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Kastelein JJP, Ross CJD, Hayden MR. From mutation identification to therapy: discovery and origins of the first approved gene therapy in the Western world. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:472-8. [PMID: 23578007 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Fung M, Hill J, Cook D, Frohlich J. Case series of type III hyperlipoproteinemia in children. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.02.2011.3895. [PMID: 22691586 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (type III HLP) rarely manifests in childhood. Long-term follow-up (37 years) of the first patient revealed hypothyroidism at diagnosis requiring thyroxine replacement, palmar xanthomas requiring surgical removal, splenomegaly requiring splenectomy, 18 episodes of pancreatitis and premature coronary artery disease. Investigation revealed an apolipoprotein E phenotype of E2/E2 and partial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Investigation of the second patient revealed a combination of apoE2/E2 phenotype and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The third patient had a complete deficiency of lipoprotein lipase activity, an abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone on diagnosis (with subsequent normalisation without treatment), and apoE2/E2 phenotype. Type III HLP is a serious disorder with lifelong consequences of premature vascular disease and recurrent pancreatitis. Early presentation of disease in our patients was associated with additional precipitating factors. Drug treatment of paediatric type III HLP is indicated if dietary modifications alone are insufficient in managing the dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fung
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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3
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Plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in familial hypercholesterolemia: Data from the MedPed CZ database and the Czech population. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:920-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Diagnostic value of post-heparin lipase testing in detecting common genetic variants in the LPL and LIPC genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1386-93. [PMID: 19367320 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-heparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities are used to identify primary disorders of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol metabolism. Their ability to identify common variants in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (LIPC) genes is unclear. To investigate the ability of lipase testing to detect common lipase gene variants, we included 183 patients who had undergone post-heparin lipase testing and genotyped the LPL D9N, N291S, PvuII, HindIII, and S447X and the LIPC-514CT, V73M, V133V, and N193S polymorphisms. Allele frequencies were compared with 163 controls. Polymorphisms with different allele frequencies in patients and controls or influencing lipids, were analyzed further. The diagnostic value of post-heparin lipase testing was assessed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves. We found that lipase activities did not predict the LPL D9N and N291S polymorphisms, but predicted the LPL S447X and LIPC-514CT polymorphisms. Adjusted for covariates, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.643, 0.478, 0.686, and 0.657 for LPL D9N, N291S S447X and LIPC-514CT, respectively. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that high-LPL and low-HL activities associate with the LPL S447X and LIPC-514CT polymorphisms, but low-LPL activity was not related to LPL polymorphisms. Overall, the discriminative ability of post-heparin lipase tests in identifying carriers of common variants in the LPL and LIPC genes was limited. This indicates that conclusions on the genetic causes of lipase activities outside of the normal range should be drawn with caution.
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Ait Chihab K, Chater R, Cenarro A, Kettani A, Castillo S, Loutfi M, Ribalta J, Adlouni A, Pocovi M, El Messal M. Familial hypercholesterolemia associated with severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia in a Moroccan family. J Genet 2007; 86:159-63. [PMID: 17968143 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-007-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Ait Chihab
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologiè Moleculaire, Groupe de Génétique et Biologie Molèculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Ain chock. B. P. 5366, Casablanca, Morocco
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Hu Y, Liu W, Huang R, Zhang X. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between lipoprotein lipase Asn291Ser variant and diseases. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1908-14. [PMID: 16741292 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600108-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review attempted to summarize the associations between the Asn291Ser variant in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and dyslipidemia, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and coronary heart disease (CHD). In addition, the relationships between the Asn291Ser variant and other metabolic diseases such as obesity and high blood pressure were also investigated in this systematic review. We systematically reviewed the literature by means of a meta-analysis. Twenty-one articles, including 19,246 white subjects, were selected for this meta-analysis. The summary standardized mean difference (SMD) of plasma triglyceride (TG) for carriers compared with noncarriers of the Asn291Ser variant was 3.23 (P < 0.00001). The summary SMD of plasma HDL-cholsterol (HDL-C) for carriers compared with noncarriers of the Asn291Ser variant was -3.42 (P < 0.0001). The summary SMD of the association of the Asn291Ser variant with plasma TG increased with increasing age and weight gain. Significant interactions between the LPL Asn291Ser variant and fasting glucose, T2DM, and CHD were seen (P = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively). No significant interactions were seen between the LPL Asn291Ser variant and body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure (P > 0.05). This meta-analysis indicates that the Asn291Ser variant in the LPL gene is a risk factor for dyslipidemia, characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C levels. And the Asn291Ser variant in the LPL gene predisposes to more severe dyslipidemia with increasing age and weight gain. Also, this meta-analysis shows that the LPL Asn291Ser variant is associated with CHD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Puddu GM, Cravero E, Arnone G, Muscari A, Puddu P. Molecular aspects of atherogenesis: new insights and unsolved questions. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:839-53. [PMID: 16328782 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic disease results from the interaction between environment and genetic make up. A key factor in atherogenesis is the oxidative modification of lipids, which is involved in the recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes to the arterial intima--a process regulated by several groups of adhesion molecules and cytokines. Activated leukocytes, as well as endothelial mitochondria, can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are associated with endothelial dysfunction, a cause of reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and further ROS production. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) are nuclear receptors significantly involved in the control of lipid metabolism, inflammation and insulin sensitivity. Also, an emerging role has been suggested for G protein coupled receptors and for the small Ras and Rho GTPases in the regulation of the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and of tissue factor, which are involved in thrombus formation and modulation of vascular tone. Further, the interactions among eNOS, cholesterol, oxidated LDL and caveola membranes are probably involved in some molecular changes observed in vascular diseases. Despite the relevance of oxidative processes in atherogenesis, anti-oxidants have failed to significantly improve atherosclerosis (ATS) prevention, while statins have proved to be the most successful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Aging, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Nobe Y, Sato K, Emi M, Ezura Y, Fujita Y, Takada D, Ishigami T, Umemura S, Xin Y, Wu LL, Larrinaga-Shum S, Stephenson SH, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN. G-substrate gene promoter SNP (-1323T>C) modifies plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: Intra-familial association study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic kindred. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2004.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Sato K, Emi M, Ezura Y, Fujita Y, Takada D, Ishigami T, Umemura S, Xin Y, Wu LL, Larrinaga-Shum S, Stephenson SH, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN. Soluble epoxide hydrolase variant (Glu287Arg) modifies plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: intrafamilial association study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic kindred. J Hum Genet 2003; 49:29-34. [PMID: 14673705 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-003-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein in general reflect the complex influences of multiple genetic loci, for instance, even familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a representative example of monogenic hyperlipidemia, often presents with phenotypic heterogeneity. In the course of investigating familial coronary artery disease in Utah, we studied 160 members of an eight-generation extended family of FH in which 69 members were affected with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia (HLPIIa; high plasma cholesterol) and ten with type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia (HLPIIb; high plasma cholesterol as well as plasma triglyceride). Soluble epoxide hydrolase ( EPHX2, sEH) plays a role in disposition of epoxides in plasma lipoprotein particles. Intrafamilial correlation analysis of the modifier effect of Glu287Arg substitution in the EPHX2 gene was carried out among 79 LDLR mutation carriers and 81 noncarriers. In the carriers, plasma cholesterol levels were elevated among carriers of the 287Arg allele (mean +/- SD=358 +/- 72 mg/dl) in comparison with 287Glu homozygotes (mean +/- SD=302 +/- 72 mg/dl) (p=0.0087). Similarly, in the LDLR mutation carriers, the plasma triglyceride levels were elevated among carriers of the 287Arg allele (mean +/- SD=260 +/- 100 mg/dl) in comparison with 287Glu homozygotes (mean +/- SD=169 +/- 83 mg/dl) (p=0.020). No such gene-interactive effect was observed among noncarriers of the LDLR mutation. Half of the patients who presented with HLPIIb had inherited a defective LDLR allele as well as an EPHX2-287Arg allele, whereas the majority who presented with HLPIIa had a defective LDLR allele but not an EPHX2-287Arg allele. These results indicate a significant modification of the phenotype of FH with defective LDLR allele by EPHX2-287Arg variation in our studied kindred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
- Department of Second Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Emi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan.
- Department of Second Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Second Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Second Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yunpei Xin
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Lily L Wu
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Stacey Larrinaga-Shum
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Susan H Stephenson
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah Hearth Science Center, 410 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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Takada D, Ezura Y, Ono S, Iino Y, Katayama Y, Xin Y, Wu LL, Larringa-Shum S, Stephenson SH, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Emi M. Apolipoprotein H variant modifies plasma triglyceride phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: a molecular study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic family. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 10:79-84. [PMID: 12740481 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of investigating familial coronary artery disease in Utah, we studied 196 members of an eight-generation extended family of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), in which 73 members were affected with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia (HLPIIa; high plasma cholesterol) and 11 members with type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia (HLPIIb; high plasma cholesterol as well as plasma triglyceride). A splice-site mutation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene (IVS14 + G > A) co-segregated with elevated plasma cholesterol among all the members, but not with the elevated plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels seen in HLPIIb patients. The apolipoprotein H (apoH) gene plays a role in plasma triglyceride removal and lipoprotein lipase enhancement. Intra-familial correlation analysis of the modifier effect of Val247Leu substitution in the apoH gene was carried out among 84 LDLR-mutation carriers and 112 non-carriers. When plasma triglyceride levels in the LDLR-mutation carriers were compared, the values were lowest among V/V homozygotes (mean +/- SD = 145 +/- 53 mg/dl), highest in L/L homozygotes (277 +/- 177 mg/dl), and intermediate among V/L heterozygotes (191 +/- 102 mg/dl) (p = 0.0015). All eleven patients who presented with HLPIIb had inherited both the defective LDLR allele and an apoH 247Leu allele, whereas all 45 carriers of the defective LDLR allele not carrying the apoH Leu allele presented with HLPIIa but not HLPIIb (p = 0.0001). These results indicate a significant modification of the phenotype of FH with a defective LDLR allele, by apoH Leu variation in our studied family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology & Department of Internal Medicine II, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
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Takada D, Ezura Y, Ono S, Iino Y, Katayama Y, Xin Y, Wu LL, Larringa-Shum S, Stephenson SH, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Emi M. Growth hormone receptor variant (L526I) modifies plasma HDL cholesterol phenotype in familial hypercholesterolemia: intra-familial association study in an eight-generation hyperlipidemic kindred. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 121A:136-40. [PMID: 12910492 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Defect of growth hormone receptor (GHR) is classically known to cause Laron syndrome, characterized by short stature, specific facial appearance, elevated serum growth hormone levels, and decreased insulin-like growth factor I levels. In addition, an increased cardiovascular risk due to elevated plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels marks another feature of the disease. Growth hormone (GH) plays an important role in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. GH status was found to be an independent determinant of plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in humans. We studied a total of 207 members of eight-generation extended family of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in which affected members presented with various lipoprotein phenotypes. Intra-familial correlation analysis of a modifier effect of a Leu526Ile substitution in GHR gene was carried out among 95 carriers for LDL receptor gene (LDLR) mutation and 112 non-carriers. When plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels in the LDLR-mutation carriers were compared, a significant lowering effect of HDL-c was observed with the Leu allele; the values were lowest among Leu/Leu homozygotes (mean +/- SD = 37 +/- 2 mg/dl), highest in Ile/Ile homozygotes (50 +/- 4 mg/dl), and intermediate among Leu/Ile heterozygotes (41 +/- 2 mg/dl) (P = 0.0021). The results indicate a significant modification of the phenotype of FH with the defective LDLR allele, by GHR Leu variation in the kindred studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan
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Brisson D, Ledoux K, Bossé Y, St-Pierre J, Julien P, Perron P, Hudson TJ, Vohl MC, Gaudet D. Effect of apolipoprotein E, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and lipoprotein lipase gene mutations on the ability of fenofibrate to improve lipid profiles and reach clinical guideline targets among hypertriglyceridemic patients. PHARMACOGENETICS 2002; 12:313-20. [PMID: 12042669 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200206000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist which regulates the transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between TG-related parameters considered in different clinical guidelines used in industrialized countries for the management of lipid disorders (namely fasting plasma TG, high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C concentrations and total-C/HDL-C ratio) and the presence of LPL-null (P207L), LPL-defective (D9N), PPARalpha -L162V, apolipoprotein (apo) E and PPARgamma-P12A gene mutations, in a sample of 292 hypertriglyceridemic subjects treated with fenofibrate for 3 months. Although fenofibrate induced a decrease in plasma TG level and an increase in HDL-C level in all studied genotypes, mutation-specific differences were observed. After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and the presence of apo E2 genotype, the LPL-P207L mutation was associated with residual post-treatment hypertriglyceridemia [TG > 2.0 mmol/l, odds ratio (OR) = 3.07, P = 0.005] and total-C/HDL-C ratio > 5 (OR = 2.68; P = 0.03). This effect was significantly related to higher plasma TG concentrations at baseline among carriers of a LPL-null mutation. Compared to apo E3 and E4 variants, the apo E2 allele was associated with a better response to fenofibrate on all lipid parameter, especially among PPARalpha -L162V carriers, whereas the simultaneous presence of apo E2 and PPARalpha -L162V tended to improve fenofibrate response among LPL-P207L heterozygotes. Finally, the LPL-D9N and PPARgamma -P12A mutations did not affect fenofibrate lipid-lowering action. This study suggests that frequent genetic variations in genes encoding proteins involved in TG-rich lipoprotein metabolism could modulate the response to fenofibrate treatment, as defined in clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Brisson
- Community Genomic Medicine Centre, University of Montreal, Chicoutimi Hospital, Québec, Canada
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Razzaghi H, Day BW, McClure RJ, Kamboh MI. Structure-function analysis of D9N and N291S mutations in human lipoprotein lipase using molecular modelling. J Mol Graph Model 2002; 19:487-94, 587-90. [PMID: 11552677 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(00)00096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a central role in lipid metabolism. The D9N and N291S mutations in the LPL gene are associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels. Published in vitro expression studies suggest that these two mutations are associated with reduced LPL enzymatic activity. We sought to gain further insight on the impact of these two mutations on the LPL structure and function by molecular modelling techniques. Homology modelling was used to develop a three-dimensional (3D) structure of LPL from human pancreatic lipase. Two separate LPL models for the D9N and N291S substitutions were constructed and compared with the wild type LPL for differences in hydrophobicity, atomic burial, hydrogen bond pattern, and atomic mobility. In comparison to the wild type model, the 9N model was associated with significantly increased atomic mobility of its neighboring residues, but the catalytic site was not affected. The region near residue 9 in the upper part of the N-domain was considered a candidate site for protein-protein interaction. In the N291S model, alterations in H-bonds and constrained atomic mobility were among conformational changes in the region where the substitution had occurred. These are hypothesized to cause an increase in the rate of dissociation in LPL dimerization, subsequently affecting the LPL enzymatic activity. We also modelled the C-domain of apoCII, the obligatory cofactor of LPL, from 2D NMR data and docked the model with LPL to explore their interaction site. These docking experiments suggest that the C-domain of apoCII interacts with the interface of N- and C-domains of LPL and part of the lid structure that covers the catalytic site. In summary, we provide molecular modelling data on two well-known mutations in the LPL gene to help explain the published in vitro expression findings and propose a possible LPL-apoCII interaction site. Our data indicate that molecular modelling of LPL mutations could provide a valuable tool to understand the effects of a mutation on the structure-function of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Razzaghi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Lopes N, Vasudevan SS, Alvarez RJ, Binkley PF, Goldschmidt PJ. Pathophysiology of plaque instability: insights at the genomic level. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 44:323-38. [PMID: 12024331 DOI: 10.1053/pcad.2002.125097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and plaque rupture represent complex "traits" of unknown cause that involve multiple genes and their variants. Novel genomic technologies provide us with the tools that will allow for the identification of groupings of genes that determine either susceptibility or resistance relative to the development of atherosclerosis and its thromboembolic complications. This information may, in turn, lead to a clearer understanding of the cause and risk for atherosclerosis. Diagnostic tools, as well as preventive and therapeutic strategies, will be derived from such heightened understanding of the disease process. With this chapter, we have presented the current state of knowledge of atherosclerosis genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Lopes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center For Genomic Science, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Lipoprotein lipase and apoE polymorphisms: relationship to hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Doevendans PA, Jukema W, Spiering W, Defesche JC, Kastelein JJ. Molecular genetics and gene expression in atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2001; 80:161-72. [PMID: 11578709 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although molecular cardiology is a relative young discipline, the impact of the new techniques on diagnosis and therapy in cardiovascular disease are extensive. Our insight into pathophysiological mechanisms is rapidly expanding and is changing our understanding of cardiovascular disease radically and irrevocably. Molecular cardiology has many different aspects. In this paper the importance of molecular cardiology and genetics for every day clinical practice are briefly outlined. It is expected that in the genetic predisposition for atherosclerotic disease multiple genes are involved (genetics). The role of only a minority of genes involved in the atherosclerotic process is known. Far less is known about particular gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. In some families disease can be explained mostly by a single, major gene (monogenic), of which the lipid disorder Familial Hypercholesterolemia is an example. In other cases, one or several variations in minor genes (multigenic) contribute to an atherosclerotic predisposition, for instance the lipoprotein lipase gene. Although mutations in this gene influence lipoprotein levels, disease development is predominantly depending on environmental influences. Recently several additional genetic risk factors were identified including elevated levels of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], the DD genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and elevated levels of homocysteine. This illustrates the complexity of genetics in relation to atherosclerosis and the difficulty to assign predictive values to separate genetic risk factors. Furthermore, little attention has been given to protective genes thus far, explaining why some high risk patients are protected from vascular disease. Genetics based treatment or elimination of the genetic risk factor requires complete understanding of the pathogenic molecular basis. Once this requirement is fulfilled, disease management can be strived for, provided that adequate medical management is available. Recent studies suggest that such treatment should be genotype specific, as the genetic makeup can determine the outcome of a pharmacological intervention (pharmacogenetics). Once the trigger for atherosclerosis has initiated disease development, various genes are activated or silenced and contribute to lesion progression. Every stage of lesion development depends on a different gene expression programme (genomics). In this review paper an introduction is provided into genetics, pharmacogenetics and gene expression with respect to atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Toth
- Sterling Rock Falls Clinic, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, USA
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18
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Delayed clearance of postprandial large TG-rich particles in normolipidemic carriers of LPL Asn291Ser gene variant. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Apolipoprotein A-I kinetics in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a stable isotope study. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Aleman-Gomez JA, Colwell NS, Vyas K, Borecki I, Shonfeld G, Lange LG, Kumar VB. Relationship of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene structure with lipid phenotypes. Life Sci 1999; 64:2419-27. [PMID: 10374906 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cholesterol esterase is one of the enzymes that plays a pivotal role in cholesterol absorption. Differences in the genotype of this enzyme could affect the susceptibility of individuals to dyslipidemia and/or cardiovascular disease. We undertook this study to investigate if any correlation exists between restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene and serum lipid levels. DNA from 96 healthy adults was restricted with Stu I, Southern blotted, and probed with cDNA of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Results revealed six distinct patterns which were classified as A, B, C, D, E, and F which had a population frequency of 1%, 34.5%, 49%, 12.5%, 1% and 2% respectively. Correlation of the distribution of lipid and lipoprotein levels by pattern and sex revealed a significant interaction between pattern type and HDL (p=0.03) in the most common group (group C) for males. Male patients of pattern C tended to have a lower LDL cholesterol than non-pattern C males (p=0.07); in addition, 80% of all males in the study population with LDL cholesterol under 100 mg/dl were found in pattern C. Thus, the most common Stu I RFLP genotype is associated with a favorable lipid phenotype. This report shows an association between the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase genotype and serum lipid levels. Further analysis of a larger study group with Stu I and alternative polymorphic restriction enzymes is warranted, to confirm this biologically plausible result.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Aleman-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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21
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Jaye M, Lynch KJ, Krawiec J, Marchadier D, Maugeais C, Doan K, South V, Amin D, Perrone M, Rader DJ. A novel endothelial-derived lipase that modulates HDL metabolism. Nat Genet 1999; 21:424-8. [PMID: 10192396 DOI: 10.1038/7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely associated with risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. At least 50% of the variation in HDL cholesterol levels is genetically determined, but the genes responsible for variation in HDL levels have not been fully elucidated. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), two members of the triacylglyerol (TG) lipase family, both influence HDL metabolism and the HL (LIPC) locus has been associated with variation in HDL cholesterol levels in humans. We describe here the cloning and in vivo functional analysis of a new member of the TG lipase family. In contrast to other family members, this new lipase is synthesized by endothelial cells in vitro and thus has been termed endothelial lipase (encoded by the LIPG gene). EL is expressed in vivo in organs including liver, lung, kidney and placenta, but not in skeletal muscle. In contrast to LPL and HL, EL has a lid of only 19 residues. EL has substantial phospholipase activity, but less triglyceride lipase activity. Overexpression of EL in mice reduced plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and its major protein apolipoprotein A-I. The endothelial expression, enzymatic profile and in vivo effects of EL suggest that it may have a role in lipoprotein metabolism and vascular biology.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Apolipoprotein A-I/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- COS Cells/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Female
- Humans
- Lipase/genetics
- Lipase/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Placenta
- Pregnancy
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaye
- Cardiovascular Biology Department, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0107, USA
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22
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Abstract
CHD is a multifactorial disease that is associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as age, gender and genetic background, and with modifiable risk factors, including elevated total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Lifestyle modification should be the primary treatment for lowering cholesterol values. The modifications recommended include dietary changes, regular aerobic exercise, and normalization of body weight. The recommended dietary changes include restriction in the amount of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol together with an increase in the consumption of complex carbohydrate and dietary fibre, especially water-soluble fibre. However, nutrition scientists continue to question the value of these universal concepts and the public health benefits of low-fat diets, and an intense debate has been conducted in the literature on whether to focus on reduction of total fat or to aim efforts primarily towards reducing the consumption of saturated and trans fats. Moreover, it is well known that there is a striking variability between subjects in the response of serum cholesterol to diet. Multiple studies have examined the gene-diet interactions in the response of plasma lipid concentrations to changes in dietary fat and/or cholesterol. These studies have focused on candidate genes known to play key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Among the gene loci examined, APOE has been the most studied, and the current evidence suggests that this locus might be responsible for some of the inter-individual variability in dietary response. Other loci, including APOA4, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, LPL and CETP have also been found to account for some of the variability in the fasting and fed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA HNRCA, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The study of lipoprotein metabolism has led to major breakthroughs in the fields of cellular physiology, molecular genetics, and protein chemistry. These advances in basic science are reflected in medicine in the form of improved diagnostic methods and better therapeutic tools. Perhaps the greatest benefit is the improved ability to identify at an early stage patients who are at high risk for atherosclerosis, providing clinicians the opportunity to proceed swiftly with intensive lipid-lowering therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular complications. Recent clinical trials have shown that such an approach is not only cost-effective but saves lives while improving the quality of life. They also emphasize the important role physicians can have in prevention. More than half of patients with premature CAD have a familial form of dyslipoproteinemia. This review of the genetics of atherogenic lipoprotein disorders underscores the importance of identifying major genetic defects. It also stresses the need to take into account multifactorial etiologies and clustering of risk factors, as well as gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in assessing the atherogenic potential of a lipid transport disorder. Table 2 summarizes the key points in the diagnosis, clinical implications, and treatment of the major inherited atherogenic dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Abstract
The chylomicronemia syndrome is a disorder characterized by severe hypertriglyceridemia and fasting chylomicronemia. Genetic causes of the syndrome are rare and include deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apolipoprotein C-II, and familial inhibitor of LPL. Patients with familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia in combination with secondary acquired disorders account for most individuals presenting with chylomicronemia. The clinical manifestations--lipid and other biochemical abnormalities--as well as treatment options for chylomicronemic patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santamarina-Fojo
- Section of Molecular Biology, Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Abstract
The etiology of cardiovascular diseases is known to be multi-factorial. Some forms of cardiovascular disease are influenced by unclear genetic factors but are predominantly affected by factors such as diet, obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Some are caused by specific gene defects, with environmental factors playing a precipitating role. Others result from complex gene-gene or gene-environment interactions. Advances in knowledge of the molecular genetics of lipidaemic and vascular disorders have identified gene aberrations that are associated with cardiovascular disease. Techniques in molecular biology have been applied for rapid and reliable detection of specific gene defects to provide unequivocal diagnosis beneficial for appropriate drug therapy and genetic counseling. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis is possible and carriers can be advised on effective preventive measures. However, prior to the provision of a molecular diagnostic service, all gene alterations associated with cardiovascular disease have to be identified and their prevalence established in a population. The number of mutations in so many causative genes is enormous. While more cost-effective laboratory methodologies will be developed in the future, it is also anticipated that more mutations with direct or indirect effects on cardiovascular disease will be discovered in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Pang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT.
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26
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Bijvoet S, Gagné SE, Moorjani S, Gagné C, Henderson HE, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J, Alaupovic P, Prins M, Kastelein JJ, Hayden MR. Alterations in plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins before the age of 40 in heterozygotes for lipoprotein lipase deficiency. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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