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Jiang S, Huang L, Zhang W, Zhang H. Vitamin D/VDR in Acute Kidney Injury: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3865-3876. [PMID: 33213307 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201118155625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite many strategies and parameters used in clinical practice, the incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury (AKI) are still high with poor prognosis. With the development of molecular biology, the role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in AKI is drawing increasing attention. Accumulated researches have suggested that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor of both clinical and experimental AKI, and vitamin D/VDR could be a promising therapeutic target against AKI. However, more qualitative clinical researches are needed to provide stronger evidence for the clinical application of vitamin D and VDR agonists in the future. Issues like the route and dosage of administration also await more attention. The present review aims to summarize the current works on the role of vitamin D/VDR in AKI and provides some new insight on its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Hegde A, Denburg MR, Glenn DA. Acute Kidney Injury and Pediatric Bone Health. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:635628. [PMID: 33634055 PMCID: PMC7900149 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.635628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with deleterious impacts on a variety of body systems. While AKI is often accompanied by dysregulation of mineral metabolism-including alterations in calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, and klotho-its direct effects on the skeletal system of children and adolescents remain largely unexplored. In this review, the pathophysiology of dysregulated mineral metabolism in AKI and its potential effects on skeletal health are discussed, including data associating AKI with fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Hegde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michelle R Denburg
- Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dorey A Glenn
- Division of Nephrology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Higaki M, Tanemoto M, Shiraishi T, Taniguchi K, Fujigaki Y, Uchida S. Acute Kidney Injury Facilitates Hypocalcemia by Exacerbating the Hyperphosphatemic Effect of Muscle Damage in Rhabdomyolysis. Nephron Clin Pract 2015. [PMID: 26202825 DOI: 10.1159/000437391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hypocalcemia is an important complication of rhabdomyolysis for which several pathogenic factors, including acute kidney injury (AKI), have been proposed. To gain insight regarding the hypocalcemic roles of AKI in rhabdomyolysis, we retrospectively examined patients with rhabdomyolysis. METHODS Of 28,387 patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine, 51 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. Serum calcium was analyzed based on laboratory data including indicators of AKI, serum creatine kinase (CK) and serum inorganic phosphate (iP). RESULTS Twenty-two patients (43%) had hypocalcemia. Compared with patients without hypocalcemia, they had a higher prevalence of AKI (82 vs. 55%; p = 0.046), higher levels of peak CK (39,100 ± 50,600 vs. 9,800 ± 11,900 IU/l; p = 0.003) and higher levels of peak iP (1.77 ± 1.10 vs. 1.10 ± 0.35 mmol/l; p = 0.007). Indicators of AKI were correlated with peak CK and peak iP and were not significant variables in the regression analysis for hypocalcemia. Peak CK and peak iP were not correlated with each other. Impaired phosphate use by muscle contributed to the increased iP. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that muscle damage is the primary hypocalcemic factor in rhabdomyolysis. AKI facilitated hypocalcemia by exacerbating the hyperphosphatemic effects of muscle damage. Aggressive hydration, which could increase oxygen supply and subsequently repair phosphate use in muscle, might reduce the incidence of hypocalcemia in rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Higaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang M, Hsu R, Hsu CY, Kordesch K, Nicasio E, Cortez A, McAlpine I, Brady S, Zhuo H, Kangelaris KN, Stein J, Calfee CS, Liu KD. FGF-23 and PTH levels in patients with acute kidney injury: A cross-sectional case series study. Ann Intensive Care 2011; 1:21. [PMID: 21906363 PMCID: PMC3224491 DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a novel regulator of mineral metabolism, is markedly elevated in chronic kidney disease and has been associated with poor long-term outcomes. However, whether FGF-23 has an analogous role in acute kidney injury is unknown. The goal of this study was to measure FGF-23 levels in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury to determine whether FGF-23 levels were elevated, as in chronic kidney disease. Methods Plasma FGF-23 and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured in 12 patients with acute kidney injury and 8 control subjects. Results FGF-23 levels were significantly higher in acute kidney injury cases than in critically ill subjects without acute kidney injury, with a median FGF-23 level of 1948 RU/mL (interquartile range (IQR), 437-4369) in cases compared with 252 RU/mL (IQR, 65-533) in controls (p = 0.01). No correlations were observed between FGF-23 and severity of acute kidney injury (defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria); among patients with acute kidney injury, FGF-23 levels were higher in nonsurvivors than survivors (median levels of 4446 RU/mL (IQR, 3455-5443) versus 544 RU/mL (IQR, 390-1948; p = 0.02). Severe hyperparathyroidism (defined as intact PTH >250 mg/dL) was present in 3 of 12 (25%) of the acute kidney injury subjects versus none of the subjects without acute kidney injury, although this result did not meet statistical significance. Conclusions We provide novel data that demonstrate that FGF-23 levels are elevated in acute kidney injury, suggesting that FGF-23 dysregulation occurs in acute kidney injury as well as chronic kidney disease. Further studies are needed to define the short- and long-term clinical effects of dysregulated mineral metabolism in acute kidney injury patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sharp CR, Kerl ME, Mann FA. A comparison of total calcium, corrected calcium, and ionized calcium concentrations as indicators of calcium homeostasis among hypoalbuminemic dogs requiring intensive care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 19:571-8. [PMID: 20017763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (1) To evaluate whether total calcium (tCa) correlates with ionized calcium (iCa) in hypoalbuminemic dogs; (2) to evaluate whether calcium adjusted for albumin (Alb), or total protein (TP), or both accurately predict iCa concentrations and hence can be used to monitor calcium homeostasis in critically ill hypoalbuminemic dogs; and (3) to evaluate factors associated with any potential discrepancy in calcium classification between corrected total and ionized values. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING Small animal intensive care unit in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-eight client-owned dogs with hypoalbuminemia. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS iCa was determined using ion-specific electrode methodology, on heparinized plasma. The tCa concentration was adjusted for Alb and TP using published equations. In total 29% (8/28) of the hypoalbuminemic, critically ill dogs in this study were hypocalcemic at intensive care unit admission, as determined by iCa measurement. Corrected calcium values failed to accurately classify calcium status in 67.9% and 64.3% of cases, according to whether the Alb-adjusted or TP-adjusted values, respectively, were used. The sensitivity and specificity of the tCa to evaluate hypocalcemia was 100% and 47%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the correction formulae were 37.5% and 79% for the Alb-adjusted values and 37.5% and 74% for TP-adjusted values. tCa overestimated the presence of hypocalcemia and underestimated the presence of normocalcemia, while corrected calcium values overestimated the presence of normocalcemia and underestimated the presence of hypocalcemia. CONCLUSIONS Calcium homeostasis in hypoalbuminemic critically ill dogs should be evaluated by iCa concentrations rather than tCa or calcium adjusted for Alb or TP. Given that tCa has 100% sensitivity for detecting hypocalcemia in this population it is recommended that all hypoalbuminemic and critically ill patients with low tCa should be evaluated with an iCa measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Sharp
- Department of Veterinary and Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Kibayashi K, Nakao KI, Shojo H. Hyperthermia combined with ethanol administration induces c-fos expression in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the mouse brain. A possible mechanism of heatstroke under the influence of ethanol intake. Int J Legal Med 2008; 123:371-9. [PMID: 18685859 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-008-0278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heatstroke is defined as a core body temperature that rises above 40.6 degrees C and is accompanied by mental status abnormalities such as delirium, convulsions, or coma resulting from exposure to environmental heat. There is fairly wide agreement that ethanol intake is a predisposing factor in heatstroke. This study was performed to identify the brain changes induced by heatstroke, using a mouse hyperthermia model with and without preceding ethanol administration. Exposure to heat of 42 degrees C until the core temperature reached to 43 degrees C followed by exposure to 37 degrees C for 15 min decreased the levels of partial pressures of O(2) in blood. Preceding ethanol administration and heat exposure induced hypotension, severe metabolic acidosis and respiratory failure, and, accordingly, produced heatstroke. Immunohistochemistry of the brains showed that preceding ethanol administration increased the number of c-fos-immunoreactive neurons, as a marker of neuronal activation, in the central amygdaloid nucleus, which is involved in thermoregulation. These results indicate that combined effects of ethanol and heat exposure induce heatstroke that is associated with activation of the central amygdaloid nucleus, implicating the pathophysiology and mechanisms of heatstroke under the influence of ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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Tanemoto M, Uruno A, Abe T, Ito S. Hypocalcemia in a patient with severe hypertension and surgically induced relative hypoparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26:298-300. [PMID: 18470673 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-007-0817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanemoto
- Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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Lu KC, Lin SH, Chu P, Tsai WS, Lin YF. Correlation of Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Lymphocyte Adhesion Molecules in Exertional Heat Stroke. Am J Med Sci 2004; 327:68-72. [PMID: 14770021 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200402000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased susceptibility to infections has been shown in patients with classic heat stroke. Although immunologic and inflammatory responses may be important factors, the direct role of circulating neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecule expression has yet to be investigated in exertional heat stroke (ExHS). DESIGN Circulating neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecule CD11a and CD11b expression were examined in 17 patients with ExHS and 17 exertional control subjects (ExC). RESULTS Patients with ExHS showed significantly increased total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, attenuated neutrophil phagocytosis ability, and higher expression of CD11a and CD11b in the acute phase of ExHS, compared with the recovery phase of ExHS and ExC. Although there were no correlations between body temperature and phagocyte function or adhesion molecules, a negative correlation between phagocytosis and CD11a/CD11b was present. CONCLUSION Increased leukocyte count with decreased circulating neutrophil phagocytic capacity and increased expression of lymphocyte adhesion molecules may in part explain the susceptibility to infections in ExHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Damanhouri ZA. The effect of heat stress on the induced hepatic drug metabolizing system in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 27:69-73. [PMID: 12064373 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the hepatic oxidative drug metabolizing system has been investigated in an experimentally-induced heat stress animal model pretreated with phenobarbitone. Female rats, unacclimatized and untrained were pretreated for 3 days with phenobarbitone as the inducing agent for the drug metabolizing systems. On the fourth day, they were restrained and exposed to an ambient temperature of 40 degrees C. One hour after acute exposures to such conditions, the activities of hepatic cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase were significantly decreased in the induced animal model. Further, cytochrome P450 isozymes observed by SDS-gel electrophoresis were significantly decreased. In addition, the hypnotic effect of pentobarbitone was significantly increased. It is concluded that the activity of the hepatic oxidative drug metabolizing enzymes was decreased in induced drug metabolism systems exposed to heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Damanhouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, DiSilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Nelson SL, Schmidt KE, Craig AM. Vitamin E and exertional rhabdomyolysis during endurance sled dog racing. Neuromuscul Disord 2001; 11:278-86. [PMID: 11297943 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is common in sled dogs, animals with high energy expenditures that consume high fat (60% of ingested calories) diets. Associations between pre-race plasma [vitamin E] and total antioxidant status (TAS) and risk of developing ER were examined in dogs competing in the 1998 Iditarod race. Pre-race blood samples were collected from 750 dogs and a second sample was collected from 158 dogs withdrawn from the race at various times. Plasma creatine kinase activity was used to identify withdrawn dogs with ER. There was no association between pre-race plasma [vitamin E] and risk of development of ER. Dogs that developed ER started the race with higher TAS, but when withdrawn, had lower TAS than unaffected dogs and had similar pre-race [vitamin E] but higher [vitamin E] at time of withdrawal. Hence, the risk of ER in sled dogs is not affected by plasma [vitamin E] before the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Piercy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA
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Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E, Lameire N. Acute renal failure related to the crush syndrome: towards an era of seismo-nephrology? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1517-21. [PMID: 11007816 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.10.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Vanholder
- Renal Division, University Hospital, Gent, Renal Disaster Relief Task
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Vanholder
- Renal Division, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium (Renal Disaster Relief Task Force of the International Society of Nephrology)
| | - Mehmet Sükrü Sever
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Çapa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey (local coordinator for the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force)
| | - Ekrem Erek
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Cerrahpasha Campus, Istanbul, Turkey (President of the Turkish Society of Nephrology)
| | - Norbert Lameire
- Renal Division, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium (coordinator for the European Section of the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force)
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