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Eng PC, Phylactou M, Qayum A, Woods C, Lee H, Aziz S, Moore B, Miras AD, Comninos AN, Tan T, Franks S, Dhillo WS, Abbara A. Obesity-Related Hypogonadism in Women. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:171-189. [PMID: 37559411 PMCID: PMC10911953 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a well-characterized condition in men (termed male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism; MOSH); however, an equivalent condition has not been as clearly described in women. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to increase with obesity, but PCOS is more typically characterized by increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (and by proxy luteinizing hormone; LH) pulsatility, rather than by the reduced gonadotropin levels observed in MOSH. Notably, LH levels and LH pulse amplitude are reduced with obesity, both in women with and without PCOS, suggesting that an obesity-related secondary hypogonadism may also exist in women akin to MOSH in men. Herein, we examine the evidence for the existence of a putative non-PCOS "female obesity-related secondary hypogonadism" (FOSH). We précis possible underlying mechanisms for the occurrence of hypogonadism in this context and consider how such mechanisms differ from MOSH in men, and from PCOS in women without obesity. In this review, we consider relevant etiological factors that are altered in obesity and that could impact on GnRH pulsatility to ascertain whether they could contribute to obesity-related secondary hypogonadism including: anti-Müllerian hormone, androgen, insulin, fatty acid, adiponectin, and leptin. More precise phenotyping of hypogonadism in women with obesity could provide further validation for non-PCOS FOSH and preface the ability to define/investigate such a condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chia Eng
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549
| | - Maria Phylactou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambreen Qayum
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Casper Woods
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hayoung Lee
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Aziz
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benedict Moore
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steve Franks
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
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2
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Waghmare SV, Shanoo A. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review With a Focus on Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e47408. [PMID: 38021970 PMCID: PMC10657909 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the most prevalent endocrine condition is chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. This illness influences females from conception to death, posing several risks to the health of a female, thus reducing the quality of life. It also increases the rates of mortality and morbidity. The first years of puberty are when PCOS symptoms first show. Menstrual irregularities, anovulation, and acne are features of both PCOS and typical puberty in females. There are many various phenotypes that fall under the same illness, so it is necessary to examine each one independently because they may need different treatments and result in different outcomes. Depending on the diagnostic criteria, approximately 6%-20% of females in the reproductive age group are believed to be affected by PCOS. As long as PCOS is still a syndrome, no single diagnostic indicator, such as hyperandrogenism or polycystic ovary (PCO), can be used to make a clinical diagnosis. The management of females with PCOS depends on the symptoms. These could include menstruation problems, androgen-related symptoms, or infertility caused by ovulatory disruption. In females with PCOS, anovulation is linked to low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and a halt in antral follicle growth during the last stages of maturation. The condition may be treated surgically with laparoscopic ovarian drilling or medically with medications such as aromatase inhibitors, metformin, glucocorticoids, clomiphene citrate (CC), tamoxifen, or gonadotropins. Patients will experience different androgenic symptoms, such as hirsutism, acne, and/or baldness. Patients who appear with these troubling symptoms need to receive appropriate care. The review emphasizes the role it plays in the management of various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutika V Waghmare
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amardeep Shanoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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3
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Barberi C, Di Natale V, Assirelli V, Bernardini L, Candela E, Cassio A. Implicating factors in the increase in cases of central precocious puberty (CPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience of a tertiary centre of pediatric endocrinology and review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032914. [PMID: 36531478 PMCID: PMC9747748 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual development is a complex mechanism activated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Over the last one hundred years there has been a decline in the age at puberty onset in industrialised countries. Some Italian studies showed an increase in diagnoses of Central Precocious Puberty (CPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is thus supposed that in this period there was an increased impact of factors that can influence pubertal development. Our retrospective monocentric study aimed to confirm the existence of this phenomenon and analysed possible related factors. We retrospectively evaluated clinical, laboratory, radiological and ultrasound (US) data of 154 girls referred to our Tertiary Centre of Paediatric Endocrinology from January 2019 to April 2021 for different forms of Precocious Puberty. We subdivided the cases into subgroups according to the final diagnosis: CPP, Early Puberty (EP), isolated thelarche and isolated pubarche. The observation period was subdivided into: Period 1, before lockdown (1 January 2019 - 8 March 2020) and Period 2, lockdown and the following months (9 March 2020 - 30 April 2021). Period 2 was further divided into "restrictive lockdown period" (Period 2.1) (March 2020 - 14 June 2020, in which the schools were closed) and "less restrictive lockdown period" (Period 2.2) (15 June 2020 - 30 April 2021). We analysed data regarding the use of electronic devices before and during lockdown in a group of girls with CPP diagnosed in Period 2 and we compared the data with that of a control group. Our data show an increase in the number of new diagnoses of CPP during lockdown and in the following months, compared with the previous period. We also detected a higher use of PCs and smartphones in girls with CPP diagnosed in Period 2, compared with the control group. The percentage of the presence of endometrial rhyme detected during the pelvic ultrasound was higher in girls with CPP in Period 2, compared with the previous period. Based on our data we assume there was an environmental effect on pubertal timing that calls our attention to factors such as food, use of electronic devices and stress. We will need further studies to better understand this data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Barberi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - V. Di Natale
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Program of Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Unit of Pediatrics, Bologna, Italy
| | - V. Assirelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Bernardini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Candela
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Cassio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Program of Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Shi L, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Childhood obesity and central precocious puberty. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1056871. [PMID: 36465655 PMCID: PMC9716129 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide, and the relationship between obesity and central precocious puberty has long been confirmed, however, the mechanisms underlying this association remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the recent progress regarding how childhood obesity impacts on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and pubertal onset, focusing on adipokines (leptin and ghrelin), hormone (insulin), and lipid (ceramide), as well as critical signaling pathways (AMPK/SIRT, mTOR) that integrate the peripheral metabolism and central circuits. Notably, prevention of obesity and CPP is beneficial for the adult life of the children, thus we further summarize the potential strategies in treating and preventing childhood obesity and CPP. The updated understanding of metabolic stress and pediatric endocrine disease will arise the attention of society, and also contribute to preventing more serious comorbidities in the later period of life in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Garg A, Patel B, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. Treatments targeting neuroendocrine dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:156-164. [PMID: 35262967 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and is the leading cause of anovulatory subfertility. Increased gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility in the hypothalamus results in preferential luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from the pituitary gland, leading to ovarian hyperandrogenism and oligo/anovulation. The resultant hyperandrogenism reduces negative feedback from sex steroids such as oestradiol and progesterone to the hypothalamus, and thus perpetuates the increase in GnRH pulsatility. GnRH neurons do not have receptors for oestrogen, progesterone, or androgens, and thus the disrupted feedback is hypothesized to occur via upstream neurons. Likely candidates for these upstream regulators of GnRH neuronal pulsatility are Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B (NKB), and Dynorphin neurons (termed KNDy neurons). Growing insight into the neuroendocrine dysfunction underpinning the heightened GnRH pulsatility seen in PCOS has led to research on the use of pharmaceutical agents that specifically target the activity of these KNDy neurons to attenuate symptoms of PCOS. This review aims to highlight the neuroendocrine abnormalities that lead to increased GnRH pulsatility in PCOS, and outline data on recent therapeutic advancements that could potentially be used to treat PCOS. Emerging evidence has investigated the use of neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) antagonists as a method of reducing GnRH pulsatility and alleviating features of PCOS such as hyperandrogenism. We also consider other potential mechanisms by which increased GnRH pulsatility is controlled, which could form the basis of future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Garg
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bijal Patel
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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6
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Pirotta S, Joham A, Grieger JA, Tay CT, Bahri-Khomami M, Lujan M, Lim SS, Moran LJ. Obesity and the Risk of Infertility, Gestational Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 2021; 38:342-351. [PMID: 33873233 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the relationship between obesity and the most common reproductive (infertility) and metabolic (gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) consequences in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It also describes the vital role of lifestyle management for PCOS. PCOS is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder common in reproductive-age women. Consensus on the exact etiological mechanisms of PCOS is unreached. Overweight or obesity is present in at least 60% of the PCOS population, but the condition occurs irrespective of BMI, with excess BMI increasing both the prevalence and severity of clinical features. Use of lifestyle therapies (nutrition, physical activity, and/or behavioral) for the prevention and management of excess weight gain, infertility, GDM, and T2DM is a vital component of best-practice PCOS care. Lifestyle management is recommended for all women with PCOS as the first-line treatment with or without medications. Due to a lack of high-quality trials demonstrating the efficacy of specific lifestyle approaches, PCOS lifestyle recommendations are as those for the general population. This review summarizes current knowledge relating to obesity and its impact on fertility, GDM, and T2DM. It also summarizes the lifestyle recommendations to best manage these conditions in women with PCOS and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pirotta
- Health and Social Care Unit, SPHPM, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anju Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chau Tien Tay
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mahnaz Bahri-Khomami
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marla Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, New York
| | - Siew S Lim
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Manaserh IH, Chikkamenahalli L, Ravi S, Dube PR, Park JJ, Hill JW. Ablating astrocyte insulin receptors leads to delayed puberty and hypogonadism in mice. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000189. [PMID: 30893295 PMCID: PMC6443191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and obesity are associated with reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and infertility. Mice that lack insulin receptors (IRs) throughout development in both neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells are known to exhibit subfertility due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. However, attempts to recapitulate this phenotype by targeting specific neurons have failed. To determine whether astrocytic insulin sensing plays a role in the regulation of fertility, we generated mice lacking IRs in astrocytes (astrocyte-specific insulin receptor deletion [IRKOGFAP] mice). IRKOGFAP males and females showed a delay in balanopreputial separation or vaginal opening and first estrous, respectively. In adulthood, IRKOGFAP female mice also exhibited longer, irregular estrus cycles, decreased pregnancy rates, and reduced litter sizes. IRKOGFAP mice show normal sexual behavior but hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadotropin (HPG) axis dysregulation, likely explaining their low fecundity. Histological examination of testes and ovaries showed impaired spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle maturation. Finally, reduced prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PGES2) levels were found in astrocytes isolated from these mice, suggesting a mechanism for low GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. These findings demonstrate that insulin sensing by astrocytes is indispensable for the function of the reproductive axis. Additional work is needed to elucidate the role of astrocytes in the maturation of hypothalamic reproductive circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad H Manaserh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lakshmikanth Chikkamenahalli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samyuktha Ravi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prabhatchandra R Dube
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua J Park
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
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8
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Yellapragada V, Liu X, Lund C, Känsäkoski J, Pulli K, Vuoristo S, Lundin K, Tuuri T, Varjosalo M, Raivio T. MKRN3 Interacts With Several Proteins Implicated in Puberty Timing but Does Not Influence GNRH1 Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:48. [PMID: 30800097 PMCID: PMC6375840 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternally-inherited loss-of-function mutations in makorin ring finger protein 3 gene (MKRN3) underlie central precocious puberty. To investigate the puberty-related mechanism(s) of MKRN3 in humans, we generated two distinct bi-allelic MKRN3 knock-out human pluripotent stem cell lines, Del 1 and Del 2, and differentiated them into GNRH1-expressing neurons. Both Del 1 and Del 2 clones could be differentiated into neuronal progenitors and GNRH1-expressing neurons, however, the relative expression of GNRH1 did not differ from wild type cells (P = NS). Subsequently, we investigated stable and dynamic protein-protein interaction (PPI) partners of MKRN3 by stably expressing it in HEK cells followed by mass spectrometry analyses. We found 81 high-confidence novel protein interaction partners, which are implicated in cellular processes such as insulin signaling, RNA metabolism and cell-cell adhesion. Of the identified interactors, 20 have been previously implicated in puberty timing. In conclusion, our stem cell model for generation of GNRH1-expressing neurons did not offer mechanistic insight for the role of MKRN3 in puberty initiation. The PPI data, however, indicate that MKRN3 may regulate puberty by interacting with other puberty-related proteins. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible mechanisms and outcomes of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carina Lund
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Pulli
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Vuoristo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, HUH, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Taneli Raivio
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9
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Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, Auchus RJ, Chang RJ, Codner E, Dabadghao P, Darendeliler F, Elbarbary NS, Gambineri A, Garcia Rudaz C, Hoeger KM, López-Bermejo A, Ong K, Peña AS, Reinehr T, Santoro N, Tena-Sempere M, Tao R, Yildiz BO, Alkhayyat H, Deeb A, Joel D, Horikawa R, de Zegher F, Lee PA. An International Consortium Update: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:371-395. [PMID: 29156452 DOI: 10.1159/000479371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper represents an international collaboration of paediatric endocrine and other societies (listed in the Appendix) under the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE) aiming to improve worldwide care of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)1. The manuscript examines pathophysiology and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of PCOS during adolescence. The complex pathophysiology of PCOS involves the interaction of genetic and epigenetic changes, primary ovarian abnormalities, neuroendocrine alterations, and endocrine and metabolic modifiers such as anti-Müllerian hormone, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, adiposity, and adiponectin levels. Appropriate diagnosis of adolescent PCOS should include adequate and careful evaluation of symptoms, such as hirsutism, severe acne, and menstrual irregularities 2 years beyond menarche, and elevated androgen levels. Polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound without hyperandrogenism or menstrual irregularities should not be used to diagnose adolescent PCOS. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and obesity may be present in adolescents with PCOS, but are not considered to be diagnostic criteria. Treatment of adolescent PCOS should include lifestyle intervention, local therapies, and medications. Insulin sensitizers like metformin and oral contraceptive pills provide short-term benefits on PCOS symptoms. There are limited data on anti-androgens and combined therapies showing additive/synergistic actions for adolescents. Reproductive aspects and transition should be taken into account when managing adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selma Witchel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - R Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garcia Rudaz
- Division of Women, Youth and Children, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Hoeger
- Department of OBGYN, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia S Peña
- The University of Adelaide and Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Datteln, Germany
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Rachel Tao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haya Alkhayyat
- Medical University of Bahrain, BDF Hospital, Riffa, Bahrein
| | - Asma Deeb
- Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dipesalema Joel
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana Teaching Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Shaaban Z, Jafarzadeh Shirazi MR, Nooranizadeh MH, Tamadon A, Rahmanifar F, Ahmadloo S, Ramezani A, Javad Zamiri M, Razeghian Jahromi I, Sabet Sarvestani F, Koohi Hosseinabadi O. Decreased Expression of Arginine-Phenylalanine-Amide-Related Peptide-3 Gene in Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus of Constant Light Exposure Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2018; 12:43-50. [PMID: 29334206 PMCID: PMC5767931 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background An abnormality in pulse amplitude and frequency of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion
is the most characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). On the other hand, arginine-phenylalanine-amide
(RFamide)-related peptide-3 (RFRP3) inhibits the secretion of GnRH in mammalian hypothalamus. The current study
performed in order to investigate the expression of RFRP3 mRNA in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH)
after the induction of PCOS in a rat model of constant light exposure, and the possible role of parity on occurrence
of PCOS. Materials and Methods In the experimental study, female nulliparous (n=12) and primiparous (n=12) rats were
randomly subdivided into control and PCOS subgroups (n=6). PCOS were induced by 90 days exposure to constant
light. After 90 days, blood, brain, and ovaries were sampled. Serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were evaluated. In addition, six adult female ovariectomized rats as a control of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were prepared and in the DMH of all rats, the relative mRNA
expression of RFRP3 was assessed. Results Histological evaluation of ovaries represented the polycystic features. In addition, serum concentrations of
testosterone in the PCOS subgroups were more than the controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, the relative expression of
RFRP3 mRNA in PCOS subgroups was lower than the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion Constant light model of the PCOS-induced rats decreased the gene expression of RFRP3 in the DMH that
suggests the decrease of RFRP3 may reduce its inhibitory effect on GnRH during the PCOS pathogenesis. This effect
was stronger in the nulliparous rats than the primiparous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shaaban
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Tamadon
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Rahmanifar
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ahmadloo
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Omid Koohi Hosseinabadi
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Manfredi-Lozano M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M. Connecting metabolism and gonadal function: Novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty and fertility. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:37-49. [PMID: 28754629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Albeit essential for perpetuation of species, reproduction is an energy-demanding function that can be adjusted to body metabolic status. Reproductive maturation and function can be suppressed in conditions of energy deficit, but can be altered also in situations of persistent energy excess, e.g., morbid obesity. This metabolic-reproductive integration, of considerable pathophysiological relevance to explain different forms of perturbed puberty and sub/infertility, is implemented by the concerted action of numerous central and peripheral regulators, which impinge at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, permitting a tight fit between nutritional/energy status and gonadal function. We summarize here the major physiological mechanisms whereby nutritional and metabolic cues modulate the maturation and function of the HPG axis. We will focus on recent progress on the major central neuropeptide pathways, including kisspeptins, neurokinin B and the products of POMC and NPY neurons, which convey metabolic information to GnRH neurons, as major hierarchical hub of our reproductive brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manfredi-Lozano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, INSERM, U1172, Lille, France
| | - J Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - M Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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12
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Chen X, Huang L, Tan HY, Li H, Wan Y, Cowley M, Veldhuis JD, Chen C. Deficient melanocortin-4 receptor causes abnormal reproductive neuroendocrine profile in female mice. Reproduction 2017; 153:267-276. [PMID: 28003536 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the melanocortin-4-receptor (Mc4r) gene in mice causes hyperphagia, followed by hyperinsulinemia, obesity and progressive infertility. Evidence shows that the number of developed corpora lutea is reduced in obese MC4R-knockout (MC4R KO) female mice, but the mechanism is unclear. The effect of hyperphagia and obesity by MC4R KO on pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and ovulation remains unknown. In MC4R KO mice and wild-type littermates (WT LM) during the diestrus period throughout different ages, we examined and monitored their metabolic status, pulsatile LH profiles, follicular morphology and the number of corpora lutea. MC4R KO mice were hyperphagic, obese, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic and demonstrated insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Irregular estrous cycles and significant changes in the LH secretion profiles were observed in sexually matured 16- to 28-week MC4R KO mice, without any difference in testosterone levels. In addition, MC4R KO mice at 16 weeks of age had significantly fewer corpora lutea than same age WT LM mice. The ovary examinations of MC4R KO mice at 28 weeks of age showed predominantly antral and preovulatory follicles with no corpora lutea. These findings were consistent with the decrease in total, pulsatile, mass and basal LH releases in MC4R KO mice. The characteristics of hormone profiles in obese MC4R KO mice indicate that MC4R plays an important role in regulating LH release, ovulation and reproductive ability probably via hyperphagia-induced obesity. Further study of correlation between metabolic and reproductive regulatory hormones is warranted to dissect the pathological mechanism underlying obesity-induced infertility.Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/153/3/267/suppl/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Endocrinology DepartmentRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hwee Y Tan
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hongzhuo Li
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Cowley
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research UnitMayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Hackbart KS, Bender RW, Carvalho PD, Vieira LM, Dresch AR, Guenther JN, Gencoglu H, Nascimento AB, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC. Effects of propylene glycol or elevated luteinizing hormone during follicle development on ovulation, fertilization, and early embryo development. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:550-563. [PMID: 28575154 PMCID: PMC6248555 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventeen nonlactating Holstein cows were superovulated in a Latin-square designed experiment to determine the effects of increased propylene glycol (PROP) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during antral follicle development on ovarian function, fertilization, and early embryo quality. PROP was orally drenched every 4 h for 7 days to induce hyperinsulinemia and associated metabolic changes. LH concentrations were altered by increasing LH (3-fold) during last 2 days of superovulation. Treatment groups were as follows: (1) control-oral drenching with water plus low-LH preparation; (2) high LH(HLH)-water plus HLH preparation; (3) PROP-drenching with PROP plus low LH; (4) PROP/HLH-PROP plus HLH. PROP increased glucose (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.02) concentrations at all time points analyzed. Neither PROP nor LH affected numbers of follicles > 9 mm at time of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced LH surge, although percentage of these follicles that ovulated was decreased by both PROP (P = 0.002) and LH (P = 0.048). In addition, PROP tended (P = 0.056) to decrease total number of ovulations. PROP reduced (P = 0.028) fertilization rate, while LH tended (P = 0.092) to increase fertilization rate. There was no effect of either PROP or LH on any measure of embryo quality including percentage of embryos that were degenerate, quality 1, or quality 1 and 2 of total structures collected or fertilized structures. These results indicate that acute elevation in insulin during the preovulatory follicular wave can decrease percentage of large follicles that ovulate, particularly when combined with increased LH, and reduce fertilization of ovulated oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Hackbart
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
- Endocrinology & Reproductive Physiology Program, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robb W Bender
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Paulo D Carvalho
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Lais M Vieira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
- University of Sao Paulo-VRA, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana R Dresch
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Jerry N Guenther
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Hidir Gencoglu
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Anibal B Nascimento
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Randy D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Milo C Wiltbank
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
- Endocrinology & Reproductive Physiology Program, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Weight Management Interventions in Women with and without PCOS: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090996. [PMID: 28885578 PMCID: PMC5622756 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy among women associated with reproductive, metabolic and psychological features. While weight management is recommended as first-line treatment, it is unclear if women with PCOS achieve similar benefits as women without PCOS. This systematic review thus aimed to compare the efficacy of weight management interventions in women with and without PCOS. Databases were searched until May 2017. The primary outcome was weight and anthropometric, reproductive, metabolic and psychological measures were secondary outcomes. Of 3264 articles identified, 14 studies involving n = 933 (n = 9 high and n = 5 moderate risk of bias) met the inclusion criteria. No statistically significant differences in weight or weight loss following the intervention were found between women with and without PCOS in five studies, with the remaining studies not comparing the difference in weight or weight loss between these groups. Secondary outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. This review identified that there is a paucity of high quality research in this area and that more rigorous research is needed.
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15
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Pournaderi PS, Yaghmaei P, Khodaei H, Noormohammadi Z, Hejazi SH. The effects of 6-Gingerol on reproductive improvement, liver functioning and Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in estradiol valerate - Induced polycystic ovary syndrome in Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:461-466. [PMID: 28093231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
6-Gingerol is the major pungent ingredient of ginger with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluate the effects of 6-gingerol on the biochemical parameters and ovarian histological improvements in estradiol valerate (EV) induced PCOS rats. Thirty six female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, received normal diet, PCOS control, received 4 mg/kg EV injection for 28 days and two experimental groups, received an EV injection for 28 days and followed by 6-gingerol (200 μg/kg and 400 μg/kg) for 14 days. The administration of EV led to increase body and ovarian weights, abnormality in serum sex steroid profile, decrease in antioxidant activity and increase in COX-2 gene expression. 6-gingerol treatments, particularly the 400 μg/kg dose, markedly attenuated these alterations. 6-gingerol showed beneficial effects in the EV induced PCOS rats via decreased expression of COX-2, restored biochemical parameters to normal and decreased of cysts in the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Khodaei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Golpayegan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Laws KM, Drummond-Barbosa D. Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages by Diet and Physiology. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 59:67-99. [PMID: 28247046 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44820-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tight coupling of reproduction to environmental factors and physiological status is key to long-term species survival. In particular, highly conserved pathways modulate germline stem cell lineages according to nutrient availability. This chapter focuses on recent in vivo studies in genetic model organisms that shed light on how diet-dependent signals control the proliferation, maintenance, and survival of adult germline stem cells and their progeny. These signaling pathways can operate intrinsically in the germ line, modulate the niche, or act through intermediate organs to influence stem cells and their differentiating progeny. In addition to illustrating the extent of dietary regulation of reproduction, findings from these studies have implications for fertility during aging or disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Laws
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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17
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Cassar S, Misso ML, Hopkins WG, Shaw CS, Teede HJ, Stepto NK. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2619-2631. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Cernea M, Phillips R, Padmanabhan V, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Prenatal testosterone exposure decreases colocalization of insulin receptors in kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin and agouti-related peptide neurons of the adult ewe. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2557-2568. [PMID: 27543746 PMCID: PMC5067216 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin serves as a link between the metabolic and reproductive systems, communicating energy availability to the hypothalamus and enabling reproductive mechanisms. Adult Suffolk ewes prenatally exposed to testosterone (T) display an array of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions similar to those seen in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including insulin resistance. Moreover, prenatal T treatment alters neuropeptide expression in KNDy (co-expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B/dynorphin) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, two populations that play key roles in the control of reproduction and metabolism, respectively. In this study, we determined whether prenatal T treatment also altered insulin receptors in KNDy and AgRP neurons, as well as in preoptic area (POA) kisspeptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons of the adult sheep brain. Immunofluorescent detection of the beta subunit of insulin receptor (IRβ) revealed that KNDy, AgRP and POMC neurons, but not GnRH or POA kisspeptin neurons, colocalize IRβ in control females. Moreover, prenatal T treatment decreased the percentage of KNDy and AgRP neurons that colocalized IRβ, consistent with reduced insulin sensitivity. Administration of the anti-androgen drug, Flutamide, during prenatal T treatment, prevented the reduction in IRβ colocalization in AgRP, but not in KNDy neurons, suggesting that these effects are programmed by androgenic and oestrogenic actions, respectively. These findings provide novel insight into the effects of prenatal T treatment on hypothalamic insulin sensitivity and raise the possibility that decreased insulin receptors, specifically within KNDy and AgRP neurons, may contribute to the PCOS-like phenotype of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cernea
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39232, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Rebecca Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39232, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Reproductive Sciences Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39232, USA.
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19
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Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:254-264. [PMID: 26852256 PMCID: PMC5192018 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Puberty marks the end of childhood and is a period when individuals undergo physiological and psychological changes to achieve sexual maturation and fertility. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls puberty and reproduction and is tightly regulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory factors. This axis is active in the embryonic and early postnatal stages of life and is subsequently restrained during childhood, and its reactivation culminates in puberty initiation. The mechanisms underlying this reactivation are not completely known. The age of puberty onset varies between individuals and the timing of puberty initiation is associated with several health outcomes in adult life. In this Series paper, we discuss pubertal markers, epidemiological trends of puberty initiation over time, and the mechanisms whereby genetic, metabolic, and other factors control secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to determine initiation of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Wolfe A, Divall S, Wu S. The regulation of reproductive neuroendocrine function by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:558-72. [PMID: 24929098 PMCID: PMC4175134 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian reproductive hormone axis regulates gonadal steroid hormone levels and gonadal function essential for reproduction. The neuroendocrine control of the axis integrates signals from a wide array of inputs. The regulatory pathways important for mediating these inputs have been the subject of numerous studies. One class of proteins that have been shown to mediate metabolic and growth signals to the CNS includes Insulin and IGF-1. These proteins are structurally related and can exert endocrine and growth factor like action via related receptor tyrosine kinases. The role that insulin and IGF-1 play in controlling the hypothalamus and pituitary and their role in regulating puberty and nutritional control of reproduction has been studied extensively. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo models that have been used to study these neuroendocrine structures and the influence of these growth factors on neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wolfe
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Sara Divall
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Sheng Wu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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21
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Evans MC, Rizwan M, Mayer C, Boehm U, Anderson GM. Evidence that insulin signalling in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin neurones does not play an essential role in metabolic regulation of fertility in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:468-79. [PMID: 24824308 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin in the brain plays an important role in regulating reproductive function, as demonstrated via conditional brain-specific insulin receptor (Insr) deletion (knockout). However, the specific neuronal target cells mediating the central effects of insulin on the reproductive axis remain unidentified. We first investigated whether insulin can act via direct effects on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones. After clearly detecting Insr mRNA in an immunopurified GnRH cell fraction, we confirmed the presence of insulin receptor protein (InsR) in approximately 82% of GnRH neurones using dual-label immunohistochemistry. However, we did not observe any insulin-induced phospho-Akt (pAkt) or phospho-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in GnRH neurones, and therefore we investigated whether insulin signals via kisspeptin neurones to modulate GnRH release. Using dual-label immunohistochemistry, InsRs were detected only in approximately 5% of kisspeptin-immunoreactive cells. Insulin-induced pAkt was not observed in any kisspeptin-immunoreactive cells in either the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle or arcuate nucleus in response to 200 mU of insulin treatment, although a more pharmacological dose (10 U) induced pronounced (> 20%) pAkt-kisspeptin coexpression in both regions. To confirm that insulin signalling via kisspeptin neurones does not critically modulate reproductive function, we generated kisspeptin-specific InsR knockout (KIRKO) mice and assessed multiple reproductive and metabolic parameters. No significant differences in puberty onset, oestrous cyclicity or reproductive competency were observed in the female or male KIRKO mice compared to their control littermates. However, significantly decreased fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and a nonsignificant trend towards reduced body weight were observed in male KIRKO mice. Thus, InsR signalling in kisspeptin cells is not critical for puberty onset or reproductive competency, although it may have a small metabolic effect in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Fergani C, Routly JE, Jones DN, Pickavance LC, Smith RF, Dobson H. Kisspeptin, c-Fos and CRFR type 2 co-expression in the hypothalamus after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:433-40. [PMID: 24716653 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal reproductive function is dependent upon availability of glucose and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is a metabolic stressor known to disrupt the ovine oestrous cycle. We have recently shown that IIH has the ability to delay the LH surge of intact ewes. In the present study, we examined brain tissue to determine: (i) which hypothalamic regions are activated with respect to IIH and (ii) the effect of IIH on kisspeptin cell activation and CRFR type 2 immunoreactivity, all of which may be involved in disruptive mechanisms. Follicular phases were synchronized with progesterone vaginal pessaries and at 28 h after progesterone withdrawal (PW), animals received saline (n = 6) or insulin (4 IU/kg; n = 5) and were subsequently killed at 31 h after PW (i.e., 3 h after insulin administration). Peripheral hormone concentrations were evaluated, and hypothalamic sections were immunostained for either kisspeptin and c-Fos (a marker of neuronal activation) or CRFR type 2. Within 3 h of treatment, cortisol concentrations had increased whereas plasma oestradiol concentrations decreased in peripheral plasma (p < 0.05 for both). In the arcuate nucleus (ARC), insulin-treated ewes had an increased expression of c-Fos. Furthermore, the percentage of kisspeptin cells co-expressing c-Fos increased in the ARC (from 11 to 51%; p < 0.05), but there was no change in the medial pre-optic area (mPOA; 14 vs 19%). CRFR type 2 expression in the lower part of the ARC and the median eminence was not altered by insulin treatment. Thus, disruption of the LH surge after IIH in the follicular phase is not associated with decreased kisspeptin cell activation or an increase in CRFR type 2 in the ARC but may involve other cell types located in the ARC nucleus which are activated in response to IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fergani
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Abstract
Athletic activity may be associated with alterations in various neuroendocrine axes depending on the state of energy availability. In addition, genetic factors and an underlying predilection for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may predispose some athletes to develop functional hypothalamic amenorrhea earlier than other athletes. In conditions of low energy availability associated with athletic activity, changes that occur in various neuroendocrine axes are primarily adaptive, and aim to either conserve energy for the most essential functions, or allow the body to draw on its reserves to meet energy needs. These hormonal changes, however, then lead to changes in body composition and bone metabolism. Impaired bone accrual in younger athletes and low bone density in older athletes constitutes the major pathologic consequence of neuroendocrine changes associated with low energy availability. The female athlete triad of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone density is prevalent in certain kinds of sports and activities, particularly endurance sports, gymnastics, and ballet. It is essential to screen for this condition in athletes at every preparticipation physical and during office visits, and to put in place an effective treatment team to manage the triad early, in order to optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Misra
- Pediatric Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Units, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:153-74. [PMID: 24173881 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive function is tightly regulated by nutritional status. Indeed, it has been well described that undernutrition or obesity can lead to subfertility or infertility in humans. The common regulatory pathways which control energy homeostasis and reproductive function have, to date, been poorly understood due to limited studies or inconclusive data. However, gut hormones and adipose tissue hormones have recently emerged as potential regulators of both energy homeostasis and reproductive function. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using keywords related to gut and adipose hormones and associated with keywords related to reproduction. RESULTS Currently available evidence that gut (ghrelin, obestatin, insulin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, oxyntomodulin, cholecystokinin) and adipose hormones (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, chemerin) interact with the reproductive axis is presented. The extent, site and direction of their effects on the reproductive axis are variable and also vary depending on species, sex and pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS Gut and adipose hormones interact with the reproductive axis as well as with each other. While leptin and insulin have stimulatory effects and ghrelin has inhibitory effects on hypothalamic GnRH secretion, there is increasing evidence for their roles in other sites of the reproductive axis as well as evidence for the roles of other gut and adipose hormones in the complex interplay between nutrition and reproduction. As our understanding improves, so will our ability to identify and design novel therapeutic options for reproductive disorders and accompanying metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Comninos
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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25
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Bungum L, Franssohn F, Bungum M, Humaidan P, Giwercman A. The circadian variation in Anti-Müllerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome differs significantly from normally ovulating women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68223. [PMID: 24023708 PMCID: PMC3762839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obective To improve the biologic understanding of the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) condition by examining the circadian variation and relationship between Anti Müllerian Hormone (AMH), gonadotropins and ovarian steroids in PCOS patients compared to normally ovulating and menstruating women. By comparing the pattern of co-variation between AMH and Luteinizing Hormone, two compounds closely linked to hyperandrogenism and anovulation in PCOS, the involvement of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis in PCOS pathology could be elucidated. Patients Eight normal-weighted young, anovulatory PCOS-women as study group and ten normal menstruating and ovulating women as controls. Interventions Observational prospective study of the circadian variation in AMH, gonadotropins, sex steroids and androgens in a study and a control group. A circadian profile was performed in each study and control subject during a 24-h period by blood sampling every second hour, starting at 8:00 a.m. and continuing until 8:00 a.m. the following day. Result(s) Significant differences in hormonal levels were found between the groups, with higher concentrations of AMH, LH and androgens in the PCOS group and lower amounts of FSH and progesterone. A distinct difference in the circadian variation pattern of AMH and LH between PCOS patients and normal controls was seen, with PCOS patients presenting a uniform pattern in serum levels of AMH and LH throughout the study period, without significant nadir late-night values as was seen in the control group. In PCOS women, a significant positive association between LH/ FSH and testosterone was found opposite to controls. Main outcome measures Circadian variation in Anti-Müllerian Hormone, gonadotropins and ovarian steroids and the covariation between them. Conclusion A significant difference in the circadian secretion of LH and AMH in PCOS women compared to normally ovulating women indicate an increased GnRH pulse, creating high and constant LH serum concentrations. A significant co-variation between LH and AMH may suggest LH as a factor involved in the control of AMH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Bungum
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Florencia Franssohn
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mona Bungum
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Fertility Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Parker VJ, Solano ME, Arck PC, Douglas AJ. Diet-induced obesity may affect the uterine immune environment in early-mid pregnancy, reducing NK-cell activity and potentially compromising uterine vascularization. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:766-74. [PMID: 24080794 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of obesity in early-mid pregnancy on crucial pregnancy hormones and the uterine immune environment. BACKGROUND Obesity impacts reproductive ability, adversely affecting conception and leading to complications in pregnancy. Obesity is often regarded as a stress state and an immune disease, both of which may contribute to pregnancy failure. We previously demonstrated that stress in early pregnancy greatly alters progesterone secretion. As progesterone is an immunomodulator, altered progesterone secretion may adversely modify the maternal immune system. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that obesity during pregnancy adversely alters the uterine immune environment. METHODS An obese mouse model was created by feeding C57/BL6 mice on a high-fat (HF)/sugar diet for 12 weeks before pregnancy. Control mice were fed on lower-fat/sugar chow. Mice were mated, and on day 7.5 of pregnancy plasma progesterone and prolactin were measured by immunoassay. Cells from the uterus-draining inguinal lymph nodes were collected for analysis of the uterine immune response by flow cytometry. RESULTS Diet-induced obesity increased the secretion of progesterone and altered a number of uterine natural killer (NK)- and T-cell responses. These included a marked reduction in the percentage of leucocyte-derived NK cells and reduced expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the NK cells compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS Maternal obesity, induced by an HF diet, may lead to a reduction in the expression of IFN-γ in NK cells. NK-cell-derived IFN-γ is reported to be involved in supporting uterine spiral artery remodelling. Thus, obesity in early pregnancy may compromise vascularization by reducing the expression of IFN-γ-positive NK cells. Furthermore, the expression of uterine CD8(+) cells was reduced in the HF diet-fed mice, suggesting obesity may adversely alter the maternal immune adaptation that is essential for effective pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Parker
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M E Solano
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P C Arck
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A J Douglas
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Witchel SF, Tena-Sempere M. The Kiss1 system and polycystic ovary syndrome: lessons from physiology and putative pathophysiologic implications. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Johansson J, Redman L, Veldhuis PP, Sazonova A, Labrie F, Holm G, Johannsson G, Stener-Victorin E. Acupuncture for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E934-43. [PMID: 23482444 PMCID: PMC4116535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00039.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture has been demonstrated to improve menstrual frequency and to decrease circulating testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our aim was to investigate whether acupuncture affects ovulation frequency and to understand the underlying mechanisms of any such effect by analyzing LH and sex steroid secretion in women with PCOS. This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted between June 2009 and September 2010. Thirty-two women with PCOS were randomized to receive either acupuncture with manual and low-frequency electrical stimulation or to meetings with a physical therapist twice a week for 10-13 wk. Main outcome measures were changes in LH secretion patterns from baseline to after 10-13 wk of treatment and ovulation frequency during the treatment period. Secondary outcomes were changes in the secretion of sex steroids, anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and serum cortisol. Ovulation frequency during treatment was higher in the acupuncture group than in the control group. After 10-13 wk of intervention, circulating levels of estrone, estrone sulfate, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androsterone glucuronide, androstane-3α,17β-diol-3-glucuronide, and androstane-3α,17β-diol-17-glucuronide decreased within the acupuncture group and were significantly lower than in the control group for all of these except androstenedione. We conclude that repeated acupuncture treatments resulted in higher ovulation frequency in lean/overweight women with PCOS and were more effective than just meeting with the therapist. Ovarian and adrenal sex steroid serum levels were reduced with no effect on LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Johansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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29
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Qiu X, Dowling AR, Marino JS, Faulkner LD, Bryant B, Brüning JC, Elias CF, Hill JW. Delayed puberty but normal fertility in mice with selective deletion of insulin receptors from Kiss1 cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1337-48. [PMID: 23392256 PMCID: PMC3578993 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pubertal onset only occurs in a favorable, anabolic hormonal environment. The neuropeptide kisspeptin, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, modifies GnRH neuronal activity to initiate puberty and maintain fertility, but the factors that regulate Kiss1 neurons and permit pubertal maturation remain to be clarified. The anabolic factor insulin may signal nutritional status to these neurons. To determine whether insulin sensing plays an important role in Kiss1 neuron function, we generated mice lacking insulin receptors in Kiss1 neurons (IR(ΔKiss) mice). IR(ΔKiss) females showed a delay in vaginal opening and in first estrus, whereas IR(ΔKiss) males also exhibited late sexual maturation. Correspondingly, LH levels in IR(ΔKiss) mice were reduced in early puberty in both sexes. Adult reproductive capacity, body weight, fat composition, food intake, and glucose regulation were comparable between the 2 groups. These data suggest that impaired insulin sensing by Kiss1 neurons delays the initiation of puberty but does not affect adult fertility. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms regulating pubertal timing in anabolic states.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Fertility/genetics
- Fertility/physiology
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Insulin/physiology
- Kisspeptins/deficiency
- Kisspeptins/genetics
- Kisspeptins/physiology
- Luteinizing Hormone/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurons/physiology
- Puberty, Delayed/genetics
- Puberty, Delayed/physiopathology
- Receptor, Insulin/deficiency
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/physiology
- Sexual Maturation/genetics
- Sexual Maturation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Qiu
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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30
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Barrett ES, Thune I, Lipson SF, Furberg AS, Ellison PT. A factor analysis approach to examining relationships among ovarian steroid concentrations, gonadotrophin concentrations and menstrual cycle length characteristics in healthy, cycling women. Hum Reprod 2012; 28:801-11. [PMID: 23250924 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How are ovarian steroid concentrations, gonadotrophins and menstrual cycle characteristics inter-related within normal menstrual cycles? SUMMARY ANSWER Within cycles, measures of estradiol production are highly related to one another, as are measures of progesterone production; however, the two hormones also show some independence from one another, and measures of cycle length and gonadotrophin concentrations show even greater independence, indicating minimal integration within cycles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The menstrual cycle is typically conceptualized as a cohesive unit, with hormone levels, follicular development and ovulation all closely inter-related within a single cycle. Empirical support for this idea is limited, however, and to our knowledge, no analysis has examined the relationships among all of these components simultaneously. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A total of 206 healthy, cycling Norwegian women participated in a prospective cohort study (EBBA-I) over the duration of a single menstrual cycle. Of these, 192 contributed hormonal and cycle data to the current analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Subjects provided daily saliva samples throughout the menstrual cycle from which estradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured. FSH and LH concentrations were measured in serum samples from three points in the same menstrual cycle and cycle length characteristics were calculated based on hormonal data and menstrual records. A factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying relationships among 22 variables derived from the hormonal data and menstrual cycle characteristics. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Six rotated factors emerged, explaining 80% of the variance in the data. Of these, factors representing estradiol and progesterone concentrations accounted for 37 and 13% of the variance, respectively. There was some association between measures of estradiol and progesterone production within cycles; however, cycle length characteristics and gonadotrophin concentrations showed little association with any measure of ovarian hormone concentrations. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our summary measures of ovarian hormones may be imprecise in women with extremely long or short cycles, which could affect the patterns emerging in the factor analysis. Given that we only had data from one cycle on each woman, we cannot address how cycle characteristics may covary within individual women across multiple cycles. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings are generalizable to other healthy populations with typical cycles, however, may not be applicable to cycles that are anovulatory, extreme in length or otherwise atypical. The results support previous findings that measures of estradiol production are highly correlated across the cycle, as are measures of progesterone production. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations are associated with one another, furthermore. However factor analysis also revealed more complex underlying patterns in the menstrual cycle, highlighting the fact that gonadotrophin concentrations and cycle length characteristics are virtually independent of ovarian hormones. These results suggest that despite integration of follicular and luteal ovarian steroid production across the cycle, cycle quality is a multi-faceted construct, rather than a single dimension. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The EBBA-I study was supported by a grant from the Norwegian Cancer Society (49 258, 05087); Foundation for the Norwegian Health and Rehabilitation Organizations (59010-2000/2001/2002); Aakre Foundation (5695-2000, 5754-2002) and Health Region East. The current analyses were completed under funding from the National Institutes of Health (K12 ES019852). No competing interests declared.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14534, USA.
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31
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Pesant MH, Dwyer A, Marques Vidal P, Schneiter P, Giusti V, Tappy L, Pralong FP. The lack of effect of insulin on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in healthy male volunteers provides evidence of a sexual dimorphism in the metabolic regulation of reproductive hormones. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:283-8. [PMID: 22760567 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis is closely related to nutritional status. This link is particularly important in healthy women, in whom insulin is a positive signal for the reproductive system. In contrast, very little is known regarding this relation in men. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the effect of insulin on the reproductive axis of young male volunteers and to study the effect of short-term hypercaloric feeding on this modulation. DESIGN The activity of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis was characterized by the pattern of endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion on the basis of frequent blood sampling protocols. The effect of insulin was tested by comparing the LH secretion pattern between a baseline study and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. These studies were performed first in subjects fed a controlled isocaloric diet for 6 d (calculated as 1.5 times their resting metabolic rate) then in the same subjects fed a controlled hypercaloric diet in which 30% extra calories were provided as fat and fructose (3 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) before undergoing identical protocols. Serum gonadotropins, sex steroids, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin concentrations were assessed, and the HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS The LH secretion pattern was not affected by insulin or by hypercaloric feeding. Insulin decreased ghrelin and increased leptin concentrations but had no additional effect of hypercaloric feeding despite significantly lower HOMA-IR indexes. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that neither insulin nor short-term hypercaloric feeding has any effect on the activity of the male reproductive axis. They also further support the association between ghrelin and insulin and glucose metabolism. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01058681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Pesant
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
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Araki T, Elias R, Rosenwaks Z, Poretsky L. Achieving a successful pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:865-94. [PMID: 22108285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease of complex and still poorly understood cause and of variable phenotypes. It is characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Infertility is commonly present. A variety of methods has been used successfully to achieve pregnancy in women with PCOS. Maintenance of pregnancy is complicated by a higher rate of premature spontaneous abortions and high risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and preeclampsia. However, with careful monitoring and treatment, the outcome of pregnancy in most women with PCOS is excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Araki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10003, USA
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33
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Roland AV, Moenter SM. Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by glucose. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:443-9. [PMID: 21855365 PMCID: PMC3205187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is influenced by energy balance, but the physiological pathways mediating their relationship have not been fully elucidated. As the central regulators of fertility, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons integrate numerous physiological signals, including metabolic cues. Circulating glucose levels regulate GnRH release and might in part mediate the effects of negative energy balance on fertility. Existing evidence suggests that neural pathways originating in the hindbrain, as well as in the hypothalamic feeding nuclei, transmit information concerning glucose availability to GnRH neurons. Here we review recent evidence suggesting that GnRH neurons might directly sense changes in glucose availability by a mechanism involving AMP-activated protein kinase. These findings expand our understanding of how metabolic signaling in the brain regulates reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison V Roland
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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34
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Roelfsema F, Kok P, Veldhuis JD, Pijl H. Altered multihormone synchrony in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2011; 60:1227-33. [PMID: 21272901 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and pulsatility are increased in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In addition, patients have hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance. The mechanisms involved in aberrant hormone regulation in PCOS are still unclear. We investigated 15 obese PCOS women with a body mass index between 30 and 54 kg/m(2) and 9 healthy obese controls (body mass index, 31-60 kg/m(2)) with regular menstrual cycles. Subjects underwent 24-hour blood sampling at 10-minute intervals for later measurements of LH, leptin, testosterone, and insulin concentrations. Data were analyzed with a new deconvolution program, approximate entropy (and bivariate approximate entropy), and a cross-correlation network. Patients had increased LH pulse frequency and more than 2-fold greater daily LH secretion, with diminished pattern regularity. Testosterone secretion was increased 2-fold, but pattern regularity was similar to that in controls. In the network construct, insulin was correlated positively with LH, whereas leptin and testosterone were correlated negatively with LH. Bivariate synchrony of LH with insulin was decreased. Short-term caloric restriction paradoxically increased LH secretion by 1.5-fold and pattern irregularity, and reduced interpulse variability. Testosterone secretion and fasting concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin levels remained unchanged. Correlations between LH and insulin, leptin, and calculated free testosterone decreased. This study demonstrates marked alterations in the control of LH secretion in PCOS in the fed and calorie-restricted states. The ensemble results point to abnormal feedback control of not only the GnRH-gonadotrope complex, but also LH's relationships with leptin, insulin, and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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35
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Pralong FP. Insulin and NPY pathways and the control of GnRH function and puberty onset. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:82-6. [PMID: 20138117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Energy balance exerts a critical influence on reproductive function. Leptin and insulin are among the metabolic factors signaling the nutritional status of an individual to the hypothalamus, and their role in the overall modulation of the activity of GnRH neurons is increasingly recognized. As such, they participate to a more generalized phenomenon: the signaling of peripheral metabolic changes to the central nervous system. The physiological importance that the interactions occurring between peripheral metabolic factors and the central nervous system bear for the control of food intake is increasingly recognized. The central mechanisms implicated are the focus of attention of very many research groups worldwide. We review here the experimental data that suggest that similar mechanisms are at play for the metabolic control of the neuroendocrine reproductive function. It is appearing that metabolic signals are integrated at the levels of first-order neurons equipped with the proper receptors, ant that these neurons send their signals towards hypothalamic GnRH neurons which constitute the integrative element of this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Pralong
- Services of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common complex endocrine genetic disorder, which involves overproduction of androgens, leading to heterogeneous range of symptoms and associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity. This review focuses on androgen biosynthesis, use, metabolism in PCOS and clinical consequences of hyperandrogenism. RECENT FINDINGS Controversial definition of the disorder and different phenotypic subgroups present a challenge for clinical and basic research. Further investigation of different phenotypes highlights the fact that PCOS probably represents a group of disorders with different etiologies. Prenatal androgen exposure and adolescent studies suggest early in life androgen excess as initiating factor of PCOS, but insufficient evidence available to confirm this hypothesis. Various intracellular signaling pathways implicated in PCOS steroidogenesis and in androgen action have been studied, however, PCOS pathogenesis remains obscure. Growing evidence links androgens with pathophysiology of PCOS and metabolic derangements. SUMMARY Despite intensive investigation, etiology and underlying mechanisms of PCOS remain unclear, warranting further investigation. Better understanding of molecular and genetic basis might lead to invention of novel therapeutic approaches. Long-term interventional studies that lower androgen levels in women with hyperandrogenism might protect against metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Nisenblat
- Robinson Institute, School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Obesity prevalence is generally higher in women than in men, and there is also a sex difference in body fat distribution. Sex differences in obesity can be explained in part by the influence of gonadal steroids on body composition and appetite; however, behavioural, socio-cultural and chromosomal factors may also play a role. This review, which evolved from the 2008 Stock Conference on sex differences in obesity, summarizes current research and recommendations related to hormonal and neuroendocrine influences on energy balance and fat distribution. A number of important gaps in the research are identified, including a need for more studies on chromosomal sex effects on energy balance, the role of socio-cultural (i.e. gender) factors in obesity and the potential deleterious effects of high-fat diets during pregnancy on the foetus. Furthermore, there is a paucity of clinical trials examining sex-specific approaches and outcomes of obesity treatment (lifestyle-based or pharmacological), and research is urgently needed to determine whether current weight loss programmes, largely developed and tested on women, are appropriate for men. Last, it is important that both animal and clinical research on obesity be designed and analysed in such a way that data can be separately examined in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lovejoy
- Free and Clear Inc., 999 Third Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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