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Takahashi K, Kaneko Y, Shibanai A, Yamamoto S, Katagiri A, Osuga T, Inoue Y, Kuroda K, Tanabe M, Okabayashi T, Naganobu K, Minobe I, Saito A. Identification of domestic cat hepadnavirus from a cat blood sample in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:648-652. [PMID: 35321970 PMCID: PMC9177394 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae) induces chronic hepatitis and hepatic cancer in humans. A novel domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) was recently identified in several
countries, however, the DCH infection status of cats in Japan is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the DCH infection rate of 139 cat samples collected in Japan. We identified one positive
blood sample (0.78%) from a 17-year-old female cat with chronically elevated alanine aminotransferase. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the DCH strain identified in this study is
genetically different from strains in other countries. Further investigations are required to elucidate the evolution of DCH and the impact of DCH infection on hepatic diseases in domestic
cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yasuyuki Kaneko
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Shushi Yamamoto
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
| | - Kiyokazu Naganobu
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Akatsuki Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
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2
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Zhao K, Liu A, Xia Y. Insights into Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration-55 Years after Virus Discovery. Innovation (N Y) 2020; 1:100034. [PMID: 34557710 PMCID: PMC8454683 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which was discovered in 1965, is a threat to global public health. HBV infects human hepatocytes and leads to acute and chronic liver diseases, and there is no cure. In cells infected by HBV, viral DNA can be integrated into the cellular genome. HBV DNA integration is a complicated process during the HBV life cycle. Although HBV integration normally results in replication-incompetent transcripts, it can still act as a template for viral protein expression. Of note, it is a primary driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, with the development of detection methods and research models, the molecular biology and the pathogenicity of HBV DNA integration have been better revealed. Here, we review the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration, including molecular mechanisms, detection methods, research models, the effects on host and viral gene expression, the role of HBV integrations in the pathogenesis of HCC, and potential treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss possible future research prospects of HBV DNA integration. HBV DNA integration is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms HBV double-stranded linear DNA (dslDNA) is the dominant substrate for integration into the host genome The insertion sites of HBV DNA integration occur throughout the whole host genome using the NHEJ or MMEJ DNA repair pathway HBV DNA integration should be used as a clinical indicator for disease monitoring and treatment of patients with HBV infection
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Ren CC, Chen QY, Wang XY, Harrison TJ, Yang QL, Hu LP, Liu HB, He X, Jia HH, Fang ZL. Novel subgenotype D11 of hepatitis B virus in NaPo County, Guangxi, bordering Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:828-837. [PMID: 30990399 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus has been classified into 10 genotypes and 48 subgenotypes worldwide. We found previously, through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a sample collected in 2011, that an HBsAg carrier was infected with two genotypes (B and D) of HBV. We carried out cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes and, for confirmation, analysed a sample collected from the same individual in 2018. Fifteen complete sequences were obtained from each sample. The carrier was infected in 2011 by genotypes B and D and by various recombinants, but only genotype D was present in 2018. The major and minor parents of the recombinants are genotypes B and D, respectively, although the recombination breakpoints vary among them. All 23 genotype D isolates form a cluster, branching out from other subgenotype D sequences and supported by a 100 % bootstrap value. Based on complete genome sequences, almost all of the estimated intragroup nucleotide divergence values between our isolates and HBV subgenotypes D1-D10 exceed 4 %. Compared to the other subgenotypes (D1-D10), 35 unique amino acids were present in our isolates. Our data provide evidence for a novel subgenotype, provisionally designated HBV subgenotype D11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Chuang Ren
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China.,2School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, UCL Medical School, 22 ShuangYong Road Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Qin-Yan Chen
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China
| | - Xue-Yan Wang
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China
| | | | - Qing-Li Yang
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Hu
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China
| | - Hua-Bing Liu
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China.,2School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, UCL Medical School, 22 ShuangYong Road Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Xiang He
- 4Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Jia
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China.,2School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, UCL Medical School, 22 ShuangYong Road Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Zhong-Liao Fang
- 1Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, PR China
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4
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Yang L, Ye S, Zhao X, Ji L, Zhang Y, Zhou P, Sun J, Guan Y, Han Y, Ni C, Hu X, Liu W, Wang H, Zhou B, Huang J. Molecular Characterization of HBV DNA Integration in Patients with Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:3225-3235. [PMID: 30271481 PMCID: PMC6160693 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of liver cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral DNA integration into the host cell genome is a key mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the molecular characterization and the potential clinical implications of HBV DNA integration into patients suffering from different hepatitis and HCC remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed HBV integrations in patients with hepatitis B and HCC using HBV probe-based capturing and next-generation sequencing. The results revealed that the sizes of the HBV integrations ranged from 28 bp to 3215 bp, including the full-length HBV DNA sequence. The integration breakpoints were preferentially distributed in the viral enhancer, X protein, and core protein regions of the HBV genome. The number of HBV integrations followed an increasing trend from hepatitis to HCC, which was positively correlated with the HBV virus load in patients with hepatitis. The number of HBV integrations in the HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B group was significantly greater than that in the other hepatitis B groups (P < 0.05). However, the relative abundance of HBV integrations was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent liver tissues. Interestingly, 61.6% (8/13) of HBV-human DNA integration fragments could be detected at the RNA level. Our results also showed that HBV integration-targeted genes (ITGs) were significantly enriched in many cancer-related pathways, such as MAPK, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and the hedgehog signaling pathway. Individuals with HBV integrations exhibited shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those without HBV integrations in some ITGs including LINC00293 (long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 293; DFS P = 0.008, OS P = 0.009), FSHB (follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit; DFS P = 0.05, OS P = 0.186), and LPHN3 (latrophilin-3; DFS P = 0.493, OS P = 0.033). This study determined the underlying mechanism of HBV DNA integration in liver diseases and laid the foundation for future studies on the pathogenesis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical Colleg, Shang Tang Road 158, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R China
| | - Song Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qing Chun Road 79, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Ji
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yinxin Zhang
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Pingyu Zhou
- STD Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- STD Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Guan
- Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yingxin Han
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Binhai Genomics Institute, BGI-Tianjin, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical Colleg, Shang Tang Road 158, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R China
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical Colleg, Shang Tang Road 158, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R China
| | - Weilong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University. Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University. Shenzhen, 518109, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, China
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5
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Araujo NM. Hepatitis B virus intergenotypic recombinants worldwide: An overview. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:500-510. [PMID: 26299884 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel variants generated by recombination events between different hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have been increasingly documented worldwide, and the role of recombination in the evolutionary history of HBV is of significant research interest. In the present study, large-scale data retrieval and analysis on HBV intergenotypic recombinant genomes were performed. The geographical distribution of HBV recombinants as well as the molecular processes involved in recombination were examined. After review of published data, a total of 436 complete HBV sequences, previously identified as recombinants, were included in the recombination detection analysis. About 60% of HBV recombinants were B/C (n=179) and C/D (n=83) hybrids. A/B/C, A/C, A/C/G, A/D, A/E, A/G, B/C/U (U=unknown genotype), C/F, C/G, C/J, D/E, D/F, and F/G hybrids were additionally identified. HBV intergenotypic sequences were reported in almost all geographical regions with similar circulation patterns as their original genotypes, indicating the potential for spreading in a wide range of human populations and developing their own epidemiology. Recombination breakpoints were non-randomly distributed in the genome, and specific favored sites detected, such as within nt 1700-2000 and 2100-2300 regions, which displayed a statistically significant difference in comparison with the remaining genome. Elucidation of the effects of recombination events on the evolutionary history of HBV is critical to understand current and future evolution trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Araujo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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6
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Saikia A, Bose M, Barman NN, Deka M, Thangkhiew RS, Bose S. Molecular epidemiology of HBV infection in chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients in northeast India. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1539-48. [PMID: 25919572 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of HBV in chronic HBV infected cases from northeast India (NEI), since scanty data are available from the region which has a predominant ethnically distinct tribal population. A total of 523 clinically diagnosed index chronic HBV infected cases and 172 asymptomatic patients (based on family screening) were enrolled with informed consent. Patients were stratified based on serology, imaging, pathology, and clinical data and grouped as chronic HBV and cirrhotic cohorts. Analysis for serum HBV DNA levels and HBV genotyping was performed, and was statistically co-related with disease severity. Males were more prone to chronic HBV infection. Majority of the patients who had Chronic HBV infection based on family screening were females (59.88%), majorly wives of index patients. Mean viral load in Chronic HBV patients was almost 4.5-folds higher than cirrhosis patients, and was significantly associated with e-antigen positive status(P < 0.001) in both groups. HBV genotype D was the most prevalent genotype (62.30%) in NEI. Mixed genotype infection of A + D was found from Assam, along with C + D cases (1.29%) cumulatively. There is a high prevalence of HBV genotype C (13.96%) in our studied cohort which was found to be associated with higher viral load(P = 0.018), e-antigen positivity(P = 0.043), and increased cirrhosis risk compared to Chronic HBV cases [OR = 1.670]. Family contacts in NEI are prone to infection with HBV and development of Chronic HBV. Higher presence of e-positive cases and genotype C along with the mixed genotypes in NEI is unique and of significance with reference to predisposition to disease severity and even response to antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Saikia
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Central Hospital, NF Railway, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Moumita Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Manab Deka
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Biological Science, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rangsan Singh Thangkhiew
- Department of Gastroenterology, Supercare hospital and Research centre, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sujoy Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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7
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Caballero A, Gregori J, Homs M, Tabernero D, Gonzalez C, Quer J, Blasi M, Casillas R, Nieto L, Riveiro-Barciela M, Esteban R, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F. Complex Genotype Mixtures Analyzed by Deep Sequencing in Two Different Regions of Hepatitis B Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144816. [PMID: 26714168 PMCID: PMC4695080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the presence and outcome of genotype mixtures in the polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions of the HBV genome in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thirty samples from ten chronic hepatitis B patients were included. The polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions were analyzed by deep sequencing (UDPS) in the first available sample at diagnosis, a pre-treatment sample, and a sample while under treatment. HBV genotype was determined by phylogenesis. Quasispecies complexity was evaluated by mutation frequency and nucleotide diversity. The polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions were validated for genotyping from 113 GenBank reference sequences. UDPS yielded a median of 10,960 sequences per sample (IQR 16,645) in the polymerase/surface region and 11,595 sequences per sample (IQR 14,682) in X/preCore. Genotype mixtures were more common in X/preCore (90%) than in polymerase/surface (30%) (p<0.001). On X/preCore genotyping, all samples were genotype A, whereas polymerase/surface yielded genotypes A (80%), D (16.7%), and F (3.3%) (p = 0.036). Genotype changes in polymerase/surface were observed in four patients during natural quasispecies dynamics and in two patients during treatment. There were no genotype changes in X/preCore. Quasispecies complexity was higher in X/preCore than in polymerase/surface (p = 0.004). The results provide evidence of genotype mixtures and differential genotype proportions in the polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions. The genotype dynamics in HBV infection and the different patterns of quasispecies complexity in the HBV genome suggest a new paradigm for HBV genotype classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caballero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Roche Diagnostics S.L., Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Homs
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Tabernero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Blasi
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Casillas
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Nieto
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Esteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Qu LS, Liu TT, Jin F, Guo YM, Chen TY, Ni ZP, Shen XZ. Combined pre-S deletion and core promoter mutations related to hepatocellular carcinoma: A nested case-control study in China. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:54-63. [PMID: 20973883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the roles of biomedical factors, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, genotypes, and specific viral mutation patterns on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Qidong, China. METHODS A total of 2387 males (aged 20-65 years) who were seropositive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), but had not been diagnosed with HCC, were recruited to a community-based HCC screening study from August, 1996. Evaluation of virological parameters at recruitment was determined for 196 HCC patients during 10 years of follow-up and 323 controls. RESULTS After adjustment for age at recruitment, history of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels >20 ng/mL, hepatitis B e antigen positive, HBV DNA levels ≥4.00 log(10) copies/mL, pre-S deletion, T1653 mutation, T1762/A1764 double mutations, and T1766 and/or A1768 mutations were associated with subsequent risk of HCC. A significant biological gradient of HCC risk by HBV DNA levels from less than 2.69 log(10) copies/mL to 6.00 log(10) copies/mL or greater was observed. HBV with a complex mutation combination pattern (pre-S deletion, T1762/A1764 double mutations, and T1766 and/or A1768 mutations) rather than a single mutation was associated with the development of HCC. The longitudinal observation demonstrated a gradual combination of pre-S deletion, T1762/A1764 double mutations, and T1766 and/or A1768 mutations during the development of HCC. CONCLUSIONS AFP levels >20 ng/mL, high HBV DNA levels, pre-S deletion, and T1762/A1764 double mutations at recruitment were independent risk factors of HCC. Combination of pre-S deletion and core promoter mutations increased the risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuai Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Fang ZL, Hué S, Sabin CA, Li GJ, Yang JY, Chen QY, Fang KX, Huang J, Wang XY, Harrison TJ. A complex hepatitis B virus (X/C) recombinant is common in Long An county, Guangxi and may have originated in southern China. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:402-11. [PMID: 20965984 PMCID: PMC3081081 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.026666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a complex (X/C) hepatitis B virus (HBV) recombinant, first reported in 2000, was proposed as a new genotype; although this was refuted immediately because the strains differ by less than 8 % in nucleotide distance from genotype C. Over 13.5 % (38/281) of HBV isolates from the Long An cohort in China were not assigned to a specific genotype, using current genotyping tools to analyse surface ORF sequences, and these have about 98 % similarity to the X/C recombinants. To determine whether this close identity extends to the full-length sequences and to investigate the evolutionary history of the Long An X/C recombinants, 17 complete genome sequences were determined. They are highly similar (96–99 %) to the Vietnamese strains and, although some reach or exceed 8 % nucleotide sequence difference from all known genotypes, they cluster together in the same clade, separating in a phylogenetic tree from the genotype C branch. Analysis of recombination reveals that all but one of the Long An isolates resembles the Vietnamese isolates in that they result from apparent recombination between genotype C and a parent of unknown genotype (X), which shows similarity in part to genotype G. The exception, isolate QL523, has a greater proportion of genotype C parent. Phylogeographic analysis reveals that these recombinants probably arose in southern China and spread later to Vietnam and Laos.
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10
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Detecting putative recombination events of hepatitis B virus: An updated comparative genome analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Verbeeck J, Lemey P, Zeller M, Rahman M, Maes P, Nevens F, Van Ranst M. Molecular evolutionary analysis and mutational pattern of full-length genomes of hepatitis B virus isolated from Belgian patients with different clinical manifestations. J Med Virol 2010; 82:379-89. [PMID: 20087936 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular evolutionary patterns of 62 HBV full-length genomes obtained from Belgian patients were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse HBV subgenotypes including A2 and A6 (46.8%), D1-D4 (38.8%), E (9.7%), C1 (1.6%), and B2 (1.6%). The study population consisted of patients with different ethnic origin (Caucasian, Turkish, Asian, Arab, and African). One HBV D/C recombinant isolate was identified, which encoded subtype adw2. An HBV subgenotype D4 with an aberrant subtype ayw4 was detected. Although none of the genotypes was associated with a specific disease outcome, several nucleotide substitutions, deletions and insertions were observed within the HBV preS1/S and X genes, particularly among patients with active chronic hepatitis B infection and patients with cirrhosis. Within the immunological domain of the HBsAg gene, the most frequent substitutions were sT125M and sT118A. High rates of precore and basal core promoter mutations were detected in patients infected with genotype D of HBV. Almost half of the patients who received lamivudine therapy for at least 1 year had HBV variants associated with lamivudine drug resistance. In conclusion, the most common HBV genotypes in West Europe (A and D) also prevail in Belgium. The highest degree of genetic diversity was detected in HBV genotype D. In addition, this study reveals the circulation of exotic HBV genotypes B, C, and E in Belgium. J. Med. Virol. 82:379-389, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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12
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Lin JS, Gao LL. Advances in research on hepatitis B virus DNA integration. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Yang J, Xing K, Deng R, Wang J, Wang X. Identification of Hepatitis B virus putative intergenotype recombinants by using fragment typing. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2203-2215. [PMID: 16847116 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight hundred and thirty-seven human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes were categorized into pure genotypes and potential intergenotypes, according to their fragment types which were determined based on similarity and phylogenetic analyses of 13 contrived fragments of 250 bp against the corresponding fragments of the consensus sequences of genotypes A-H. Twenty-five intergenotypes, including 171 genomes, were revealed from the potential intergenotype recombinants by phylogenetic analysis of the precisely derived mosaic fragments. Among these, four new intergenotypes were discovered. Many genomes were revealed as putative intergenotype recombinants for the first time. About 87 % of the putative recombinants were B/C (120) and A/D (29) hybrids. The other recombinants comprised A/B/C, A/C, A/E, A/G, C/D, C/F, C/G, C/U (U for unknown genotype) and B/C/U hybrids. Genotypes A and C showed a higher recombination tendency than did other genotypes. The results also demonstrated region priority and breakpoint hot spots in the intergenotype recombination. Recombination breakpoints were found to be concentrated mainly in the vicinity of the DR1 region (nt 1640-1900), the pre S1/S2 region (nt 3150-100), the 3'-end of the C gene (nt 2330-2450) and the 3'-end of the S gene (nt 650-830). These results support the suggestion that intergenotype recombinants may result from co-infection with different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Riqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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14
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Weber B. Diagnostic impact of the genetic variability of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene. J Med Virol 2006; 78 Suppl 1:S59-65. [PMID: 16622880 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variability of hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a challenge for the sensitivity of immunologic and molecular based assays. Genotyping studies show that the genetic diversity of HBV is very high even in industrialized countries. The analytical sensitivity of HBsAg and anti-HBs assays may be dependent on HBV genotype or subtype and could possibly lead to false negative results in samples with low-level HBsAg. It is possible that the recognition of genotypes E and F may be impaired. Immunoassays based on polyclonal capture antibody show the highest sensitivity for the recognition of recombinant mutants or serum samples harboring mutant forms of HBsAg. However, they do not guarantee full sensitivity, especially for the detection of the G145R mutation and amino acid insertions or substitutions in positions 120-123. Detection of HBsAg needs to be improved by the introduction of new HBsAg assays able to recognize so far described S gene mutants and with a lower detection threshold than current immunoassays in order to detect smallest amounts of HBsAg in low level carriers. There is also a need for more complete epidemiological data on the prevalence of HBsAg mutants especially for G145R and assays for the (differential) screening of mutants need to be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Weber
- Laboratoires Réunis Junglinster, Luxemburg und Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätskliniken Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Chen BF, Liu CJ, Jow GM, Chen PJ, Kao JH, Chen DS. High prevalence and mapping of pre-S deletion in hepatitis B virus carriers with progressive liver diseases. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1153-68. [PMID: 16618410 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The interactions among pre-S deletion, precore (PC) mutation, and basal core promoter (BCP) mutation in various stages of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear and were thus investigated in this study. METHODS The sequences of the pre-S region and the BCP (A1762T, G1764A) and PC (G1896A) mutations were determined in 46 HBV chronic carriers (CC) and 106 age-matched carriers with different stages of liver diseases, including 38 chronic hepatitis (CH), 18 cirrhosis (LC), and 50 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS A higher prevalence of pre-S deletion and BCP and PC mutations was found in carriers with progressive liver diseases compared with the CC group. By logistic regression analysis, patients with pre-S deletion and BCP mutation were significantly associated with the development of progressive liver diseases than those without. Combination of mutations rather than single mutation was associated with the development of progressive liver diseases, especially in combination with pre-S deletion. Sequencing analysis showed that the deleted regions were more often in the 3' terminus of pre-S1 and the 5' terminus of pre-S2. Further mapping of these pre-S deletion sequences found that all the deletion regions encompassed T- and B-cell epitopes, and most of them lost 1 or more functional sites. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that patients with progressive liver diseases have a higher frequency of pre-S deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Chen BF, Liu CJ, Jow GM, Chen PJ, Kao JH, Chen DS. Evolution of Hepatitis B virus in an acute hepatitis B patient co-infected with genotypes B and C. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:39-49. [PMID: 16361416 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between different genotypes of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in co-infected patients remain largely unknown, especially in acute infection. Here, the evolution of HBV strains was studied in an acute, self-limited hepatitis B patient co-infected with genotypes Ba (B2) and C. Virological analyses were performed at four time points after admission: T1 (5 days), T2 (11 days), T3 (22 days) and T4 (260 days). A dominant-genotype change from genotype C to Ba was found after anti-HBV e antigen (anti-HBe) seroconversion. Further clonal and phylogenetic analyses of the pre-S and pre-core/core regions of HBV were carried out to clarify the interactions between genotypes Ba and C. All clones propagated from T1 and T2 were of genotype C. In contrast, clones propagated from T3 (after anti-HBe seroconversion) were of genotype Ba, C and/or recombinant within the pre-S region. At T4, all clones were of genotype Ba with a 123 bp (from nt 3147 of the pre-S1 region to nt 54 of the pre-S2 region) in-frame pre-S deletion and had lost the start codon of the middle envelope protein and the nucleocapsid-binding site. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genetic distance was greater at T3 after seroconversion to anti-HBe. By using SimPlot, the breakpoint of one pre-S recombinant was located at nt 3069-3100 and the other two at nt 49-87. In conclusion, HBV genotype Ba may overtake genotype C as the predominant strain after anti-HBe seroconversion in acute hepatitis B. Recombination within the pre-S region emerged transiently and the pre-S deletion mutant was finally cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is widely distributed in both human and ape populations throughout the world and is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. HBV variants are currently classified into the human genotypes A to H and species-associated chimpanzee and gibbon/orangutan groups. To examine the role of recombination in the evolution of HBV, large-scale data retrieval and automated phylogenetic analysis (TreeOrder scanning) were carried out on all available published complete genome sequences of HBV. We detected a total of 24 phylogenetically independent potential recombinants (different genotype combinations or distinct breakpoints), eight of which were previously undescribed. Instances of intergenotype recombination were observed in all human and ape HBV variants, including evidence for a novel gibbon/genotype C recombinant among HBV variants from Vietnam. By recording sequence positions in trees generated from sequential fragments across the genome, violations of phylogeny between trees also provided evidence for frequent intragenotype recombination between members of genotypes A, D, F/H, and gibbon variants but not in B, C, or the Asian B/C recombinant group. In many cases, favored positions for both inter- and intragenotype recombination matched positions of phylogenetic reorganization between the human and ape genotypes, such as the end of the surface gene and the core gene, where sequence relationships between genotypes changed in the TreeOrder scan. These findings provide evidence for the occurrence of past, extensive recombination events in the evolutionary history of the currently classified genotypes of HBV and potentially in changes in its global epidemiology and associations with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom.
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18
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Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact. J Clin Virol 2005; 32:102-12. [PMID: 15653412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variability of hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a challenge for the sensitivity of immunologic and molecular based assays. Based on sequence divergence in the entire genome of >8%, HBV genomes have been classified into eight groups designated A to H. The genotypes of HBV have distinct geographical distributions. Although preliminary clinical studies seem to indicate that there is an association between HBV genotype and natural history of infection and response to antiviral therapy, further evaluations on larger collectives of patients are necessary to give a clearer picture of the subject. The analytical sensitivity of HBsAg and anti-HBs assays may be dependent on HBV genotype or subtype. The influence of genotypic variability on the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) has so far been poorly investigated. Preliminary results show that new real-time NAT detect genotypes A to G with an equal sensitivity. Different mechanisms intervening at the translational or post-translational level, including conformational changes, hydrophobic changes, insertion of basic residues and reduced synthesis or secretion of HBsAg may account solely or in conjunction for escape mutations to the immune response and to detection in HBsAg immunassays. The clinical significance of S-gene mutants, needs in analogy to that of HBV genotypes, to be further investigated. HBV mutants are stable over time and can be transmitted horizontally or vertically. The sensitivity of HBsAg assays for mutant detection is continuously improved. Immunoassays based on polyclonal capture antibody show the highest sensitivity for the recognition of recombinant mutants or serum samples harboring mutant forms of HBsAg. However, they do not guarantee full sensitivity. Detection of HBsAg needs to be improved by the introduction of new HBsAg assays able to recognize so far described S-gene mutants and with a lower detection threshold than current immunoassays in order to detect smallest amounts of HBsAg in low level carriers. There is also a need for more complete epidemiological data on the prevalence of HBsAg mutants and strategies for the (differential) screening of mutants need to be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Weber
- Laboratoires Réunis Junglinster, Luxembourg and Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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19
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Kramvis A, Kew M, François G. Hepatitis B virus genotypes. Vaccine 2005; 23:2409-23. [PMID: 15752827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A-H) are currently recognized, and subgenotypes have recently been described in four of these genotypes (A, B, C and F). The genotypes show a distinct geographical distribution between and even within regions, and are proving to be an invaluable tool in tracing the molecular evolution and patterns and modes of spread of hepatitis B virus. Structural and functional differences between genotypes can influence the severity, course and likelihood of complications, and response to treatment of hepatitis B virus infection and possibly vaccination against the virus. Although the number of studies on these genotypes has increased dramatically during recent years, much remains to be learnt about their full implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramvis
- MRC/University Molecular Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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20
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Chen BF, Chen PJ, Jow GM, Sablon E, Liu CJ, Chen DS, Kao JH. High prevalence of mixed genotype infections in hepatitis B virus infected intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 2004; 74:536-42. [PMID: 15484267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes has been documented; however, the prevalence of mixed HBV genotype infections in at-risk groups remains controversial. The HBV genotypes were determined in 325 HBV-infected intravenous drug users (IVDU) who were at a greater risk of multiple exposures to different HBV genotypes by using a newly developed line probe assay. The distribution of HBV genotype was as follows: genotype A alone in 2 (0.6%); genotype B alone in 256 (78.8%); genotype C alone in 10 (3.1%); mixed genotype A and B in 18 (5.5%); genotype B and C in 30 (9.2%); genotype B and D in 1 (0.3%); genotype A and C in 1 (0.3%); and mixed infections of genotype A, B, and C in 3 (0.9%). Clonal analysis confirmed further the existence of mixed genotype infection and recombination between different genotypes. Compared with our previous data, the line probe assay seemed more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay in identifying HBV genotype (98.8% vs. 65.0%) and detecting mixed genotype infections (16.3% vs. 0%). In conclusion, the prevalence of mixed HBV infections is substantially higher in IVDU in endemic areas, and the line probe assay is a useful method for rapid genotyping of HBV, with particular reference to the detection of mixed genotype infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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22
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Chen BF, Kao JH, Liu CJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Genotypic dominance and novel recombinations in HBV genotype B and C co-infected intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 2004; 73:13-22. [PMID: 15042642 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic differences among hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have been documented. However, the interaction between different HBV genotypes remains unclear. Herein, we chose HBV genotypes B (HBV/B) and C (HBV/C) co-infected intravenous drug users to study this issue. HBV genotype was determined in 40 HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-HDV co-positive intravenous drug users by using genotype-specific primers. The distribution of HBV genotype was as follows: HBV genotype B alone in 29 (72.5%); HBV genotype C alone in 4 (10.0%); and mixed HBV genotype B and HBV genotype C in 7 (17.5%). The interaction between HBV genotype B and HBV genotype C within the same individual was further studied in the seven intravenous drug users with HBV genotype B and HBV genotype C co-infection. By direct sequencing of the pre-S region, only HBV genotype B was detected. When 10-21 clones of the pre-S region were propagated from each intravenous drug user and sequenced, most of the clones were HBV genotype B. Novel recombinations between HBV genotype B and HBV genotype C occurred in four clones (M7-5, M1-10, M1-21, and M1-24) from two intravenous drug users (M7 and M1). The recombination breakpoints were estimated at nucleotide 3120-3171 for M7-5, at nucleotide 3060-3191 for M1-10, and at nucleotide 2910-2950 for M1-21 and M1-24 by SimPlot program. The recombination sites of these HBV/pre-S C-B and B-C recombinants may be within the pre-S1 region. The results in this study suggest that HBV/B is the dominant strain in HBV genotypes B and C co-infected intravenous drug users in Taiwan, and recombinations between different HBV genotype are not unusual. The impact of recombination on the evolution of HBV and their clinical significance remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Cui C, Shi J, Hui L, Xi H, Hu G. The dominant hepatitis B virus genotype identified in Tibet is a C/D hybrid. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2773-2777. [PMID: 12388813 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no reports on DNA sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains from Tibet, although this highland area has a high HBsAg-positive population. We characterized HBV isolates from sera of 26 HBsAg-positive Tibetans. To determine the HBV genotypes and their phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced two genomic regions, one including the pre-S1/pre-S2/S region and the other including the pre-C/C region. The sequences were classified into two different genotypes based on different regions of the genome, except for one isolate. To clarify this finding, two complete HBV genomes that represented the two groups of isolates were sequenced. From the sequencing results, we concluded that HBV strains in Tibet may be classified as genotype C, and there are at least two subgroups. The dominant subgroup is a C/D hybrid with serotype ayw2, and the other is genotype C with serotype adw. This is the first report of complete nucleotide sequences of HBV from Tibet. These results contribute to the investigation of recombinant HBV strains throughout the world and should encourage further study of genotypes and recombination in HBV from this particular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyin Cui
- Research Center of Fundamental Physics, Medical School of Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet1
| | - Jinxiu Shi
- Shanghai Life Science Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China2
| | - Lijian Hui
- Shanghai Life Science Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China2
| | - Huifeng Xi
- Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China3
| | - Gengxi Hu
- Shanghai Life Science Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China2
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24
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Abstract
In 1988, it was reported that the full nucleotide sequences of 18 hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains clustered into four genetic groups (A to D) with more than 8% divergence between the groups. This classification of strains in terms of genome sequence has since proven to be an important tool in the understanding of HBV epidemiology and evolution and has been expanded to include three more genotypes. In parallel with the HBV genotypes described in humans, HBV strains isolated from different primates and hepadnaviruses found in woodchucks, ground squirrels, ducks and herons have been studied. Sequence differences between HBV genotypes can lead to structural differences at the level of the pregenome and can also lead to dramatic differences at the translational level when specific and commonly occurring mutations occur. There is increasing evidence that the clinical picture, the response to treatment and the long-term prognosis may differ depending on which genotype has infected the patient. The consideration of traditional serological patterns in a patient must therefore take the genotype of the infecting strain into account. Nucleotide variability between HBV strains has been used in several studies to trace routes of transmission and, since it is becoming increasingly clear that the differences between HBV genotypes are important, the need for reliable and easy methods of differentiating HBV genotypes has arisen. This review summarizes the knowledge of HBV genotypes with regard to their genetic, structural and clinically significant differences and their origin and evolution in the context of the hepadnaviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzo Miyakawa
- Miyakawa Memorial Research Foundation, Tokyo 107-0062, Japan2
| | - Alistair H Kidd
- Department of Virology, University of Umeå, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden3
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25
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Kato H, Orito E, Sugauchi F, Ueda R, Gish RG, Usuda S, Miyakawa Y, Mizokami M. Determination of hepatitis B virus genotype G by polymerase chain reaction with hemi-nested primers. J Virol Methods 2001; 98:153-9. [PMID: 11576642 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been classified into six genotypes designated A-F by sequence divergence in the entire genome exceeding 8%. Very recently, the seventh genotype was reported and named genotype G. HBV genotype G is distinct from genomes of the other six genotypes in that it possesses an insertion of 36 nucleotides in the core gene, and has been found so far in France and the United States. A method for determining HBV genotype G was developed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers deduced from the 36-nucleotide (nt) insertion in five isolates of HBV genotype G the sequences of which have been deposited in DNA databases. The validity of this method, for specifically detecting HBV genotype G, was verified on a panel consisting of 142 HBV isolates of six major genotypes and four of genotype G. A total of 540 sera containing HBV in Japan covering symptom free carriers and patients with a spectrum of chronic liver disease were tested by this method, but not a single HBV genotype G sample was found. A possible method for serological determination of hepatitis B surface antigen of genotype G is suggested, without amplification or sequencing nucleotides, which would expand epidemiological and clinical researches on HBV genotype G.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kato
- Second Department of Medicine, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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26
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Owiredu WK, Kramvis A, Kew MC. Hepatitis B virus DNA in serum of healthy black African adults positive for hepatitis B surface antibody alone: possible association with recombination between genotypes A and D. J Med Virol 2001; 64:441-54. [PMID: 11468728 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In some patients with chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis B virus, viral DNA is known to persist in low concentration in serum after seroconversion to hepatitis B surface antibody-positivity. This phenomenon has, however, not been documented in asymptomatic black African carriers of hepatitis B virus. Using nested amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, we detected low concentrations of hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum of 6 of 23 (26%) healthy black African adults with normal liver function and with hepatitis B virus surface antibody as the only serological marker of the virus. This finding offers one explanation for the earlier observation of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinomas in black Africans whose serum was positive for surface antibody alone. A number of genetic changes were found in the six isolates that might be responsible for evasion of the immune response and persistence of the virus. Isolated mutations were detected in the "a" determinant of the surface gene and in the encapsidation signal. In all five isolates sequenced in the core promoter, mutations were present in the upstream regulatory region. Recombination between genotypes A and D was present in three of the isolates, including both of those in which the entire genome was sequenced. This change in genotype also overlapped the amino end of the polymerase domain and may result in sufficiently low levels of replication to allow viral persistence. Topoisomerase 1 specific trinucleotides were concentrated in the vicinity of the recombination breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Owiredu
- MRC/CANSA/University Molecular Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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27
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Morozov V, Pisareva M, Groudinin M. Homologous recombination between different genotypes of hepatitis B virus. Gene 2000; 260:55-65. [PMID: 11137291 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationships among 99 complete HBV sequences. Analysis revealed nine viral genomes clustered with different genotypes depending on genome region analyzed. This discordance indicated that recombination events occurred during HBV history. The putative breakpoints between genomes of different genotypes have been mapped. Six mosaic genomes representing B/C hybrids were isolated in East Asia and three A/D hybrids in Italy. At least some recombinant strains appear to be fully viable and possess high evolutionary potential. As a result, B/C recombinants overspread through the East Asia region. They were found among the isolates from Japan, China and Indonesia. Our results suggest that recombination is a significant and relatively frequent event in the evolution of HBV genome. A possible mechanism and the implications of recombination for the natural history of HBV, clinically important properties, and phylogenetic reconstruction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Morozov
- Influenza Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Prof. Popov Str. 15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Hannoun C, Norder H, Lindh M. An aberrant genotype revealed in recombinant hepatitis B virus strains from Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:2267-2272. [PMID: 10950984 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Six genotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been described. However, relatively few complete genomes originating from East Asia, where most of the world's HBV carriers live, have been studied. We analysed five complete HBV genomes of Vietnamese origin, which in our previous studies had produced atypical genotyping patterns. All five strains had HBsAg sequences with markers for serotype adw. In phylogenetic tree analysis, two of the genomes clustered with genotype C, and three clustered on a separate branch between genotypes A, B and C, suggesting a new genotype. However, these three strains showed signs of recombination in similarity plot and bootscanning analysis. Phylogenetic tree analysis of two segments separately supported recombination between genotype C and a putative new genotype (or possibly a subgroup of genotype A). The segment between nt 1801 and 2865 was clearly of genotype C origin, while the major part of the genome (nt 2866-1800) was placed on a branch close to genotype A. The findings encourage further study of genotypes and recombination in HBV from this geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hannoun
- Department of Clinical Virology, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden1
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Clinical Virology, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden1
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Bowyer SM, Sim JG. Relationships within and between genotypes of hepatitis B virus at points across the genome: footprints of recombination in certain isolates. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:379-92. [PMID: 10644836 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was partitioned into type, subtype and isolate categories and the average evolutionary distances within and between categories was plotted at each of 54 points along the genome. The graphs showed alternating variable and conserved domains within and between HBV subtypes and revealed that some specimens assigned to different groups are more similar across several contiguous intervals than specimens belonging to the same group. Isolates were screened individually to determine their conformation to type and mosaic structure was identified in 14/65 specimens. Two entire clades (six specimens) of genotype B had a B/C sequence switch in the core gene region, whereas six genotype D specimens showed D/A switching in one or more regions of the genome. Genotype E was not separate from genotype D in the X and C subgenomic regions. The nature and distribution of polymorphic sites in mosaic regions was mapped at both the nucleotide and protein levels and the position of the variant fragments was related to mutational hot spots and linear epitopes of HBV. Mosaic structure was demonstrated statistically in 11 isolates using bootstrap resampling and recombination, rather than random change, appeared to be the mechanism responsible. The sequence between and including the two DR regions was represented in all putative recombinants. The distribution of genetic distances over subgenomic regions showed that substitution rates are not constant among the lineages of HBV in the preS regions. Genotype F is the most diverse group. Only genotypes A, C and F partition consistently into subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bowyer
- National Institute for Virology, Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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30
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Abstract
The existence of HBV as quasispecies is thought to be favoured by the infidelity of HBV RT, which would account for the emergence of the many natural mutants with point substitutions. RT infidelity may also underlie the hypermutation phenomenon. Indeed, the oft-reported point mutation in the preC gene that leads to failure of HBeAg synthesis may be driven by a hypermutation-related mechanism. The presence of mutants with deletions and insertions involving single nucleotides and oligonucleotides at specific positions in the genome, and of mutants with deletions of even longer stretches particularly in the C gene, suggests that other mutagenic mechanisms operate. Candidates include slippage during mispairing between template and progeny DNA strand, the action of cellular topoisomerase I, and gene splicing using alternative donor and acceptor sites. Natural substitutions, deletions or insertions involving the Cp/ENII locus in the X gene can significantly alter the extent of viral replicative activity. Similar mutations occurring at other locations of Cp/ENII, and at B-cell epitope sites of the S gene are associated with failure to detect serological markers of HBV infection. HBV variation can also arise from recombination between coinfecting strains. S gene mutations that become evident following HBIG administration and HBV vaccination are all point substitutions, as are mutations in functional RT domains of the P gene after treatment with viral RT-inhibitory drugs. Widespread and long-term use of prophylactic and therapeutic agents may potentially generate serologically occult HBV variants that might become difficult to eradicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ngui
- Section of Hepatology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Centre, 1725 West Harrison, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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31
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Su Q, Schröder CH, Hofmann WJ, Otto G, Pichlmayr R, Bannasch P. Expression of hepatitis B virus X protein in HBV-infected human livers and hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 1998; 27:1109-20. [PMID: 9537452 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transactivation of cellular genes and functional inactivation of p53 by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene-encoded protein (HBx) are proposed as alternative mechanisms for induction of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in chronic HBV infection. Using an immunohistochemical approach, we studied the expression of HBx in 39 explanted livers with HBV-associated disease. Because the data reported previously have been inconsistent, possibly due to the application of different antibodies, we compared results with 5 polyclonal and 6 monoclonal anti-HBx antibodies from five laboratories. Ten of the 11 antibodies reacted with recombinant HBx by Western blotting, but only 1 polyclonal and 2 monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with HBx in tissue, and were thus suitable for immunohistochemistry. Three other polyclonal antibodies reacted with tissue components in addition to HBx. One polyclonal and 4 monoclonal antibodies did not recognize the HBx in the tissue. HBx was demonstrated in 16 of 30 (53.3%) cirrhotic livers and 10 of 18 (58.8%) HCCs by all specific antibodies. The expression of HBx, among three HBV antigens examined, was found to be preferentially maintained in HCC and the surrounding liver parenchyma, including focal or nodular preneoplastic lesions. However, the immunoreactivity was always limited to the cytoplasm of a small number of parenchymal and neoplastic cells. The role of X gene expression in HBV-associated human hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Su
- Division of Cell Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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32
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Brechot C. Hepatitis B and C viruses and primary liver cancer. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1996; 10:335-73. [PMID: 8864037 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3528(96)90010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The data presented indicate that viral agents (namely, HBV and HCV) are major environmental aetiological factors for human primary liver cancer. It is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms further because HCC is one of the few examples of virus-related human cancers. In addition, the available evidence points to the possibility of at least partial prevention of the tumour by large-scale vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brechot
- INSERM U370 and Liver Unit, CHU Necker, Paris, France
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Bollyky PL, Rambaut A, Harvey PH, Holmes EC. Recombination between sequences of hepatitis B virus from different genotypes. J Mol Evol 1996; 42:97-102. [PMID: 8919861 DOI: 10.1007/bf02198834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of 25 hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates for which complete genome sequences are available revealed two that occupied different positions in phylogenetic trees reconstructed from different open reading frames. Further analysis indicated that this incongruence was the result of recombination between viruses of different genomic and antigenic types. Both putative recombinants originated from geographic regions where multiple genotypes are known to cocirculate. A search of the sequence databases showed evidence of similar intergenotypic recombinants. These observations indicate that recombination between divergent strains may represent an important source of genetic variation in HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bollyky
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK
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Desiderio MA, Bardella L. Expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in growing Yoshida AH-130 hepatoma cells. Hepatology 1994; 19:728-34. [PMID: 8119700 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840190327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activity and messenger RNA levels of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyamine interconversion pathway, were investigated in host liver and in Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma cells as a function of tumor growth phases. Enzyme activity reached maximal values at day 10 in host liver (2.0-fold increase) and at days 10 and 14 in hepatoma cells (4.2- and 5.4-fold increases)--that is, when the cellular growth was nearly arrested. At day 10 the messenger RNA levels of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase were augmented concomitantly; they were about two and four times higher, respectively, in host liver and tumor cells than in control liver. The in vitro transcription rate seemed to be constant during hepatoma cell growth. Treatment of the animals with N1,N2-bis-(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine (MDL 72527), a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, caused large accumulation of N1-acetylspermidine in hepatoma cells and in the ascitic fluid; the maximal values were reached at day 14. The levels of putrescine in inhibitor-treated rats decreased in hepatoma cells (day 5) and in ascitic fluid (days 5 and 14), whereas values of spermidine and spermine remained unchanged. The proposed role for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase-enhanced expression is to regulate the cellular polyamine pool by causing their excretion as acetylderivatives from tumor cells into the ascitic fluid, even if putrescine seems also to be excreted. Eventual repeat uptake of putrescine by hepatoma cells could contribute to the control of cellular polyamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Desiderio
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan, Italy
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