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Yadeta AT. Chemical structures, biological activities, and medicinal potentials of amine compounds detected from Aloe species. Front Chem 2024; 12:1363066. [PMID: 38496272 PMCID: PMC10940337 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1363066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Unrestricted interest in Aloe species has grown rapidly, and a lot of research is currently being done to learn more about the properties of the various Aloe constituents. Organic compounds containing amine as functional group are present in a vivid variety of compounds, namely, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, DNA, alkaloids, dyes, etc. These compounds have amine functional groups that have various biological activities, which make them responsible for medicinal potential in the form of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Consequently, the present review work provides an indication of the amines investigated in Aloe species and their therapeutic uses. Various amine compounds of the Aloe species have effective biological properties to treat diseases. Generally, the genus Aloe has various active amine-containing compounds to combat diseases when humans use them in various forms.
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Talib WH, Ahmed Jum’AH DA, Attallah ZS, Jallad MS, Al Kury LT, Hadi RW, Mahmod AI. Role of vitamins A, C, D, E in cancer prevention and therapy: therapeutic potentials and mechanisms of action. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1281879. [PMID: 38274206 PMCID: PMC10808607 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1281879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, arises from intricate interactions between genetic and environmental factors, fueling uncontrolled cell growth. Amidst existing treatment limitations, vitamins have emerged as promising candidates for cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on Vitamins A, C, E, and D because of their protective activity against various types of cancer. They are essential as human metabolic coenzymes. Through a critical exploration of preclinical and clinical studies via PubMed and Google Scholar, the impact of these vitamins on cancer therapy was analyzed, unraveling their complicated mechanisms of action. Interestingly, vitamins impact immune function, antioxidant defense, inflammation, and epigenetic regulation, potentially enhancing outcomes by influencing cell behavior and countering stress and DNA damage. Encouraging clinical trial results have been observed; however, further well-controlled studies are imperative to validate their effectiveness, determine optimal dosages, and formulate comprehensive cancer prevention and treatment strategies. Personalized supplementation strategies, informed by medical expertise, are pivotal for optimal outcomes in both clinical and preclinical contexts. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamins in cancer prevention and treatment is still pending, urging further research and exploration in this compelling area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zeena Shamil Attallah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohanned Sami Jallad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lina T. Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rawan Wamidh Hadi
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Zhou G, Jiang W, Luo H, Li X, Wan Y. Transcriptome and targeted metabolomic integrated analysis reveals mechanisms of B vitamin accumulation in Areca catechu nut development. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124570. [PMID: 37100313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Areca catechu is well known as a medicinal plant that has high nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, the metabolism and regulatory mechanism of B vitamins during areca nut development remain largely unclear. In this study, we obtained the metabolite profiles of six B vitamins during different areca nut developmental stages by targeted metabolomics. Furthermore, we obtained a panoramic expression profile of genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of B vitamins in areca nuts at different developmental stages using RNA-seq. In total, 88 structural genes related to B vitamin biosynthesis were identified. Furthermore, the integrated analysis of B vitamin metabolism data and RNA-seq data showed the key transcription factors regulating thiamine and riboflavin accumulation in areca nuts, including AcbZIP21, AcMYB84, and AcARF32. These results lay the foundation for understanding metabolite accumulation and the molecular regulatory mechanisms of B vitamins in A. catechu nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China.
| | - Wenxiu Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China.
| | - Haifen Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China.
| | - Xinyu Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China.
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AlSaleh A, Shahid M, Farid E, Bindayna K. The Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Nicotinamide on Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Cytotoxicity: An Ex Vivo Study. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:38. [PMID: 36668859 PMCID: PMC9865643 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Panton−Valentine Leukocidin sustains a strong cytotoxic activity, targeting immune cells and, consequently, perforating the plasma membrane and inducing cell death. The present study is aimed to examine the individual effect of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide on PVL cytotoxicity ex vivo, as well as their effect on granulocytes viability when treated with PVL. Materials and Methods: The PVL cytotoxicity assay was performed in triplicates using the commercial Cytotoxicity Detection Kit PLUS (LDH). LDH release was measured to determine cell damage and cell viability was measured via flow cytometry. Results and discussion: A clear reduction in PVL cytotoxicity was demonstrated (p < 0.001). Treatment with ascorbic acid at 5 mg/mL has shown a 3-fold reduction in PVL cytotoxicity; likewise, nicotinamide illustrated a 4-fold reduction in PVL cytotoxicity. Moreover, granulocytes’ viability after PVL treatment was maintained when incubated with 5 mg/mL of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide. Conclusions: our findings illustrated that ascorbic acid and nicotinamide exhibit an inhibitory effect on PVL cytotoxicity and promote cell viability, as the cytotoxic effect of the toxin is postulated to be neutralized by antioxidant incubation. Further investigations are needed to assess whether these antioxidants may be viable options in PVL cytotoxicity attenuation in PVL-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah AlSaleh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
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Lapiere A, Richard ML. Bacterial-fungal metabolic interactions within the microbiota and their potential relevance in human health and disease: a short review. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2105610. [PMID: 35903007 PMCID: PMC9341359 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the microbiota is the focus of many recent publications describing the effects of the microbiota on host health. In recent years, research has progressed further, investigating not only the diversity of genes and functions but also metabolites produced by microorganisms composing the microbiota of various niches and how these metabolites affect and shape the microbial community. While an abundance of data has been published on bacterial interactions, much less data are available on the interactions of bacteria with another component of the microbiota: the fungal community. Although present in smaller numbers, fungi are essential to the balance of this complex microbial ecosystem. Both bacterial and fungal communities produce metabolites that influence their own population but also that of the other. However, to date, interkingdom interactions occurring through metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi have rarely been described. In this review, we describe the major metabolites produced by both kingdoms and discuss how they influence each other, by what mechanisms and with what consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Lapiere
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, France,CONTACT Mathias L Richard INRAE, Micalis Institute, Probihote Team, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352, Jouy en Josas, France
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Hinnouho GM, Hampel D, Shahab-Ferdows S, Barffour MA, McAnena L, Arnold CD, Ryan Wessells K, Kounnavong S, Allen LH, McNulty H, Hess SY. Daily supplementation of a multiple micronutrient powder improves folate but not thiamine, riboflavin, or vitamin B 12 status among young Laotian children: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3423-3435. [PMID: 35534778 PMCID: PMC9464137 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of intervention with a daily multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) on thiamine, riboflavin, folate, and B12 status among young Laotian children. METHODS Children (n = 1704) aged 6-23 mo, participating in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial were individually randomized to receive daily either MNP (containing 0.5 mg of thiamine, 0.5 mg riboflavin, 150 μg folic acid, and 0.9 μg vitamin B12 along with 11 other micronutrients) or placebo and followed for ~ 36 weeks. In a randomly selected sub-sample of 260 children, erythrocyte thiamine diphosphate (eThDP), plasma folate and B12 concentrations, and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac; riboflavin biomarker) were assessed at baseline and endline. RESULTS There was no treatment effect on endline eThDP concentrations (110.6 ± 8.9 nmol/L in MNP vs. 109.4 ± 8.9 nmol/L in placebo group; p = 0.924), EGRac (1.46 ± 0.3 vs. 1.49 ± 0.3; p = 0.184) and B12 concentrations (523.3 ± 24.6 pmol/L vs. 515.9 ± 24.8 pmol/L; p = 0.678). Likewise, the prevalence of thiamine, riboflavin, and B12 deficiencies did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, endline folate concentration was significantly higher in the MNP compared to the placebo group (28.2 ± 0.8 nmol/L vs 19.9 ± 0.8 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.001), and correspondingly, the prevalence of folate deficiency was significantly lower in the MNP group (1.6% vs 17.4%; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Compared to a placebo, daily MNP for 9 months increased only folate but not thiamine, riboflavin, or B12 status in young Laotian children. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (NCT02428647) on April 29 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Marino Hinnouho
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Helen Keller International, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA USA
| | | | - Maxwell A. Barffour
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO USA ,Public Health Program, College of Health and Human Services, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO USA
| | - Liadhan McAnena
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - K. Ryan Wessells
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Lindsay H. Allen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA USA
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Sonja Y. Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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Liu G, Cheng G, Zhang Y, Gao S, Sun H, Bai L, Li S, Zhu Y, Wang C, Li F. Pyridoxine regulates hair follicle development via the PI3K/Akt, Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in rex rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1162-1172. [PMID: 34754958 PMCID: PMC8556489 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pyridoxine on the development of hair follicles in Rex rabbits and the underlying molecular mechanism. Two hundred 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg pyridoxine. The hair follicle density on the dorsal skin and the gene and protein expression levels of components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), Wnt, Notch and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathways were measured. In addition, free hair follicles were isolated from Rex rabbits and cultured with pyridoxine in vitro to measure hair shaft growth. Furthermore, dermal papilla cells (DPC) were isolated from the skin of Rex rabbits and cultured with pyridoxine in vitro to measure the gene and protein expression levels of components of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Notch and BMP signalling pathways. The results showed that the addition of dietary pyridoxine significantly increased the total follicle density, secondary follicle density, and secondary-to-primary ratio (S/P, P < 0.05), that the growth ratio of hair stems was promoted by pyridoxine in basic culture medium, and that the growth length of tentacle hair follicles cultured in the pyridoxine group was longer than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, pyridoxine changed the DPC cycle progression and promoted cell proliferation, and appropriate concentrations of pyridoxine (10 and 20 μmol/L) significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Pyridoxine significantly affected the gene expression of components of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in the skin and DPC of Rex rabbits (P < 0.05), increased the levels of phosphorylated catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) and Akt, and decreased the level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) (P < 0.05). Therefore, the molecular mechanism by which pyridoxine promotes hair follicle density in Rex rabbits probably occurs through activation of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt and Notch signalling pathways, prolonging hair follicle growth and delaying the onset of telogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an 271018, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan 251000, China
| | - Guangmin Cheng
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Yongcui Zhang
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Shuxia Gao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan 251000, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan 251000, China
| | - Liya Bai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan 251000, China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an 271018, China
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8
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Chondroprotection and Molecular Mechanism of Action of Phytonutraceuticals on Osteoarthritis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082391. [PMID: 33924083 PMCID: PMC8074261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and an important cause of incapacitation. There is a lack of drugs and effective treatments that stop or slow the OA progression. Modern pharmacological treatments, such as analgesics, have analgesic effects but do not affect the course of OA. Long-term use of these drugs can lead to serious side effects. Given the OA nature, it is likely that lifelong treatment will be required to stop or slow its progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for disease-modifying OA treatments that are also safe for clinical use over long periods. Phytonutraceuticals are herbal products that provide a therapeutic effect, including disease prevention, which not only have favorable safety characteristics but may have an alleviating effect on the OA and its symptoms. An estimated 47% of OA patients use alternative drugs, including phytonutraceuticals. The review studies the efficacy and action mechanism of widely used phytonutraceuticals, analyzes the available experimental and clinical data on the effect of some phytonutraceuticals (phytoflavonoids, polyphenols, and bioflavonoids) on OA, and examines the known molecular effect and the possibility of their use for chondroprotection.
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9
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Richts B, Commichau FM. Underground metabolism facilitates the evolution of novel pathways for vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2297-2305. [PMID: 33665688 PMCID: PMC7954711 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The term vitamin B6 is a designation for the vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and the respective phosphate esters pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate and pyridoxine-5′-phosphate. Animals and humans are unable to synthesise vitamin B6. These organisms have to take up vitamin B6 with their diet. Therefore, vitamin B6 is of commercial interest as a food additive and for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As yet, two naturally occurring routes for de novo synthesis of PLP are known. Both routes have been genetically engineered to obtain bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Still, major genetic engineering efforts using the existing pathways are required for developing fermentation processes that could outcompete the chemical synthesis of vitamin B6. Recent suppressor screens using mutants of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, carrying mutations in the native pathways or heterologous genes uncovered novel routes for PLP biosynthesis. These pathways consist of promiscuous enzymes and enzymes that are already involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Thus, E. coli and B. subtilis contain multiple promiscuous enzymes causing a so-called underground metabolism allowing the bacteria to bypass disrupted vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. The suppressor screens also show the genomic plasticity of the bacteria to suppress a genetic lesion. We discuss the potential of the serendipitous pathways to serve as a starting point for the development of bacteria overproducing vitamin B6. Key points • Known vitamin B6 routes have been genetically engineered. • Underground metabolism facilitates the emergence of novel vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways. • These pathways may be suitable to engineer bacteria overproducing vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Richts
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany.
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Abstract
The fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. Each vitamin has unique characteristics and contributes to the overall health of an individual. These vitamins have complex absorption, metabolism, and distribution elements that provide protection to the cells in the body as well as many organs. Fat-soluble vitamins, once ingested and processed, are stored in the body for use. Most fat-soluble vitamins are obtained from fruits, vegetables, nuts, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Stevens
- School of Nursing, Middle Tennessee State University, MTSU Box 81, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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11
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Salting-out Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Caffeine and Nicotinic Acid in Coffee by HPLC–UV/Vis Detector. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Influence of Altitude on Caffeine, 5-Caffeoylquinic Acid, and Nicotinic Acid Contents of Arabica Coffee Varieties. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of altitude on caffeine, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), and nicotinic acid contents of Arabica coffee varieties grown in Southwest Ethiopia was investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used for the determination of the target analytes. Coffee samples were collected from four coffee varieties, named as 74112, 7454, 7440, and 74110, which are cultivated in high, mid, and low altitudes in the study area. The findings of the study showed that the contents of caffeine and 5-CQA in both raw and roasted coffee beans decrease as the growing altitude increases and, thus, for all varieties, their highest concentrations were recorded in lowland coffee beans. Nevertheless, the contents of nicotinic acid increase as the altitude rises and, thus, the highest nicotinic acid content was recorded in highland coffee samples. Besides, after roasting, the contents of caffeine were increased, whereas the contents of 5-CQA were lowered, indicating the possibility of its degradation during the roasting process. Both green and roasted coffee beans also contained relatively higher concentrations of nicotinic acids. Other than the growing altitudes, the contents of caffeine, 5-CQA, and nicotinic acid in coffee beans also vary with coffee varieties. Therefore, coffee varieties that are cultivated at various altitudes may have different biochemical compositions such as caffeine, CGAs, and nicotinic acid that could greatly influence the flavor, aroma, and stimulating attributes of coffee cup quality as well as dietary benefits.
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Richts B, Rosenberg J, Commichau FM. A Survey of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Proteins in the Gram-Positive Model Bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31134210 PMCID: PMC6522883 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The B6 vitamer pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is a co-factor for proteins and enzymes that are involved in diverse cellular processes. Therefore, PLP is essential for organisms from all kingdoms of life. Here we provide an overview about the PLP-dependent proteins from the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Since B. subtilis serves as a model system in basic research and as a production host in industry, knowledge about the PLP-dependent proteins could facilitate engineering the bacteria for biotechnological applications. The survey revealed that the majority of the PLP-dependent proteins are involved in metabolic pathways like amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, biosynthesis of antibacterial compounds, utilization of nucleotides as well as in iron and carbon metabolism. Many PLP-dependent proteins participate in de novo synthesis of the co-factors biotin, folate, heme, and NAD+ as well as in cell wall metabolism, tRNA modification, regulation of gene expression, sporulation, and biofilm formation. A surprisingly large group of PLP-dependent proteins (29%) belong to the group of poorly characterized proteins. This review underpins the need to characterize the PLP-dependent proteins of unknown function to fully understand the “PLP-ome” of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Richts
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosenberg
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Fricker RA, Green EL, Jenkins SI, Griffin SM. The Influence of Nicotinamide on Health and Disease in the Central Nervous System. Int J Tryptophan Res 2018; 11:1178646918776658. [PMID: 29844677 PMCID: PMC5966847 DOI: 10.1177/1178646918776658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3 (niacin), has long been associated with neuronal development, survival, and function in the central nervous system (CNS), being implicated in both neuronal death and neuroprotection. Here, we summarise a body of research investigating the role of nicotinamide in neuronal health within the CNS, with a focus on studies that have shown a neuroprotective effect. Nicotinamide appears to play a role in protecting neurons from traumatic injury, ischaemia, and stroke, as well as being implicated in 3 key neurodegenerative conditions: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. A key factor is the bioavailability of nicotinamide, with low concentrations leading to neurological deficits and dementia and high levels potentially causing neurotoxicity. Finally, nicotinamide’s potential mechanisms of action are discussed, including the general maintenance of cellular energy levels and the more specific inhibition of molecules such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Fricker
- School of Medicine and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Emma L Green
- School of Medicine and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Stuart I Jenkins
- School of Medicine and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Síle M Griffin
- School of Medicine and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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16
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Postprandial changes in glucose oxidation and insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome: Influence of fibroblast growth factor 21 and vitamin D status. Nutrition 2017; 37:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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van den Broek TJ, Kremer BHA, Marcondes Rezende M, Hoevenaars FPM, Weber P, Hoeller U, van Ommen B, Wopereis S. The impact of micronutrient status on health: correlation network analysis to understand the role of micronutrients in metabolic-inflammatory processes regulating homeostasis and phenotypic flexibility. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:5. [PMID: 28194237 PMCID: PMC5299688 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Vitamins and carotenoids are key micronutrients facilitating the maintenance of health, as evidenced by the increased risk of disease with low intake. Optimal phenotypic flexibility, i.e., the ability to respond to a physiological challenge, is an essential indicator of health status. Therefore, health can be measured by applying a challenge test and monitoring the response of relevant phenotypic processes. In this study, we assessed the correlation of three fat-soluble vitamins, (i.e., vitamin A or retinol, vitamin D3, two homologues of vitamin E) and four carotenoids (i.e., α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene), with characteristics of metabolic and inflammatory parameters at baseline and in response to a nutritional challenge test (NCT) in a group of 36 overweight and obese male subjects, using proteomics and metabolomics platforms. The phenotypic flexibility concept implies that health can be measured by the ability to adapt to a NCT, which may offer a more sensitive way to assess changes in health status of healthy subjects. Results Correlation analyses of results after overnight fasting revealed a rather evenly distributed network in a number of relatively strong correlations per micronutrient, with minor overlap between correlation profiles of each compound. Correlation analyses of challenge response profiles for metabolite and protein parameters with micronutrient status revealed a network that is more skewed towards α-carotene and γ-tocopherol suggesting a more prominent role for these micronutrients in the maintenance of phenotypic flexibility. Comparison of the networks revealed that there is merely overlap of two parameters (inositol and oleic acid (C18:1)) affirming that there is a specific biomarker response profile upon NCT. Conclusions Our study shows that applying the challenge test concept is able to reveal previously unidentified correlations between specific micronutrients and health-related processes, with potential relevance for maintenance of health that were not observed by correlating homeostatic measurements. This approach will contribute to insights on the influence of micronutrients on health and help to create efficient micronutrient intervention programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0553-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J van den Broek
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Bas H A Kremer
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Marcondes Rezende
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Femke P M Hoevenaars
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition and Health Department, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hoeller
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition and Health Department, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben van Ommen
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
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18
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Rosenberg J, Ischebeck T, Commichau FM. Vitamin B6 metabolism in microbes and approaches for fermentative production. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:31-40. [PMID: 27890703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a designation for the six vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, and pyridoxamine. PLP, being the most important B6 vitamer, serves as a cofactor for many proteins and enzymes. In contrast to other organisms, animals and humans have to ingest vitamin B6 with their food. Several disorders are associated with vitamin B6 deficiency. Moreover, pharmaceuticals interfere with metabolism of the cofactor, which also results in vitamin B6 deficiency. Therefore, vitamin B6 is a valuable compound for the pharmaceutical and the food industry. Although vitamin B6 is currently chemically synthesized, there is considerable interest on the industrial side to shift from chemical processes to sustainable fermentation technologies. Here, we review recent findings regarding biosynthesis and homeostasis of vitamin B6 and describe the approaches that have been made in the past to develop microbial production processes. Moreover, we will describe novel routes for vitamin B6 biosynthesis and discuss their potential for engineering bacteria that overproduce the commercially valuable substance. We also highlight bottlenecks of the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways and propose strategies to circumvent these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rosenberg
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Barrera L, López-Olmedo N, García-Guerra A, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Ramírez-Silva I, Villalpando S, Carriquiry A, Rivera JA. Usual Vitamin Intakes by Mexican Populations. J Nutr 2016; 146:1866S-73S. [PMID: 27511936 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past several years, the consumption of high-energy, nutrient-poor foods has increased globally. Dietary intake data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2012 provide information to assess the quality of the Mexican diet and to guide food and nutrition policy. OBJECTIVE The aim was to describe the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamins for the overall Mexican population and by subgroups defined by sex, age, region, urban or rural areas, and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS ENSANUT 2012 is a cross-sectional probabilistic survey representative of the Mexican population. Dietary information was collected by using the 24-h recall automated multiple-pass method (n = 10,096) with a repeated measurement on a subsample (n = 889) to permit adjustment for intraindividual variability with the use of the Iowa State University method. Mean usual intakes and the prevalence of inadequate intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and vitamins A, D, E, C, B-6, and B-12 were calculated for children aged 1-4 y (CH1-4y), children aged 5-11 y (CH5-11y), adolescents aged 12-19 y, and adults aged ≥20 y. RESULTS In all of the age groups, prevalences of inadequate intakes of vitamins D and E were the highest (77-99% of adults and adolescents and 53-95% of CH5-11y and CH1-4y) and those of folate and vitamin A were intermediate (47-70% of adults and adolescents, 15-23% of CH5-11y and 8-13% of CH1-4y), whereas those of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamins B-6, B-12, and C were the lowest (0-37% of adults, 1-27% of adolescents, and 0-2.4% of CH5-11y and CH1-4y). With few exceptions, the highest prevalences of inadequate intakes for vitamins were observed in the poorest populations (rural South region and the lowest tertile of SES). CONCLUSIONS The intake of vitamins among Mexicans is inadequate overall. Information collected by ENSANUT can help target food assistance programs and develop strategies to prevent vitamin deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pedroza-Tobías
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Lucía Hernández-Barrera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Nancy López-Olmedo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Armando García-Guerra
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Ivonne Ramírez-Silva
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Salvador Villalpando
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | | | - Juan A Rivera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
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20
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Swaminathan S, Thomas T, Kurpad AV. B-vitamin interventions for women and children in low-income populations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:295-306. [PMID: 25807352 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the effect of B vitamins on women and child health from recent evidence available. RECENT FINDINGS Findings were related to functional outcomes. In terms of foetal growth, although supplementation with B12 increased B12 status of nonpregnant and pregnant women and infants, maternal plasma homocysteine, which is related to multiple deficiencies of vitamin B12, B6, riboflavin or folate, has been shown to be associated with lower birth size rather than solely plasma B12. However, an experimental study with thiamine supplementation showed improvement in status in thiamine-deficient mothers and breast milk concentration, but not in infant status. Given the multiple aetiology of anaemia, the use of multiple micronutrient fortification has expectedly shown a reduction in anaemia prevalence in women. Furthermore, these micronutrients can interact with each other: high maternal folate intakes coupled with low B12 intakes were associated with a higher risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant. A high maternal plasma folate was also associated with insulin resistance in children aged 9.5 and 13.5 years. SUMMARY Interventions with B vitamins were found to be efficacious in improving the status in women and children. In multiple micronutrient supplementation programmes, the optimum composition of the supplement needs to be determined. The deleterious effect of high folate intakes with low B12 intakes needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Swaminathan
- aDivision of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute bDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St John's Research Institute cDepartment of Physiology, St John's Medical College, and Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Parveen S, Siyal AN, Memon N, Memon SQ, Khuhawar MY. Extraction and Determination of Phenolic Acids and Vitamin B of Sieved and Unsieved Wheat Grain by MEKC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.896812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Parveen
- a Institute of Advance Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz Siyal
- b M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Najma Memon
- c National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Saima Qayoom Memon
- b M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
- a Institute of Advance Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
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Cabrera MC, Saadoun A. An overview of the nutritional value of beef and lamb meat from South America. Meat Sci 2014; 98:435-44. [PMID: 25042240 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The southern region of South America, a subtropical and temperate zone, is an important region for the production of beef and lamb meat, which is mainly produced in extensive pasture-based systems. Because of its content in highly valuable nutrients such as iron, zinc, selenium, fatty acids, and vitamins, meat is a unique and necessary food for the human diet in order to secure a long and healthy life, without nutritional deficiencies. Beef and lamb production systems based on temperate or tropical grasslands show interesting and, in some cases, a differential content in minerals, fatty acids and vitamins. This review deals with the distinctive aspects of the nutritional quality of beef and lamb meat produced in this region in terms of nutritional composition and the bioavailability of key nutrients related to its contribution for a healthy diet for all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cabrera
- Depto. Producción Animal & Pasturas, Laboratorio Nutrición & Calidad de Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay; Fisiología & Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Calle Igúa 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - A Saadoun
- Fisiología & Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Calle Igúa 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
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