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Toul M, Mican J, Slonkova V, Nikitin D, Marek M, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Prokop Z. Hidden Potential of Highly Efficient and Widely Accessible Thrombolytic Staphylokinase. Stroke 2022; 53:3235-3237. [PMID: 36039755 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke burden is substantially increasing but current therapeutic drugs are still far from ideal. Here we highlight the vast potential of staphylokinase as an efficient, fibrin-selective, inexpensive, and evolvable thrombolytic agent. The emphasis is escalated by new recent findings. Staphylokinase nonimmunogenic variant was proven noninferior to alteplase in a clinical trial, with decreased risk of intracranial hemorrhage and the advantage of single bolus administration. Furthermore, our detailed kinetic analysis revealed a new staphylokinase limiting bottleneck whose elimination might provide up to 1000-fold higher activity than the clinically approved alteplase. This knowledge of limitations unlocks new possibilities for improvements that are now achievable by the community of protein engineers who have the required expertise and are ready to transform staphylokinase into a powerful molecule. Collectively, the noninferiority and safety of nonimmunogenic staphylokinase together with the newly identified effectivity limitation make staphylokinase a perfect candidate for further exploration, modification, and advancement to make it the next-generation widely accessible thrombolytic drug effectively treating stroke all around the world, including middle- and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Veronika Slonkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Dmitri Nikitin
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.).,International Clinical Research Center of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (M.T., J.M., V.S., D.N., M.M., D.B., J.D., Z.P.)
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Gusev E, Martynov M, Shamalov N, Yarovaya E, Semenov M, Semenov A, Orlovsky A, Kutsenko V, Nikonov A, Aksentiev S, Yunevich D, Alasheev A, Androfagina O, Bobkov V, Choroshavina K, Gorbachev V, Korobeynikov I, Greshnova I, Dobrovolskiy A, Elemanov U, Zhukovskaya N, Zakharov S, Chirkov A, Korsunskaya L, Nesterova V, Nikonova A, Nizov A, Girivenko A, Ponomarev E, Popov D, Pribylov S, Semikhin A, Timchenko L, Jadan O, Fedyanin S, Chefranova Z, Lykov Y, Chuprina S, Vorobev A, Archakov A, Markin S. Nonimmunogenic staphylokinase in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (FRIDA trial results). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:56-65. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212207156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rothwell PM, Buchan AM. A new thrombolytic drug for acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:687-689. [PMID: 34418384 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rothwell
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
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Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Nikonov AA, Shamalov NA, Semenov MP, Gerasimets EA, Yarovaya EB, Semenov AM, Archakov AI, Markin SS. Non-immunogenic recombinant staphylokinase versus alteplase for patients with acute ischaemic stroke 4·5 h after symptom onset in Russia (FRIDA): a randomised, open label, multicentre, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:721-728. [PMID: 34418399 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-immunogenic staphylokinase is modified recombinant staphylokinase with low immunogenicity, high thrombolytic activity, and selectivity to fibrin. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a single intravenous bolus of non-immunogenic staphylokinase compared with alteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke within 4·5 h after symptom onset. METHODS We did a randomised, open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial in 18 clinical sites in Russia. We included patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of acute ischaemic stroke (up to 25 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale). The study drug had to be administered within 4·5 h after the onset of symptoms. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either non-immunogenic staphylokinase (10 mg) or alteplase (0·9 mg/kg, maximum 90 mg), both administered intravenously. The randomisation sequence was created by an independent biostatistician using computer-generated random numbers. 84 blocks (block size of four) of opaque sealed envelopes were numbered sequentially from 1 to 336 and were opened in numerical order. Patients were unaware of their assigned treatment and were assessed by the study investigators who were also unaware of the treatment assignment on all trial days. Emergency department staff, who administered the assigned drug and opened the envelopes, were not masked to treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was a favourable outcome, defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-1 on day 90. The margin of non-inferiority was established as 16% for the difference in mRS score of 0-1 on day 90. Non-inferiority was tested using Welch's t-test for the primary outcome only. Endpoints were analysed in the per-protocol population, which comprised all randomly assigned patients who completed treatment without any protocol violations; this population was identical to the intention-to-treat population. This trial is completed and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03151993. FINDINGS Of 385 patients recruited from March 18, 2017, to March 23, 2019, 336 (87%) were included in the trial. 168 (50%) patients were randomly assigned to receive non-immunogenic staphylokinase and 168 (50%) to receive alteplase. The median duration of follow-up was 89 days (IQR 89-89). 84 (50%) of 168 patients in the non-immunogenic staphylokinase group had a favourable outcome at day 90 compared with 68 (40%) of 168 patients in the alteplase group (odds ratio [OR] 1·47, 95% CI 0·93 to 2·32; p=0·10). The difference in the rate of favourable outcome at day 90 was 9·5% (95% CI -1·7 to 20·7) and the lower limit did not cross the margin of non-inferiority (pnon-inferiority <0·0001). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in five (3%) patients in the non-immunogenic staphylokinase group and in 13 (8%) patients in the alteplase group (p=0·087). On day 90, 17 (10%) patients in the non-immunogenic staphylokinase group and 24 (14%) patients in the alteplase group had died (p=0·32). 22 (13%) patients in the non-immunogenic staphylokinase group had serious adverse events, compared with 37 (22%) patients in the alteplase group (p=0·044). INTERPRETATION Non-immunogenic staphylokinase was non-inferior to alteplase for patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Mortality, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. Future studies are needed to continue to assess the safety and efficacy of non-immunogenic staphylokinase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke within the 4·5 h time window, and to assess the drug in patients with acute ischaemic stroke outside this time window with reperfusion CT or magnetic resonance angiography followed by thrombectomy if necessary. FUNDING The Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene I Gusev
- Department of Neurology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Yu Martynov
- Department of Neurology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Nikonov
- Department of Neurology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Shamalov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michail P Semenov
- Medical Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene A Gerasimets
- Medical Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena B Yarovaya
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey M Semenov
- Medical Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; SuperGene, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey S Markin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; SuperGene, Moscow, Russia
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Hassanpour S, Kim HJ, Saadati A, Tebon P, Xue C, van den Dolder FW, Thakor J, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Baghbanzadeh A, de Barros NR, Hashemzaei M, Lee KJ, Lee J, Zhang S, Sun W, Cho HJ, Ahadian S, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Mokhtarzadeh A, Khademhosseini A. Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Controlled Release. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001647. [PMID: 32790000 PMCID: PMC7702193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a life-threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non-specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein-based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half-life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymer-based, and metal-based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Arezoo Saadati
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Floor W van den Dolder
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, CT, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Thakor
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, 9519633787, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, 9861618335, Iran
| | - Kang Ju Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Yasamanova AN, Nikonov AA, Markin SS, Semenov AM. Thrombolytic therapy of ischemic stroke. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:4-14. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181181224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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CD4 T cell antigens from Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain identified following immunization with heat-killed bacteria. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:477-89. [PMID: 22323557 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05642-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium associated with the skin and mucosal surfaces of humans and animals that can also cause chronic infection. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and strains causing chronic intramammary infections (IMI) in cows results in severe human and livestock infections. Conventional approaches to vaccine development have yielded only a few noneffective vaccines against MRSA or IMI strains, so there is a need for improved vaccine development. CD4 T lymphocytes are required for promoting gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mediated immunoglobulin isotype switching in B lymphocytes to produce high-affinity IgG antibodies and IFN-γ-mediated phagocyte activation for an effective resolution of bacterial infection. However, the lack of known CD4 T cell antigens from S. aureus has made it difficult to design effective vaccines. The goal of this study was to identify S. aureus proteins recognized by immune CD4 T cells. Using a reverse genetics approach, 43 antigens were selected from the S. aureus Newman strain. These included lipoproteins, proteases, transcription regulators, an alkaline shock protein, conserved-domain proteins, hemolysins, fibrinogen-binding protein, staphylokinase, exotoxin, enterotoxin, sortase, and protein A. Screening of expressed proteins for recall T cell responses in outbred, immune calves identified 13 proteins that share over 80% sequence identity among MRSA or IMI strains. These may be useful for inclusion in a broadly protective multiantigen vaccine against MRSA or IMI.
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Verhamme P, Goossens G, Maleux G, Collen D, Stas M. A dose-finding clinical trial of staphylokinase SY162 in patients with long-term venous access catheter thrombotic occlusion. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007; 24:1-5. [PMID: 17278000 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-006-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the safety and efficacy of several dosing regimens of catheter-directed staphylokinase (SY162) bolus administration for the treatment of long-term venous access catheter occlusion. METHODS This open-label, ascending dose study enrolled 24 subjects. Three doses of SY162 were evaluated in three cohorts (0.15 mg, 0.3 mg and 0.45 mg) with eight subjects each. Catheter function was evaluated 30 min after the first bolus administration. In case of incomplete catheter function restoration, a second bolus was administered with reassessment of catheter function 30 min thereafter. Cathetergram was repeated to assess thrombus resolution. RESULTS Complete restoration of catheter withdrawal function was observed in 2 (25%), 1 (13%) and 7 (88%) subjects after the first bolus in the first, second and third cohort respectively and in 4 (50%), 7 (88%) and 7 (88%) patients after the second administration of SY162. There were no bleeding complications nor other adverse events related to SY162. CONCLUSIONS The doses tested in this trial were well tolerated and safe. A dose-response effect within the dose range tested was observed. A 2 ml bolus injection of 0.45 mg SY162 resulted in optimal efficacy after 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verhamme
- Center of Molecular and Vascular Biology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Mayer A, Sharma SK, Tolner B, Minton NP, Purdy D, Amlot P, Tharakan G, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Modifying an immunogenic epitope on a therapeutic protein: a step towards an improved system for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2402-10. [PMID: 15162148 PMCID: PMC2409521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase G2 (CP) is a bacterial enzyme, which is targeted to tumours by an antitumour antibody for local prodrug activation in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Repeated cycles of ADEPT are desirable but are hampered by human antibody response to CP (HACA). To address this, we aimed to identify and modify clinically important immunogenic sites on MFECP, a recombinant fusion protein of CP with MFE-23, a single chain Fv (scFv) antibody. A discontinuous conformational epitope at the C-terminus of the CP previously identified by the CM79 scFv antibody (CM79-identified epitope) was chosen for study. Modification of MFECP was achieved by mutations of the CM79-identified epitope or by addition of a hexahistidine tag (His-tag) to the C-terminus of MFECP, which forms part of the epitope. Murine immunisation experiments with modified MFECP showed no significant antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope compared to A5CP, an unmodified version of CP chemically conjugated to an F(ab)(2) antibody. Success of modification was also demonstrated in humans because patients treated with His-tagged MFECP had a significantly reduced antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope, compared to patients given A5CP. Moreover, the polyclonal antibody response to CP was delayed in both mice and patients given modified MFECP. This increases the prospect of repeated treatment with ADEPT for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Thrombolysis in the Management of Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Occlusion—A Consensus Document. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14:S337-49. [PMID: 14514841 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop an intercontinental consensus on the use of thrombolytic therapy in occlusive peripheral arterial disease affecting lower limbs. A working party of self-designated angiologists, hematologists, interventional radiologists, and vascular surgeons of Europe and North America convened at 4 closed meetings. All published data known to any of the participants was entered into discussion. The working party discussed the topics outlined in this paper and a first draft was prepared in segments by members of the working party, discussed, and further revised into an interim report. It was then circulated to a number of Societies for their input. A final meeting of the Working Party together with delegates of the Societies collaborated on the definitive version of the text. The Party appreciates that in many areas the scientific evidence is not yet available. Nevertheless, it was felt that enough practical and scientific data were available to establish recommendations for clinical practice as well as for reporting results of thrombolytic therapy, which could be updated as later evidence became available. The guidelines apply only to drugs currently available for clinical use. The data are also considered to be sufficiently cogent that regulatory agencies should move to approve thrombolytic agents for intra-arterial therapy of acute lower extremity ischemia.
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Lian Q, Szarka SJ, Ng KKS, Wong SL. Engineering of a staphylokinase-based fibrinolytic agent with antithrombotic activity and targeting capability toward thrombin-rich fibrin and plasma clots. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26677-86. [PMID: 12736246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303241200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinically approved thrombolytic agents have significant drawbacks including reocclusion and bleeding complications. To address these problems, a staphylokinase-based thrombolytic agent equipped with antithrombotic activity from hirudin was engineered. Because the N termini for both staphylokinase and hirudin are required for their activities, a Y-shaped molecule is generated using engineered coiled-coil sequences as the heterodimerization domain. This agent, designated HE-SAKK, was produced and assembled from Bacillus subtilis via secretion using an optimized co-cultivation approach. After a simple in vitro treatment to reshuffle the disulfide bonds of hirudin, both staphylokinase and hirudin in HE-SAKK showed biological activities comparable with their parent molecules. This agent was capable of targeting thrombin-rich fibrin clots and inhibiting clot-bound thrombin activity. The time required for lysing 50% of fibrin clot in the absence or presence of fibrinogen was shortened 21 and 30%, respectively, with HE-SAKK in comparison with staphylokinase. In plasma clot studies, the HE-SAKK concentration required to achieve a comparable 50% clot lysis time was at least 12 times less than that of staphylokinase. Therefore, HE-SAKK is a promising thrombolytic agent with the capability to target thrombin-rich fibrin clots and to minimize clot reformation during fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lian
- Division of Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Johnson C, Royal M, Moreadith R, Bedu-Addo F, Advant S, Wan M, Conn G. Monitoring manufacturing process yields, purity and stability of structural variants of PEGylated staphylokinase mutant SY161 by quantitative reverse-phase chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:335-44. [PMID: 12884399 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase variant SY161 is a recombinant mutant of the Staphylococcus aureus polypeptide staphylokinase (Sak), and is currently in human clinical trials as a thrombolytic agent. The 15 kDa single chain SY161 protein is expressed as a soluble cytoplasmic product in E. coli with a single cysteine inserted near the N-terminus. The protein as extracted from E. coli is a mixture of both monomeric and intermolecularly disulfide crosslinked species. To improve protein purification yields SY161 is sulfitolyzed during the early stages of production, preventing disulfide formation. The protein is later modified during manufacturing to incorporate a single 5 kDa polyethylene glycol group on the single sulfhydryl sidechain. We have developed and qualified a reverse-phase chromatographic method to quantitate SY161 during product manufacturing. We discuss the use of the assay during manufacturing development to monitor fermentation yields, the SY161 PEGylation reaction, and as an in-process manufacturing control assay. The assay has been applied as a product purity and identity release assay and is suitable for use in assessing product structural integrity during stability testing. The assay has a linear range of quantitation for SY161 from at least 0.15 to 16 micro g, and is-in addition capable of detecting and quantitating protein de-PEGylation events and host cell-derived protein contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Diosynth-RTP, 3000 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC 27513, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- F Harding
- Genencor International, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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14
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Wirsching F, Luge C, Schwienhorst A. Modular design of a novel chimeric protein with combined thrombin inhibitory activity and plasminogen-activating potential. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 75:250-9. [PMID: 11914037 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to design plasminogen activators with improved thrombolytic properties we sought to construct the bifunctional protein HLS-2 which combines both a plasminogen-activating and an anticoagulative activity. The chimeric protein comprises four elements: a derivative of thrombin inhibitor hirudin, a 6-amino acid spacer, the sequence of plasminogen-activator staphylokinase (Sak), and a 13-amino acid expression tag at the C-terminus. The gene of the fusion protein was obtained by SOE-PCR, cloned into pCANTAB5E, and expressed in E. coli BL21. HLS-2 was purified from periplasmatic extracts and characterized by Western blotting. Plasminogen-activation of HLS-2 and of Sak in equimolar mixtures with plasminogen showed near equivalence as measured by plasmin-mediated cleavage of chromogenic substrate S-2403. For catalytic amounts of plasminogen-activator, however, HLS-2 was less effective by a factor of 1.7. HLS-2 also inhibited both the amidolytic and the fibrinolytic activities of thrombin. Similar concentrations of either commercial HV1 (42 pmol/L) or HLS-2 (250 pmol/L) were required to halve the initial rate of thrombin reaction with fluorogenic substrate Tos-Gly-Pro-Arg-AMC, suggesting the retention of high-affinity inhibition of thrombin by the fusion protein sufficiently strong to substitute anticoagulative comedication during fibrinolytic treatment. The results provide a rationale for further testing the efficacy of HLS-2 for the lysis of platelet-rich arterial blood clots and for the prevention of reocclusion after thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wirsching
- Abteilung fuer Molekulare Genetik und Praeparative Molekularbiologie, Institut fuer Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Warmerdam PAM, Vanderlick K, Vandervoort P, De Smedt H, Plaisance S, De Maeyer M, Collen D. Staphylokinase-specific cell-mediated immunity in humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:155-61. [PMID: 11751958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase is a highly fibrin-specific clot-dissolving agent that constitutes a promising drug for clinical development. It is of bacterial origin, and the majority of patients develop neutralizing Ab after its administration. Several antigenic regions, recognized by these Ab, have been identified, but the underlying immunogenic features of staphylokinase remain unknown. In this study, we show that staphylokinase is a T cell-dependent Ag, and that an immunological memory may be acquired, even without administration of staphylokinase. Thrombolysis with staphylokinase provokes the proliferation of staphylokinase-specific T lymphocytes, which remain elevated over 10 mo posttreatment. Interestingly, analysis of a large number of staphylokinase-specific T cell clones isolated from 10 unrelated donors revealed only six distinct immunogenic regions in the molecule. Moreover, five of the six regions are recognized by T lymphocytes from several individuals, indicating that these regions are not restricted to a single HLA-DR allele. Therefore, these new insights can guide the design of variants with a lower immunogenic profile in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra A M Warmerdam
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Chen Y, Song G, Jiang F, Feng L, Zhang X, Ding Y, Bartlam M, Yang A, Ma X, Ye S, Liu Y, Tang H, Song H, Rao Z. Crystal structure of a staphylokinase: variant a model for reduced antigenicity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:705-11. [PMID: 11856331 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK) is a 15.5-kDa protein from Staphylococcus aureus that activates plasminogen by forming a 1 : 1 complex with plasmin. Recombinant SAK has been shown in clinical trials to induce fibrin-specific clot lysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, SAK elicits high titers of neutralizing antibodies. Biochemical and protein engineering studies have demonstrated the feasibility of generating SAK variants with reduced antigenicity yet intact thrombolytic potency. Here, we present X-ray crystallographic evidence that the SAK(S41G) mutant may assume a dimeric structure. This dimer model, at 2.3-A resolution, could explain a major antigenic epitope (residues A72-F76 and residues K135-K136) located in the vicinity of the dimer interface as identified by phage-display. These results suggest that SAK antigenicity may be reduced by eliminating dimer formation. We propose several potential mutation sites at the dimer interface that may further reduce the antigenicity of SAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Sobel BE. Fibrin specificity of plasminogen activators, rebound generation of thrombin, and their therapeutic implications. Coron Artery Dis 2001; 12:323-32. [PMID: 11428542 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200106000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimal induction of coronary thrombolysis depends in part upon the nature of the specific plasminogen activator used. The two general classes of plasminogen activators available clinically differ in a fundamental respect delineated by the term, clot selectivity. Clot selective agents are less prone to induce plasminemia and consequent occult activation of the coagulation cascade than are non-selective agents. However, under clinical conditions, all plasminogen activators result in some activation of the cascade with consequent generation of thrombin. Accordingly, optimal therapy requires the use of conjunctive anticoagulation to preclude the deleterious effects of rebound generation of thrombin, which has been well documented biochemically. The potential value of antiplatelet agents that can attenuate the positive feedback loop between activation of platelets and markedly amplified generation of thrombin in the setting of coronary thrombolysis is under active exploration. With appropriate monitoring of the efficacy of such agents in vivo it should be possible to enhance even further the benefits that can be conferred by pharmacologically induced coronary thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, USA
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18
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Abstract
Although current thrombolytic agents have proven their clinical benefit, the failure to rapidly reperfuse some patients and the persistent bleeding risk represent areas for improvement in therapy. In the past two years, the field has been advanced by the regulatory approval of agents with greater ease of administration, continued development of new agents and exploration of the use of more advanced antiplatelet therapies in combination with thrombolytic agents. Finally, a new class of directly acting fibrinolytic agents is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Toombs
- Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Meyer DL, Schultz J, Lin Y, Henry A, Sanderson J, Jackson JM, Goshorn S, Rees AR, Graves SS. Reduced antibody response to streptavidin through site-directed mutagenesis. Protein Sci 2001; 10:491-503. [PMID: 11344318 PMCID: PMC2374127 DOI: 10.1110/ps.19901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2000] [Revised: 11/27/2000] [Accepted: 11/28/2000] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptavidin provides an effective receptor for biotinylated tumoricidal molecules, including radionuclides, when conjugated to an antitumor antibody and administered systemically. Ideally, one would like to administer this bacterial protein to patients repeatedly, so as to maximize the antitumor effect without eliciting an immune response. Therefore, we attempted to reduce the antigenicity of streptavidin by mutating surface residues capable of forming high energy ionic or hydrophobic interactions. A crystallographic image of streptavidin was examined to identify residues with solvent-exposed side chains and residues critical to streptavidin's structure or function, and to define loops. Mutations were incorporated cumulatively into the protein sequence. Mutants were screened for tetramer formation, biotin dissociation, and reduced immunoreactivity with pooled patient sera. Patient antisera recognized one minor continuous epitope with binding locus at residue E101 and one major discontinuous epitope involving amino acid residues E51 and Y83. Mutation of residues E51, Y83, R53, and E116 reduced reactivity with patient sera to <10% that of streptavidin, but these mutations were no less antigenic in rabbits. Mutant 37, with 10 amino acid substitutions, was only 20% as antigenic as streptavidin. Rabbits immunized with either streptavidin or mutant 37 failed to recognize the alternative antigen. Biotin dissociated from mutant 37 four to five times faster than from streptavidin. Residues were identified with previously undescribed impact on biotin binding and protein folding. Thus, substitution of charged, aromatic, or large hydrophobic residues on the surface of streptavidin with smaller neutral residues reduced the molecule's ability to elicit an immune response in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Meyer
- NeoRx Corporation, 410 West Harrison St., Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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20
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New Thrombolytic Drugs. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(01)70021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Site directed mutagenesis (350 variants) of recombinant staphylokinase (SakSTAR), a potent fibrin-selective thrombolytic agent, was undertaken in order to reduce its antigenicity while maintaining its potency. Variants with K35A, (ie, Lys[K] in position 35 substituted with Ala[A]), E65D or E65Q, K74R or K74Q, E80A+D82A, K130T, and K135R displayed increased enzymatic activity or reduced binding of human staphylokinase-specific antibodies. Additive mutagenesis identified 8 variants with intact thrombolytic potencies, which absorbed down to less than a third of SakSTAR-specific antibodies. Intra-arterial administration in 61 patients with peripheral arterial occlusion caused no significant allergic reactions. Median neutralizing antibody titers (with 15 to 85 percentiles), expressed as microgram (μg) compound neutralized per milliliter plasma, were 4.4 (0.3 to 49) for the variants, compared with 12 (4 to 100) in 70 patients given wild-type SakSTAR (P = .002 by Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Overt neutralizing antibody induction (more than 5 μg compound neutralized per milliliter plasma) was observed in 57 of 70 patients (81%) given wild-type SakSTAR, but only in 28 of 60 patients (47%) treated with variants (P < .0001 by Fisher exact test). On the basis of this study, the variant SakSTAR (K35A, E65Q, K74R, D82A, S84A, T90A, E99D, T101S, E108A, K109A, K130T, K135R) (code SY155) has been selected for further clinical development.
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22
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Recombinant staphylokinase variants with reduced antigenicity due to elimination of B-lymphocyte epitopes. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Site directed mutagenesis (350 variants) of recombinant staphylokinase (SakSTAR), a potent fibrin-selective thrombolytic agent, was undertaken in order to reduce its antigenicity while maintaining its potency. Variants with K35A, (ie, Lys[K] in position 35 substituted with Ala[A]), E65D or E65Q, K74R or K74Q, E80A+D82A, K130T, and K135R displayed increased enzymatic activity or reduced binding of human staphylokinase-specific antibodies. Additive mutagenesis identified 8 variants with intact thrombolytic potencies, which absorbed down to less than a third of SakSTAR-specific antibodies. Intra-arterial administration in 61 patients with peripheral arterial occlusion caused no significant allergic reactions. Median neutralizing antibody titers (with 15 to 85 percentiles), expressed as microgram (μg) compound neutralized per milliliter plasma, were 4.4 (0.3 to 49) for the variants, compared with 12 (4 to 100) in 70 patients given wild-type SakSTAR (P = .002 by Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Overt neutralizing antibody induction (more than 5 μg compound neutralized per milliliter plasma) was observed in 57 of 70 patients (81%) given wild-type SakSTAR, but only in 28 of 60 patients (47%) treated with variants (P < .0001 by Fisher exact test). On the basis of this study, the variant SakSTAR (K35A, E65Q, K74R, D82A, S84A, T90A, E99D, T101S, E108A, K109A, K130T, K135R) (code SY155) has been selected for further clinical development.
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23
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Pharmacokinetic and thrombolytic properties of cysteine-linked polyethylene glycol derivatives of staphylokinase. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.3.936.003k20_936_942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant staphylokinase (SakSTAR) variants obtained by site-directed substitution with cysteine, in the core (lysine 96 [Lys96], Lys102, Lys109, and/or Lys135) or the NH2-terminal region that is released during activation of SakSTAR (serine 2 [Ser2] and/or Ser3), were derivatized with thiol-specific (ortho-pyridyl-disulfide or maleimide) polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules with molecular weights of 5000 (P5), 10 000 (P10), or 20 000 (P20). The specific activities and thrombolytic potencies in human plasma were unaltered for most variants derivatized with PEG (PEGylates), but maleimide PEG derivatives had a better temperature stability profile. In hamsters, SakSTAR was cleared at 2.2 mL/min; variants with 1 P5 molecule were cleared 2-to 5-fold; variants with 2 P5 or 1 P10 molecules were cleared 10-to 30-fold; and variants with 1 P20 molecule were cleared 35-fold slower. A bolus injection induced dose-related lysis of a plasma clot, fibrin labeled with 125 iodine (125I-fibrin plasma clot), and injected into the jugular vein. A 50% clot lysis at 90 minutes required 110 μg/kg SakSTAR; 50 to 110 μg/kg of core-substitution derivatives with 1 P5; 25 μg/kg for NH2-terminal derivatives with 1 P5; 5 to 25 μg/kg with derivatives with 2 P5 or 1 P10; and 7 μg/kg with P20 derivatives. Core substitution with 1 or 2 P5 molecules did not significantly reduce the immunogenicity of SakSTAR in rabbits. Derivatization of staphylokinase with a single PEG molecule allows controllable reduction of the clearance while maintaining thrombolytic potency at a reduced dose. This indicates that mono-PEGylated staphylokinase variants may be used for single intravenous bolus injection.
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Abstract
Rapid restoration of patency of the infarct-related artery is the key to preserving myocardium and improving survival. This understanding has led to the application of genetic engineering to develop new plasminogen activators with specific clinical features. These novel activators may provide faster and more complete reperfusion in a greater number of patients, and do so with less risk of bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage. This article reviews the pharmacologic profiles and clinical performance of several novel plasminogen activators engineered from the human tissue plasminogen activator molecule or developed from animal and bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ross
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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TIMMIS GERALDC, TIMMIS STEVENB. The Restoration of Coronary Blood Flow in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Interv Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.1998.tb00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chattopadhyay D, Stewart JE, DeLucas LJ. Large-scale preparation of the delta10 form of staphylokinase by in vitro processing of recombinant staphylokinase with purified human plasminogen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 69:147-56. [PMID: 9554081 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The authors have developed a rapid and convenient method for purification of a low molecular weight form (delta 10) of the bacterial plasminogen activator, staphylokinase. Recombinant staphylokinase is expressed in Escherichia coli, with an amino terminal extension that facilitated purification by immobilized metal-affinity chromatography. Purified staphylokinase is treated with human plasminogen, and the resulting truncated form is purified using a combination of immobilized metal affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Purified protein is characterized by amino terminal sequencing and in vitro plasminogen activation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chattopadhyay
- Center for Macromolecular Crystallography, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0005, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- D Collen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Thrombolysis in the Management of Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Occlusion—A Consensus Document fn1fn1This study was supported in part by Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois; Behringweike AG, Marburg, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim UK, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Boehringer Mannheim AG, Mannheim, Germany; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Knoll AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany. This study was endorsed by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Brussels, Belgium; the European Society for Vascular Surgery, Milan, Italy; the Internal Society for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; the International Union of Angiology, Lisbon, Portugal; and the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Fairfax, Virginia.aaDisclaimer: This Consensus Document deals with the use of thrombolytic therapy in the management of lower limb ischemia. Much of the discussion centers on published data. However, it is recognized that in clinical practice each case must be considered on its own merits, and that there may be good clinical reasons for adopting a different approach from those included in these guidelines. Participating societies and individuals wish to emphasize that the comments and recommendations in this Document should be taken as a whole and do not necessarily represent the only correct approach to the treatment of individual patients. Am J Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vanderschueren S, Dens J, Kerdsinchai P, Desmet W, Vrolix M, De Man F, Van den Heuvel P, Hermans L, Collen D, Van de Werf F. Randomized coronary patency trial of double-bolus recombinant staphylokinase versus front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1997; 134:213-9. [PMID: 9313600 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(97)70127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One hundred two patients with evolving myocardial infarction of 6 hours' duration were given aspirin and intravenous heparin and randomly allocated to intravenous front-loaded, weight-adjusted rTPA administration over a 90-minute period (52 patients) or to two 15 mg doses of recombinant staphylokinase, 30 minutes apart (50 patients). Thrombolysis in Myocardial infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 3 at 90 minutes was achieved in 68% (95% confidence interval, 55% to 81%) of patients treated with staphylokinase versus 57% (95% confidence interval, 43% to 72%) of patients treated with rTPA (p = not significant). Double-bolus staphylokinase was significantly more fibrin-specific than accelerated rTPA with residual fibrinogen at 90 minutes of 105% +/- 4.1% and 68% +/- 7.5%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Thirteen patients in each study group underwent angioplasty of the culprit coronary artery within the first 24 hours because of suboptimal recanalization (TIMI < 3). In the patients without prior coronary intervention, TIMI 3 at 24 hours was 100% after staphylokinase administration (n = 35) versus 79% after rTPA (n = 34) (p = 0.005). The distribution of inhospital events did not significantly differ between both groups. One patient receiving rTPA died in the hospital from ischemic stroke. Staphylokinase administration did not induce allergic reactions, but significant staphylokinase-neutralizing activity (> 5 micrograms/ml) and specific anti-staphylokinase IgG developed in 73% of patients after 2 weeks. Thus two 15 mg doses of staphylokinase induce early, complete, and sustained coronary artery patency at least as frequently as accelerated rTPA without associated fibrinogen degradation but with subsequent induction of circulating neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vanderschueren
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Lauven, Belgium
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