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Yue L, Wang C, Meng B, Xie B, Cao H, Su H, Zhang M. The Food Niche Overlap and Interspecific Relationship between the Sympatric Tibetan Macaque and Grey Snub-Nosed Monkey. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2536. [PMID: 37570344 PMCID: PMC10417265 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the trophic niche and interspecific relationships between related species and determining how the species maintain differences in nutritional niches while coexisting in the same area are important topics in ecological research. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of food resource utilization, competition and coexistence among species distributed in the same region is important. In this study, we used fecal samples and metagenome sequencing technology to study the plant feeding habits and coexistence mechanisms of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) and grey snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi) within the same area. In the winter of 2020, we collected a total of 40 fecal samples from Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys; of those, 29 samples were considered valid and were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. The results showed that in winter, Tibetan macaques consumed plants from 117 families and 184 genera, whereas grey snub-nosed monkeys consumed plants from 109 families and 165 genera. Diversity analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in the food composition of Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys. Tibetan macaques had a broader food niche width than grey snub-nosed monkeys at the family and genus levels. In winter, the food niches of Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys almost entirely overlapped (0.99). Our research provides detailed dietary data for Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys and valuable information that can aid in conservation efforts targeting these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie 427400, China
| | - Bingshun Meng
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bo Xie
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Heqin Cao
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haijun Su
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Forestry, Research Center for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Qi XG, Wu J, Zhao L, Wang L, Guang X, Garber PA, Opie C, Yuan Y, Diao R, Li G, Wang K, Pan R, Ji W, Sun H, Huang ZP, Xu C, Witarto AB, Jia R, Zhang C, Deng C, Qiu Q, Zhang G, Grueter CC, Wu D, Li B. Adaptations to a cold climate promoted social evolution in Asian colobine primates. Science 2023; 380:eabl8621. [PMID: 37262163 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms that underpin primate social evolution remain poorly understood. Asian colobines display a range of social organizations, which makes them good models for investigating social evolution. By integrating ecological, geological, fossil, behavioral, and genomic analyses, we found that colobine primates that inhabit colder environments tend to live in larger, more complex groups. Specifically, glacial periods during the past 6 million years promoted the selection of genes involved in cold-related energy metabolism and neurohormonal regulation. More-efficient dopamine and oxytocin pathways developed in odd-nosed monkeys, which may have favored the prolongation of maternal care and lactation, increasing infant survival in cold environments. These adaptive changes appear to have strengthened interindividual affiliation, increased male-male tolerance, and facilitated the stepwise aggregation from independent one-male groups to large multilevel societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinwei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Opie
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Runjie Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihong Ji
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunzhong Xu
- Shanghai Wild Animal Park Development Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Arief B Witarto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pertahanan, Jabodetabek, Indonesia
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Cheng Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Yang Y, Youlatos D, Behie AM, Belbeisi RA, Huang Z, Tian Y, Wang B, Zhou L, Xiao W. Positional behavior and canopy use of black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri in the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan, China. Curr Zool 2021; 68:401-409. [PMID: 36090144 PMCID: PMC9450169 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on positional behavior and canopy use are essential for understanding how arboreal animals adapt their morphological characteristics and behaviors to the challenges of their environment. This study explores canopy and substrate use along with positional behavior in adult black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri, an endemic, critically endangered primate species in Gaoligong Mountains, southwest China. Using continuous focal animal sampling, we collected data over a 52-month period and found that R. strykeri is highly arboreal primarily using the high layers of the forest canopy (15–30 m), along with the terminal zone of tree crowns (52.9%), medium substrates (41.5%), and oblique substrates (56.8%). We also found sex differences in canopy and substrate use. Females use the terminal zones (56.7% versus 40.4%), small/medium (77.7% versus 60.1%), and oblique (59.9% versus 46.5%) substrates significantly more than males. On the other hand, males spend more time on large/very large (39.9% versus 22.3%) and horizontal (49.7% versus 35.2%) substrates. Whereas both sexes mainly sit (84.7%), and stand quadrupedally (9.1%), males stand quadrupedally (11.5% versus 8.3%), and bipedally (2.9% versus 0.8%) more often than females. Clamber, quadrupedalism, and leap/drop are the main locomotor modes for both sexes. Rhinopithecus strykeri populations never enter canopies of degenerated secondary forest and mainly use terminal branches in the middle and upper layers of canopies in intact mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest and hemlock coniferous broadleaf mixed forests across their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- Institute of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Alison M Behie
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Roula Al Belbeisi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Zhipang Huang
- Institute of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Yinping Tian
- Lushui Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Liuku, Yunnan 673229, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Lushui Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Liuku, Yunnan 673229, China
| | - Linchun Zhou
- Lushui Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Liuku, Yunnan 673229, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
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Riondato I, Gamba M, Tan CL, Niu K, Narins PM, Yang Y, Giacoma C. Allometric escape and acoustic signal features facilitate high-frequency communication in an endemic Chinese primate. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:327-336. [PMID: 33555413 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The principle of acoustic allometry-the larger the animal, the lower its calls' fundamental frequency-is generally observed across terrestrial mammals. Moreover, according to the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis, open habitats favor the propagation of high-frequency calls compared to habitats with complex vegetational structures. We carried out playback experiments in which the calls of the Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) were used as stimuli in sound attenuation and degradation experiments to test the hypothesis that propagation of Guizhou snub-nosed monkey calls is favored above vs through the forest floor vegetation. We found that low-pitched Guizhou snub-nosed monkey vocalizations suffered less attenuation than its high-pitched calls. Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys were observed emitting high-pitched calls from 1.5 to 5.0 m above the ground. The use of high-pitched calls from these heights coupled with the concomitant behavior of moving about above the understory may provide a signal for receivers which maximizes potential transmission and efficacy. Our results support the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis and suggest that by uncoupling its vocal output from its size, this monkey can produce a high-pitched call with a broad spectral bandwidth, thereby increasing both its saliency and the frequency range over which the animal may more effectively communicate in its natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Riondato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy.
| | - Chia L Tan
- LVDI International, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA.,Nonhuman Primate Conservation Research Institute, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou, 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Niu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy.,Forest Ally, Wellness, Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China.,Nonhuman Primate Conservation Research Institute, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou, 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter M Narins
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yeqin Yang
- Nonhuman Primate Conservation Research Institute, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou, 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
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5
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Habitat estimates reveal that there are fewer than 400 Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus brelichi, remaining in the wild. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Grueter CC, Li D, Ren B, Wei F, Li M. Deciphering the Social Organization and Structure of Wild Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:358-383. [DOI: 10.1159/000480503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Seasonally Consistent Small Home Range and Long Ranging Distance in Presbytis rubicunda in Danum Valley, Borneo. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Wada K, Li B, Watanabe K. Affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates 2015; 56:327-37. [PMID: 26162774 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied affiliative behaviors that occurred within and between one-male units (OMUs) in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China for 3 years from 2002 to 2004. During the birth season, females handling infants of other females affiliatively interacted with females in neighboring OMUs as well as with females in their own OMU. After these interactions, affiliative encounters occurred without conflict between the OMUs. In the mating season, females sometimes presented their genitals to males of other OMUs. These interactions may facilitate the maintenance of a higher level social organization, a band. Therefore, the band composed of OMUs and all male group(s) is the basic unit of social structure of this species. Almost all other Asian colobines have OMUs that either maintain distance from each other or engage in territorial defense, so these OMUs would not be expected to form a band. Contrary to these species, the 3 species of Rhinopithecus spp. inhabiting China form a band composed of OMUs, because infants and females may function as a bridge connecting OMUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Wada
- Cooperative Research Program, Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences, North-West University, Xian, China
| | - Kunio Watanabe
- Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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9
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Ellwanger AL, Riley EP, Niu K, Tan CL. Local People’s Knowledge and Attitudes Matter for the Future Conservation of the Endangered Guizhou Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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GRUETER CC, LI D, REN B, LI M. Substrate use and postural behavior in free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan. Integr Zool 2013; 8:335-45. [PMID: 24344957 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C. GRUETER
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Australia
| | - Dayong LI
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Baoping REN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ming LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Home-Range Use and Activity Patterns of the Red Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau Tropical Peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Chang Z, Yang B, Vigilant L, Liu Z, Ren B, Yang J, Xiang Z, Garber PA, Li M. Evidence of male-biased dispersal in the endangered Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithexus roxellana). Am J Primatol 2013; 76:72-83. [PMID: 24038299 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although sex-biased dispersal has profound effects on the viability of small and isolated populations resulting from habitat change and anthropogenic disturbance, the direction and strength of sex-biased dispersal in the endangered Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithexus roxellana) remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated dispersal patterns of R. roxellana using 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Using noninvasive methods we obtained 337 fecal samples from individuals residing in four multilevel troops that inhabit the Shennongjia Nature Reserve (SNR). Our study site contains an isolated population of approximately 1,000 Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys located in the easternmost distribution of the species' range. Our results indicated that the mean coefficient of relatedness among troop members was low (mean relatedness ± SE = 0.038 ± 0.025). However, the mean relatedness of monkeys residing in the same troop was significantly higher than the mean relatedness of monkeys belonging to different troops, suggesting that some members of the same troop were closely relatived. Sex-biased dispersal tests revealed that dispersal in R. roxellana was male-biased. Moreover, analysis of isolation-by-distance indicated that the correlation between pairwise genetic distance and geographical distance was positive for females, while it was negative for males. These data suggest that males tended to disperse further than females, although these values were not statistically significant. Considering previous field data collected on Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys from other sites, we suggest that mating competition among males and female mate choice represent the major causes of male-biased dispersal in R. roxellana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfei Chang
- Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wandersee SM, An L, López-Carr D, Yang Y. Perception and decisions in modeling coupled human and natural systems: A case study from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Coles RC, Lee PC, Talebi M. Fission–Fusion Dynamics in Southern Muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) in Continuous Brazilian Atlantic Forest. INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Phiapalath P, Borries C, Suwanwaree P. Seasonality of group size, feeding, and breeding in wild red-shanked douc langurs (Lao PDR). Am J Primatol 2011; 73:1134-44. [PMID: 21769909 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In Asian colobines, small one-male groups (OMG) seem to predominate alongside all-male groups (AMG), while larger multimale groups (MMG) are rare, but are reported for Hanuman langurs and red-shanked douc langurs. Recently, however, it has been speculated that the genus Pygathrix could have multilevel societies based on (1) a theoretical extension of the multilevel societies found in Rhinopithecus to all odd-nosed colobines and (2) first data for black-shanked douc langurs. This assumes bands composed of small OMG with a skewed adult sex ratio. Band size may vary with seasonal food availability resulting in smaller bands when feeding competition is increased. To investigate the social organization of red-shanked douc langurs and potential seasonal influences, we observed 2 unhabituated groups at Hin Namno National Protected Area, Lao PDR from March 2007 to August 2008 for 803 hr. We recorded births and performed group counts and scan sampling of feeding behavior. Most births (79% of N = 15) occurred from June-September, indicating a 4-month peak conception season from November to February. Group size averaged 24.5 individuals (range 17-45) with 2.45 adult males (range 1-4). Although the smaller group remained at a stable size (about 18 individuals), the larger group reduced from about 45 to 25 individuals during the 7-months long lean season, when less than 50% of the feeding time was spent on fruits. This suggests feeding competition as a potential cause of seasonal variation in group size. With 1.9 females per male the skew in adult sex ratio was much lower compared with Rhinopithecus, indicating MMG rather than multilevel societies. However, data on the spacing and interaction patterns between recognized individuals need to be collected and analyzed before the social organization can be determined. Detailed ecological data are furthermore required to investigate the basis for the seasonal changes in group size found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaivanh Phiapalath
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Kirkpatrick RC, Grueter CC. Snub-nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments. Evol Anthropol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Xiang ZF, Nie SG, Chang ZF, Wei FW, Li M. Sleeping Sites of Rhinopithecus brelichi at Yangaoping, Guizhou. INT J PRIMATOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-009-9378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Grueter CC, Li D, Ren B, Wei F, van Schaik CP. Dietary Profile of Rhinopithecus bieti and Its Socioecological Implications. INT J PRIMATOL 2009; 30:601-624. [PMID: 19816538 PMCID: PMC2758362 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-009-9363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations and socioecological correlates in colobines, we conducted a 20-mo study of a wild group of Rhinopithecus bieti (Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys) in the montane Samage Forest. This forest supports a patchwork of evergreen broadleaved, evergreen coniferous, and mixed deciduous broadleaved/coniferous forest assemblages with a total of 80 tree species in 23 families. The most common plant families by basal area are the predominantly evergreen Pinaceae and Fagaceae, comprising 69% of the total tree biomass. Previous work has shown that lichens formed a consistent component in the monkeys' diet year-round (67%), seasonally complemented with fruits and young leaves. Our study showed that although the majority of the diet was provided by 6 plant genera (Acanthopanax, Sorbus, Acer, Fargesia, Pterocarya, and Cornus), the monkeys fed on 94 plant species and on 150 specific food items. The subjects expressed high selectivity for uncommon angiosperm tree species. The average number of plant species used per month was 16. Dietary diversity varied seasonally, being lowest during the winter and rising dramatically in the spring. The monkeys consumed bamboo shoots in the summer and bamboo leaves throughout the year. The monkeys also foraged on terrestrial herbs and mushrooms, dug up tubers, and consumed the flesh of a mammal (flying squirrel). We also provide a preliminary evaluation of feeding competition in Rhinopithecus bieti and find that the high selectivity for uncommon seasonal plant food items distributed in clumped patches might create the potential for food competition. The finding is corroborated by observations that the subjects occasionally depleted leafy food patches and stayed at a greater distance from neighboring conspecifics while feeding than while resting. Key findings of this work are that Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys have a much more species-rich plant diet than was previously believed and are probably subject to moderate feeding competition.
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19
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Grueter CC, van Schaik CP. Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited. Am J Primatol 2009; 71:609-16. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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He W, Lu H, Song D, Zhao K, Gai X, Wang X, Chen Q, Gao F. The evidence of Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis as the cause of death in a Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). J Med Primatol 2009; 38:192-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Yang M, Sun DY, Zinner D, Roos C. Reproductive parameters in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi). Am J Primatol 2009; 71:266-70. [PMID: 19051322 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present data on reproductive parameters and birth seasonality of Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi). Our analyses are based on data from a small captive population collected over 15 years and on 5 years of observations of free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys. Captive females (n=4) mature at an age of 70.8+/-6.7 months and reproduce for the first time at 103.4+/-7.5 months. The mean interbirth interval was 38.2+/-4.4 months if the infant survived more than 6 months, which is longer than that in R. roxellana and R. bieti. In the wild and in captivity, births are very seasonal and occur only in a period from the end of March to the end of April. Our data suggest that population growth in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys is slow compared with the other two Chinese snub-nosed monkey species. The risk of extinction is therefore particularly high in this species, given the small overall population size and slow population recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouyu Yang
- Primate Genetics, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany.
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Wright KA, Stevens NJ, Covert HH, Nadler T. Comparisons of Suspensory Behaviors Among Pygathrix cinerea, P. nemaeus, and Nomascus leucogenys in Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Grueter CC, Li D, van Schaik CP, Ren B, Long Y, Wei F. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of Range Use. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fimbel C, Vedder A, Dierenfeld E, Mulindahabi F. An ecological basis for large group size in Colobus angolensis
in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. Afr J Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qi XG, Li BG, Ji WH. Reproductive parameters of wild female Rhinopithecus roxellana. Am J Primatol 2008; 70:311-9. [PMID: 17968907 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
On the basis on 6 years of observation, we estimated the reproductive parameters of a Golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) group in the Qinling Mountains, China. We observed 88 births in 47 females from 2001 to 2006. Two methods were used to calculate the birthrate. The first method is based on the number of births observed in a year, giving 0.49+/-0.07 (mean+/-SD), and the second method is based on the female-years of observation, giving 0.49+/-0.17 births per female per year in this troop. The mean interbirth interval is 21.88+/-6.01 months (mean+/-SD). The mortality of infant born between 2002 and 2005 was 22.4%. The interbirth intervals of females that had lost an infant before the age of 6 months were significantly shorter than that of females whose infants survived for more than 6 months. A female usually gives birth once every 2 years if the previous offspring survives to a weaning age of 5-6 months, or will give birth in the next year if the previous young dies before reaching an age of 6 months. Births were significantly concentrated during March to May of each year. The mean birth date was on April 14, median was April 12; and the standard deviation was 13.98 days. Birth peak occurs 6-7 months after mating peak. From observations on 15 individuals that gave birth for the first time, we concluded that the wild female Golden snub-nosed monkeys in Qinling Mountains start giving birth at an age of 5 or 6 years. We suggest that the seasonal reproductive pattern is an adaptive response to the availability of seasonal food. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these reproductive characteristics are a result of adaptation to the seasonality of mountain climate and food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Cui LW, Huo S, Zhong T, Xiang ZF, Xiao W, Quan RC. Social organization of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China. Am J Primatol 2008; 70:169-74. [PMID: 17894403 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Data on social organization of two bands of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected when the monkeys were crossing an open spot at Nanren and Bamei (northwest of Yunnan, China) using a sampling rule where individuals within one social unit are spatially closer to each other than individuals between social units. The typical pattern of social organization in this sample was multiple adult females (AFs) and their offspring with one adult male (AM) in a one-male unit (OMU), similar to that of many other colobines. In such units, on average one male is associated with 4.0 AFs and 2.5 of their offspring. Moreover, there are multimale/multifemale units and monogamous units besides OMUs. All bisexual units traveled together with at least one all-male unit as a cohesive band. In two bands of monkeys, 87% of AMs in bisexual units were within OMUs, 7.8% within monogamous units and 5.2% within multimale, multifemale units. In the Bamei band, 6.7% of AMs were in the all-male unit. The size of OMUs in the Nanren band was larger than that of the Bamei band, with more AFs and juveniles, which may be related to better conservation in the Nanren band's habitat. For the Nanren band, the average number of AFs in OMUs varied across time, increasing from 4.3 in 1994 to 5.1 in 2001, and then decreasing to 3.8 in 2005. This article suggests three possible explanations for this variation, but more data are needed for these hypotheses to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Cui
- Faculty of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Mandibular morphometric variation among Chinese cercopithecoids and the unique structure of the snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus) mandible. Primates 2007; 49:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-007-0071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Population Structure and Ranging Patterns of Rhinopithecus roxellana in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, China. INT J PRIMATOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fashing PJ, Mulindahabi F, Gakima JB, Masozera M, Mununura I, Plumptre AJ, Nguyen N. Activity and Ranging Patterns of Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda: Possible Costs of Large Group Size. INT J PRIMATOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guo S, Li B, Watanabe K. Diet and activity budget of Rhinopithecus roxellana in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates 2007; 48:268-76. [PMID: 17522758 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-007-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We collected data on diet and daytime activity budget, and investigated the phenology of food trees and food abundance for a group of Rhinopithecus roxellana on the East Ridge of Yuhuangmiao in the Qinling Mountains from November 2001 to December 2003. We calculated the seasonal activity budget using data collected by scan sampling from 84 full-day observations (winter 16, spring 18, summer 28, autumn 22 days). During scan sampling we recorded behavioral states, and the food items and species consumed. The subjects consumed 84 plant species, including trees and shrubs of 29 families, and lichens. Food species varied seasonally. The overall diet of R. roxellana consisted of 29.4% fruit/seeds, 29.0% lichens, 24.0% leaves, 11.1% bark, 4.2% buds, 1.3% twigs and 1.0% unidentified items. Because the abundance of different food items varied seasonally, the monkeys had to shift their major food items seasonally. The annual activity budget of R. roxellana was 36.2% time spent resting, 35.8% feeding, 22.9% moving, and 5.1% other behavior. Seasonal changes in activity budget were observed. R. roxellana spent more time moving in autumn, when the quality of the food might be highest, and least time moving in winter when the food quality might be lowest. Thus, this type of monkey has a passive foraging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Guo
- College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Zhang P, Watanabe K, Li B, Tan CL. Social organization of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, Central China. Primates 2006; 47:374-82. [PMID: 16625309 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-006-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys were observed for 197 days from 2000 to 2003 in the Qinling Mountains, Central China. The study group was provisioned in 2001 allowing detailed observations of social organization based on individual identification. The group was composed of 45-82 monkeys, all of which belonged to one of 6-8 one-male units (OMU) that foraged to form one big group. The average unit size was 9.0+/-2.3, 8+/-1.5 in the winter and 11.1+/-2.0 in the spring. Immigration or emigration of one-male units to or from the foraging group was observed, as was migration of individuals in and out of OMU, especially for by subadult females and juveniles. Group size therefore tended to fluctuate with the number of OMU and the number of young monkeys present in the group. The OMU in the study area were smaller than those in Shennongjia area. The factors influencing the size of these OMU and the entire group are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Fimbel C, Vedder A, Dierenfeld E, Mulindahabi F. An ecological basis for large group size in Colobus angolensis in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. Afr J Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2001.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sarmiento EE. Cautious climbing and folivory: a model of hominoid differentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02438967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jablonski NG, Ruliang P. Sexual dimorphism in the snub-nosed langurs (Colobinae: Rhinopithecus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1995; 96:251-72. [PMID: 7785724 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330960304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the dentition and skeleton of the four extant species of snub-nosed langurs, Rhinopithecus (R.) bieti, R. (R.) brelichi, R. (R.) roxellana and R. (Presbytiscus) avunculus, was studied. The species shared a similar general pattern of sexual dimorphism, but were found to differ in respects that appear to reflect the influence of disparate socioecological and environmental factors. All the species showed marked canine dimorphism but the very high degree of canine dimorphism in R. bieti appeared to be due to the intensity of intermale competition for mates during a temporally restricted breeding season, and possibly also to the intensity of competition between males for other resources during other times of the year. Sexual dimorphism in the postcranial skeleton of Rhinopithecus species was also most pronounced in R. bieti and may be related to the relatively higher frequency of terrestrial locomotion in males of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Jablonski
- Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth
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