H, Li Z, Liu N, Zhang W, Zhu G. Influence of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin 5 bp I/D and Ile1000Val polymorphisms on the susceptibility of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 52 studies. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:511-9. [PMID: 24756728 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have evaluated the association of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin gene (A2M) 5 bp insertion/deletion (5 bp I/D, rs3832852) and Ile1000Val (rs669) polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but the results remain inconclusive. To investigate whether these two polymorphisms facilitate the susceptibility to AD, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, CNKI, and Google Scholar were searched to get the genetic association studies. All statistical analyses were conducted with Review Manager 5.2 and STATA11.0. Fifty-two articles were included in the final meta-analysis. We performed meta-analysis of 39 studies involving 8,267 cases and 7,932 controls for the 5 bp I/D polymorphism and 27 studies involving 6,585 cases and 6,637 controls for the Ile/Val polymorphism. Overall results did not show significant association between these two polymorphisms and AD risk in dominant, recessive, and multiplicative genetic models. On the stratification analyses by ethnicity and APOE ε4 status with genotypes of polymorphism sites, similar negative associations were found. The meta-analysis suggests that there is no enough evidence for associations of A2M gene polymorphisms (5 bp I/D, Ile1000Val) with AD risk at present, even after stratification by ethnicity and APOE ε4 with genotypes of polymorphism sites. However, due to the heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, No.5 Nanmencang, Dongsi, Beijing, 100700, China
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13
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CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-β expression and elevation in Alzheimer's disease and microglial cell cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86617. [PMID: 24466171 PMCID: PMC3899300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins are transcription factors that help to regulate a wide range of inflammatory mediators, as well as several key elements of energy metabolism. Because C/EBPs are expressed by rodent astrocytes and microglia, and because they are induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines that are chronically upregulated in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cortex, we have investigated whether C/EBPs are expressed and upregulated in the AD cortex. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that C/EBPβ can be detected by Western blots in AD and nondemented elderly (ND) cortex, and that it is significantly increased in AD cortical samples. In situ, C/EBPβ localizes immunohistochemically to microglia. In microglia cultured from rapid autopsies of elderly patient’s brains and in the BV-2 murine microglia cell line, we have shown that C/EBPβ can be upregulated by C/EBP-inducing cytokines or lipopolysaccharide and exhibits nuclear translocation possibly indicating functional activity. Given the known co-regulatory role of C/EBPs in pivotal inflammatory mechanisms, many of which are present in AD, we propose that upregulation of C/EBPs in the AD brain could be an important orchestrator of pathogenic changes.
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14
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Schrag M, Mueller C, Zabel M, Crofton A, Kirsch W, Ghribi O, Squitti R, Perry G. Oxidative stress in blood in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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15
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Millard SP, Lutz F, Li G, Galasko DR, Farlow MR, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Leverenz JB, Tsuang D, Yu CE, Peskind ER, Bekris LM. Association of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 with A2M gene in cognitively normal subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:357-64. [PMID: 24011543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ(42) levels correlate with increased brain Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which suggests a disruption in the degradation and clearance of Aβ from the brain. In addition, APOE ε4 carriers have lower CSF Aβ(42) levels than non-carriers. The hypothesis of this investigation was that CSF Aβ(42) levels would correlate with regulatory region variation in genes that are biologically associated with degradation or clearance of Aβ from the brain. CSF Aβ(42) levels were tested for associations with Aβ degradation and clearance genes and APOE ε4. Twenty-four SNPs located within the 5' and 3' regions of 12 genes were analyzed. The study sample consisted of 99 AD patients and 168 cognitively normal control subjects. CSF Aβ(42) levels were associated with APOE ε4 status in controls but not in AD patients; A2M regulatory region SNPs were also associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels in controls but not in AD patients, even after adjusting for APOE ε4. These results suggest that genetic variation within the A2M gene influences CSF Aβ(42) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Millard
- Northwest Network VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Zhang R, Miller RG, Madison C, Jin X, Honrada R, Harris W, Katz J, Forshew DA, McGrath MS. Systemic immune system alterations in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:38-42. [PMID: 23380586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation and inflammation play significant roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test whether AD patients showed systemic manifestations of inflammation, blood from 41 patients with early stages of AD and 31 aged-match elderly controls were evaluated. Cellular markers for monocyte/macrophage (MO) activation and CD8 T lymphocyte were increased in early AD patients. Expression of monocyte CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), was decreased; however, plasma MCP-1 levels were significantly increased and were related to the degree of MO activation in AD. These findings suggest that AD pathogenesis may be influenced by systemic immunologic dysfunction and provides potential immunologic targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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17
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Zabel M, Schrag M, Mueller C, Zhou W, Crofton A, Petersen F, Dickson A, Kirsch WM. Assessing candidate serum biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30:311-21. [PMID: 22426016 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of the growing impact of late onset cognitive loss, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of improved diagnostic techniques for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that may pave the way for earlier (and more effective) therapeutic efforts. Serum-based biomarkers are the least expensive and invasive modality for screening and routine monitoring. We systematically reviewed the literature to assemble a list of serum biomarkers relevant to AD. In parallel, we conducted a proteomic LC-MS/MS analysis of serum collected from neurologically normal subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early AD (n = 6 in all). Complement C3 and alpha-2-macroglobulin were identified from both the literature review and our proteomic screen for further validation. For these two candidates, ELISA was performed on serum collected from a small independent cohort of subjects for longitudinal analysis. Serum was serially collected from neurologically normal subjects (n = 5) and subjects with MCI who were subsequently followed for a period of two years (n = 5) and regrouped into stable MCI and progressive MCI or AD (n = 6). The ability of each marker to predict which subjects with MCI would progress to dementia and which would remain cognitively stable was assessed. Patients with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy were also identified (n = 3). This preliminary analysis tested the most-promising serum protein biomarkers for AD and we concluded that none are yet ready for use in the clinical diagnosis and management of dementia. However, a more thorough assessment in longitudinal studies with higher statistical power is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zabel
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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18
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Palma A, de Carvalho M, Barata N, Evangelista T, Chicau P, Regalla M, Costa J. Biochemical characterization of plasma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Amino acid and protein composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14660820410021320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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The Roles of Neutral Sphingomyelinases in Neurological Pathologies. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1137-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Complement activation as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Immunobiology 2011; 217:204-15. [PMID: 21856034 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from genetic, immunohistochemical, proteomic and epidemiological studies as well as in model systems that complement activation has an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The complement cascade is an essential element of the innate immune response. In the brain complement proteins are integral components of amyloid plaques and complement activation occurs at the earliest stage of the disease. The complement cascade has been implicated as a protective mechanism in the clearance of amyloid, and in a causal role through chronic activation of the inflammatory response. In this review we discuss the potential for complement activation to act as a biomarker for AD at several stages in the disease process. An accurate biomarker that has sufficient predictive, diagnostic and prognostic value would provide a significant opportunity to develop and test for effective novel therapies in the treatment of AD.
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21
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Case–control studies on ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in neurodegenerative diseases: A short review. J Neurol Sci 2010; 299:51-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Cumurcu T, Ozyurt H, Demir HD, Yardim H. Serum alpha-1-antitriypsin levels in patients with pseudoexfolative syndrome. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:159-62. [PMID: 18293186 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701861752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the levels of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and healthy control subjects without PEX. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-four patient with PEX and 40 healthy control subjects (84 subjects total) were enrolled into the study. Serum ATT levels were measured using nephelometry. RESULTS The mean serum AAT concentration in PEX group was significantly higher than in the controls (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION Serum AAT levels were found to be increased in patients with PEX. Increased serum AAT levels in PEX may explain the role of inflammation in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongabay Cumurcu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey.
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23
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Mielke MM, Zandi PP. Hematologic risk factors of vascular disease and their relation to dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 21:335-52. [PMID: 16508297 DOI: 10.1159/000091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have implicated vascular-related conditions as risk factors for dementia. Clarification of these factors in dementia is important because most are modifiable, and may serve as the basis for preventive strategies. Several hematologic factors are associated with vascular diseases, but their relation to dementia is unclear. This review examines biological and epidemiological evidence concerning the role of these hematologic factors in dementia, and dementia subtypes. Reviewed factors include homocysteine, cholesterol, fatty acids, antioxidants, and C-reactive protein. The vast majority of studies reviewed are cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies with serial hematologic measures are needed to clarify the relationship between these factors and dementia over the lifespan. A necessary step is to examine multiple hematologic factors simultaneously, rather than in isolation, to determine how these factors are interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Center on Aging and Health and the Alzheimer Disease Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Loeffler DA, Camp DM, Schonberger MB, Singer DJ, LeWitt PA. Early complement activation increases in the brain in some aged normal subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:1001-7. [PMID: 15212824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may contribute to the development and progression of this disorder. To compare early complement activation between normal and AD brain specimens, C4d and iC3b concentrations were measured in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum from aged normal and AD subjects n=10-14 for both), and in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex from younger normal subjects (n=5-6). C4d and iC3b levels increased 2.3- to 4.6-fold in AD versus aged normal specimens (all P <0.05), with lowest concentrations of these activation proteins generally in cerebellum. No significant differences were present between aged and younger normal C4d and iC3b levels in hippocampus or entorhinal cortex. However, the concentrations of these proteins were markedly increased in several aged normal specimens. Normal subject age was moderately associated with both C4d (r=0.49) and iC3b (r=0.53) concentrations in the hippocampus. Increased brain complement activation in some elderly individuals may promote the subsequent development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Division of Neurology, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
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25
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Teunissen CE, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K, Verhey F, Vreeling F, Wauters A, Bosmans E, Bosma H, van Boxtel MPJ, Maes M, Delanghe J, Blom HJ, Verbeek MM, Rieckmann P, De Bruijn C, Steinbusch HWM, de Vente J. Combination of serum markers related to several mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:893-902. [PMID: 12928047 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) probably involves several pathobiochemical mechanisms and this may be reflected by changes in different serum components. The present study investigated whether the combined analysis of serum molecules related to different mechanisms improves the discrimination of AD patients from healthy controls. Serum of patients with AD was analyzed for a broad spectrum of marker molecules, including 11 inflammatory proteins, 12 sterol intermediates and phytosterols, 2 brain-specific proteins and 4 constituents involved in homocysteine homeostasis. The serum molecule concentrations were combined in a logistic regression model, using a forward stepwise inclusion mode. The results showed that the combination of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, protein alpha1 fraction, cysteine and cholesterol concentrations improved the discrimination between AD patients and healthy controls compared to the single markers. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that the complex pathology in AD is reflected in a pattern of altered serum concentrations of several marker molecules related to several pathobiochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron), Universiteit Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Teunissen CE, van Boxtel MPJ, Bosma H, Bosmans E, Delanghe J, De Bruijn C, Wauters A, Maes M, Jolles J, Steinbusch HWM, de Vente J. Inflammation markers in relation to cognition in a healthy aging population. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 134:142-50. [PMID: 12507782 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation between serum inflammatory protein levels and cognitive performance was investigated in a healthy population. Individuals were tested during 6 years of follow-up. Serum concentrations of 10 inflammatory proteins were correlated to cognitive speed (Letter-Digit Coding Test, LDCT), attention and information processing (Stroop) and memory (Word Learning). Haptoglobin levels at baseline correlated negatively with cognitive performance on the Stroop and Word Learning Recall test over the 6 years follow-up period. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at baseline correlated negatively with performance on the Word Learning tests over the 6 years follow-up period. Thus, relatively high concentrations of haptoglobin and C-reactive protein may be indicative for impaired cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron), Universiteit Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Janciauskiene S, Sun YX, Wright HT. Interactions of A beta with endogenous anti-inflammatory agents: a basis for chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 10:187-200. [PMID: 12270682 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2002.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Janciauskiene
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Malmö, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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28
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Eikelenboom P, Hoogendijk WJG, Jonker C, van Tilburg W. Immunological mechanisms and the spectrum of psychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2002; 36:269-80. [PMID: 12127594 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathological, genetic and epidemiological studies support the opinion that inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent pathological and neuroradiological (PET) data show that activation of microglia is an early pathogenic event that precedes the process of severe neuropil destruction in AD brains. In this paper we review the evidence that inflammatory mediators can play a pathogenic role in some behavioural disorders frequently encountered during the clinical course in AD patients. Motivational disturbances are the most striking of the depressive symptoms in AD and can be present in a preclinical stage of the disease. Experimental animal studies and clinical trials in humans have shown that cytokines can induce similar symptoms which were described as 'sickness behaviour' or 'depressive-like' state. Delirious states are frequently observed in more advanced stages of dementia. Delirium is generally considered the result of an imbalance in neurotransmitter systems with severe deficits of the cholinergic systems. Animal studies show that pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, induce a reduced activity of the cholinergic system. In AD, the release of cytokines would exacerbate any already existing disturbances in the cholinergic neurotransmission. This could explain the susceptibility of demented patients to delirium provoked by a wide variety of trivial incidents that are accompanied by an acute phase response. The data reviewed in this paper suggest that it could be worthwhile employing a neuroimmunological approach to study at molecular level the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of behavioural disturbances common in the clinical course of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eikelenboom
- Graduate School Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Teunissen CE, de Vente J, Steinbusch HWM, De Bruijn C. Biochemical markers related to Alzheimer's dementia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:485-508. [PMID: 12009495 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently based on clinical and neuropsychological examination. To date there is no blood test available that can discriminate dementia patients from healthy individuals. In the present paper, an overview of the current state of knowledge on biologic markers in serum (plasma) and CSF is presented. The combination of characteristic plaque markers tau and amyloid bèta may constitute a specific and sensitive CSF marker for AD. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and antibodies in CSF may be a marker for severe neurodegeneration. CSF concentrations of the oxidative stress markers 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoprostanes are increased in AD patients. Serum 24S-OH-cholesterol may be an early whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody level may be a late marker for neurodegeneration. To date, serum alpha(1)-Antichymotripsin concentration is the most convincing marker for CNS inflammation. Increased serum homocysteine concentrations have also been consistently reported in AD. In summary, a large overlap in mean concentrations has been observed in studies comparing AD patients with healthy controls for single markers. These studies together support the theory of testing several serum markers in combination for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron), Universiteit Maastricht, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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30
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Maes M, DeVos N, Wauters A, Demedts P, Maurits VW, Neels H, Bosmans E, Altamura C, Lin A, Song C, Vandenbroucke M, Scharpe S. Inflammatory markers in younger vs elderly normal volunteers and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33:397-405. [PMID: 10504008 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently it has been reported that activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS) may play a role in the aging process and in the pathogenesis of the degenerative changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (SDAT). The aims of the present study were to examine the peripheral IRS in normal aging and in SDAT patients. METHODS Serum zinc (Zn), total serum protein (TSP), albumin (Alb), SP electrophoresis, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) were determined in younger versus elderly healthy subjects and in SDAT patients vs. age-matched, healthy volunteers. RESULTS Serum Zn and Alb were significantly lower in elderly than in younger healthy volunteers and were significantly and inversely correlated with age. The production of TNFalpha was significantly higher in elderly than in younger healthy volunteers and was significantly and positively correlated with age. In SDAT patients, no significant changes in serum Zn or TNFalpha production could be found. Serum Alb was significantly lower and serum IL-6 and the alpha1 and alpha2 globulin fractions significantly higher in SDAT patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the IRS appears to accompany the normal aging process, i.e. lower serum Zn and Alb and increased TNFalpha production, as well as SDAT, i.e. lower serum Alb and increased serum IL-6 and alpha1 and alpha2 globulin fractions. The findings suggest that not all indicators of IRS activation in SDAT are related to those of the normal ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maes
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Antwerp University, Department of Psychiatry, Belgium.
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31
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Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R. The importance of inflammatory mechanisms for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:453-61. [PMID: 10433400 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of inflammatory proteins has been identified in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The current data suggest that the inflammatory processes are intimately involved in several crucial events in the pathological cascade. Immunohistochemical studies reveal that those parts of the brain wherein the amyloid-beta deposits are closely associated with a chronic inflammatory response are strongly related to the characteristic symptoms. An inflammation-based approach could also provide a valuable theoretical framework to study the influence of extracerebral factors (such as acute phase reactants) on the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eikelenboom
- Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Valeriuskliniek, The Netherlands.
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32
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Engelborghs S, De Brabander M, De Crée J, D'Hooge R, Geerts H, Verhaegen H, De Deyn PP. Unchanged levels of interleukins, neopterin, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurochem Int 1999; 34:523-30. [PMID: 10402228 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several histopathological studies suggest that amyloidogenesis in dementia of the Alzheimer type is accompanied by activated glia and glia-derived cytokines, leading to chronic, self-propagating, cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular reactions. As studies regarding inflammatory changes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type has been inconclusive, we set up a prospective study to assess cerebrospinal fluid levels of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-12, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and neopterin in 20 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Comparing both groups, no significant differences in concentrations and specific activities could be revealed. An additional 22 patients were included to enlarge the study population. No statistically significant differences were shown comparing patients (n=42) with the control group (n=20). We conclude that the immune-mediated inflammatory changes found in histopathological studies are not reflected in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Probably, cytokine production appears very localized in the central nervous system, not allowing representative detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Further studies assessing cytokine levels in various regions of central nervous system of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type will be of interest to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engelborghs
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Middelheim, Born-Bunge Foundation, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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33
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Eikelenboom P, Rozemuller JM, van Muiswinkel FL. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: relationships between pathogenic mechanisms and clinical expression. Exp Neurol 1998; 154:89-98. [PMID: 9875271 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years a variety of inflammatory proteins has been identified in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) postmortem. There is now considerable evidence that in AD the deposition of amyloid-beta (A beta) protein precedes a cascade of events that ultimately leads to a local "brain inflammatory response." Here we reviewed the evidence (i) that inflammatory mechanisms can be a part of the relevant etiological factors for AD in patients with head trauma, ischemia, and Down's syndrome; (ii) that in cerebral A beta disorders the clinical symptoms are determined to a great extent by the site of inflammation; and (iii) that a brain inflammatory response can explain some poorly understood characteristics of the clinical picture, among others the susceptibility of AD patients to delirium. The present data indicate that inflammatory processes in the brain contribute to the etiology, the pathogenesis, and the clinical expression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eikelenboom
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Valeriuskliniek, The Netherlands
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34
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Kalaria RN, Harshbarger-Kelly M, Cohen DL, Premkumar DR. Molecular aspects of inflammatory and immune responses in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1996; 17:687-93. [PMID: 8892341 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(96)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate numerous molecular and cellular elements of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta protein deposition induces many molecules associated with a predominantly local inflammatory response within the brain parenchyma. These responses also provoke the release of immune system mediators including cytokines, which all seem largely to be produced by reactive cells such as astrocytes and microglia. Classical acute phase proteins of the pentraxin and serine protease inhibitor (serpin) families as well as a host of complement proteins and some coagulation factor seem the most intrinsically involved. These secreted molecules display variable binding with the amyloidotic lesions. Although our understanding of the molecular specificity and significance of the interaction of these proteins within the lesions is not replete, the development of unique inhibitors of the inflammatory reactions could provide therapeutic strategies to impede the pathogenetic process. Currently, this appears a more viable option than to inhibit amyloid beta production or modify amyloid beta precursor protein processing, an approach which seems more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Kalaria
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4938, USA
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35
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Licastro F, Morini MC, Polazzi E, Davis LJ. Increased serum alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease: an acute phase reactant without the peripheral acute phase response. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 57:71-5. [PMID: 7535791 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)00163-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACT) were measured in patients with early and late onset Alzheimer's disease (e-AD, 1-AD), patients with vascular dementia (VD) and healthy elderly. Patients with 1-AD were divided into two groups, one had normal alpha 1-ACT values and one had increased serum levels of alpha 1-ACT. Other acute phase proteins were also measured. The serum levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-MG), alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), ceruloplasmin (CER), transferrin (TRSF) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-ac.GL) were within the normal range. The C reactive protein (CRP) was occasionally detectable at low concentrations in e-AD, in both groups of 1-AD patients and in VD patients. Low serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found in a higher proportion of 1-AD than in patients with e-AD or VD. These results indicated that increased levels of alpha 1-ACT along with occasional detection of IL-6 might be peripheral markers of the 'acute reaction' in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Licastro
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy
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36
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de Lustig ES, Kohan S, Famulari AL, Dominguez RO, Serra JA. Peripheral markers and diagnostic criteria in Alzheimer's disease: critical evaluations. Rev Neurosci 1994; 5:213-25. [PMID: 7889214 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1994.5.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes recent developments in diagnostic criteria and peripheral markers used clinically in the definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), comparing past and current views, together with a discussion of their shortcoming and difficulties of implementation. Consideration is given to studies on the presence of amyloid substances outside the central nervous system: in cerebrospinal fluid, in plasma, in primary cultures, and in continuous cultures of cell lines of neuronal and glial origin. We discuss alterations of cholinesterases and noradrenaline in red blood cells (RBC) in AD and, with relation to the infectious theory, the presence of spirochaetes in patients. The activities of the enzymes leading to the formation of amyloid substances and those reflecting more general alterations of metabolic processes are considered, both in respect to their role in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders of AD and of their potential use as markers. Enzymatic changes have been studied comparing AD patients with non AD controls as well as with AD relatives: proteases and their inhibitors; plasminogen activators; transketolases; increases in the activity of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in AD patients' RBC, serum, fibroblasts and cortical neurons, pointing to alterations in oxidative processes; and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, linked to late-onset AD and familial cases. This review presents reasons why the involvement of peripheral markers in AD should advance from hypothesis to accepted fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S de Lustig
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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37
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Shalit F, Sredni B, Stern L, Kott E, Huberman M. Elevated interleukin-6 secretion levels by mononuclear cells of Alzheimer's patients. Neurosci Lett 1994; 174:130-2. [PMID: 7970167 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested in recent research that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Production of IL-1, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes, and IL-6, by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated mononuclear cells, was assessed in patients with AD divided into two groups--mild and moderately severe--according to severity of disease, and elderly controls. No differences in IL-1 production were found among AD patients and controls. However, significant elevation in IL-6 secretion levels was observed in both the mild and moderately severe AD patients. Our results suggest that peripheral IL-6 secretion levels may be responsible for acute-phase proteins observed in the serum of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shalit
- CAIR Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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38
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Maguire TM, Gillian AM, O'Mahony D, Coughlan CM, Dennihan A, Breen KC. A decrease in serum sialyltransferase levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15:99-102. [PMID: 8159268 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(94)90149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A reliable antemortem serum marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) would be of great importance for the early detection and subsequent therapeutic management of the disease. We have noted a significant decrease in serum levels of the soluble form of the sialyltransferase enzyme in a group of AD patients when compared with both age-matched elderly (over 60 years) and young (under 60 years) controls. In a population of Down's syndrome patients, who develop AD pathology with increasing age, there was an age-related decrease in serum sialyltransferase activity in patients from 20 to 60 years to approach enzyme levels similar to those observed in the AD group. This significant decrease in serum sialyltransferase levels observed may both prove a useful peripheral early biochemical marker of neurodegeneration and provide an indication of the underlying cellular events that occur during the process of nerve cell death in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Maguire
- Department of Pharmacology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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39
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Peripheral Markers in Alzheimer’s Disease. DEMENTIA 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6805-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Current evidence clearly indicates that elements of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of the principal lesions characterizing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Findings are in accord with features associated with both the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in a predominantly local inflammatory response within the parenchyma. Many of the features are unique to AD, presumably related to the unusual properties of beta amyloid protein. Remarkably, the brain holds the capacity to produce almost all the immune system mediators which largely seem to be generated by glia comprising both astrocytes and microglia. While a variety of humoral mediators including classical acute phase proteins (and serpins) are increased and released, the complement seems most intrinsically involved. The cellular response is elaborated by microglia which seem the main immunocompetent cells partaking in the response. These appear to function as pluripotent macrophages expressing both classes of MHC antigens. Further characterization of this interesting response to cerebral amyloidosis will be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Kalaria
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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41
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Kuiper MA, van Kamp GJ, Bergmans PL, Scheltens P, Wolters EC. Serum alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is not a useful marker for Alzheimer's disease or dementia in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA SECTION 1993; 6:145-9. [PMID: 8117411 DOI: 10.1007/bf02261008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We measured serum alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and age-matched controls to evaluate whether serum ACT levels in AD patients were elevated and whether ACT levels in PD patients with dementia differed from those in PD or AD. None of the patient groups displayed an increase in ACT levels. We conclude that serum ACT is not useful as a marker, nor in AD nor in dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kuiper
- Department of Neurology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Brewer GJ, Ashford JW. Human serum stimulates Alzheimer markers in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 1992; 33:355-69. [PMID: 1335088 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490330302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for promoting the distinct types of lesions in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and other changes outside the brain is unknown. We examined neurons in culture, unprotected by glia or a blood-brain barrier, to determine if exposure to serum from Alzheimer patients would affect markers for Alzheimer brain lesions. Rat hippocampal neurons were first grown for 4 days in a new serum-free culture medium, then exposed for 24 hr to human sera. Sera from 12 AD patients or their spouses increased four molecular markers characteristic of Alzheimer senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles: Alz-50, beta-amyloid (beta/A4), MAP2, and ubiquitin, each with their expected cytologic distributions. Sera from ten young adults produced significantly less stimulation. By quantitative immunofluorescence, neuronal exposure to the elderly human sera produced 1.8- to 2.5-fold increases in mean fluorescent area/cell for each of these four markers relative to no serum exposure. As controls, an unrelated neuronal marker, enolase, was unaffected and fetal bovine serum did not stimulate immunoreactivity. Neuron viability and somal area were unaffected at 24 hours. The MAP2 increases were dose dependent with negligible effect at 2% serum and maximum effect at 10% serum after 24 hr. The MAP2 increase was greater after 48 hr of exposure than 24 hr and negligible at 2 hr. This stimulation of AD markers by human serum suggests that the genesis of both neuronal plaques and tangles may arise from access of toxic serum factors to susceptible neurons and/or failure to detoxify these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brewer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62704-9230
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43
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Kalaria RN. Serum amyloid P and related molecules associated with the acute-phase response in Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 143:637-41. [PMID: 1280849 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(92)80048-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Kalaria
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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44
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McRae A, Dahlström A. Immune Responses in Brains of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Patients: Hypothesis and Reality. Rev Neurosci 1992; 3:79-98. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1992.3.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Matsubara E, Hirai S, Amari M, Shoji M, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto K, Ishiguro K, Harigaya Y, Wakabayashi K. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin as a possible biochemical marker for Alzheimer-type dementia. Ann Neurol 1990; 28:561-7. [PMID: 2147546 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410280414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We measured serum alpha 1-antichymotrypsin levels in 38 patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, 89 control subjects, 2 subjects with Down's syndrome, 20 with vascular dementia, 18 with Parkinson's disease, 14 with spinocerebellar degeneration, 15 with cerebrovascular disease without dementia, and 14 with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were also measured in 15 patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, 26 control subjects, 6 with vascular dementia, 7 with cerebrovascular disorder, and 11 with degenerative disorders. In control subjects, there were no age-related changes or sex differences. Serum and CSF levels were significantly and specifically higher in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia than in other subjects (serum, p less than 0.001; CSF, p less than 0.05). Serum levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were significantly elevated in the early stage of Alzheimer-type dementia, whereas there was no definite correlation between serum levels and the degree of dementia. CSF levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin tended to parallel the severity of dementia. Serum levels were not correlated with CSF levels. These data indicate that serum and CSF levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin might be independently upregulated in Alzheimer-type dementia. We concluded that the measurement of serum levels of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin could be useful as a screening marker for Alzheimer-type dementia. In addition, CSF levels also could be a useful marker for Alzheimer-type dementia, because they might reflect the state of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matsubara
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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46
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van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Nagelkerken L. Serum levels of interleukin-6 are not elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1990; 108:350-4. [PMID: 2304653 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined in 97 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and 79 age- and sex-matched control subject. Median serum levels of IL-6 did not differ significantly between Alzheimer patients (8.6 U/ml) and controls (8.2 U/ml). Median levels of serum IL-6 were similar for sporadic and familial patients. The concentration of IL-6 was not associated with the severity of the dementia or the duration of the disease since first symptoms. According to these observations there is no evidence for a significant elevation in serum IL-6 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Ounanian A, Guilbert B, Renversez JC, Seigneurin JM, Avrameas S. Antibodies to viral antigens, xenoantigens, and autoantigens in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Lab Anal 1990; 4:367-75. [PMID: 2172499 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.1860040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sera from 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 21 control subjects were studied by immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay for antibody activity against various viruses and 12 self- and non-self-antigens. Total IgG mean level was significantly higher in the AD group; the IgG level was above 15 g/L in 52.8% of AD patients versus 14.3% of control subjects. Antiviral antibody titers showed no significant differences except for antibodies to herpes simplex virus-1, which were increased in control group. In contrast, autoantibodies were more frequently found in AD patients, and the prevalence of antibodies to spectrin, peroxidase, and thyroglobulin was significantly increased. Thus, in our series, autoimmune but not antiviral responses were heightened in at least 42% of AD patients (versus 9% of the control group) suggesting the existence of two subpopulations in the AD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ounanian
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
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