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Padín JF, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Redondo-Calvo FJ. Aprotinin (I): Understanding the Role of Host Proteases in COVID-19 and the Importance of Pharmacologically Regulating Their Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7553. [PMID: 39062796 PMCID: PMC11277036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are produced and released in the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract and have important physiological functions, for example, maintaining airway humidification to allow proper gas exchange. The infectious mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), takes advantage of host proteases in two ways: to change the spatial conformation of the spike (S) protein via endoproteolysis (e.g., transmembrane serine protease type 2 (TMPRSS2)) and as a target to anchor to epithelial cells (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)). This infectious process leads to an imbalance in the mucosa between the release and action of proteases versus regulation by anti-proteases, which contributes to the exacerbation of the inflammatory and prothrombotic response in COVID-19. In this article, we describe the most important proteases that are affected in COVID-19, and how their overactivation affects the three main physiological systems in which they participate: the complement system and the kinin-kallikrein system (KKS), which both form part of the contact system of innate immunity, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We aim to elucidate the pathophysiological bases of COVID-19 in the context of the imbalance between the action of proteases and anti-proteases to understand the mechanism of aprotinin action (a panprotease inhibitor). In a second-part review, titled "Aprotinin (II): Inhalational Administration for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Other Viral Conditions", we explain in depth the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and use of aprotinin as an antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Padín
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Ortiz
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University General Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital and Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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2
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Suhail H, Peng H, Xu J, Sabbah HN, Matrougui K, Liao TD, Ortiz PA, Bernstein KE, Rhaleb NE. Knockout of ACE-N facilitates improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2023; 3:100024. [PMID: 36778784 PMCID: PMC9910327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmccpl.2022.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) hydrolyzes N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) into inactive fragments through its N-terminal site (ACE-N). We previously showed that Ac-SDKP mediates ACE inhibitors' cardiac effects. Whether increased bioavailability of endogenous Ac-SDKP caused by knocking out ACE-N also improves cardiac function in myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure (HF) is unknown. Wild-type (WT) and ACE-N knockout (ACE-NKO) mice were subjected to MI by ligating the left anterior descending artery and treated with vehicle or Ac-SDKP (1.6 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 5 weeks, after which echocardiography was performed and left ventricles (LV) were harvested for histology and molecular biology studies. ACE-NKO mice showed increased plasma Ac-SDKP concentrations in both sham and MI group compared to WT. Exogenous Ac-SDKP further increased its circulating concentrations in WT and ACE-NKO. Shortening (SF) and ejection (EF) fractions were significantly decreased in both WT and ACE-NKO mice post-MI, but ACE-NKO mice exhibited significantly lesser decrease. Exogenous Ac-SDKP ameliorated cardiac function post-MI only in WT but failed to show any additive improvement in ACE-NKO mice. Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA2), a marker of cardiac function and calcium homeostasis, was significantly decreased in WT post-MI but rescued with Ac-SDKP, whereas ACE-NKO mice displayed less loss of SERCA2 expression. Our study demonstrates that gene deletion of ACE-N resulted in improved LV cardiac function in mice post-MI, which is likely mediated by increased circulating Ac-SDKP and minimally reduced expression of SERCA2. Thus, future development of specific and selective inhibitors for ACE-N could represent a novel approach to increase endogenous Ac-SDKP toward protecting the heart from post-MI remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Suhail
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hani N. Sabbah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiology Sciences, Eastern Virginia
Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Pablo A. Ortiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit,
MI 48201, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular
Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit,
MI 48201, USA
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3
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Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C. The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13282. [PMID: 36362069 PMCID: PMC9655242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme that hydrolyzes Tβ4 to produce its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) which is found to play a role in the regulation of fibrosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis widely exists in various tissues and organs including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung, and participates in the process of fibrogenesis. Herein, we aim to elucidate the role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis in hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Based on this, we attempted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the regulation of tissue damage repair and anti-fibrosis therapy. The Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis exerts protective effects against organ fibrosis. It is promising that appropriate dosing regimens that rely on this axis could serve as a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating organ fibrosis in the early and late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenning Jia
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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4
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Chen X, Jia F, Huang Y, Jin Q, Ji J. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Targeted Delivery of Captopril to Overcome Penetration Obstacles for Enhanced Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3544-3553. [PMID: 35786827 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most stroma-abundant solid cancers. Its desmoplastic nature restricts the penetration of drugs in tumor tissues and is considered as a major challenge for efficient chemotherapy. In the present study, we repurposed the use of captopril to deplete the overexpressed extracellular matrix (ECM) in stroma of pancreatic tumor. Precise delivery of captopril to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was achieved using CAFs targeting peptide modified liposomes. The targeted delivery of captopril significantly downregulated the deposition of ECM by blocking the TGF-β1-Smad2 related signaling pathway, which improved the penetration of subsequently administrated liposome-encapsulated chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine. It proved as a promising solution to break the aforementioned stromal barrier in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Fan Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Yue Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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Li J, Liu H, Srivastava SP, Hu Q, Gao R, Li S, Kitada M, Wu G, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Endothelial FGFR1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1) Deficiency Contributes Differential Fibrogenic Effects in Kidney and Heart of Diabetic Mice. Hypertension 2020; 76:1935-1944. [PMID: 33131311 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been shown to contribute to organ fibrogenesis. We have reported that N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl- lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) restored levels of diabetes mellitus-suppressed FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1), the endothelial receptor essential for combating EndMT. However, the molecular regulation and biological/pathological significance of the AcSDKP-FGFR1 relationship has not been elucidated yet. Here, we demonstrated that endothelial FGFR1 deficiency led to AcSDKP-resistant EndMT and severe fibrosis associated with EndMT-stimulated fibrogenic programming in neighboring cells. Diabetes mellitus induced severe kidney fibrosis in endothelial FGFR1-deficient mice (FGFR1fl/fl; VE-cadherin-Cre: FGFR1EKO) but not in control mice (FGFR1fl/fl); AcSDKP completely or partially suppressed kidney fibrosis in control or FGFR1EKO mice. Severe fibrosis was also induced in hearts of diabetic FGFR1EKO mice; however, AcSDKP had no effect on heart fibrosis in FGFR1EKO mice. AcSDKP also had no effect on EndMT in either kidney or heart but partially suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in kidneys of diabetic FGFR1EKO mice. The medium from FGFR1-deficient endothelial cells stimulated TGFβ (transforming growth factor β)/Smad-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cultured human proximal tubule epithelial cell line, AcSDKP inhibited such epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These data demonstrated that endothelial FGFR1 is essential as an antifibrotic core molecule as the target of AcSDKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Li
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, PR China (J.L., G.W.)
| | - Haijie Liu
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (S.P.S.).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT (S.P.S.)
| | - Qiongying Hu
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rongfen Gao
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shaolan Li
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, PR China (J.L., G.W.)
| | - Daisuke Koya
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- From the Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology (J.L., H.L., S.P.S., Q.H., R.G., S., M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (M.K., D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Japan (K.K.)
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6
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Hamid S, Rhaleb IA, Kassem KM, Rhaleb NE. Role of Kinins in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E347. [PMID: 33126450 PMCID: PMC7692223 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is proposed to act as a counter regulatory system against the vasopressor hormonal systems such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), aldosterone, and catecholamines. Evidence exists that supports the idea that the KKS is not only critical to blood pressure but may also oppose target organ damage. Kinins are generated from kininogens by tissue and plasma kallikreins. The putative role of kinins in the pathogenesis of hypertension is discussed based on human mutation cases on the KKS or rats with spontaneous mutation in the kininogen gene sequence and mouse models in which the gene expressing only one of the components of the KKS has been deleted or over-expressed. Some of the effects of kinins are mediated via activation of the B2 and/or B1 receptor and downstream signaling such as eicosanoids, nitric oxide (NO), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and/or tissue plasminogen activator (T-PA). The role of kinins in blood pressure regulation at normal or under hypertension conditions remains debatable due to contradictory reports from various laboratories. Nevertheless, published reports are consistent on the protective and mediating roles of kinins against ischemia and cardiac preconditioning; reports also demonstrate the roles of kinins in the cardiovascular protective effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Hamid
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.H.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Imane A. Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.H.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Kamal M. Kassem
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.H.); (I.A.R.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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7
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Alfaro S, Navarro-Retamal C, Caballero J. Transforming Non-Selective Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in C- and N-domain Selective Inhibitors by Using Computational Tools. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1436-1446. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666191224113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two-domain dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (EC
3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important physiological role in blood pressure regulation via the reninangiotensin
and kallikrein-kinin systems by converting angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin
II, and by cleaving a number of other substrates including the vasodilator bradykinin and the
anti-inflammatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP. Therefore, the design of ACE inhibitors is within the priorities
of modern medical sciences for treating hypertension, heart failures, myocardial infarction, and
other related diseases. Despite the success of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension and
congestive heart failure, they have some adverse effects, which could be attenuated by selective domain
inhibition. Crystal structures of both ACE domains (nACE and cACE) reported over the last decades
could facilitate the rational drug design of selective inhibitors. In this review, we refer to the history
of the discovery of ACE inhibitors, which has been strongly related to the development of molecular
modeling methods. We stated that the design of novel selective ACE inhibitors is a challenge
for current researchers which requires a thorough understanding of the structure of both ACE domains
and the help of molecular modeling methodologies. Finally, we performed a theoretical design of potential
selective derivatives of trandolaprilat, a drug approved to treat critical conditions of hypertension,
to illustrate how to use molecular modeling methods such as de novo design, docking, Molecular
Dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy calculations for creating novel potential drugs with specific
interactions inside nACE and cACE binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alfaro
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
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Shi Y, Zhou M, Yan J, Gong Z, Wu J, Chen Y, Chen Y. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline Mitigates Experimental Colitis Through Inhibition of Intestinal Mucosal Inflammatory Responses via MEK-ERK Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32435194 PMCID: PMC7218092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an endogenous immunomodulatory peptide that is generated from thymosin β4 (Tβ4) through stepwise hydrolysis, involving meprin-α and prolyl endopeptidase (PREP). It is well acknowledged that AcSDKP exerts beneficial effects on multiple cardiovascular and renal diseases. However, the functional role of AcSDKP in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to assess the content of AcSDKP in patients with IBD and investigate the impact of AcSDKP on intestinal inflammation in IBD. We found that in the inflamed mucosal specimens of patients with ulcerative colitis, the expression levels of Tβ4 and meprin-α were decreased, while PREP was expressed at similar levels to non-inflamed mucosa. In vitro, AcSDKP inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors in intestinal epithelial cells partially by reducing the activation of MEK-ERK signaling. In vivo studies showed that transgenic mice, with lower levels of AcSDKP, were more vulnerable to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and exhibited more severe intestinal inflammatory responses. On the other hand, exogenous AcSDKP infusion significantly attenuated the clinical symptoms and intestinal mucosal inflammation in DSS-induced mice. In conclusion, results from this study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory function of AcSDKP within the intestine and suggest that AcSDKP has a promising therapeutic potential for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxia Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhen Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Peng H, Xu J, Yang XP, Kassem KM, Rhaleb IA, Peterson E, Rhaleb NE. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline treatment protects heart against excessive myocardial injury and heart failure in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:753-765. [PMID: 30998852 PMCID: PMC6824427 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) in mice results in cardiac rupture at 4-7 days after MI, whereas cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction occur later. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties. We hypothesized that Ac-SDKP reduces cardiac rupture and adverse cardiac remodeling, and improves function by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting detrimental reactive fibrosis and inflammation after MI. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to MI and treated with Ac-SDKP (1.6 mg/kg per day) for 1 or 5 weeks. We analyzed (1) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression; (2) inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis; (3) gelatinolytic activity; (4) incidence of cardiac rupture; (5) p53, the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homology protein (CHOP), and cardiomyocyte apoptosis; (6) sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) expression; (7) interstitial collagen fraction and capillary density; and (8) cardiac remodeling and function. Acutely, Ac-SDKP reduced cardiac rupture, decreased ICAM-1 expression and the number of infiltrating macrophages, decreased gelatinolytic activity, p53 expression, and myocyte apoptosis, but increased capillary density in the infarction border. Chronically, Ac-SDKP improved cardiac structures and function, reduced CHOP expression and interstitial collagen fraction, and preserved myocardium SERCA2 expression. Thus, Ac-SDKP decreased cardiac rupture, ameliorated adverse cardiac remodeling, and improved cardiac function after MI, likely through preserved SERCA2 expression and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jiang Xu
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Kamal M Kassem
- b Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Imane A Rhaleb
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ed Peterson
- c Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- d Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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10
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Prehypertension exercise training attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy accompanied by temporal changes in the levels of angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7). Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1745-1756. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Kassem KM, Vaid S, Peng H, Sarkar S, Rhaleb NE. Tβ4-Ac-SDKP pathway: Any relevance for the cardiovascular system? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:589-599. [PMID: 30854877 PMCID: PMC6824425 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last 20 years witnessed the emergence of the thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) pathway as a new source of future therapeutic tools to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this review article, we attempted to shed light on the numerous experimental findings pertaining to the many promising cardiovascular therapeutic avenues for Tβ4 and (or) its N-terminal derivative, Ac-SDKP. Specifically, Ac-SDKP is endogenously produced from the 43-amino acid Tβ4 by 2 successive enzymes, meprin α and prolyl oligopeptidase. We also discussed the possible mechanisms involved in the Tβ4-Ac-SDKP-associated cardiovascular biological effects. In infarcted myocardium, Tβ4 and Ac-SDKP facilitate cardiac repair after infarction by promoting endothelial cell migration and myocyte survival. Additionally, Tβ4 and Ac-SDKP have antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties in the arteries, heart, lungs, and kidneys, and stimulate both in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis. The effects of Tβ4 can be mediated directly through a putative receptor (Ku80) or via its enzymatically released N-terminal derivative Ac-SDKP. Despite the localization and characterization of Ac-SDKP binding sites in myocardium, more studies are needed to fully identify and clone Ac-SDKP receptors. It remains promising that Ac-SDKP or its degradation-resistant analogs could serve as new therapeutic tools to treat cardiac, vascular, and renal injury and dysfunction to be used alone or in combination with the already established pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Kassem
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- b Internal Medicine Department, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Sonal Vaid
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- c Internal Medicine Department, St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - Hongmei Peng
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Sarkar
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- a Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- d Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Hwang JY, Kan WC, Liu YB, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Yang YL, Huang JS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors attenuated advanced glycation end products-induced renal tubular hypertrophy via enhancing nitric oxide signaling. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17473-17481. [PMID: 30825199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and angiotensin II were closely correlated with the progression of diabetic nephopathy (DN). Nitric oxide (NO) is a protective mediator of renal tubular hypertrophy in DN. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and NO signaling responsible for diminishing AGE-induced renal tubular hypertrophy. In human renal proximal tubular cells, AGE decreased NO production, inducible NOS activity, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activation. All theses effects of AGE were reversed by treatment with ACEIs (captopril and enalapril), the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and the PKG activator 8-para-chlorophenylthio-cGMPs (8-pCPT-cGMPs). In addition, AGE-enhanced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were clearly reduced by captopril, enalapril, SNAP, and 8-pCPT-cGMPs. The abilities of ACEIs and NO/PKG activation to inhibit AGE-induced hypertrophic growth were verified by the observation that captopril, enalapril, SNAP, and 8-pCPT-cGMPs decreased protein levels of fibronectin, p21 Waf1/Cip1 , and receptor for AGE. The results of the present study suggest that ACEIs significantly reduced AGE-increased ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK activation and renal tubular hypertrophy partly through enhancement of the NO/PKG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yu Hwang
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chih Kan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Bin Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lea-Yea Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jinn-Yuh Guh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lin Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jau-Shyang Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Romero CA, Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Worou ME, Liao TD, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Renal release of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline is part of an antifibrotic peptidergic system in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F195-F203. [PMID: 30403163 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is released from thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) by the meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) enzymes and is hydrolyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ac-SDKP is present in urine; however, it is not clear whether de novo tubular release occurs or if glomerular filtration is the main source. We hypothesized that Ac-SDKP is released into the lumen of the nephrons and that it exerts an antifibrotic effect. We determined the presence of Tβ4, meprin-α, and POP in the kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats. The stop-flow technique was used to evaluate Ac-SDKP formation in different nephron segments. Finally, we decreased Ac-SDKP formation by inhibiting the POP enzyme and evaluated the long-term effect in renal fibrosis. The Tβ4 precursor and the releasing enzymes meprin-α and POP were expressed in the kidneys. POP enzyme activity was almost double that in the renal medulla compared with the renal cortex. With the use of the stop-flow technique, we detected the highest Ac-SDKP concentrations in the distal nephron. The infusion of a POP inhibitor into the kidney decreased the amount of Ac-SDKP in distal nephron segments and in the proximal nephron to a minor extent. An ACE inhibitor increased the Ac-SDKP content in all nephron segments, but the increase was highest in the distal portion. The chronic infusion of a POP inhibitor increased kidney medullary fibrosis, which was prevented by Ac-SDKP. We conclude that Ac-SDKP is released by the nephron and is part of an important antifibrotic system in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP: Synthesis, role in ACE inhibition, and its therapeutic potential in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:268-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Maheshwari M, Romero CA, Monu SR, Kumar N, Liao TD, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Renal Protective Effects of N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline (Ac-SDKP) in Obese Rats on a High-Salt Diet. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:902-909. [PMID: 29722788 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a public health problem, associated with salt sensitive hypertension, kidney inflammation, and fibrosis. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a tetra peptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. However, its effect on preventing kidney damage in obesity is unknown. We hypothesized that Zucker obese (ZO) rats on a high-salt (HS) diet develop renal damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and this is prevented with Ac-SDKP treatment. METHODS Zucker lean (ZL) and ZO rats (8 weeks old) were treated with Ac-SDKP (1.6 mg/kg/day) while maintained on either a normal-salt (NS; 0.4%) or HS (4%) diet for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), albuminuria, renal inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated. RESULTS HS diet increased macrophage infiltration in the kidneys of both ZL and ZO rats but was significantly higher in ZO rats receiving the HS diet (ZL + NS, 13.9 ± 1.3 vs. ZL + HS, 19.14 ± 1.5 and ZO + NS, 25.5 ± 1.4 vs. ZO + HS, 87.8 ± 10.8 cells/mm2; P < 0.05). Ac-SDKP prevented macrophage infiltration in ZO rats (ZO + HS + Ac-SDKP, 32.18 ± 2.4 cells/mm2; P < 0.05). Similarly, glomerulosclerosis, cortical, and medullary interstitial fibrosis were increased in ZO rats fed the HS diet, and Ac-SDKP attenuated these alterations (P < 0.05). SBP was increased in ZO rats fed the HS diet (ZO + NS, 121.3 ± 8.9 vs. ZO + HS, 164 ± 6.9 mm Hg; P < 0.05), and it was significantly decreased with Ac-SDKP treatment (ZO + HS + Ac-SDKP, 144.05 ± 14.1 mm Hg; P = 0.004). Albuminuria was higher in ZO rats than in ZL rats; however, neither HS nor Ac-SDKP treatment affected it. CONCLUSIONS Ac-SDKP treatment in ZO rats fed a HS diet prevented renal damage by reducing inflammation, fibrosis, and SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Maheshwari
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sumit R Monu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kumar N, Liao TD, Romero CA, Maheshwari M, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Thymosin β4 Deficiency Exacerbates Renal and Cardiac Injury in Angiotensin-II-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 71:1133-1142. [PMID: 29632102 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a ubiquitous peptide, regulates several cellular processes that include cell morphology, wound healing, and inflammatory response. Administration of exogenous Tβ4 is protective in diabetic nephropathy and in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model. However, the role of endogenous Tβ4 in health and disease conditions remains unclear. To elucidate the pathophysiological role of endogenous Tβ4 in hypertension, we examined angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced renal and cardiac damage in Tβ4 knockout (Tβ4 KO) mice. Tβ4 KO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infused continuously for 6 weeks with either vehicle or Ang-II (980 ng/kg per minute). At baseline, Tβ4 deficiency did not affect renal and cardiac function. Systolic blood pressure in the Ang-II group was similar in wild-type and Tβ4 KO mice (wild-type Ang-II, 179.25±10.11 mm Hg; Tβ4 KO Ang-II, 169.81±6.54 mm Hg). Despite the similar systolic blood pressure after Ang-II infusion, Tβ4-deficient mice had dramatically increased albuminuria and decreased nephrin expression in the kidney (P<0.005). In the heart of Tβ4 KO mice, Ang-II reduced ejection fraction and shortening fraction (ejection fraction: wild-type Ang-II 77.95%±1.03%; Tβ4 KO Ang-II 62.58%±3.25%; P<0.005), which was accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular dilatation. In addition, renal and cardiac infiltration of CD68 macrophages, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and total collagen content were increased after Ang-II infusion in Tβ4 KO mice (P<0.005). Overall, our data indicate that endogenous Tβ4 is crucial in preventing tissue injury from Ang-II-induced hypertension. This study gives new insights into the protective role of endogenous Tβ4 in hypertensive end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Cesar A Romero
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Mani Maheshwari
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Edward L Peterson
- and Department of Public Health Sciences (E.L.P.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
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Chan GC, Wu HJ, Chan KW, Yiu WH, Zou A, Huang XR, Lan HY, Lai KN, Tang SC. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline mediates the anti-fibrotic properties of captopril in unilateral ureteric obstructed BALB/C mice. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:297-307. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary C.W. Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Hao Jia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Kam Wa Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Ailis Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C.W. Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong
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Interleukin-6 deficiency facilitates myocardial dysfunction during high fat diet-induced obesity by promoting lipotoxicity and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3128-3141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Captopril improves tumor nanomedicine delivery by increasing tumor blood perfusion and enlarging endothelial gaps in tumor blood vessels. Cancer Lett 2017; 410:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JMV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA. The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1026-34. [PMID: 26962108 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00562.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural tetrapeptide with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Previously, we have shown that prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is involved in the Ac-SDKP release from thymosin-β4 (Tβ4). However, POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long. This indicates that before POP hydrolysis takes place, Tβ4 is hydrolyzed by another peptidase that releases NH2-terminal intermediate peptide(s) with fewer than 30 amino acids. Our peptidase database search pointed out meprin-α metalloprotease as a potential candidate. Therefore, we hypothesized that, prior to POP hydrolysis, Tβ4 is hydrolyzed by meprin-α. In vitro, we found that the incubation of Tβ4 with both meprin-α and POP released Ac-SDKP, whereas no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone. Incubation of Tβ4 with rat kidney homogenates significantly released Ac-SDKP, which was blocked by the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin. In addition, kidneys from meprin-α knockout (KO) mice showed significantly lower basal Ac-SDKP amount, compared with wild-type mice. Kidney homogenates from meprin-α KO mice failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4. In vivo, we observed that rats treated with the ACE inhibitor captopril increased plasma concentrations of Ac-SDKP, which was inhibited by the coadministration of actinonin (vehicle, 3.1 ± 0.2 nmol/l; captopril, 15.1 ± 0.7 nmol/l; captopril + actinonin, 6.1 ± 0.3 nmol/l; P < 0.005). Similar results were obtained with urinary Ac-SDKP after actinonin treatment. We conclude that release of Ac-SDKP from Tβ4 is mediated by successive hydrolysis involving meprin-α and POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Branislava Janic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sumit R Monu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jiajiu Shaw
- 21st Century Therapeutics, Inc., Detroit, Michigan
| | - Frederick Valeriote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Elimelda M Ongeri
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | | | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan;
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Zhu L, Yang XP, Janic B, Rhaleb NE, Harding P, Nakagawa P, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Ac-SDKP suppresses TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells via inhibition of IκB kinase and NF-κB activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1176-83. [PMID: 26945075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00252.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a naturally occurring tetrapeptide that prevents inflammation and fibrosis in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. We previously showed that, in angiotensin II-induced hypertension, Ac-SDKP decreased the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, whereas, in experimental autoimmune myocarditis and hypertension animal models, it also reduced the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule ICAM-1. However, the mechanisms by which Ac-SDKP downregulated ICAM-1 expression are still unclear. TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine that induces ICAM-1 expression in various cell types via TNF receptor 1 and activation of the classical NF-κB pathway. We hypothesized that in endothelial cells Ac-SDKP suppresses TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression by decreasing IKK phosphorylation that as a consequence leads to a decrease of IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. To test this hypothesis, human coronary artery endothelial cells were treated with Ac-SDKP and then stimulated with TNF-α. We found that TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression was significantly decreased by Ac-SDKP in a dose-dependent manner. Ac-SDKP also decreased TNF-α-induced NF-κB translocation from cytosol to nucleus, as assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, which correlated with a decrease in IκB phosphorylation. In addition, we found that Ac-SDKP decreased TNF-α-induced IKK phosphorylation and IKK-β expression. However, Ac-SDKP had no effect on TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase or ERK. Thus we conclude that Ac-SDKP inhibition of TNF-α activation of canonical, i.e., IKK-β-dependent, NF-κB pathway and subsequent decrease in ICAM-1 expression is achieved via inhibition of IKK-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Branislava Janic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan;
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Worou ME, Liao TD, D'Ambrosio M, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Peterson EL, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA. Renal protective effect of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 2015; 66:816-22. [PMID: 26324505 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural tetrapeptide with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Its effect on salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is unknown. We hypothesized that in Dahl SS rats on high-salt (HS) diet, Ac-SDKP prevents loss of nephrin expression and renal immune cell infiltration, leading to a decrease in albuminuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. To test this, Dahl SS rats and consomic SS13BN controls were fed either a low-salt (0.23% NaCl) or HS (4% NaCl) diet and treated for 6 weeks with vehicle or Ac-SDKP at either low or high dose (800 or 1600 μg/kg per day, respectively). HS increased systolic blood pressure in SS rats (HS+vehicle, 186±5 versus low salt+vehicle, 141±3 mm Hg; P<0.005) but not in SS13BN rats. Ac-SDKP did not affect blood pressure. Compared with low salt, HS-induced albuminuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis in both strains, but the damages were higher in SS than in SS13BN. Interestingly, in SS13BN rats, Ac-SDKP prevented albuminuria induced by HS (HS+vehicle, 44±8 versus HS+low Ac-SDKP, 24±3 or HS+high Ac-SDKP, 8±1 mg/24 h; P<0.05), whereas in SS rats, only high Ac-SDKP dose significantly attenuated albuminuria (HS+vehicle, 94±10 versus HS+high Ac-SDKP, 57±7 mg/24 h; P<0.05). In both strains, Ac-SDKP prevented HS-induced inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. In summary, in SS rats on HS diet, at low and high doses, Ac-SDKP prevented renal damage without affecting the blood pressure. Only the high dose of Ac-SDKP attenuated HS-induced albuminuria. Conversely, in SS13BN rats, both doses of Ac-SDKP prevented HS-induced renal damage and albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Departments of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline Alleviates Renal Fibrosis Induced by Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction in BALB/C Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:283123. [PMID: 26508815 PMCID: PMC4609855 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To expand the armamentarium of treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD), we explored the utility of boosting endogenously synthesized N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), which is augmented by inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme. Male BALB/c mice underwent unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO) or sham operation and received exogenously administered Ac-SDKP delivered via a subcutaneous osmotic minipump or Captopril treatment by oral gavage. Seven days after UUO, there were significant reductions in the expression of both collagen 1 and collagen 3 in kidneys treated with Ac-SDKP or Captopril, and there was a trend towards reductions in collagen IV, α-SMA, and MCP-1 versus control. However, no significant attenuation of interstitial injury or macrophage infiltration was observed. These findings are in contrary to observations in other models and underscore the fact that a longer treatment time frame may be required to yield anti-inflammatory effects in BALB/c mice treated with Ac-SDKP compared to untreated mice. Finding an effective treatment regimen for CKD requires fine-tuning of pharmacologic protocols.
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Structural basis of Ac-SDKP hydrolysis by Angiotensin-I converting enzyme. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13742. [PMID: 26403559 PMCID: PMC4585900 DOI: 10.1038/srep13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase with two active domains and plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis, making it the principal target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. More recently, the tetrapetide N-acetyl-Ser–Asp–Lys–Pro (Ac-SDKP) has emerged as a potent antifibrotic agent and negative regulator of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation which is processed exclusively by ACE. Here we provide a detailed biochemical and structural basis for the domain preference of Ac-SDKP. The high resolution crystal structures of N-domain ACE in complex with the dipeptide products of Ac-SDKP cleavage were obtained and offered a template to model the mechanism of substrate recognition of the enzyme. A comprehensive kinetic study of Ac-SDKP and domain co-operation was performed and indicated domain interactions affecting processing of the tetrapeptide substrate. Our results further illustrate the molecular basis for N-domain selectivity and should help design novel ACE inhibitors and Ac-SDKP analogues that could be used in the treatment of fibrosis disorders.
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Cohen EP, Fish BL, Imig JD, Moulder JE. Mitigation of normal tissue radiation injury: evidence from rat radiation nephropathy models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13566-015-0222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liao TD, Nakagawa P, Janic B, D'Ambrosio M, Worou ME, Peterson EL, Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline: mechanisms of renal protection in mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1146-54. [PMID: 25740596 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the development of auto antibodies against a variety of self-antigens and deposition of immune complexes that lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and end-organ damage. Up to 60% of lupus patients develop nephritis and renal dysfunction leading to kidney failure. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline, i.e., Ac-SDKP, is a natural tetrapeptide that in hypertension prevents inflammation and fibrosis in heart, kidney, and vasculature. In experimental autoimmune myocarditis, Ac-SDKP prevents cardiac dysfunction by decreasing innate and adaptive immunity. It has also been reported that Ac-SDKP ameliorates lupus nephritis in mice. We hypothesize that Ac-SDKP prevents lupus nephritis in mice by decreasing complement C5-9, proinflammatory cytokines, and immune cell infiltration. Lupus mice treated with Ac-SDKP for 20 wk had significantly lower renal levels of macrophage and T cell infiltration and proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines. In addition, our data demonstrate for the first time that in lupus mouse Ac-SDKP prevented the increase in complement C5-9, RANTES, MCP-5, and ICAM-1 kidney expression and it prevented the decline of glomerular filtration rate. Ac-SDKP-treated lupus mice had a significant improvement in renal function and lower levels of glomerular damage. Ac-SDKP had no effect on the production of autoantibodies. The protective Ac-SDKP effect is most likely achieved by targeting the expression of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines, ICAM-1, and immune cell infiltration in the kidney, either directly or via C5-9 proinflammatory arm of complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Branislava Janic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Martin D'Ambrosio
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
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Peng H, Xu J, Yang XP, Dai X, Peterson EL, Carretero OA, Rhaleb NE. Thymosin-β4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H741-51. [PMID: 25015963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00129.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) promotes cell survival, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration and reduces inflammation. Cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction (MI) is mainly the consequence of excessive regional inflammation, whereas cardiac dysfunction after MI results from a massive cardiomyocyte loss and cardiac fibrosis. It is possible that Tβ4 reduces the incidence of cardiac rupture post-MI via anti-inflammatory actions and that it decreases adverse cardiac remodeling and improves cardiac function by promoting cardiac cell survival and cardiac repair. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to MI and treated with either vehicle or Tβ4 (1.6 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) ip via osmotic minipump) for 7 days or 5 wk. Mice were assessed for 1) cardiac remodeling and function by echocardiography; 2) inflammatory cell infiltration, capillary density, myocyte apoptosis, and interstitial collagen fraction histopathologically; 3) gelatinolytic activity by in situ zymography; and 4) expression of ICAM-1 and p53 by immunoblot analysis. Tβ4 reduced cardiac rupture that was associated with a decrease in the numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells and apoptotic myocytes, a decrease in gelatinolytic activity and ICAM-1 and p53 expression, and an increase in the numbers of CD31-positive cells. Five-week treatment with Tβ4 ameliorated left ventricular dilation, improved cardiac function, markedly reduced interstitial collagen fraction, and increased capillary density. In a murine model of acute MI, Tβ4 not only decreased mortality rate as a result of cardiac rupture but also significantly improved cardiac function after MI. Thus, the use of Tβ4 could be explored as an alternative therapy in preventing cardiac rupture and restoring cardiac function in patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jiang Xu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiangguo Dai
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Kanasaki K, Nagai T, Nitta K, Kitada M, Koya D. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline: a valuable endogenous anti-fibrotic peptide for combating kidney fibrosis in diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:70. [PMID: 24782774 PMCID: PMC3995071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are responsible for 45% of deaths in the developed world. Curing organ fibrosis is essential for fibroproliferative diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is a common fibroproliferative disease of the kidney and is associated with multiorgan dysfunction. However, therapy to combat diabetic nephropathy has not yet been established. In this review, we discuss the novel therapeutic possibilities for kidney fibrosis in diabetes focusing on the endogenous anti-fibrotic peptide, N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), which is the substrate for angiotensin-converting enzyme and exhibits meaningful anti-fibrotic effects in various experimental models of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takako Nagai
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nitta
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Fragment-based design for the development of N-domain-selective angiotensin-1-converting enzyme inhibitors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:305-13. [PMID: 24015848 PMCID: PMC3875237 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ACE (angiotensin-1-converting enzyme) is a zinc metallopeptidase that plays a prominent role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis. ACE consists of two homologous domains that despite similarities of sequence and topology display differences in substrate processing and inhibitor binding. The design of inhibitors that selectively inhibit the N-domain (N-selective) could be useful in treating conditions of tissue injury and fibrosis due to build-up of N-domain-specific substrate Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro). Using a receptor-based SHOP (scaffold hopping) approach with N-selective inhibitor RXP407, a shortlist of scaffolds that consisted of modified RXP407 backbones with novel chemotypes was generated. These scaffolds were selected on the basis of enhanced predicted interaction energies with N-domain residues that differed from their C-domain counterparts. One scaffold was synthesized and inhibitory binding tested using a fluorogenic ACE assay. A molecule incorporating a tetrazole moiety in the P2 position (compound 33RE) displayed potent inhibition (K(i)=11.21±0.74 nM) and was 927-fold more selective for the N-domain than the C-domain. A crystal structure of compound 33RE in complex with the N-domain revealed its mode of binding through aromatic stacking with His388 and a direct hydrogen bond with the hydroxy group of the N-domain specific Tyr369. This work further elucidates the molecular basis for N-domain-selective inhibition and assists in the design of novel N-selective ACE inhibitors that could be employed in treatment of fibrosis disorders.
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Sodium restriction on top of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade increases circulating levels of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in chronic kidney disease patients. J Hypertens 2013; 31:2425-32. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328364f5de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline reduces cardiac collagen cross-linking and inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:85-94. [PMID: 23834332 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously that Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline) reduces fibrosis and inflammation (in macrophages and mast cells). However, it is not known whether Ac-SDKP decreases collagen cross-linking and lymphocyte infiltration; lymphocytes modulate both collagen cross-linking and ECM (extracellular matrix) formation in hypertension. Thus we hypothesized that (i) in AngII (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension, Ac-SDKP prevents increases in cross-linked and total collagen by down-regulating LOX (lysyl oxidase), the enzyme responsible for cross-linking, and (ii) these effects are associated with decreased pro-fibrotic cytokine TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration. We induced hypertension in rats by infusing AngII either alone or combined with Ac-SDKP for 3 weeks. Whereas Ac-SDKP failed to lower BP (blood pressure) or LV (left ventricular) hypertrophy, it did prevent AngII-induced increases in (i) cross-linked and total collagen, (ii) LOX mRNA expression and LOXL1 (LOX-like 1) protein, (iii) TGFβ expression, (iv) nuclear translocation of NF-κB, (v) CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration, and (vi) CD68+ macrophages infiltration. In addition, we found a positive correlation between CD4+ infiltration and LOXL1 expression. In conclusion, the effect of Ac-SDKP on collagen cross-linking and total collagen may be due to reduced TGFβ1, LOXL1, and lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration, and its effect on inflammation could be due to lower NF-κB.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite recent medical advances, cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF) continue to be major health concerns, and related mortality remains high. As a result, investigation of the mechanisms involved in the development of HF continues to be an active field of study. RECENT ADVANCES The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its effector molecule, angiotensin (Ang) II, affect cardiac function through both systemic and local actions, and have been shown to play a major role in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in the failing heart. Many of the downstream effects of AngII signaling are mediated by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which have also been implicated in the pathology of HF. CRITICAL ISSUES Inhibitors of the RAS have proven beneficial in the treatment of patients at risk for and suffering from HF, but remain only partially effective. ROS can be generated from several different sources, and the oxidative state is normally tightly regulated in the heart. How AngII increases ROS levels and causes dysregulation of the cardiac oxidative state has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of this process and the mechanisms involved should lead to the development of more effective HF therapies and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Newark, New Jersey
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Antifibrotic peptideN-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP): Opportunities for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor design. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:535-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rhaleb NE, Pokharel S, Sharma UC, Peng H, Peterson E, Harding P, Yang XP, Carretero OA. N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro inhibits interleukin-1β-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activation in cardiac fibroblasts. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1487-95. [PMID: 23652767 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial matrix turnover involves a dynamic balance between collagen synthesis and degradation, which is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP) is a small peptide that inhibits cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. However, its role in MMP regulation is not known. Thus, we hypothesized that Ac-SDKP promotes MMP activation in cardiac fibroblasts and decreases collagen deposition via this mechanism. To that end, we tested the effects of Ac-SDKP on interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 5 ng/ml)-stimulated adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. We measured total collagenase activity, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 expressions, and activity along with their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. In order to examine the effects of Ac-SDKP on the signaling pathway that controls MMP transcription, we also measured nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Ac-SDKP did not alter collagenase or gelatinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts under basal conditions, but blunted the IL-1β-induced increase in total collagenase activity. Similarly, Ac-SDKP normalized the IL-1β-mediated increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and MMP-13 expression. Inhibition of MMPs by Ac-SDKP was associated with increased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expressions. Collagen production was not affected by Ac-SDKP, IL-1β, or a combination of both agents. Ac-SDKP blocked IL-1β-induced p42/44 phosphorylation and NFκB activation in cardiac fibroblasts. We concluded that the Ac-SDKP-inhibited collagenase expression and activation was associated with increased expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. These pharmacological effects of Ac-SDKP may be linked to the inhibition of MAPK and NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R 7121, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA,
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Peng H, Carretero OA, Peterson EL, Yang XP, Santra K, Rhaleb NE. N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline inhibits ET-1-induced collagen production by preserving Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 activity in cardiac fibroblasts. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:415-23. [PMID: 22968858 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) inhibits endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) and collagen production in cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts (RCFs). However, we do not know whether its inhibitory effect on p44/42 MAPK is due to the altered activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which in turn downregulate the p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway. The activity of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is downregulated by ET-1 in RCFs; thus, we hypothesized that Ac-SDKP inhibits ET-1-stimulated collagen production in part by preserving SHP-2 activity and thereby inhibiting p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation. When we stimulated RCFs with ET-1 in the presence or absence of Ac-SDKP, we found that (a) PTP activity was reduced by ET-1 and (b) this effect was counteracted by Ac-SDKP in a dose-dependent fashion. Next, we extracted SHP-2 from RCF lysates by immunoprecipitation and determined that (a) ET-1 inhibited SHP-2 by 40 % and (b) this effect was prevented by Ac-SDKP. However, Ac-SDKP failed to inhibit ET-1-induced p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation in RCFs treated with SHP-2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA); in contrast, in cells transfected with control shRNA, Ac-SDKP's inhibitory effect on ET-1-induced p44/42 MAPK activation remained intact. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Ac-SDKP on ET-1-stimulated collagen production was blunted in cells treated with the SHP-1/2 inhibitor NSC-87877. Thus, we concluded that the inhibitory effect of Ac-SDKP on ET-1-stimulated collagen production by RCFs is mediated in part by preserving SHP-2 activity and thereby preventing p44/42 MAPK activation. Ac-SDKP or its analogs could represent a new therapeutic tool to treat fibrotic diseases in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, E & R Bldg 7121, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, USA
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Nakagawa P, Liu Y, Liao TD, Chen X, González GE, Bobbitt KR, Smolarek D, Peterson EL, Kedl R, Yang XP, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA. Treatment with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline prevents experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1114-27. [PMID: 22923621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00300.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is commonly associated with cardiotropic infections and has been linked to development of autoimmunity. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a naturally occurring tetrapeptide that prevents inflammation and fibrosis in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases; however, its effect on autoimmune-mediated cardiac diseases remains unknown. We studied the effects of Ac-SDKP in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), a model of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ac-SDKP prevents autoimmune myocardial injury by modulating the immune responses. Lewis rats were immunized with porcine cardiac myosin and treated with Ac-SDKP or vehicle. In EAM, Ac-SDKP prevented both systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction, remodeling as shown by hypertrophy and fibrosis, and cell-mediated immune responses without affecting myosin-specific autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cell responses. In addition, Ac-SDKP reduced cardiac infiltration by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-2, IL-17] and chemokines (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, interferon-γ-induced protein 10), cell adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, L-selectin), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Ac-SDKP prevents autoimmune cardiac dysfunction and remodeling without reducing the production of autoantibodies or T cell responses to cardiac myosin. The protective effects of Ac-SDKP in autoimmune myocardial injury are most likely mediated by inhibition of 1) innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration and 2) expression of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Macconi D, Tomasoni S, Romagnani P, Trionfini P, Sangalli F, Mazzinghi B, Rizzo P, Lazzeri E, Abbate M, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. MicroRNA-324-3p promotes renal fibrosis and is a target of ACE inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1496-505. [PMID: 22822076 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011121144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of microRNA (miRNA) to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether miRNA modulates the fibrotic process in Munich Wistar Fromter (MWF) rats, which develop spontaneous progressive nephropathy. We analyzed the expression profile of miRNA in microdissected glomeruli and found that miR-324-3p was the most upregulated. In situ hybridization localized miR-324-3p to glomerular podocytes, parietal cells of Bowman's capsule, and most abundantly, cortical tubules. A predicted target of miR-324-3p is prolyl endopeptidase (Prep), a serine peptidase involved in the metabolism of angiotensins and the synthesis of the antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP). In cultured tubular cells, transient transfection with a miR-324-3p mimic reduced Prep protein and activity, validating Prep as a target of this miRNA. In MWF rats, upregulation of miR-324-3p associated with markedly reduced expression of Prep in both glomeruli and tubules, low urine Ac-SDKP, and increased deposition of collagen. ACE inhibition downregulated glomerular and tubular miR-324-3p, promoted renal Prep expression, increased plasma and urine Ac-SDKP, and attenuated renal fibrosis. In summary, these results suggest that dysregulation of the miR-324-3p/Prep pathway contributes to the development of fibrosis in progressive nephropathy. The renoprotective effects of ACE inhibitors may result, in part, from modulation of this pathway, suggesting that it may hold other potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Macconi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano, 87-24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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Kanasaki M, Nagai T, Kitada M, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Elevation of the antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline: a blood pressure-independent beneficial effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:25. [PMID: 22126210 PMCID: PMC3253677 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as an essential therapy in hypertensive, heart, and kidney diseases. There are several classes of drugs that block the RAS; these drugs are known to exhibit antifibrotic action. An analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action for these drugs can reveal potential differences in their antifibrotic roles. In this review, we discuss the antifibrotic action of RAS blockade with an emphasis on the potential importance of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition associated with the antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Despite ongoing medical advances, cardiovascular disease continues to be a leading health concern. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular function, and is, therefore, the subject of extensive study. Several drugs currently used to treat hypertension and heart failure are designed to target angiotensin II synthesis and function, but thus far, none have been able to completely block the effects of RAS signaling. This review discusses current and emerging approaches towards inhibiting cardiac RAS function in order to further improve cardiovascular disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building G-609, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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Cohen EP, Fish BL, Moulder JE. Mitigation of radiation injuries via suppression of the renin-angiotensin system: emphasis on radiation nephropathy. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 11:1423-9. [PMID: 20583975 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111009011423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation nephropathy and other normal tissue radiation injuries can be successfully mitigated, and also treated, by antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This implies a mechanistic role for that system in radiation nephropathy, yet no evidence exists to date of activation of the RAS by irradiation. RAS antagonists, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, are the standard of care in the treatment of subjects with other chronic progressive kidney diseases, in which they exert benefit by reducing both glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury. These drugs are likely to act in a similar way to mitigate radiation nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Reversal of experimental renovascular hypertension restores coronary microvascular function and architecture. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:458-65. [PMID: 21233798 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction, which are independent factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We hypothesized that decreased blood pressure by percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) would improve the function and architecture of coronary microvessels, in association with decreased inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Three groups of pigs were studied: normal, HTN, and HTN+PTRA. After 6 weeks of renovascular HTN, induced by placing a local-irritant coil in the renal artery, pigs underwent PTRA or sham. Four weeks later multidetector-computed tomography (CT) was used to assess systolic, diastolic, and microvascular function, and responses to adenosine. Microvascular architecture, oxygen sensors, inflammation, and fibrosis were then explored in cardiac tissue. RESULTS PTRA successfully decreased blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Basal fractional vascular volume (FVV) was similar among the groups, but its response to adenosine was significantly attenuated in HTN, whereas microvascular permeability (MP) and response to adenosine were greater than normal. Both were restored by PTRA. These were accompanied by increased myocardial expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, inflammation, and microvascular remodeling, including increased density of epicardial microvessels (20-200 µm), as well as cardiac diastolic dysfunction, all of which improved by reversal of HTN. However, PTRA only partially decreased myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Reversal of early renovascular HTN improved coronary microvascular function and architecture and reversed myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, in association with decreased levels of myocardial ischemia and inflammation markers, underscoring the benefits of blood pressure normalization for preservation of cardiovascular function and structure.
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Inhibitory effects of honokiol on lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular responses and signaling events in human renal mesangial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anthony CS, Corradi HR, Schwager SLU, Redelinghuys P, Georgiadis D, Dive V, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED. The N domain of human angiotensin-I-converting enzyme: the role of N-glycosylation and the crystal structure in complex with an N domain-specific phosphinic inhibitor, RXP407. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35685-93. [PMID: 20826823 PMCID: PMC2975193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure through its central role in the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems. ACE contains two domains, the N and C domains, both of which are heavily glycosylated. Structural studies of ACE have been fraught with severe difficulties because of surface glycosylation of the protein. In order to investigate the role of glycosylation in the N domain and to create suitable forms for crystallization, we have investigated the importance of the 10 potential N-linked glycan sites using enzymatic deglycosylation, limited proteolysis, and mass spectrometry. A number of glycosylation mutants were generated via site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in CHO cells, and analyzed for enzymatic activity and thermal stability. At least eight of 10 of the potential glycan sites are glycosylated; three C-terminal sites were sufficient for expression of active N domain, whereas two N-terminal sites are important for its thermal stability. The minimally glycosylated Ndom389 construct was highly suitable for crystallization studies. The structure in the presence of an N domain-selective phosphinic inhibitor RXP407 was determined to 2.0 Å resolution. The Ndom389 structure revealed a hinge region that may contribute to the breathing motion proposed for substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S. Anthony
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Hazel R. Corradi
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sylva L. U. Schwager
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Pierre Redelinghuys
- the Section of Infection and Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- the Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece, and
| | - Vincent Dive
- the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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Xu J, Carretero OA, Liao TD, Peng H, Shesely EG, Xu J, Liu TS, Yang JJ, Reudelhuber TL, Yang XP. Local angiotensin II aggravates cardiac remodeling in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1328-38. [PMID: 20833959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00538.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) contributes to hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction; however, it is difficult to separate the cardiac effect of ANG II from its hemodynamic action in vivo. To overcome the limitations, we used transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of a transgene fusion protein that releases ANG II from cardiomyocytes (Tg-ANG II) and treated them with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt to suppress their systemic renin-angiotensin system. Using this unique model, we tested the hypothesis that cardiac ANG II, acting on the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT(1)R), increases inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, accelerating cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Male Tg-ANG II mice and their nontransgenic littermates (n-Tg) were uninephrectomized and divided into the following three groups: 1) vehicle-treated normotensive controls; 2) DOCA-salt; and 3) DOCA-salt + valsartan (AT(1)R blocker).Under basal conditions, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cardiac phenotypes were similar between strains. In DOCA-salt hypertension, SBP increased similarly in both n-Tg and Tg-ANG II, and cardiac function did not differ between strains; however, Tg-ANG II had 1) greater ventricular hypertrophy as well as interstitial and perivascular fibrosis; 2) a higher number of deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells and infiltrating macrophages; 3) increased protein expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and transforming growth factor-β(1); and 4) downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation. Valsartan partially reversed these effects in Tg-ANG II but not in n-Tg. We conclude that, when hemodynamic loading conditions remain unchanged, cardiac ANG II does not alter heart size or cardiac functions. However, in animals with hypertension, cardiac ANG II, acting via AT(1)R, enhances inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death (most likely via downregulation of PI 3-kinase and Akt), contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202-2689, USA
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Miguel-Carrasco JL, Zambrano S, Blanca AJ, Mate A, Vázquez CM. Captopril reduces cardiac inflammatory markers in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inactivation of NF-kB. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:21. [PMID: 20462420 PMCID: PMC2879251 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor widely used in the treatment of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Our objective was to study whether captopril is able to attenuate the cardiac inflammatory process associated with arterial hypertension. Methods Left ventricle mRNA expression and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory (interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their control normotensive, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, with or without a 12-week treatment with captopril (80 mg/Kg/day; n = six animals per group). To understand the mechanisms involved in the effect of captopril, mRNA expression of ACE, angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) and p22phox (a subunit of NADPH oxidase), as well as NF-κB activation and expression, were measured in the left ventricle of these animals. Results In SHR, the observed increases in blood pressures, heart rate, left ventricle relative weight, plasma levels and cardiac mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the reductions in the plasma levels and in the cardiac mRNA expression of IL-10, were reversed after the treatment with captopril. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of ACE, AT1R and p22phox, which were enhanced in the left ventricle of SHR, were reduced to normal values after captopril treatment. Finally, SHR presented an elevated cardiac mRNA expression and activation of the transcription nuclear factor, NF-κB, accompanied by a reduced expression of its inhibitor, IκB; captopril administration corrected the observed changes in all these parameters. Conclusion These findings show that captopril decreases the inflammation process in the left ventricle of hypertensive rats and suggest that NF-κB-driven inflammatory reactivity might be responsible for this effect through an inactivation of NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Miguel-Carrasco
- Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Prevention of myocardial fibrosis by N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in diabetic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 118:211-20. [PMID: 20310083 DOI: 10.1042/cs20090234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline) is a physiological tetrapeptide hydrolysed by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). In experimental models of hypertension, Ac-SDKP has antifibrotic effects in the heart; however, the role of Ac-SDKP in diabetic cardiomyopathy is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Ac-SDKP on cardiac systolic and diastolic function, and interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the heart of diabetic rats.Diabetes was induced in 55 Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocin injection. Control rats (n=18)underwent only buffer injection.Out of the 55 diabetic rats, 19 were chronically treated with insulin and 13 with the ACEI (ACE inhibitor) ramipril (3 mg x kg(-1 )of body weight x day(-1)). At 2 months after the onset of diabetes, Ac-SDKP (1 mg x kg(-1) of body weight x day(-1)) was administered by osmotic minipumps for 8 weeks to eight control rats, 13 diabetic rats, seven diabetic rats treated with ramipril and nine insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetic rats had a significant increase in blood glucose levels. Left ventricular interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, and TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) protein levels were increased in diabetic rats, but not in insulin-treated diabetic rats and ramipril-treated diabetic rats, compared with control rats. Ac-SDKP administration significantly reduced left ventricular interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in diabetic rats and in diabetic rats treated with ramipril. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in active TGF-beta1 and phospho-Smad2/3 protein levels in myocardial tissue of diabetic rats. Echocardiography showed that diabetes was associated with increased end-systolic diameters, and depressed global systolic function and diastolic dysfunction, as assessed by transmitral Doppler velocity profile. These changes were completely reversed by insulin or ramipril treatment. Ac-SDKP treatment partially restored diastolic function in diabetic rats. In conclusion, Ac-SDKP administration in diabetic rats reduces left ventricular interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, active TGF-beta1 and phospho-Smad2/3levels, and improves diastolic function. Taken together, these findings suggest that, by inhibiting theTGF-beta/Smad pathway, Ac-SDKP protects against the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy
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Kröger WL, Douglas RG, O’Neill HG, Dive V, Sturrock ED. Investigating the Domain Specificity of Phosphinic Inhibitors RXPA380 and RXP407 in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8405-12. [DOI: 10.1021/bi9011226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L. Kröger
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Ross G. Douglas
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
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Liu X, Bellamy COC, Bailey MA, Mullins LJ, Dunbar DR, Kenyon CJ, Brooker G, Kantachuvesiri S, Maratou K, Ashek A, Clark AF, Fleming S, Mullins JJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a modifier of hypertensive end organ damage. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15564-72. [PMID: 19307186 PMCID: PMC2708853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe forms of hypertension are characterized by high blood pressure combined with end organ damage. Through the development and refinement of a transgenic rat model of malignant hypertension incorporating the mouse renin gene, we previously identified a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 10, which affects malignant hypertension severity and morbidity. We next generated an inducible malignant hypertensive model where the timing, severity, and duration of hypertension was placed under the control of the researcher, allowing development of and recovery from end organ damage to be investigated. We have now generated novel consomic Lewis and Fischer rat strains with inducible hypertension and additional strains that are reciprocally congenic for the refined chromosome 10 quantitative trait locus. We have captured a modifier of end organ damage within the congenic region and, using a range of bioinformatic, biochemical and molecular biological techniques, have identified angiotensin-converting enzyme as the modifier of hypertension-induced tissue microvascular injury. Reciprocal differences between angiotensin-converting enzyme and the anti-inflammatory tetrapeptide, N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in the kidney, a tissue susceptible to end organ damage, suggest a mechanism for the amelioration of hypertension-dependent damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew A. Bailey
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald R. Dunbar
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Brooker
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Klio Maratou
- the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Ali Ashek
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Allan F. Clark
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - John J. Mullins
- From the Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Lin CX, Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Liao TD, D'Ambrosio MA, Carretero OA. Prevention of aortic fibrosis by N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1253-H1261. [PMID: 18641275 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00481.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important component of large conduit artery disease in hypertension. The endogenous tetrapeptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the heart and kidney. However, it is not known whether Ac-SDKP has an anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effect on conduit arteries such as the aorta. We hypothesize that in ANG II-induced hypertension Ac-SDKP prevents aortic fibrosis and that this effect is associated with decreased protein kinase C (PKC) activation, leading to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and a decrease in the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and phosphorylation of its second messenger Smad2. To test this hypothesis we used rats with ANG II-induced hypertension and treated them with either vehicle or Ac-SDKP. In this hypertensive model we found an increased collagen deposition and collagen type I and III mRNA expression in the aorta. These changes were associated with increased PKC activation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 mRNA expression, and macrophage infiltration. TGF-beta1 expression and Smad2 phosphorylation also increased. Ac-SDKP prevented these effects without decreasing blood pressure or aortic hypertrophy. Ac-SDKP also enhanced expression of inhibitory Smad7. These data indicate that in ANG II-induced hypertension Ac-SDKP has an aortic antifibrotic effect. This effect may be due in part to inhibition of PKC activation, which in turn could reduce oxidative stress, ICAM-1 expression, and macrophage infiltration. Part of the effect of Ac-SDKP could also be due to reduced expression of the profibrotic cytokine TGF-beta1 and inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Lin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Div., Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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