1
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Zhang J, Tian Z, Qin C, Momeni MR. The effects of exercise on epigenetic modifications: focus on DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Hum Cell 2024:10.1007/s13577-024-01057-y. [PMID: 38587596 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity on a regular basis has been shown to bolster the overall wellness of an individual; research is now revealing that these changes are accompanied by epigenetic modifications. Regular exercise has been proven to make intervention plans more successful and prolong adherence to them. When it comes to epigenetic changes, there are four primary components. This includes changes to the DNA, histones, expression of particular non-coding RNAs and DNA methylation. External triggers, such as physical activity, can lead to modifications in the epigenetic components, resulting in changes in the transcription process. This report pays attention to the current knowledge that pertains to the epigenetic alterations that occur after exercise, the genes affected and the resulting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Zhang
- Xiamen Academy of Art and Design, Fuzhou University, Xiamen, 361024, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhongxin Tian
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
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2
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Long YF, Chow SKH, Cui C, Wong RMY, Zhang N, Qin L, Law SW, Cheung WH. Does exercise influence skeletal muscle by modulating mitochondrial functions via regulating MicroRNAs? A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102048. [PMID: 37652311 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is the accelerated loss of muscle mass, strength and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction was related to the progression of sarcopenia; meanwhile, microRNAs were regarded as core roles in regulating mitochondrial function. Physical exercise is a well-accepted approach to attenuate sarcopenia, yet very few studies depict the molecular mechanisms. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the potential relationships among physical exercise, mitochondrial function, and microRNAs, which may give new insight for retarding sarcopenia. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. The keywords were combined as "(microRNA OR miR) AND mitochondri* AND muscle AND exercise" and searched in all fields. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Information was extracted from the included studies for review. RESULTS In this review, 18 preclinical studies and 5 clinical studies were included. Most of the included studies suggested that effective physical exercise had positive effects on mitochondrial functions by regulating microRNAs. The results showed that 12 microRNAs improved mitochondrial functions, while 18 microRNAs suppressed them. Meanwhile, the results showed that 5 microRNAs improved muscle performance. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides an up-to-date sequential overview and highlights the potential relationship among exercise, mitochondrial function, and microRNAs in muscle. Meanwhile, evidence revealed that physical exercise can improve muscle performance by up-regulating mitochondrial functions, especially mitochondrial biogenesis, through modulating microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Long
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Can Cui
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheung-Wai Law
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Yekini A, Grace JM. Effects of Exercise on Body Composition and Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Scoping Review. Open Access Rheumatol 2023; 15:113-123. [PMID: 37521003 PMCID: PMC10378614 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s412942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, an adverse change in body composition, which usually results in muscle wasting and increased fat mass, is high, contributing to increased functional disability. There are indications that resistance and dynamic exercise interventions could improve body composition and functional capacity in RA patients and should be recommended to manage RA. Purpose The scoping literature review aimed to analyze available literature about the effects of exercise on body composition in RA patients. Secondly to identify the contribution of exercise to improve physical function in RA patients, thirdly to identify gaps in the literature about physical exercises and health outcomes in RA patients, and make recommendations for future research. Methods A scoping literature review design was employed following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A systematic search of three databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus) for studies published from 2012 to 2022 was conducted. The words searched include "exercise intervention" AND "body fat" OR "muscle wasting" OR "lean body mass" AND "functional ability" OR "health assessments". The search strategy was limited to studies published in English on RA patients and exercise interventions. Results This search yielded 2693 studies, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. The findings showed significant, positive effects of exercise interventions on RA patients' body composition and functional capacity, with exercise being highly beneficial. It is evident that high-intensity resistance exercise, as a stand-alone intervention, is feasible and safe for managing RA conditions. Conclusion Physical exercises, following scientific guidelines, should be included as an integrated approach to managing RA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amidu Yekini
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jeanne Martin Grace
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Borszcz FK, de Lucas RD, Denadai BS. Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Cycling Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2861. [PMID: 36833557 PMCID: PMC9957439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of eccentric cycling (ECCCYC) training on performance, physiological, and morphological parameters in comparison to concentric cycling (CONCYC) training. Searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Studies comparing the effect of ECCCYC and CONCYC training regimens on performance, physiological, and/or morphological parameters were included. Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis models were used to estimate the population's mean difference between chronic responses from ECCCYC and CONCYC training protocols. Group levels and meta-regression were used to evaluate the specific effects of subjects and study characteristics. Fourteen studies were included in this review. The meta-analyses showed that ECCCYC training was more effective in increasing knee extensor strength, vastus lateralis fiber cross-sectional area, and six-minute walking distance compared to CONCYC. Moreover, ECCCYC was as effective as CONCYC in decreasing body fat percentage. CONCYC was more effective in increasing V˙O2max and peak power output attained during concentric incremental tests. However, group-level analyses revealed that ECCCYC was more effective than CONCYC in improving V˙O2max in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. ECCCYC is a viable modality for exercise interventions aiming to improve parameters of muscle strength, hypertrophy, functional capacity, aerobic power, and body composition, with more advantages than CONCYC training in improving neuromuscular variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Klitzke Borszcz
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
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5
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Palma-Flores C, Zárate-Segura PB, Hernández-Hernández JM, de los Santos S, Tejeda-Gómez AS, Cano-Martínez LJ, Canto P, Garcia-Rebollar JO, Coral-Vázquez RM. (−)-Epicatechin modulates the expression of myomiRs implicated in exercise response in mouse skeletal muscle. Gene X 2023; 849:146907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Gevaert AB, Wood N, Boen JRA, Davos CH, Hansen D, Hanssen H, Krenning G, Moholdt T, Osto E, Paneni F, Pedretti RFE, Plösch T, Simonenko M, Bowen TS. Epigenetics in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: influence of exercise and nutrition. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:2183-2199. [PMID: 35989414 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links changes in epigenetic systems, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA expression, to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). These epigenetic modifications can change genetic function under influence of exogenous stimuli and can be transferred to next generations, providing a potential mechanism for inheritance of behavioural intervention effects. The benefits of exercise and nutritional interventions in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD are well established, but the mechanisms are not completely understood. In this review, we describe the acute and chronic epigenetic effects of physical activity and dietary changes. We propose exercise and nutrition as potential triggers of epigenetic signals, promoting the reshaping of transcriptional programmes with effects on CVD phenotypes. Finally, we highlight recent developments in epigenetic therapeutics with implications for primary and secondary CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Gevaert
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken D.T.228, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathanael Wood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jente R A Boen
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken D.T.228, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dominique Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,BIOMED-REVAL-Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trine Moholdt
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Women's Health, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elena Osto
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F E Pedretti
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS MultiMedica, Care and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Perinatal Neurobiology, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maria Simonenko
- Physiology Research and Blood Circulation Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test SRL, Federal State Budgetary Institution, 'V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre' of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - T Scott Bowen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Going nuclear: Molecular adaptations to exercise mediated by myonuclei. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 5:2-9. [PMID: 36994170 PMCID: PMC10040379 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibers are multinucleated, and muscle fiber nuclei (myonuclei) are believed to be post-mitotic and are typically situated near the periphery of the myofiber. Due to the unique organization of muscle fibers and their nuclei, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myofiber homeostasis in unstressed and stressed conditions (e.g., exercise) are unique. A key role myonuclei play in regulating muscle during exercise is gene transcription. Only recently have investigators had the capability to identify molecular changes at high resolution exclusively in myonuclei in response to perturbations in vivo. The purpose of this review is to describe how myonuclei modulate their transcriptome, epigenetic status, mobility and shape, and microRNA expression in response to exercise in vivo. Given the relative paucity of high-fidelity information on myonucleus-specific contributions to exercise adaptation, we identify specific gaps in knowledge and provide perspectives on future directions of research.
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8
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Kolodziej F, McDonagh B, Burns N, Goljanek-Whysall K. MicroRNAs as the Sentinels of Redox and Hypertrophic Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314716. [PMID: 36499053 PMCID: PMC9737617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with skeletal muscle function decline with ageing or disease or inadequate exercise and/or poor diet. Paradoxically, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines are key for mounting the muscular and systemic adaptive responses to endurance and resistance exercise. Both ageing and lifestyle-related metabolic dysfunction are strongly linked to exercise redox and hypertrophic insensitivity. The adaptive inability and consequent exercise intolerance may discourage people from physical training resulting in a vicious cycle of under-exercising, energy surplus, chronic mitochondrial stress, accelerated functional decline and increased susceptibility to serious diseases. Skeletal muscles are malleable and dynamic organs, rewiring their metabolism depending on the metabolic or mechanical stress resulting in a specific phenotype. Endogenous RNA silencing molecules, microRNAs, are regulators of these metabolic/phenotypic shifts in skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle microRNA profiles at baseline and in response to exercise have been observed to differ between adult and older people, as well as trained vs. sedentary individuals. Likewise, the circulating microRNA blueprint varies based on age and training status. Therefore, microRNAs emerge as key regulators of metabolic health/capacity and hormetic adaptability. In this narrative review, we summarise the literature exploring the links between microRNAs and skeletal muscle, as well as systemic adaptation to exercise. We expand a mathematical model of microRNA burst during adaptation to exercise through supporting data from the literature. We describe a potential link between the microRNA-dependent regulation of redox-signalling sensitivity and the ability to mount a hypertrophic response to exercise or nutritional cues. We propose a hypothetical model of endurance exercise-induced microRNA "memory cloud" responsible for establishing a landscape conducive to aerobic as well as anabolic adaptation. We suggest that regular aerobic exercise, complimented by a healthy diet, in addition to promoting mitochondrial health and hypertrophic/insulin sensitivity, may also suppress the glycolytic phenotype and mTOR signalling through miRNAs which in turn promote systemic metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolodziej
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicole Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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9
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Touron J, Perrault H, Maisonnave L, Patrac V, Walrand S, Malpuech-Brugère C, Pereira B, Burelle Y, Costes F, Richard R. Effects of exercise-induced metabolic and mechanical loading on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:611-621. [PMID: 35900326 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, a growing interest in eccentric (ECC) exercise has emerged, but mitochondrial adaptations to ECC training remain poorly documented. Using an approach for manipulating mechanical and metabolic exercise power, we positioned that for same metabolic power, training using concentric (CON) or ECC contractions would induce similar skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations. Sixty adult rats were randomly assigned to a control (CTRL) or three treadmill training groups running at 15m·min-1 for 45min, 5days weekly for 8 weeks at targeted upward or downward slopes. Animals from the CON (+15%) and ECC30 (-30%) groups trained at iso-metabolic power while CON and ECC15 (-15%) exercised at iso-mechanical power. Assessments were made of Vastus Intermedius mitochondrial respiration (oxygraphy), enzymatic activities (spectrophotometry) and real-time qPCR for mRNA transcripts. Maximal rates of mitochondrial respiration was 14-15% higher in CON and ECC30 compared to CTRL and ECC15. Apparent Km for ADP for trained groups was 40-66% higher than CTRL, with statistical significance reached for CON and ECC30. Complex I and citrate synthase activities were 1.6 (ECC15) to 1.8 (ECC30 and CON) times values of CTRL. Complex IV activity was higher than CTRL (p<0.05) only for CON and ECC30. mRNA transcripts analyses showed higher TFAM, SLC25A4, CKMT2 and PPID in the ECC30 compared to CTRL. Findings confirm that training-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial function adaptations are governed by the extent of metabolic overload irrespective of exercise modality. The distinctive ECC30 mRNA transcript pattern may reflect a cytoskeleton damage-repair or ECC adaptive cycle that differs from that of biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laura Maisonnave
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Patrac
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephane Walrand
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yan Burelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Frédéric Costes
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Saini VM, Liu KR, Surve AS, Gupta S, Gupta A. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for monitoring cardiovascular changes in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and exercise. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1819-1832. [PMID: 35818628 PMCID: PMC9261151 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be altered in both CVD and T2DM and can have an application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. miRNAs are released into circulation when the cardiomyocyte is subjected to injury and damage. Objectives Measuring circulating miRNA levels in human plasma may be of great potential use for measuring the extent of damage to cardiomyocytes and response to exercise. This review is aimed to highlight the potential application of miRNAs as biomarkers of CVD progression in T2DM, and the impact of exercise on recovery. Methods The review aims to examine whether the health improvements following exercise in T2DM patients are reflective of changes in expression of plasma miRNAs. For this purpose, studies were identified from the literature that have established a correlation between diabetes, disease progression and plasma miRNA levels. We also reviewed studies which looked at the effect of exercise on plasma miRNA levels. Results The review identified miRNA signatures that are affected by T2DM and DHD and a subset of these miRNAs that are also affected by different types of exercise. This approach helped us to identify those miRNAs whose expression and function can be altered by regular bouts of exercise. Conclusions miRNAs identified as part of this review can serve as tools to monitor the cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of exercise in people suffering from T2DM. Future research should focus on regulation of these miRNAs in T2DM and how they can be altered by appropriate exercise interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01066-4.
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11
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Čretnik K, Pleša J, Kozinc Ž, Löfler S, Šarabon N. The Effect of Eccentric vs. Traditional Resistance Exercise on Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Functional Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:873718. [PMID: 35498525 PMCID: PMC9045400 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.873718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of eccentric exercise (ECC) in older adults have received limited scientific attention, considering the ample evidence for its effectiveness in general and athletic populations. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of ECC exercise modalities vs. traditional or concentric (CON) exercise on muscle strength, body composition and functional performance in older adults. Inclusion criteria regarding the age was >55 years. Three major scientific literature databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were screened for trials comparing the effect of ECC and CON exercise programs, and 19 papers were included in the meta-analysis. ECC and CON training programs were typically matched by the duration of each session. The difference between ECC and CON was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Regarding isometric knee strength, the pooled effect favored ECC (SMD = 0.50), but was not statistically significant (p = 0.160). ECC exercise elicited greater improvements in timed up and go test (SMD = −0.68; p = 0.004), 2-min sit-stand test (SMD = 0.53; p = 0.030) and 30-s sit-stand test (SMD = 0.81; p = 0.002), but not in 6-min walking test (SMD = 0.01; p = 0.960). The effects on body composition and muscle architecture were unclear (SMD = −1.44 to 1.95; p = 0.060–0.689). In conclusion, our literature review indicates that ECC exercise is superior to, or at least as good as CON exercise for preserving health and overall function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Čretnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon
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12
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Widmann M, Mattioni Maturana F, Burgstahler C, Erz G, Schellhorn P, Fragasso A, Schmitt A, Nieß AM, Munz B. miRNAs as markers for the development of individualized training regimens: A pilot study. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15217. [PMID: 35274816 PMCID: PMC8915711 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, non‐coding RNAs (microRNAs) have been shown to regulate gene expression in response to exercise in various tissues and organs, thus possibly coordinating their adaptive response. Thus, it is likely that differential microRNA expression might be one of the factors that are responsible for different training responses of different individuals. Consequently, determining microRNA patterns might be a promising approach toward the development of individualized training strategies. However, little is known on (1) microRNA patterns and their regulation by different exercise regimens and (2) possible correlations between these patterns and individual training adaptation. Here, we present microarray data on skeletal muscle microRNA patterns in six young, female subjects before and after six weeks of either moderate‐intensity continuous or high‐intensity interval training on a bicycle ergometer. Our data show that n = 36 different microRNA species were regulated more than twofold in this cohort (n = 28 upregulated and n = 8 downregulated). In addition, we correlated baseline microRNA patterns with individual changes in VO2max and identified some specific microRNAs that might be promising candidates for further testing and evaluation in the future, which might eventually lead to the establishment of microRNA marker panels that will allow individual recommendations for specific exercise regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Widmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Mattioni Maturana
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christof Burgstahler
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Erz
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schellhorn
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annunziata Fragasso
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Plaza-Diaz J, Izquierdo D, Torres-Martos Á, Baig AT, Aguilera CM, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010126. [PMID: 35052805 PMCID: PMC8773693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
| | - David Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Torres-Martos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 85M, Canada
| | - Concepción M. Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz, Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
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14
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Vann CG, Zhang X, Khodabukus A, Orenduff MC, Chen YH, Corcoran DL, Truskey GA, Bursac N, Kraus VB. Differential microRNA profiles of intramuscular and secreted extracellular vesicles in human tissue-engineered muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937899. [PMID: 36091396 PMCID: PMC9452896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects the expression of microRNAs (miR/s) and muscle-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). To evaluate sarcoplasmic and secreted miR expression in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise-mimetic contractile activity, we utilized a three-dimensional tissue-engineered model of human skeletal muscle ("myobundles"). Myobundles were subjected to three culture conditions: no electrical stimulation (CTL), chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS), or intermittent high frequency stimulation (IHFS) for 7 days. RNA was isolated from myobundles and from extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by myobundles into culture media; miR abundance was analyzed by miRNA-sequencing. We used edgeR and a within-sample design to evaluate differential miR expression and Pearson correlation to evaluate correlations between myobundle and EV populations within treatments with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Numerous miRs were differentially expressed between myobundles and EVs; 116 miRs were differentially expressed within CTL, 3 within CLFS, and 2 within IHFS. Additionally, 25 miRs were significantly correlated (18 in CTL, 5 in CLFS, 2 in IHFS) between myobundles and EVs. Electrical stimulation resulted in differential expression of 8 miRs in myobundles and only 1 miR in EVs. Several KEGG pathways, known to play a role in regulation of skeletal muscle, were enriched, with differentially overrepresented miRs between myobundle and EV populations identified using miEAA. Together, these results demonstrate that in vitro exercise-mimetic contractile activity of human engineered muscle affects both their expression of miRs and number of secreted EVs. These results also identify novel miRs of interest for future studies of the role of exercise in organ-organ interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melissa C Orenduff
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Harper SA, Thompson BJ. Potential Benefits of a Minimal Dose Eccentric Resistance Training Paradigm to Combat Sarcopenia and Age-Related Muscle and Physical Function Deficits in Older Adults. Front Physiol 2021; 12:790034. [PMID: 34916963 PMCID: PMC8669760 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.790034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of older adults to perform activities of daily living is often limited by the ability to generate high mechanical outputs. Therefore, assessing and developing maximal neuromuscular capacity is essential for determining age-related risk for functional decline as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Interventions designed to enhance neuromuscular capacities underpinning maximal mechanical outputs could positively impact functional performance in daily life. Unfortunately, < 10% of older adults meet the current resistance training guidelines. It has recently been proposed that a more “minimal dose” RT model may help engage a greater proportion of older adults, so that they may realize the benefits of RT. Eccentric exercise offers some promising qualities for such an approach due to its efficiency in overloading contractions that can induce substantial neuromuscular adaptations. When used in a minimal dose RT paradigm, eccentric-based RT may be a particularly promising approach for older adults that can efficiently improve muscle mass, strength, and functional performance. One approach that may lead to improved neuromuscular function capacities and overall health is through heightened exercise tolerance which would favor greater exercise participation in older adult populations. Therefore, our perspective article will discuss the implications of using a minimal dose, submaximal (i.e., low intensity) multi-joint eccentric resistance training paradigm as a potentially effective, and yet currently underutilized, means to efficiently improve neuromuscular capacities and function for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Harper
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Dennis Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Dennis Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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16
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Archacka K, Ciemerych MA, Florkowska A, Romanczuk K. Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators of Myogenesis and Postexercise Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111568. [PMID: 34768999 PMCID: PMC8583994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs and lncRNAs do not encode proteins, but they play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. They differ in length, biogenesis, and mode of action. In this work, we focus on the selected miRNAs and lncRNAs involved in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle regeneration. We present selected miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been shown to control myogenic differentiation and show that manipulation of their levels could be used to improve myogenic differentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells. Finally, we discuss how physical activity affects miRNA and lncRNA expression and how it affects muscle well-being.
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17
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Tarnowski M, Kopytko P, Piotrowska K. Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in the Context of Physical Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1313. [PMID: 34573295 PMCID: PMC8465911 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications occur in response to environmental changes and play a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. PA is found to elicit an inflammatory response, both from the innate and adaptive divisions of the immunological system. The inflammatory reaction is considered a vital trigger of epigenetic changes that in turn modulate inflammatory actions. The tissue responses to PA involve local and general changes. The epigenetic mechanisms involved include: DNA methylation, histone proteins modification and microRNA. All of them affect genetic expression in an inflammatory milieu in physical exercise depending on the magnitude of physiological stress experienced by the exerciser. PA may evoke acute or chronic biochemical and physiological responses and have a positive or negative immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
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18
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Da Silva FC, Rode MP, Vietta GG, Iop RDR, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Martin AS, Da Silva R. Expression levels of specific microRNAs are increased after exercise and are associated with cognitive improvement in Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:618. [PMID: 34184078 PMCID: PMC8258464 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a consensus regarding the efficacy of physical exercise in maintaining or improving human health; however, there are few studies examining the effect of physical exercise on the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNA/miRs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an interval training program on a cycle ergometer on the expression levels of miR‑106a‑5p, miR‑103a‑3p and miR‑29a‑3p in serum samples from men with PD. This was a quasi‑experimental study with pre‑ and post‑testing and with a non‑equivalent group design. The participants were selected based on the eligibility criteria and subsequently classified into two groups: Experimental group and control group. The evaluations were performed at the beginning of the study (week 0) and after 8 weeks of the intervention program (week 9). The interval training program was performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 min, three times a week during an 8‑week period. The expression levels of miR‑106a‑5p, miR‑103a‑3p and miR‑29a‑3p in the experimental group were increased after physical exercise and were associated with cognitive improvement in men with PD. However, further studies are required to clarify the potential use of these circulating miRNAs as markers of adaptation to physical exercise. Collectively, the present results indicated that these three miRNAs may be associated with the exercise response and cognitive improvement in men with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Cascaes Da Silva
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Michele Patrícia Rode
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Grunewald Vietta
- Nucleus of Epidemiology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina 88137‑270, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Da Rosa Iop
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Swarowsky Martin
- Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Rudney Da Silva
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
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19
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Touron J, Costes F, Coudeyre E, Perrault H, Richard R. Aerobic Metabolic Adaptations in Endurance Eccentric Exercise and Training: From Whole Body to Mitochondria. Front Physiol 2021; 11:596351. [PMID: 33584331 PMCID: PMC7873519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of eccentric as compared with concentric exercise is the ability to generate greater mechanical loads for lower cardiopulmonary demands. Current evidence concurs to show that eccentric training translates into considerable gains in muscle mass and strength. Less is known, however, regarding its impact on oxygen transport and on factors to be considered for optimizing its prescription and monitoring. This article reviews the existing evidence for endurance eccentric exercise effects on the components of the oxygen transport system from systemic to mitochondria in both humans and animals. In the studies reviewed, specially designed cycle-ergometers or downhill treadmill running were used to generate eccentric contractions. Observations to date indicate that overall, the aerobic demand associated with the eccentric training load was too low to significantly increase peak maximal oxygen consumption. By extension, it can be inferred that the very high eccentric power output that would have been required to solicit a metabolic demand sufficient to enhance peak aerobic power could not be tolerated or sustained by participants. The impact of endurance eccentric training on peripheral flow distribution remains largely undocumented. Given the high damage susceptibility of eccentric exercise, the extent to which skeletal muscle oxygen utilization adaptations would be seen depends on the balance of adverse and positive signals on mitochondrial integrity. The article examines the protection provided by repeated bouts of acute eccentric exercise and reports on the impact of eccentric cycling and downhill running training programs on markers of mitochondrial function and of mitochondrial biogenesis using mostly from animal studies. The summary of findings does not reveal an impact of training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration nor on selected mitochondrial messenger RNA transcripts. The implications of observations to date are discussed within future perspectives for advancing research on endurance eccentric exercise physiological impacts and using a combined eccentric and concentric exercise approach to optimize functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU Gabriel Montpied/CHU Louise Michel, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruddy Richard
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Unité d’Exploration en Nutrition (UEN), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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20
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Xie WQ, Men C, He M, Li YS, Lv S. The Effect of MicroRNA-Mediated Exercise on Delaying Sarcopenia in Elderly Individuals. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820974543. [PMID: 33293908 PMCID: PMC7705785 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820974543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is often regarded as an early sign of weakness and is the core element
of muscle weakness in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia is closely related to the
reduction of exercise, and elderly individuals often suffer from decreased
muscle mass and function due to a lack of exercise. At present, studies have
confirmed that resistance and aerobic exercise are related to muscle mass,
strength and fiber type and to the activation and proliferation of muscle stem
cells (MuSCs). Increasing evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an
important role in exercise-related changes in the quantity, composition and
function of skeletal muscle. At the cellular level, miRNAs have been shown to
regulate the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells. In addition,
miRNAs are related to the composition and transformation of muscle fibers and
involved in the transition of MuSCs from the resting state to the activated
state. Therefore, exercise may delay sarcopenia in elderly individuals by
regulating miRNAs in skeletal muscle. In future miRNA-focused treatment
strategies, these studies will provide valuable information for the formulation
of exercise methods and will provide useful and targeted exercise programs for
elderly individuals with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Xie
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Men
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao He
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:381-407. [PMID: 33180156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a profound gap in the understanding of the eccentric cycling intensity continuum, which prevents accurate exercise prescription based on desired physiological responses. This may underestimate the applicability of eccentric cycling for different training purposes. Thus, we aimed to summarize recent research findings and screen for possible new approaches in the prescription and investigation of eccentric cycling. METHOD A search for the most relevant and state-of-the-art literature on eccentric cycling was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when relevant. RESULTS Transversal studies present comparisons between physiological responses to eccentric and concentric cycling, performed at the same absolute power output or metabolic load. Longitudinal studies evaluate responses to eccentric cycling training by comparing them with concentric cycling and resistance training outcomes. Only one study investigated maximal eccentric cycling capacity and there are no investigations on physiological thresholds and/or exercise intensity domains during eccentric cycling. No study investigated different protocols of eccentric cycling training and the chronic effects of different load configurations. CONCLUSION Describing physiological responses to eccentric cycling based on its maximal exercise capacity may be a better way to understand it. The available evidence indicates that clinical populations may benefit from improvements in aerobic power/capacity, exercise tolerance, strength and muscle mass, while healthy and trained individuals may require different eccentric cycling training approaches to benefit from similar improvements. There is limited evidence regarding the mechanisms of acute physiological and chronic adaptive responses to eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Gumpenberger M, Wessner B, Graf A, Narici MV, Fink C, Braun S, Hoser C, Blazevich AJ, Csapo R. Remodeling the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix in Older Age-Effects of Acute Exercise Stimuli on Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197089. [PMID: 32992998 PMCID: PMC7583913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With advancing age, the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes fibrotic changes that may lead to increased muscle stiffness, injury susceptibility and strength loss. This study tested the potential of different exercises to counter these changes by stimulating the activity of genes associated with ECM remodeling. Twenty-six healthy men (66.9 ± 3.9 years) were stratified to two of four groups, performing unilateral (i) conventional resistance exercise, (ii) conventional resistance exercise followed by self-myofascial release (CEBR), (iii) eccentric-only exercise (ECC) or (iv) plyometric jumps (PLY). The non-trained leg served as control. Six hours post-exercise, vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were analyzed for the expression of genes associated with ECM collagen synthesis (COL1A1), matrix metallopeptidases (collagen degradation; MMPs) and peptidase inhibitors (TIMP1). Significant between-group differences were found for MMP3, MMP15 and TIMP1, with the greatest responses in MMP3 and TIMP1 seen in CEBR and in MMP15 in ECC. MMP9 (3.24–3.81-fold change) and COL1A1 (1.47–2.40-fold change) were increased in CEBR and PLY, although between-group differences were non-significant. The expression of ECM-related genes is exercise-specific, with CEBR and PLY triggering either earlier or stronger remodeling than other stimuli. Training studies will test whether execution of such exercises may help counter age-associated muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gumpenberger
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna 1150, Austria;
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Institute for Medical Statistics, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria;
| | - Marco V. Narici
- CirMyo Myology Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Christian Fink
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sepp Braun
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Hoser
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-50-8648-3887
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The Short and Fast Step Test: A functional tool to assess anaerobic metabolism in rehabilitated coronary patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 63:368-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Bourbeau J, De Sousa Sena R, Taivassalo T, Richard R, Jensen D, Baril J, Rocha Vieira DS, Perrault H. Eccentric versus conventional cycle training to improve muscle strength in advanced COPD: A randomized clinical trial. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 276:103414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Widmann M, Nieß AM, Munz B. Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2020; 49:509-523. [PMID: 30778851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and sports play major roles in the overall health status of humans. It is well known that regular exercise helps to lower the risk for a broad variety of health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Being physically active induces a wide variety of molecular adaptations, for example fiber type switches or other metabolic alterations, in skeletal muscle tissue. These adaptations are based on exercise-induced changes to the skeletal muscle transcriptome. Understanding their nature is crucial to improve the development of exercise-based therapeutic strategies. Recent research indicates that specifically epigenetic mechanisms, i.e., pathways that induce changes in gene expression patterns without altering the DNA base sequence, might play a major role in controlling skeletal muscle transcriptional patterns. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA and histone modifications, as well as expression of specific microRNAs. They can be modulated by environmental factors or external stimuli, such as exercise, and eventually induce specific and fine-tuned changes to the transcriptional response. In this review, we highlight current knowledge on epigenetic changes induced in exercising skeletal muscle, their target genes, and resulting phenotypic changes. In addition, we raise the question of whether epigenetic modifications might serve as markers for the design and management of optimized and individualized training protocols, as prognostic tools to predict training adaptation, or even as targets for the design of "exercise mimics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Widmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Medicine Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Medicine Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Medicine Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Silva FCD, Iop RDR, Andrade A, Costa VP, Gutierres Filho PJB, Silva RD. Effects of Physical Exercise on the Expression of MicroRNAs: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:270-280. [PMID: 31877120 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silva, FCd, Iop, RdR, Andrade, A, Costa, VP, Gutierres Filho, PJB, and Silva, Rd. Effects of physical exercise on the expression of microRNAs: A systematic review 34(1): 270-280, 2020-Studies have detected changes in the expression of miRNAs after physical exercise, which brings new insight into the molecular control of adaptation to exercise. Therefore, the objective of the current systematic review of experimental and quasiexperimental studies published in the past 10 years was to assess evidence related to acute effects, chronic effects, and both acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on miRNA expression in humans, as well as its functions, evaluated in serum, plasma, whole blood, saliva, or muscle biopsy. For this purpose, the following electronic databases were selected: MEDLINE by Pubmed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and also a manual search in references of the selected articles to April 2017. Experimental and quasiexperimental studies were included. Results indicate that, of the 345 studies retrieved, 40 studies met the inclusion criteria and two articles were included as a result of the manual search. The 42 studies were analyzed, and it can be observed acute and chronic effects of physical exercises (aerobic and resistance) on the expression of several miRNAs in healthy subjects, athletes, young, elderly and in patients with congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus type 2 associated with morbid obesity, prediabetic, and patients with intermittent claudication. It is safe to assume that miRNA changes, both in muscle tissues and bodily fluids, are presumably associated with the benefits induced by acute and chronic physical exercise. Thus, a better understanding of changes in miRNAs as a response to physical exercise might contribute to the development of miRNAs as therapeutic targets for the improvement of exercise capacity in individuals with any given disease. However, additional studies are necessary to draw accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Cascaes da Silva
- Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences and Sports, University of State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo da Rosa Iop
- Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences and Sports, University of State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Center for Health Sciences and Sports, University of State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Vitor Pereira Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences and Sports, University of State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; and
| | | | - Rudney da Silva
- Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences and Sports, University of State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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27
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Consitt LA, Dudley C, Saxena G. Impact of Endurance and Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112636. [PMID: 31684154 PMCID: PMC6893763 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes. While this process is multifaceted, age-related changes to skeletal muscle are expected to contribute to impaired glucose metabolism. Some of these changes include sarcopenia, impaired insulin signaling, and imbalances in glucose utilization. Endurance and resistance exercise training have been endorsed as interventions to improve glucose tolerance and whole-body insulin sensitivity in the elderly. While both types of exercise generally increase insulin sensitivity in older adults, the metabolic pathways through which this occurs can differ and can be dependent on preexisting conditions including obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we will first highlight age-related changes to skeletal muscle which can contribute to insulin resistance, followed by a comparison of endurance and resistance training adaptations to insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Consitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Courtney Dudley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Gunjan Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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28
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Jacques M, Hiam D, Craig J, Barrès R, Eynon N, Voisin S. Epigenetic changes in healthy human skeletal muscle following exercise- a systematic review. Epigenetics 2019; 14:633-648. [PMID: 31046576 PMCID: PMC6557592 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1614416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is continually challenging whole-body homeostasis, leading to improvements in performance and health. Adaptations to exercise training are complex and are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetic factors regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific manner and constitute a link between the genotype and the environment. Moreover, epigenetic factors are emerging as potential biomarkers that could predict the response to exercise training. This systematic review aimed to identify epigenetic changes that have been reported in skeletal muscle following exercise training in healthy populations. A literature search of five databases (PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINHAL, SCOPUS and SportDiscuss) was conducted in November 2018. Articles were included if they examined epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs) in skeletal muscle, following either an acute bout of exercise, an exercise intervention in a pre/post design, or a case/control type of study. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Several epigenetic markers including DNA methylation of genes known to be differentially expressed after exercise and myomiRs were reported to be modified after exercise. Several epigenetic marks were identified to be altered in response to exercise, with potential influence on skeletal muscle metabolism. However, whether these epigenetic marks play a role in the physiological impact of exercise is unclear. Exercise epigenetics is still a very young research field, and it is expected that in the future the causality of such changes will be elucidated via the utilization of emerging experimental models able to target the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Hody S, Croisier JL, Bury T, Rogister B, Leprince P. Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Risks and Benefits. Front Physiol 2019; 10:536. [PMID: 31130877 PMCID: PMC6510035 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions, characterized by the lengthening of the muscle-tendon complex, present several unique features compared with other types of contractions, which may lead to unique adaptations. Due to its specific physiological and mechanical properties, there is an increasing interest in employing eccentric muscle work for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. However, unaccustomed eccentric exercise is known to cause muscle damage and delayed pain, commonly defined as “Delayed-Onset Muscular Soreness” (DOMS). To date, the most useful preventive strategy to avoid these adverse effects consists of repeating sessions involving submaximal eccentric contractions whose intensity is progressively increased over the training. Despite an increased number of investigations focusing on the eccentric contraction, a significant gap still remains in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the initial damage response and subsequent adaptations to eccentric exercise. Yet, unraveling the molecular basis of exercise-related muscle damage and soreness might help uncover the mechanistic basis of pathological conditions as myalgia or neuromuscular diseases. In addition, a better insight into the mechanisms governing eccentric training adaptations should provide invaluable information for designing therapeutic interventions and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hody
- Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry Bury
- Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, The University Hospital Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA - Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA - Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
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30
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Landen S, Voisin S, Craig JM, McGee SL, Lamon S, Eynon N. Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise. Epigenetics 2019; 14:523-535. [PMID: 30957644 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- b Centre for Molecular and Medical Research , Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus , Geelong , Australia.,c Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research , Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- d Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- e Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,f Royal Children's Hospital , Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Melbourne , Australia
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31
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Sahu B, Pani S, Swalsingh G, Bal NC. Non and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Regulation of Adaptive Thermogenesis in Skeletal Muscle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:517. [PMID: 31456746 PMCID: PMC6700214 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen (UMG)GöttingenGermany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Department of Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen (UMG)GöttingenGermany
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33
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Endocrine responses following exhaustive strength exercise with and without the use of protein and protein-carbohydrate supplements. Biol Sport 2018; 35:399-405. [PMID: 30765926 PMCID: PMC6358528 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.75754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate-protein supplementation with whey protein (CHO-PROw) after resistance training, and casein protein (PROc) before bedtime on the concentration of growth hormone (GH), insulin (I) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), as well as serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. Twelve strength trained male subjects (age: 25.8 ± 4.7 years; training experience 6.1 ± 0.79 years; body mass 75.9 ± 2.7 kg; body height 171.8 ± 13.3 cm) were recruited for the study. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (group E, n = 6) and a control group (group C, n = 6). All study participants completed full barbell squats with a constant external load of 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM) and a volume of 12 sets. In each set three repetitions were performed with 3 min rest periods after each set. Immediately after the exercise protocol, the subjects from the experimental group received a carbohydrate-protein complex (CHO-PROw) with a dose of 0.5 g/kg of body mass, while before bedtime they ingested a protein supplement (PROc) consisting of 90% casein protein with a dose of 0.3 g/kg of body weight The results indicate that a ignificant increase in GH concentration occurred in the experimental group between the pre-exercise level and after 24 h of recovery (p<0.01), as well as between 1 h and 24 hours of recovery (p<0.01). Significantly higher levels of GH were also found between the control group and the experimental group 24 hours after exercise (p<0.01). The results showed significantly higher levels of IGF-1 in the experimental than in the control group after 24 hours of recovery (p<0.05). In the case of insulin, no significant differences were observed when comparing levels before exercise, after exercise, after 1 hour of recovery and after 24 hours of recovery. The CHO-PROw and the PROc supplements did not reduce post-exercise muscle membrane damage as evidenced by serum CK activity. The intake of these supplements after high-intensity resistance exercise caused an increase in GH and IGF-1 concentration, which could stimulate muscle hypertrophy and inhibit proteolysis.
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34
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Trouwborst I, Verreijen A, Memelink R, Massanet P, Boirie Y, Weijs P, Tieland M. Exercise and Nutrition Strategies to Counteract Sarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients 2018; 10:E605. [PMID: 29757230 PMCID: PMC5986485 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population is aging rapidly, there is a strong increase in the number of individuals with chronic disease and physical limitations. The decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) and the increase in fat mass (obesity) are important contributors to the development of physical limitations, which aggravates the chronic diseases prognosis. The combination of the two conditions, which is referred to as sarcopenic obesity, amplifies the risk for these negative health outcomes, which demonstrates the importance of preventing or counteracting sarcopenic obesity. One of the main challenges is the preservation of the skeletal muscle mass and function, while simultaneously reducing the fat mass in this population. Exercise and nutrition are two key components in the development, as well as the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity. The main aim of this narrative review is to summarize the different, both separate and combined, exercise and nutrition strategies so as to prevent and/or counteract sarcopenic obesity. This review therefore provides a current update of the various exercise and nutritional strategies to improve the contrasting body composition changes and physical functioning in sarcopenic obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Trouwborst
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amely Verreijen
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Memelink
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pablo Massanet
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Nimes University Hospital, place du Pr Debré, 30029 Nimes, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Nimes University Hospital, place du Pr Debré, 30029 Nimes, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Nutrition Clinique, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Peter Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelenlaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Ultimo S, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, McCubrey JA, Capitani S, Neri LM. Influence of physical exercise on microRNAs in skeletal muscle regeneration, aging and diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17220-17237. [PMID: 29682218 PMCID: PMC5908319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with remarkable plasticity and its growth and regeneration are highly organized, with the activation of specific transcription factors, proliferative pathways and cytokines. The decline of skeletal muscle tissue with age, is one of the most important causes of functional loss of independence in older adults. Maintaining skeletal muscle function throughout the lifespan is a prerequisite for good health and independent living. Physical activity represents one of the most effective preventive agents for muscle decay in aging. Several studies have underlined the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the control of myogenesis and of skeletal muscle regeneration and function. In this review, we reported an overview and recent advances about the role of miRNAs expressed in the skeletal muscle, miRNAs regulation by exercise in skeletal muscle, the consequences of different physical exercise training modalities in the skeletal muscle miRNA profile, their regulation under pathological conditions and the role of miRNAs in age-related muscle wasting. Specific miRNAs appear to be involved in response to different types of exercise and therefore to play an important role in muscle fiber identity and myofiber gene expression in adults and elder population. Understanding the roles and regulation of skeletal muscle miRNAs during muscle regeneration may result in new therapeutic approaches in aging or diseases with impaired muscle function or re-growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ultimo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,CoreLab, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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36
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Gluchowski A, Dulson D, Merien F, Plank L, Harris N. Comparing the effects of two distinct eccentric modalities to traditional resistance training in resistance trained, higher functioning older adults. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:224-229. [PMID: 28887154 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of eccentric resistance exercise are of interest in the older adult cohort, but to our knowledge, there is no research on the relative effects of different eccentric modalities on a range of outcomes in higher functioning, resistance trained older adults. METHODS 33 resistance-trained older adults (aged 67±4.5years) were randomized into one of three supervised training groups: traditional (TRE), eccentric only (ERE) or eccentrically biased resistance exercise (EBRE) on a 45°, plate-loaded leg press machine. Participants trained twice per week with maximal strength, functional capacity, body composition and blood biomarkers measured before and after the eight-week intervention. RESULTS Both eccentric and concentric strength, and important functional tasks for independent living significantly improved independent of group. Body composition and blood biomarkers were found to significantly improve in the EBRE group only however, no statistical differences were found between groups. CONCLUSION Compared to traditional resistance training, the two eccentric modalities investigated here were equally effective for improvements in maximum muscular strength, functional capacity, body composition and metabolic biomarkers. When training the resistance trained older adult, very heavy isoinertial external loads (at least 70% of one repetition maximum) are effective irrespective of contraction mode. With heavy strength training, resistance trained older adults can continue to expect improvements in health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Gluchowski
- Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Deborah Dulson
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Lindsay Plank
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nigel Harris
- Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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37
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Flück M, Bosshard R, Lungarella M. Cardiovascular and Muscular Consequences of Work-Matched Interval-Type of Concentric and Eccentric Pedaling Exercise on a Soft Robot. Front Physiol 2017; 8:640. [PMID: 28912726 PMCID: PMC5583980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric types of endurance exercise are an acknowledged alternative to conventional concentric types of exercise rehabilitation for the cardiac patient, because they reduce cardiorespiratory strain due to a lower metabolic cost of producing an equivalent mechanical output. The former contention has not been tested in a power- and work-matched situation of interval-type exercise under identical conditions because concentric and eccentric types of exercise pose specific demands on the exercise machinery, which are not fulfilled in current practice. Here we tested cardiovascular and muscular consequences of work-matched interval-type of leg exercise (target workload of 15 sets of 1-min bipedal cycles of knee extension and flexion at 30 rpm with 17% of maximal concentric power) on a soft robotic device in healthy subjects by concomitantly monitoring respiration, blood glucose and lactate, and power during exercise and recovery. We hypothesized that interval-type of eccentric exercise lowers strain on glucose-related aerobic metabolism compared to work-matched concentric exercise, and reduces cardiorespiratory strain to levels being acceptable for the cardiac patient. Eight physically active male subjects (24.0 years, 74.7 kg, 3.4 L O2 min−1), which power and endurance performance was extensively characterized, completed the study, finalizing 12 sets on average. Average performance was similar during concentric and eccentric exercise (p = 0.75) but lower than during constant load endurance exercise on a cycle ergometer at 75% of peak aerobic power output (126 vs. 188 Watt) that is recommended for improving endurance capacity. Peak oxygen uptake (−17%), peak ventilation (−23%), peak cardiac output (−16%), and blood lactate (−37%) during soft robotic exercise were lower during eccentric than concentric exercise. Glucose was 8% increased after eccentric exercise when peak RER was 12% lower than during concentric exercise. Muscle power and RFD were similarly reduced after eccentric and concentric exercise. The results highlight that the deployed interval-type of eccentric leg exercise reduces metabolic strain of the cardiovasculature and muscle compared to concentric exercise, to recommended levels for cardio-rehabilitation (i.e., 50–70% of peak heart rate). Increases in blood glucose concentration indicate that resistance to contraction-induced glucose uptake after the deployed eccentric protocol is unrelated to muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Flück
- Department of Orthopedics, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Bosshard
- Department of Orthopedics, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Ceccarelli G, Benedetti L, Arcari ML, Carubbi C, Galli D. Muscle Stem Cell and Physical Activity: What Point is the Debate at? Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:144-156. [PMID: 28765836 PMCID: PMC5529938 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, it emerged that the practice of regular physical activity reduces the risks of many diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.) and it is fundamental in weight control and energy consuming to contrast obesity. Different groups proposed many molecular mechanisms as responsible for the positive effects of physical activity in healthy life. However, many points remain to be clarified. In this mini-review we reported the latest observations on the effects of physical exercise on healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle focusing on muscle stem cells. The last ones represent the fundamental elements for muscle regeneration post injury, but also for healthy muscle homeostasis. Interestingly, in both muscle tissues the morphological consequence of physical activity is a physiological hypertrophy that depends on different phenomena both in differentiated cells and stem cells. The signaling pathways for physical exercise effects present common elements in skeletal and cardiac muscle, like activation of specific transcription factors, proliferative pathways, and cytokines. More recently, post translational (miRNAs) or epigenetic (DNA methylation) modifications have been demonstrated. However, several points remain unresolved thus requiring new research on the effect of exercise on muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Arcari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit and Sport and Exercise Medicine Center (SEM)., University of Parma c/o Ospedale Maggiore, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126, Tel: +39-0521-036306, , Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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The Management of Cardiovascular Risk through Epigenetic Biomarkers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9158572. [PMID: 28785591 PMCID: PMC5530445 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9158572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic sciences study heritable changes in gene expression not related to changes in the genomic DNA sequence. The most important epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modification, and gene regulation by noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for at least one-third of premature deaths worldwide and represent a heavy burden of healthcare expenditure. We will discuss in this review the most recent findings dealing with epigenetic alterations linked to cardiovascular physiopathology in patients. A particular focus will be put on the way these changes can be translated in the clinic, to develop innovative and groundbreaking biomarkers in CVD field.
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MacMillan NJ, Kapchinsky S, Konokhova Y, Gouspillou G, de Sousa Sena R, Jagoe RT, Baril J, Carver TE, Andersen RE, Richard R, Perrault H, Bourbeau J, Hepple RT, Taivassalo T. Eccentric Ergometer Training Promotes Locomotor Muscle Strength but Not Mitochondrial Adaptation in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:114. [PMID: 28316572 PMCID: PMC5334343 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric ergometer training (EET) is increasingly being proposed as a therapeutic strategy to improve skeletal muscle strength in various cardiorespiratory diseases, due to the principle that lengthening muscle actions lead to high force-generating capacity at low cardiopulmonary load. One clinical population that may particularly benefit from this strategy is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as ventilatory constraints and locomotor muscle dysfunction often limit efficacy of conventional exercise rehabilitation in patients with severe disease. While the feasibility of EET for COPD has been established, the nature and extent of adaptation within COPD muscle is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the locomotor muscle adaptations to EET in patients with severe COPD, and compare them with adaptations gained through conventional concentric ergometer training (CET). Male patients were randomized to either EET (n = 8) or CET (n = 7) for 10 weeks and matched for heart rate intensity. EET patients trained on average at a workload that was three times that of CET, at a lower perception of leg fatigue and dyspnea. EET led to increases in isometric peak strength and relative thigh mass (p < 0.01) whereas CET had no such effect. However, EET did not result in fiber hypertrophy, as morphometric analysis of muscle biopsies showed no increase in mean fiber cross-sectional area (p = 0.82), with variability in the direction and magnitude of fiber-type responses (20% increase in Type 1, p = 0.18; 4% decrease in Type 2a, p = 0.37) compared to CET (26% increase in Type 1, p = 0.04; 15% increase in Type 2a, p = 0.09). EET had no impact on mitochondrial adaptation, as revealed by lack of change in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, content and respiration, which contrasted to improvements (p < 0.05) within CET muscle. While future study is needed to more definitively determine the effects of EET on fiber hypertrophy and associated underlying molecular signaling pathways in COPD locomotor muscle, our findings promote the implementation of this strategy to improve muscle strength. Furthermore, contrasting mitochondrial adaptations suggest evaluation of a sequential paradigm of eccentric followed by concentric cycling as a means of augmenting the training response and attenuating skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with advanced COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah J MacMillan
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophia Kapchinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yana Konokhova
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Québec À Montréal, Complexe des Sciences Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Riany de Sousa Sena
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Center Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Thomas Jagoe
- Pulmonary Division, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Baril
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Center Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tamara E Carver
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ross E Andersen
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Center Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
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41
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Hoppeler H. Moderate Load Eccentric Exercise; A Distinct Novel Training Modality. Front Physiol 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 27899894 PMCID: PMC5110564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years a number of studies have been published using progressive eccentric exercise protocols on motorized ergometers or similar devices that allow for controlled application of eccentric loads. Exercise protocols ramp eccentric loads over an initial 3 weeks period in order to prevent muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness. Final training loads reach 400-500 W in rehabilitative settings and over 1200 W in elite athletes. Training is typically carried out three times per week for durations of 20-30 min. This type of training has been characterizes as moderate load eccentric exercise. It has also been denoted RENEW (Resistance Exercise via Negative Eccentric Work by LaStayo et al., 2014). It is distinct from plyometric exercises (i.e., drop jumps) that impose muscle loads of several thousand Watts on muscles and tendons. It is also distinct from eccentric overload training whereby loads in a conventional strength training setting are increased in the eccentric phase of the movement to match concentric loads. Moderate load eccentric exercise (or RENEW) has been shown to be similarly effective as conventional strength training in increasing muscle strength and muscle volume. However, as carried out at higher angular velocities of joint movement, it reduces joint loads. A hallmark of moderate load eccentric exercise is the fact that the energy requirements are typically 4-fold smaller than in concentric exercise of the same load. This makes moderate load eccentric exercise training the tool of choice in medical conditions with limitations in muscle energy supply. The use and effectiveness of moderate load eccentric exercise has been demonstrated mostly in small scale studies for cardiorespiratory conditions, sarcopenia of old age, cancer, diabetes type 2, and neurological conditions. It has also been used effectively in the prevention and rehabilitation of injuries of the locomotor system in particular the rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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42
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Kim JS, Lee YH, Yi HK. Gradual downhill running improves age-related skeletal muscle and bone weakness: implication of autophagy and bone morphogenetic proteins. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1528-1540. [PMID: 27641238 DOI: 10.1113/ep085852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise training by running has an effect on age-related muscle and bone wasting that improves physical activity and quality of life in the elderly. However, the effect of downhill running on age-related muscle and bone wasting, and its mechanisms, are unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? Gradual downhill running can improve skeletal muscle growth and bone formation by enhancing autophagy and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in aged rats. Therefore, downhill running exercise might be a practical intervention to improve skeletal muscle and bone protection in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway regulate skeletal muscle growth and bone formation in aged rats. However, the effect of downhill running on muscle growth and bone formation is not well understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of downhill and uphill running on age-related muscle and bone weakness. Young and late middle-aged rats were randomly assigned to control groups (young, YC; and late middle-aged, LMC) and two types of running training groups (late middle-aged downhill, LMD; and late middle-aged uphill, LMU). Training was progressively carried out on a treadmill at a speed of 21 m min-1 with a slope of +10 deg for uphill training versus 16 m min-1 with a slope of -16 deg for downhill training, both for 60 min day-1 , 5 days week-1 for 8 weeks. Downhill and uphill training increased autophagy-related protein 5, microtubule-associated protein light chain, Beclin-1 and p62 proteins in aged rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase, haem oxygenase-1 and the BMP signalling pathway were elevated. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and myogenic differentiation were increased significantly in the LMD and LMU groups. Consequently, in the femur, BMP-2, BMP-7 and autophagy molecules were highly expressed in the LMD and LMU groups. These results suggest that both downhill and uphill training appear to have a positive effect on expression of autophagy molecules and BMPs. In particular, these physiological adaptations from gradual downhill exercise have an effect on bone morphological changes and muscle quality similar to gradual uphill training interventions in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.,Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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43
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Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Exercise Response. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101553. [PMID: 27782053 PMCID: PMC5085619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic physical activity increases physical fitness and exercise capacity that lead to the improvement of health status and athletic performance. Considerable effort is devoted to identifying new biomarkers capable of evaluating exercise performance capacity and progress in training, early detection of overtraining, and monitoring health-related adaptation changes. Recent advances in OMICS technologies have opened new opportunities in the detection of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic biomarkers. Very promising are mainly small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA and causing its degradation or inhibiting translation. A growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs affect many processes and play a crucial role not only in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, but also affect extracellular matrix composition and maintaining processes of homeostasis. A number of studies have shown changes in distribution profiles of circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) associated with various diseases and disorders as well as in samples taken under physiological conditions such as pregnancy or physical exercise. This overview aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the response of blood c-miRNAs profiles to different modes of exercise and to highlight their potential application as a novel class of biomarkers of physical performance capacity and training adaptation.
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44
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Baum O, Bigler M. Pericapillary basement membrane thickening in human skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H654-66. [PMID: 27371680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00048.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) surrounding capillaries in skeletal muscles varies physiologically in thickness according to age, physical fitness, and anatomical site in humans. Furthermore, the pericapillary BM thickness (CBMT) increases pathophysiologically during several common disease states, including peripheral arterial disease and diabetes mellitus. This review on CBM thickening in human skeletal muscles is two pronged. First, it addresses the advantages/disadvantages of grid- and tablet-based measuring and morphometric techniques that are implemented to assess the CBMT on transmission electron micrographs. Second, it deals with the biology of CBM thickening in skeletal muscles, particularly its possible causes, molecular mechanisms, and functional impact. CBM thickening is triggered by several physical factors, including diabetes-associated glycation, hydrostatic pressure, and inflammation. Increased biosynthesis of type IV collagen expression or repetitive cycles in pericyte or endothelial cell degeneration/proliferation appear to be most critical for CBM accumulation. A thickened CBM obviously poses a greater barrier for diffusion, lowers the microvascular elasticity, and impedes transcytosis of inflammatory cells. Our own morphometric data reveal the CBM enlargement to be not accompanied by the pericyte coverage. Owing to an overlap or redundancy in the capillary supply, CBM thickening in skeletal muscles might not be such a devastating occurrence as in organs with endarterial circulation (e.g., kidney and retina). CBM growth in skeletal muscles can be reversed by training or administration of antidiabetic drugs. In conclusion, CBM thickening in skeletal muscles is a microvascular remodeling process by which metabolic, hemodynamic, and inflammatory forces are integrated together and which could play a hitherto underestimated role in etiology/progression of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baum
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Bigler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Eccentric exercise has gained increasing attention as a suitable and promising intervention to delay or mitigate the known physical and physiological declines associated with aging. Determining the relative efficacy of eccentric exercise when compared with the more conventionally prescribed traditional resistance exercise will support evidence-based prescribing for the aging population. Thus, original research studies incorporating chronic eccentric exercise interventions in the older adult population were included in this review. The effects of a range of eccentric exercise modalities on muscular strength, functional capacity, body composition, muscle architecture, markers of muscle damage, the immune system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and rating of perceived exertion were all reviewed as outcomes of particular interest in the older adult. Muscular strength was found to increase most consistently compared with results from traditional resistance exercise. Functional capacity and body composition showed significant improvements with eccentric endurance protocols, especially in older, frail or sedentary cohorts. Muscle damage was avoided with the gradual progression of novel eccentric exercise, while muscle damage from intense acute bouts was significantly attenuated with repeated sessions. Eccentric exercise causes little cardiovascular stress; thus, it may not generate the overload required to elicit cardiovascular adaptations. An anabolic state may be achievable following eccentric exercise, while improvements to insulin sensitivity have not been found. Finally, rating of perceived exertion during eccentric exercise was often significantly lower than during traditional resistance exercise. Overall, evidence supports the prescription of eccentric exercise for the majority of outcomes of interest in the diverse cohorts of the older adult population.
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46
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Ogasawara R, Akimoto T, Umeno T, Sawada S, Hamaoka T, Fujita S. MicroRNA expression profiling in skeletal muscle reveals different regulatory patterns in high and low responders to resistance training. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:320-4. [PMID: 26850043 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large variability exists in muscle adaptive response to resistance exercise (RE) training between individuals. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in skeletal muscle plasticity. In this study, we investigated how RE affects miRNA expression and whether the variability of muscle hypertrophy to RE training may be attributed to differential miRNA regulation in the skeletal muscle. To screen high and low responders to RE, we had 18 young men perform arm curl exercise training. After screening, all the men performed 12 wk of lower body RE training, but only the high or low responders participated in the acute RE test before training. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle at baseline, 3 h after acute RE, and after the training period. Total RNA was extracted from the skeletal muscle, and miRNA expression (800 miRNAs) was analyzed. RE training increased the cross-sectional area of the biceps brachii (-1.7-26.1%), quadriceps (2.2-16.8%), and hamstrings (1.6-18.4%). Eighty-five and 102 miRNAs were differentially expressed after acute and chronic RE, respectively (P < 0.05). Seventeen miRNAs, especially 23b-3p, 26a-5p, 32-5p, 148b-3p, and 376a-3p, were differentially expressed at baseline, and 23 miRNAs, especially let-7a-5p, 95, 148a-3p, and 376a-3p, and 26 miRNAs, especially 30d-5p and 376a-3p, were differentially regulated after acute and chronic RE, respectively, in the skeletal muscle between high and low responders, indicating that the expression patterns of several miRNAs are altered by acute or chronic RE, and that miRNAs are involved in skeletal muscle adaptation to RE training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life and Materials Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokushi Umeno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Shuji Sawada
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan; and Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan; and
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47
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Dias CP, Toscan R, de Camargo M, Pereira EP, Griebler N, Baroni BM, Tiggemann CL. Effects of eccentric-focused and conventional resistance training on strength and functional capacity of older adults. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:99. [PMID: 26374635 PMCID: PMC5005842 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of eccentric training using a constant load with longer exposure time at the eccentric phase on knee extensor muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly subjects in comparison with a conventional resistance training program. Twenty-six healthy elderly women (age = 67 ± 6 years) were randomly assigned to an eccentric-focused training group (ETG; n = 13) or a conventional training group (CTG; n = 13). Subjects underwent 12 weeks of resistance training twice a week. For the ETG, concentric and eccentric phases were performed using 1.5 and 4.5 s, respectively, while for CTG, each phase lasted 1.5 s. Maximum dynamic strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the leg press and knee extension exercises, and for functional capacity, subjects performed specific tests (6-m walk test, timed up-and-go test, stair-climbing test, and chair-rising test). Both groups improved knee extension 1RM (24-26 %; p = 0.021), timed up-and-go test (11-16 %; p < 0.001), 6-m walk test (9-12 %; p = 0.004), stair-climbing test (8-13 %; p = 0.007), and chair-rising test (15-16 %; p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between groups. In conclusion, the strategy of increasing the exposure time at the eccentric phase of movement using the same training volume and intensity does not promote different adaptations in strength or functional capacity compared to conventional resistance training in elderly woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pieta Dias
- Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Toscan
- Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Mainara de Camargo
- Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Griebler
- Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Leandro Tiggemann
- Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Univates University Center, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
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48
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Kirby TJ, Chaillou T, McCarthy JJ. The role of microRNAs in skeletal muscle health and disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2015; 20:37-77. [PMID: 25553440 DOI: 10.2741/4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade non-coding RNAs have emerged as importance regulators of gene expression. In particular, microRNAs are a class of small RNAs of ∼ 22 nucleotides that repress gene expression through a post-transcriptional mechanism. MicroRNAs have been shown to be involved in a broader range of biological processes, both physiological and pathological, including myogenesis, adaptation to exercise and various myopathies. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of what is currently known about the role of microRNAs in skeletal muscle health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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49
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Abstract
Most human phenotypes are influenced by a combination of genomic and environmental factors. Engaging in regular physical exercise prevents many chronic diseases, decreases mortality risk and increases longevity. However, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The modulating effect of physical (aerobic and resistance) exercise on gene expression has been known for some time now and has provided us with an understanding of the biological responses to physical exercise. Emerging research data suggest that epigenetic modifications are extremely important for both development and disease in humans. In the current review, we summarise findings on the effect of exercise on epigenetic modifications and their effects on gene expression. Current research data suggest epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation and histone acetylation) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are responsive to acute aerobic and resistance exercise in brain, blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose tissue and even buccal cells. Six months of aerobic exercise alters whole-genome DNA methylation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and directly influences lipogenesis. Some miRNAs are related to maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)) and VO(2max) trainability, and are differentially expressed amongst individuals with high and low VO(2max). Remarkably, miRNA expression profiles discriminate between low and high responders to resistance exercise (miR-378, -26a, -29a and -451) and correlate to gains in lean body mass (miR-378). The emerging field of exercise epigenomics is expected to prosper and additional studies may elucidate the clinical relevance of miRNAs and epigenetic modifications, and delineate mechanisms by which exercise confers a healthier phenotype and improves performance.
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50
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McGregor RA, Poppitt SD, Cameron-Smith D. Role of microRNAs in the age-related changes in skeletal muscle and diet or exercise interventions to promote healthy aging in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 17:25-33. [PMID: 24833328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progressive age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and composition, underpin decreases in muscle function, which can inturn lead to impaired mobility and quality of life in older adults. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in skeletal muscle and are associated with aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs play an important role in the age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass, composition and function. At the cellular level, miRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, miRNAs are involved in the transitioning of muscle stem cells from a quiescent, to either an activated or senescence state. Evidence from animal and human studies has shown miRNAs are modulated in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. In addition, miRNAs have been implicated in changes in muscle fiber composition, fat infiltration and insulin resistance. Both exercise and dietary interventions can combat age-related changes in muscle mass, composition and function, which may be mediated by miRNA modulation in skeletal muscle. Circulating miRNA species derived from myogenic cell populations represent potential biomarkers of aging muscle and the molecular responses to exercise or diet interventions, but larger validation studies are required. In future therapeutic approaches targeting miRNAs, either through exercise, diet or drugs may be able to slow down or prevent the age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass, composition, function, hence help maintain mobility and quality of life in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A McGregor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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