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Zhuang J, Gao X, Shi S, Xu F. Apneic response to fentanyl in adult rats: Role of laryngeal afferents. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15965. [PMID: 38444051 PMCID: PMC10915130 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intravenous (systemic) bolus injection of fentanyl (FNT) reportedly induces an immediate vagal-mediated apnea; however, the precise origin of vagal afferents responsible for this apnea remains unknown. We tested whether intralaryngeal (local) application of FNT would also trigger an apnea and whether the apneic response to both local and systemic administration of FNT was laryngeal afferent-mediated. Cardiorespiratory responses to FNT were recorded in anesthetized male adult rats with and without bilateral sectioning of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLNx) or peri-SLN capsaicin treatment (SLNcap) to block local C-fiber signal conduction. Opioid mu-receptor (MOR)-immunoreactivity was detected in laryngeal C- and myelinated neurons. We found that local and systemic administration of FNT elicited an immediate apnea. SLNx, rather than SLNcap, abolished the apneic response to local FNT application though MORs were abundantly expressed in both laryngeal C- and myelinated neurons. Importantly, SLNx failed to affect the apneic response to systemic FNT administration. These results lead to the conclusion that laryngeal afferents' MORs are responsible for the apneic response to local, but not systemic, administration of FNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhuang
- Department of PhysiologyLovelace Biomedical Research InstituteAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Department of PhysiologyLovelace Biomedical Research InstituteAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Shan Shi
- Department of PhysiologyLovelace Biomedical Research InstituteAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Fadi Xu
- Department of PhysiologyLovelace Biomedical Research InstituteAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
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2
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Ducrocq GP, Anselmi L, Stella SL, Copp SW, Ruiz-Velasco V, Kaufman MP. Inhibition and potentiation of the exercise pressor reflex by pharmacological modulation of TRPC6 in male rats. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38340081 DOI: 10.1113/jp286118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We determined the role played by the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel in evoking the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex in male decerebrated Sprague-Dawley rats. TRPC6 channels were identified by quadruple-labelled (DiI, TRPC6, neurofilament-200 and peripherin) immunohistochemistry in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells innervating the triceps surae muscles (n = 12). The exercise pressor reflex was evoked by statically contracting the triceps surae muscles before and after injection of the TRPC6 antagonist BI-749327 (n = 11; 12 μg kg-1 ) or SAR7334 (n = 11; 7 μg kg-1 ) or the TRPC6 positive modulator C20 (n = 11; 18 μg kg-1 ). Similar experiments were conducted while the muscles were passively stretched (n = 8-12), a manoeuvre that isolated the mechanical component of the reflex. Blood pressure, tension, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and blood flow were recorded. Of the DRG cells innervating the triceps surae muscles, 85% stained positive for the TRPC6 antigen, and 45% of those cells co-expressed neurofilament-200. Both TRPC6 antagonists decreased the reflex pressor responses to static contraction (-32 to -42%; P < 0.05) and to passive stretch (-35 to -52%; P < 0.05), whereas C20 increased these responses (55-65%; P < 0.05). In addition, BI-749327 decreased the peak and integrated RSNA responses to both static contraction (-39 to -43%; P < 0.05) and passive stretch (-56 to -62%; P < 0.05), whereas C20 increased the RSNA to passive stretch only. The onset latency of the decrease or increase in RSNA occurred within 2 s of the onset of the manoeuvres (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results show that TRPC6 plays a key role in evoking the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex. KEY POINTS: The exercise pressor reflex plays a key role in the sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to exercise. This reflex is composed of two components, namely the mechanoreflex and the metaboreflex. The receptors responsible for evoking the mechanoreflex are poorly documented. A good candidate for this function is the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel, which is activated by mechanical stimuli and expressed in dorsal root ganglia of rats. Using two TRPC6 antagonists and one positive modulator, we investigated the role played by TRPC6 in evoking the mechanoreflex in decerebrated rats. Blocking TRPC6 decreased the renal sympathetic and the pressor responses to both contraction and stretch, the latter being a manoeuvre that isolates the mechanoreflex. In contrast, the positive modulator increased the pressor reflex to contraction and stretch, in addition to the sympathetic response to stretch. Our results provide strong support for a role played by the TRPC6 channel in evoking the mechanoreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Ducrocq
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Mitochondrial, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR3072), Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Anselmi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Salvatore L Stella
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Mannozzi J, Senador D, Kaur J, Gross M, McNitt M, Alvarez A, Lessanework B, O'Leary DS. Muscle metaboreflex stimulates the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex causing positive feedback amplification of sympathetic activity: effect of heart failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R110-R120. [PMID: 38009212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is a hallmark symptom of heart failure and to a large extent stems from reductions in cardiac output that occur due to the inherent ventricular dysfunction coupled with enhanced muscle metaboreflex-induced functional coronary vasoconstriction, which limits increases in coronary blood flow. This creates a further mismatch between O2 delivery and O2 demand, which may activate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR), causing amplification of the already increased sympathetic activity in a positive-feedback fashion. We used our chronically instrumented conscious canine model to evaluate if chronic ablation of afferents responsible for the CSAR would attenuate the gain of muscle metaboreflex before and after induction of heart failure. After afferent ablation, the gain of the muscle metaboreflex control of mean arterial pressure was significantly reduced before (-239.5 ± 16 to -95.2 ± 8 mmHg/L/min) and after the induction of heart failure (-185.6 ± 14 to -95.7 ± 12 mmHg/L/min). Similar results were observed for the strength (gain) of muscle metaboreflex control of heart rate, cardiac output, and ventricular contractility. Thus, we conclude that the CSAR contributes significantly to the strength of the muscle metaboreflex in normal animals with heart failure serving as an effective positive-feedback amplifier thereby further increasing sympathetic activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The powerful pressor responses from the CSAR arise via O2 delivery versus O2 demand imbalance. Muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) simultaneously elicits coronary vasoconstriction (which is augmented in heart failure) and profound increases in cardiac work thereby upsetting oxygen balance. Whether MMA activates the CSAR thereby amplifying MMA responses is unknown. We observed that removal of the CSAR afferents attenuated the strength of the muscle metaboreflex in normal and subjects with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mannozzi
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Danielle Senador
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Matthew Gross
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Megan McNitt
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Alberto Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Beruk Lessanework
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Donal S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Anselmi L, Ducrocq GP, Ruiz-Velasco V, Stocker SD, Higgins SP, Kaufman MP. Functional knockout of the TRPV1 channel has no effect on the exercise pressor reflex in rats. J Physiol 2023; 601:5241-5256. [PMID: 37878364 DOI: 10.1113/jp285267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role played by the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel on the thin fibre afferents evoking the exercise pressor reflex is controversial. To shed light on this controversy, we compared the exercise pressor reflex between newly developed TRPV1+/+ , TRPV1+/- and TRPV1-/- rats. Carotid arterial injection of capsaicin (0.5 μg), evoked significant pressor responses in TRPV1+/+ and TRPV1+/- rats, but not in TRPV1-/- rats. In acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the gastrocnemius muscles, capsaicin evoked inward currents in neurons isolated from TRPV1+/+ and TRPV1+/- rats but not in neurons isolated from TRPV1-/- rats. The reflex was evoked by stimulating the tibial nerve in decerebrated rats whose femoral artery was either freely perfused or occluded. We found no difference between the reflex in the three groups of rats regardless of the patency of the femoral artery. For example, the peak pressor responses to contraction in TRPV1+/+ , TRPV1+/- and TRPV1-/- rats with patent femoral arteries averaged 17.1 ± 7.2, 18.9 ± 12.4 and 18.4 ± 8.6 mmHg, respectively. Stimulation of the tibial nerve after paralysis with pancuronium had no effect on arterial pressure, findings which indicated that the pressor responses to contraction were not caused by electrical stimulation of afferent tibial nerve axons. We also found that expression levels of acid-sensing ion channel 1 and endoperoxide 4 receptor in the L4 and 5 dorsal root ganglia were not upregulated in the TRPV1-/- rats. We conclude that TRPV1 is not needed to evoke the exercise pressor reflex in rats whose contracting muscles have either a patent or an occluded arterial blood supply. KEY POINTS: A reflex arising in contracting skeletal muscle contributes to the increases in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and breathing evoked by exercise. The sensory arm of the reflex comprises both mechanoreceptors and metaboreceptors, of which the latter signals that blood flow to exercising muscle is not meeting its metabolic demand. The nature of the channel on the metaboreceptor sensing a mismatch between supply and demand is controversial; some believe that it is the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel. Using genetically engineered rats in which the TRPV1 channel is rendered non-functional, we have shown that it is not needed to evoke the metaboreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anselmi
- Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guillaume P Ducrocq
- Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shannon P Higgins
- Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Hori A, Fukazawa A, Katanosaka K, Mizuno M, Hotta N. Mechanosensitive channels in the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex. Auton Neurosci 2023; 250:103128. [PMID: 37925831 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular response is appropriately regulated during exercise to meet the metabolic demands of the active muscles. The exercise pressor reflex is a neural feedback mechanism through thin-fiber muscle afferents activated by mechanical and metabolic stimuli in the active skeletal muscles. The mechanical component of this reflex is referred to as skeletal muscle mechanoreflex. Its initial step requires mechanotransduction mediated by mechanosensors, which convert mechanical stimuli into biological signals. Recently, various mechanosensors have been identified, and their contributions to muscle mechanoreflex have been actively investigated. Nevertheless, the mechanosensitive channels responsible for this muscular reflex remain largely unknown. This review discusses progress in our understanding of muscle mechanoreflex under healthy conditions, focusing on mechanosensitive channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Hori
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan; Department of Applied Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Ayumi Fukazawa
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan; Department of Applied Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Kimiaki Katanosaka
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Norio Hotta
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
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Garami A, Steiner AA, Pakai E, Wanner SP, Almeida MC, Keringer P, Oliveira DL, Nakamura K, Morrison SF, Romanovsky AA. The neural pathway of the hyperthermic response to antagonists of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:136-154. [PMID: 37187834 PMCID: PMC10177699 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2171671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the neural pathway of the hyperthermic response to TRPV1 antagonists. We showed that hyperthermia induced by i.v. AMG0347, AMG 517, or AMG8163 did not occur in rats with abdominal sensory nerves desensitized by pretreatment with a low i.p. dose of resiniferatoxin (RTX, TRPV1 agonist). However, neither bilateral vagotomy nor bilateral transection of the greater splanchnic nerve attenuated AMG0347-induced hyperthermia. Yet, this hyperthermia was attenuated by bilateral high cervical transection of the spinal dorsolateral funiculus (DLF). To explain the extra-splanchnic, spinal mediation of TRPV1 antagonist-induced hyperthermia, we proposed that abdominal signals that drive this hyperthermia originate in skeletal muscles - not viscera. If so, in order to prevent TRPV1 antagonist-induced hyperthermia, the desensitization caused by i.p. RTX should spread into the abdominal-wall muscles. Indeed, we found that the local hypoperfusion response to capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) in the abdominal-wall muscles was absent in i.p. RTX-desensitized rats. We then showed that the most upstream (lateral parabrachial, LPB) and the most downstream (rostral raphe pallidus) nuclei of the intrabrain pathway that controls autonomic cold defenses are also required for the hyperthermic response to i.v. AMG0347. Injection of muscimol (inhibitor of neuronal activity) into the LPB or injection of glycine (inhibitory neurotransmitter) into the raphe blocked the hyperthermic response to i.v. AMG0347, whereas i.v. AMG0347 increased the number of c-Fos cells in the raphe. We conclude that the neural pathway of TRPV1 antagonist-induced hyperthermia involves TRPV1-expressing sensory nerves in trunk muscles, the DLF, and the same LPB-raphe pathway that controls autonomic cold defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Garami
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandre A. Steiner
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eszter Pakai
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Samuel P. Wanner
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M. Camila Almeida
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrik Keringer
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Daniela L. Oliveira
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shaun F. Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrej A. Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Arizona, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Zharko Pharma, Inc., Olympia, WA, USA
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Butenas ALE, Rollins KS, Williams AC, Copp SW. Bradykinin 2 receptors contribute to the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in a rat model of simulated peripheral artery disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R183-R195. [PMID: 36534589 PMCID: PMC9886358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role played by bradykinin 2 (B2) receptors in the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in rats with a femoral artery ligated for 72 h to induce simulated peripheral artery disease (PAD). We hypothesized that in decerebrate, unanesthetized rats with a ligated femoral artery, hindlimb arterial injection of HOE-140 (100 ng, B2 receptor antagonist) would reduce the pressor response to 30 s of electrically induced 1 Hz hindlimb skeletal muscle contraction, and 30 s of 1 Hz hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch (a model of mechanoreflex activation isolated from contraction-induced metabolite production). We hypothesized no effect of HOE-140 in sham-operated "freely perfused" rats. In both freely perfused (n = 4) and "ligated" (n = 4) rats, we first confirmed efficacious B2 receptor blockade by demonstrating that HOE-140 injection significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the peak increase in mean arterial pressure (peak ΔMAP) in response to hindlimb arterial injection of bradykinin. In subsequent experiments, we found that HOE-140 reduced the peak ΔMAP response to muscle contraction in ligated (n = 14; control: 23 ± 2; HOE-140: 17 ± 2 mmHg; P = 0.03) but not freely perfused rats (n = 7; control: 17 ± 3; HOE-140: 18 ± 4 mmHg; P = 0.65). Furthermore, HOE-140 had no effect on the peak ΔMAP response to stretch in ligated rats (n = 14; control: 37 ± 4; HOE-140: 32 ± 5 mmHg; P = 0.13) but reduced the integrated area under the blood pressure signal over the final ∼20 s of the maneuver. The data suggest that B2 receptors contribute to the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in rats with simulated PAD, and that contribution includes a modest role in the chronic sensitization of the mechanically activated channels/afferents that underlie mechanoreflex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L E Butenas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Auni C Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Effects of Capsaicin and Capsiate on Endurance Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214531. [PMID: 36364793 PMCID: PMC9655695 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored the effects of capsaicin and capsiate on endurance performance, with conflicting findings. This systematic review aimed to perform a meta-analysis examining the effects of capsaicin and capsiate vs. placebo on endurance performance in humans. Seven databases were searched to find eligible studies. The effects of capsaicin and capsiate on aerobic endurance (e.g., time-trials or time-to-exhaustion tests), muscular endurance (e.g., repetitions performed to muscular failure), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were examined in a random-effects meta-analysis. Fourteen studies (n = 183) were included in the review. Most studies provided capsaicin or capsiate in the dose of 12 mg, 45 min before exercise. In the meta-analysis for aerobic endurance, there was no significant difference between the placebo and capsaicin/capsiate conditions (Cohen’s d: 0.04; 95% confidence interval: −0.16, 0.25; p = 0.69). In subgroup meta-analyses, there were no significant differences between the placebo and capsaicin/capsiate conditions when analyzing only studies that used time-trials (p = 0.20) or time-to-exhaustion tests (p = 0.80). In the meta-analysis for muscular endurance, a significant ergogenic effect of capsaicin/capsiate was found (Cohen’s d: 0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.10, 0.43; p = 0.002). When analyzing set-specific effects, an ergogenic effect of capsaicin/capsiate was found in set 1, set 2, and set 3 (Cohen’s d: 0.21–29). Capsaicin/capsiate ingestion reduced RPE following muscular endurance (p = 0.03) but not aerobic endurance tests (p = 0.58). In summary, capsaicin/capsiate supplementation acutely enhances muscular endurance, while the effects on aerobic endurance are less clear.
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Bouchiba M, Bragazzi NL, Zarzissi S, Turki M, Zghal F, Grati MA, Daab W, Ayadi F, Rebai H, Ibn Hadj Amor H, Hureau TJ, Bouzid MA. Cold Water Immersion Improves the Recovery of Both Central and Peripheral Fatigue Following Simulated Soccer Match-Play. Front Physiol 2022; 13:860709. [PMID: 36045743 PMCID: PMC9420968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.860709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of neuromuscular fatigue following simulated soccer match-play. In a randomized design, twelve soccer players completed a 90-min simulated soccer match followed by either CWI or thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, sham condition). Before and after match (immediately after CWI/TWI through 72 h recovery), neuromuscular and performance assessments were performed. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and twitch responses, delivered through electrical femoral nerve stimulation, were used to assess peripheral fatigue (quadriceps resting twitch force, Qtw,pot) and central fatigue (voluntary activation, VA). Performance was assessed via squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 20 m sprint tests. Biomarkers of muscle damages (creatine kinase, CK; Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were also collected. Smaller reductions in CWI than TWI were found in MVC (-9.9 ± 3%vs-23.7 ± 14.7%), VA (-3.7 ± 4.9%vs-15.4 ± 5.6%) and Qtw,pot (-15.7 ± 5.9% vs. -24.8 ± 9.5%) following post-match intervention (p < 0.05). On the other hand, smaller reductions in CWI than TWI were found only in Qtw,pot (-0.2 ± 7.7% vs. -8.8 ± 9.6%) at 72 h post-match. Afterwards, these parameters remained lower compared to baseline up to 48–72 h in TWI while they all recovered within 24 h in CWI. The 20 m sprint performance was less impaired in CWI than TWI (+11.1 ± 3.2% vs. +18 ± 3.6%, p < 0.05) while SJ and CMJ were not affected by the recovery strategy. Plasma LDH, yet no CK, were less increased during recovery in CWI compared to TWI. This study showed that CWI reduced both central and peripheral components of fatigue, which in turn led to earlier full recovery of the neuromuscular function and performance indices. Therefore, CWI might be an interesting recovery strategy for soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Bouchiba
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, mailto:
| | - Slim Zarzissi
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Turki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Firas Zghal
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Grati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wael Daab
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Thomas J. Hureau
- Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR3072), Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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10
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Pittman DW, McGinnis MM, Liddy C, Richardson LM, Ellison ZT, Baird JP. Further disentangling the motivational processes underlying benzodiazepine hyperphagia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173426. [PMID: 35810922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their well-known anxiolytic functions, benzodiazepines produce hyperphagia. Previously, we reported that the benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), increased consumption of both normally-preferred and normally-avoided taste stimuli during long-term (1 h) tests, primarily through changes in licking microstructure patterns associated with hedonic taste evaluation, whereas there was little effect on licking microstructure measures associated with post-ingestive feedback. In this study, we further examined the hedonic and motivational specificity of CDP effects on ingestive behavior. We tested brief access (15 s) licking responses for tastants spanning all taste qualities after treatment with either CDP (5 or 10 mg/kg) or the non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone (1.5 or 3 mg/kg). A between-subjects, counterbalanced design compared the CDP or buspirone effects on licking responses for water and a range of weak to strong concentrations of NaCl, Q-HCl, citric acid, MSG, saccharin, and capsaicin under water-restricted (23 h) conditions; and sucrose, saccharin, and MSG under water-replete conditions. In a dose dependent manner, CDP increased licking for taste stimuli that were normally-avoided after saline treatment, with a notable exception observed for the trigeminal stimulus, capsaicin, which was not affected at any concentration or drug dose, suggesting a taste-specific effect of CDP on orosensory processing. Under water-replete conditions, CDP dose-dependently increased licking to normally-accepted concentrations of sucrose, saccharin, and MSG. There was no effect of either drug on licks for water under either water-restricted or water-replete conditions. Buspirone slowed oromotor coordination by increasing brief interlick intervals, but it did not affect licking for any concentrations of the tastants. Overall, these results indicate that benzodiazepines selectively enhance the hedonic acceptance of gustatory orosensory stimuli, independent of general anxiolytic or oromotor coordination effects, or physiological states such as thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA.
| | - Molly M McGinnis
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Caroline Liddy
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Lindsey M Richardson
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Zachary T Ellison
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - John-Paul Baird
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst, MA 01002-5000, USA
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11
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Teixeira AL, Vianna LC. The exercise pressor reflex: An update. Clin Auton Res 2022; 32:271-290. [PMID: 35727398 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex is a feedback mechanism engaged upon stimulation of mechano- and metabosensitive skeletal muscle afferents. Activation of these afferents elicits a reflex increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilation in an intensity-dependent manner. Consequently, the exercise pressor reflex has been postulated to be one of the principal mediators of the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise. In this updated review, we will discuss classical and recent advancements in our understating of the exercise pressor reflex function in both human and animal models. Particular attention will be paid to the afferent mechanisms and pathways involved during its activation, its effects on different target organs, its potential role in the abnormal cardiovascular response to exercise in diseased states, and the impact of age and biological sex on these responses. Finally, we will highlight some unanswered questions in the literature that may inspire future investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Teixeira
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇, Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇, Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brasília, Brazil.
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12
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Weavil JC, Kwon OS, Hughen RW, Zhang J, Light AR, Amann M. Gene and protein expression of dorsal root ganglion sensory receptors in normotensive and hypertensive male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R221-R226. [PMID: 35608265 PMCID: PMC9291411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00007.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex (EPR), a neurocirculatory control mechanism, is exaggerated in hypertensive humans and rats. Disease-related abnormalities within the afferent arm of the reflex loop, including mechano- and metabosensitive receptors located at the terminal end of group III/IV muscle afferents, may contribute to the dysfunctional EPR in hypertension. Using control (WKY) and spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) rats, we examined dorsal root ganglion (DRG) gene and protein expression of molecular receptors recognized as significant determinants of the EPR. Twelve lumbar DRGs (6-left, 6-right) were harvested from each of 10 WKY (arterial blood pressure (MAP): 96±9mmHg) and 10 SHR (MAP: 144±9mmHg). DRGs from the left side were used for protein expression (Western blotting; normalized to GAPDH), whereas right-side DRGs (i.e., parallel structure) were used to determine mRNA levels (RNA-sequencing, normalized to TPM). Analyses focused on metabosensitive (ASIC3, Bradykinin-receptor B2, EP4, P2X3, TRPv1) and mechanosensitive (Piezo1/2) receptors. While Piezo1 was similar in both groups (P=0.75), protein expression for all other receptors was significantly higher in SHR compared to WKY. With the exception of a greater Bradykinin-receptor B2 in SHR (P<0.05), mRNA expression of all other receptors was not different between groups (P>0.18). The higher protein content of these sensory receptors in SHR indirectly supports the previously proposed hypothesis that the exaggerated EPR in hypertension is, in part, due to disease-related abnormalities within the afferent arm of the reflex loop. The upregulated receptor content, combined with normal mRNA levels, insinuates that posttranscriptional regulation of sensory receptor protein expression might be impaired in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Weavil
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Ronald W Hughen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Markus Amann
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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13
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Butenas ALE, Rollins KS, Parr SK, Hammond ST, Ade CJ, Hageman KS, Musch TI, Copp SW. Novel mechanosensory role for acid sensing ion channel subtype 1a in evoking the exercise pressor reflex in rats with heart failure. J Physiol 2022; 600:2105-2125. [PMID: 35343594 PMCID: PMC9893514 DOI: 10.1113/jp282923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical and metabolic signals associated with skeletal muscle contraction stimulate the sensory endings of thin fibre muscle afferents, which, in turn, generates reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure (the exercise pressor reflex; EPR). EPR activation in patients and animals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF) results in exaggerated increases in SNA and promotes exercise intolerance. In the healthy decerebrate rat, a subtype of acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) on the sensory endings of thin fibre muscle afferents, namely ASIC1a, has been shown to contribute to the metabolically sensitive portion of the EPR (i.e. metaboreflex), but not the mechanically sensitive portion of the EPR (i.e. the mechanoreflex). However, the role played by ASIC1a in evoking the EPR in HF-rEF is unknown. We hypothesized that, in decerebrate, unanaesthetized HF-rEF rats, injection of the ASIC1a antagonist psalmotoxin-1 (PcTx-1; 100 ng) into the hindlimb arterial supply would reduce the reflex increase in renal SNA (RSNA) evoked via 30 s of electrically induced static hindlimb muscle contraction, but not static hindlimb muscle stretch (model of mechanoreflex activation isolated from contraction-induced metabolite-production). We found that PcTx-1 reduced the reflex increase in RSNA evoked in response to muscle contraction (n = 8; mean (SD) ∫ΔRSNA pre: 1343 (588) a.u.; post: 816 (573) a.u.; P = 0.026) and muscle stretch (n = 6; ∫ΔRSNA pre: 688 (583) a.u.; post: 304 (370) a.u.; P = 0.025). Our data suggest that, in HF-rEF rats, ASIC1a contributes to activation of the exercise pressor reflex and that contribution includes a novel role for ASIC1a in mechanosensation that is not present in healthy rats. KEY POINTS: Skeletal muscle contraction results in exaggerated reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure patients compared to healthy counterparts, which likely contributes to increased cardiovascular risk and impaired tolerance for even mild exercise (i.e. activities of daily living) for patients suffering with this condition. Activation of acid sensing ion channel subtype 1a (ASIC1a) on the sensory endings of thin fibre muscle afferents during skeletal muscle contraction contributes to reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure, at least in healthy subjects. In this study, we demonstrate that ASIC1a on the sensory endings of thin fibre muscle afferents plays a role in both the mechanical and metabolic components of the exercise pressor reflex in male rats with heart failure. The present data identify a novel role for ASIC1a in evoking the exercise pressor reflex in heart failure and may have important clinical implications for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shannon K. Parr
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Carl J. Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - K. Sue Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy I. Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Steven W. Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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14
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Mannozzi J, Kim JK, Sala-Mercado JA, Al-Hassan MH, Lessanework B, Alvarez A, Massoud L, Bhatti T, Aoun K, O’Leary DS. Arterial Baroreflex Inhibits Muscle Metaboreflex Induced Increases in Effective Arterial Elastance: Implications for Ventricular-Vascular Coupling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:841076. [PMID: 35399256 PMCID: PMC8990766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventricular-vascular relationship assesses the efficacy of energy transferred from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation and is quantified as the ratio of effective arterial elastance to maximal left ventricular elastance. This relationship is maintained during exercise via reflex increases in cardiovascular performance raising both arterial and ventricular elastance in parallel. These changes are, in part, due to reflexes engendered by activation of metabosensitive skeletal muscle afferents-termed the muscle metaboreflex. However, in heart failure, ventricular-vascular uncoupling is apparent and muscle metaboreflex activation worsens this relationship through enhanced systemic vasoconstriction markedly increasing effective arterial elastance which is unaccompanied by substantial increases in ventricular function. This enhanced arterial vasoconstriction is, in part, due to significant reductions in cardiac performance induced by heart failure causing over-stimulation of the metaboreflex due to under perfusion of active skeletal muscle, but also as a result of reduced baroreflex buffering of the muscle metaboreflex-induced peripheral sympatho-activation. To what extent the arterial baroreflex modifies the metaboreflex-induced changes in effective arterial elastance is unknown. We investigated in chronically instrumented conscious canines if removal of baroreflex input via sino-aortic baroreceptor denervation (SAD) would significantly enhance effective arterial elastance in normal animals and whether this would be amplified after induction of heart failure. We observed that effective arterial elastance (Ea), was significantly increased during muscle metaboreflex activation after SAD (0.4 ± 0.1 mmHg/mL to 1.4 ± 0.3 mmHg/mL). In heart failure, metaboreflex activation caused exaggerated increases in Ea and in this setting, SAD significantly increased the rise in Ea elicited by muscle metaboreflex activation (1.3 ± 0.3 mmHg/mL to 2.3 ± 0.3 mmHg/mL). Thus, we conclude that the arterial baroreflex does buffer muscle metaboreflex induced increases in Ea and this buffering likely has effects on the ventricular-vascular coupling.
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15
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Rollins KS, Butenas ALE, Williams AC, Copp SW. Sensory neuron inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors contribute to chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in rats with simulated peripheral artery disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R768-R780. [PMID: 34494467 PMCID: PMC8616625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanoreflex is exaggerated in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and in a rat model of simulated PAD in which a femoral artery is chronically (∼72 h) ligated. We found recently that, in rats with a ligated femoral artery, blockade of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptors on the sensory endings of thin fiber muscle afferents reduced the pressor response to 1 Hz repetitive/dynamic hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch (a model of mechanoreflex activation isolated from contraction-induced metabolite production). Conversely, we found no effect of TxA2 receptor blockade in rats with freely perfused femoral arteries. Here, we extended the isolated mechanoreflex findings in "ligated" rats to experiments evoking dynamic hindlimb skeletal muscle contractions. We also investigated the role played by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors, receptors associated with intracellular signaling linked to TxA2 receptors, in the exaggerated response to dynamic mechanoreflex and exercise pressor reflex activation in ligated rats. Injection of the TxA2 receptor antagonist daltroban into the arterial supply of the hindlimb reduced the pressor response to 1 Hz dynamic contraction in ligated but not "freely perfused" rats. Moreover, injection of the IP3 receptor antagonist xestospongin C into the arterial supply of the hindlimb reduced the pressor response to 1 Hz dynamic stretch and contraction in ligated but not freely perfused rats. These findings demonstrate that, in rats with a ligated femoral artery, sensory neuron TxA2 receptor and IP3 receptor-mediated signaling contributes to a chronic sensitization of the mechanically activated channels associated with the mechanoreflex and the exercise pressor reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Alec L E Butenas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Auni C Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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16
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Stone AJ, Kaufman MP. Thin-fiber muscle afferents possessing TRPV1 receptors evoke the muscle metaboreflex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R523-R524. [PMID: 34469207 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00203.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Stone
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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17
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Butenas ALE, Rollins KS, Williams AC, Parr SK, Hammond ST, Ade CJ, Hageman KS, Musch TI, Copp SW. Thromboxane A 2 receptors contribute to the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in male rats with heart failure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15052. [PMID: 34558221 PMCID: PMC8461035 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical and metabolic signals associated with skeletal muscle contraction stimulate the sensory endings of thin fiber muscle afferents and produce reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure during exercise (i.e., the exercise pressor reflex; EPR). The EPR is exaggerated in patients and animals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF) and its activation contributes to reduced exercise capacity within this patient population. Accumulating evidence suggests that the exaggerated EPR in HF-rEF is partially attributable to a sensitization of mechanically activated channels produced by thromboxane A2 receptors (TxA2 -Rs) on those sensory endings; however, this has not been investigated. Accordingly, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the role played by TxA2 -Rs on the sensory endings of thin fiber muscle afferents in the exaggerated EPR in rats with HF-rEF induced by coronary artery ligation. In decerebrate, unanesthetized rats, we found that injection of the TxA2 -R antagonist daltroban (80 μg) into the arterial supply of the hindlimb reduced the pressor response to 30 s of electrically induced 1 Hz dynamic hindlimb muscle contraction in HF-rEF (n = 8, peak ∆MAP pre: 22 ± 3; post: 14 ± 2 mmHg; p = 0.01) but not sham (n = 10, peak ∆MAP pre: 13 ± 3; post: 11 ± 2 mmHg; p = 0.68) rats. In a separate group of HF-rEF rats (n = 4), we found that the systemic (intravenous) injection of daltroban had no effect on the EPR (peak ΔMAP pre: 26 ± 7; post: 25 ± 7 mmHg; p = 0.50). Our data suggest that TxA2 -Rs on thin fiber muscle afferents contribute to the exaggerated EPR evoked in response to dynamic muscle contraction in HF-rEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Auni C. Williams
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Shannon K. Parr
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | | | - Carl J. Ade
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - K. Sue Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Timothy I. Musch
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Steven W. Copp
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
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18
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Mannozzi J, Al-Hassan MH, Lessanework B, Alvarez A, Senador D, O'Leary DS. Chronic ablation of TRPV1-sensitive skeletal muscle afferents attenuates the muscle metaboreflex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R385-R395. [PMID: 34259041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00129.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is a hallmark symptom of cardiovascular disease and likely occurs via enhanced activation of muscle metaboreflex-induced vasoconstriction of the heart and active skeletal muscle which, thereby limits cardiac output and peripheral blood flow. Muscle metaboreflex vasoconstrictor responses occur via activation of metabolite-sensitive afferent fibers located in ischemic active skeletal muscle, some of which express transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) cation channels. Local cardiac and intrathecal administration of an ultrapotent noncompetitive, dominant negative agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) can ablate these TRPV1-sensitive afferents. This technique has been used to attenuate cardiac sympathetic afferents and nociceptive pain. We investigated whether intrathecal administration (L4-L6) of RTX (2 µg/kg) could chronically attenuate subsequent muscle metaboreflex responses elicited by reductions in hindlimb blood flow during mild exercise (3.2 km/h) in chronically instrumented conscious canines. RTX significantly attenuated metaboreflex-induced increases in mean arterial pressure (27 ± 5.0 mmHg vs. 6 ± 8.2 mmHg), cardiac output (1.40 ± 0.2 L/min vs. 0.28 ± 0.1 L/min), and stroke work (2.27 ± 0.2 L·mmHg vs. 1.01 ± 0.2 L·mmHg). Effects were maintained until 78 ± 14 days post-RTX at which point the efficacy of RTX injection was tested by intra-arterial administration of capsaicin (20 µg/kg). A significant reduction in the mean arterial pressure response (+45.7 ± 6.5 mmHg pre-RTX vs. +19.7 ± 3.1 mmHg post-RTX) was observed. We conclude that intrathecal administration of RTX can chronically attenuate the muscle metaboreflex and could potentially alleviate enhanced sympatho-activation observed in cardiovascular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mannozzi
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Beruk Lessanework
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alberto Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Danielle Senador
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donal S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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19
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Singh SK, Mandal MB, Ravindran R. Instillation of bradykinin into femoral artery elicits cardiorespiratory reflexes involving perivascular afferents in anesthetized rats. Physiol Int 2021; 107:40-54. [PMID: 32491287 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors present in large blood vessels of the heart is well known in the regulation of cardiorespiratory functions. Since large blood vessels and peripheral blood vessels are of the same mesodermal origin, therefore, involvement of the latter in the regulation of cardiorespiratory system is expected. The role of perivascular nerves in mediating cardiorespiratory alterations produced after intra-arterial injection of a nociceptive agent (bradykinin) was examined in urethane-anesthetized male rats. Respiratory frequency, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded for 30 min after the retrograde injection of bradykinin/saline into the femoral artery. In addition, paw edema was determined and water content was expressed as percentage of wet weight. Injection of bradykinin produced immediate tachypneic, hypotensive and bradycardiac responses of shorter latency (5-8 s) favoring the neural mechanisms involved in it. Injection of equi-volume of saline did not produce any responses and served as time-matched control. Paw edema was observed in the ipsilateral hind limb. Pretreatment with diclofenac sodium significantly attenuated the bradykinin-induced responses and also blocked the paw edema. Ipsilateral femoral and sciatic nerve sectioning attenuated bradykinin-induced responses significantly, indicating the origin of responses from the local vascular bed. Administration of bradykinin in the segment of an artery produced reflex cardiorespiratory changes by stimulating the perivascular nociceptors involving prostaglandins. This is a novel study exhibiting the role of peripheral blood vessels in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M B Mandal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - R Ravindran
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
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20
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Butenas ALE, Rollins KS, Williams AC, Parr SK, Hammond ST, Ade CJ, Hageman KS, Musch TI, Copp SW. Exaggerated sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to dynamic mechanoreflex activation in rats with heart failure: Role of endoperoxide 4 and thromboxane A 2 receptors. Auton Neurosci 2021; 232:102784. [PMID: 33610008 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the role played by endoperoxide 4 receptors (EP4-R) and thromboxane A2 receptors (TxA2-R) during isolated dynamic muscle mechanoreflex activation in rats with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF) and sham-operated healthy controls. We found that injection of the EP4-R antagonist L-161,982 (1 μg) into the arterial supply of the hindlimb had no effect on the peak pressor response to dynamic hindlimb muscle stretch in HF-rEF (n = 6, peak ∆MAP pre: 27 ± 7; post: 27 ± 4 mm Hg; P = 0.99) or sham (n = 6, peak ∆MAP pre: 15 ± 3; post: 13 ± 3 mm Hg; P = 0.67) rats. In contrast, injection of the TxA2-R antagonist daltroban (80 μg) into the arterial supply of the hindlimb reduced the pressor response to dynamic hindlimb muscle stretch in HF-rEF (n = 11, peak ∆MAP pre: 28 ± 4; post: 16 ± 2 mm Hg; P = 0.02) but not sham (n = 8, peak ∆MAP pre: 17 ± 3; post: 16 ± 3; P = 0.84) rats. Our data suggest that TxA2-Rs on thin fibre muscle afferents contribute to the exaggerated mechanoreflex in HF-rEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L E Butenas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Auni C Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Shannon K Parr
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Hammond
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - K Sue Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America.
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21
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Qin L, Li J. Nerve growth factor in muscle afferent neurons of peripheral artery disease and autonomic function. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:694-699. [PMID: 33063730 PMCID: PMC8067946 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In peripheral artery disease patients, the blood supply directed to the lower limbs is reduced. This results in severe limb ischemia and thereby enhances pain sensitivity in lower limbs. The painful perception is induced and exaggerate during walking, and is relieved by rest. This symptom is termed by intermittent claudication. The limb ischemia also amplifies autonomic responses during exercise. In the process of pain and autonomic responses originating exercising muscle, a number of receptors in afferent nerves sense ischemic changes and send signals to the central nervous system leading to autonomic responses. This review integrates recent study results in terms of perspectives including how nerve growth factor affects muscle sensory nerve receptors in peripheral artery disease and thereby alters responses of sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure to active muscle. For the sensory nerve receptors, we emphasize the role played by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, purinergic P2X purinoceptor 3 and acid sensing ion channel subtype 3 in amplified sympathetic nerve activity responses in peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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22
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Butenas ALE, Rollins KS, Matney JE, Williams AC, Kleweno TE, Parr SK, Hammond ST, Ade CJ, Hageman KS, Musch TI, Copp SW. No effect of endoperoxide 4 or thromboxane A 2 receptor blockade on static mechanoreflex activation in rats with heart failure. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1840-1854. [PMID: 32954541 DOI: 10.1113/ep088835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do endoperoxide 4 and thromboxane A2 receptors, which are receptors for cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic metabolism, on thin fibre muscle afferents play a role in the chronic mechanoreflex sensitization present in rats with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF)? What is the main finding and its importance? The data do not support a role for endoperoxide 4 receptors or thromboxane A2 receptors in the chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in HF-rEF rats. ABSTRACT We investigated the role of cyclooxygenase metabolite-associated endoperoxide 4 receptors (EP4-R) and thromboxane A2 receptors (TxA2 -R) on thin fibre muscle afferents in the chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in rats with myocardial infarction-induced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF). We hypothesized that injection of either the EP4-R antagonist L-161,982 (1 µg) or the TxA2 -R antagonist daltroban (80 µg) into the arterial supply of the hindlimb would reduce the increase in blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) evoked in response to 30 s of static hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch (a model of isolated mechanoreflex activation) in decerebrate, unanaesthetized HF-rEF rats but not sham-operated control rats (SHAM). Ejection fraction was significantly reduced in HF-rEF (45 ± 11%) compared to SHAM (83 ± 6%; P < 0.01) rats. In SHAM and HF-rEF rats, we found that the EP4-R antagonist had no effect on the peak increase in mean arterial pressure (peak ΔMAP SHAM n = 6, pre: 15 ± 7, post: 15 ± 9, P = 0.99; HF-rEF n = 9, pre: 30 ± 11, post: 32 ± 15 mmHg, P = 0.84) or peak increase in RSNA (peak ΔRSNA SHAM pre: 33 ± 14, post: 47 ± 31%, P = 0.94; HF-rEF, pre: 109 ± 47, post: 139 ± 150%, P = 0.76) response to stretch. Similarly, in SHAM and HF-rEF rats, we found that the TxA2 -R antagonist had no effect on the peak ΔMAP (SHAM n = 7, pre: 13 ± 7, post: 19 ± 14, P = 0.15; HF-rEF n = 14, pre: 24 ± 13, post: 21 ± 13 mmHg, P = 0.47) or peak ΔRSNA (SHAM pre: 52 ± 43, post: 57 ± 67%, P = 0.94; HF-rEF, pre: 108 ± 93, post: 88 ± 72%, P = 0.30) response to stretch. The data do not support a role for EP4-Rs or TxA2 -Rs in the chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in HF-rEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L E Butenas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jacob E Matney
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Auni C Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Talyn E Kleweno
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Shannon K Parr
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stephen T Hammond
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Karen S Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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23
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Rollins KS, Butenas ALE, Felice KP, Matney JE, Williams AC, Kleweno TE, Copp SW. Thromboxane A 2 receptors mediate chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in a rat model of simulated peripheral artery disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H320-H330. [PMID: 32530751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00255.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex is a feedback autonomic and cardiovascular control mechanism evoked by mechanical and metabolic signals within contracting skeletal muscles. The mechanically sensitive component of the reflex (the mechanoreflex) is exaggerated in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and in a rat model of simulated PAD in which a femoral artery is chronically ligated. Products of cyclooxygenase enzyme activity have been shown to chronically sensitize the mechanoreflex in PAD, but the identity of the muscle afferent receptors that mediate the sensitization is unclear. We hypothesized that injection of the endoperoxide 4 receptor (EP4-R) antagonist L161982 or the thromboxane A2 receptor (TxA2-R) antagonist daltroban into the arterial supply of the hindlimb would reduce the pressor response to repetitive, dynamic hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch (a model of isolated mechanoreflex activation) in rats with a femoral artery that was ligated ~72 h before the experiment but not in rats with freely perfused femoral arteries. We found that EP4-R blockade had no effect on the pressor response (peak Δmean arterial pressure) to stretch in freely perfused (n = 6, pre: 14 ± 2, post: 15 ± 2 mmHg, P = 0.97) or ligated (n = 8, pre: 29 ± 4, post: 29 ± 6 mmHg, P = 0.98) rats. In contrast, TxA2-R blockade had no effect on the pressor response to stretch in freely perfused rats (n = 6, pre: 16 ± 3, post: 17 ± 4 mmHg, P = 0.99) but significantly reduced the response in ligated rats (n = 11, pre: 29 ± 4, post: 17 ± 5 mmHg, P < 0.01). We conclude that TxA2-Rs contribute to chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in the chronic femoral artery-ligated rat model of simulated PAD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that thromboxane A2 receptors, but not endoperoxide 4 receptors, on the sensory endings of thin fiber muscle afferents contribute to the chronic sensitization of the muscle mechanoreflex in rats with a ligated femoral artery (a model of simulated peripheral artery disease). The data may have important implications for our understanding of blood pressure control during exercise in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Alec L E Butenas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kennedy P Felice
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jacob E Matney
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Auni C Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Talyn E Kleweno
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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24
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Poveda-Jaramillo R. Heart Dysfunction in Sepsis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35:298-309. [PMID: 32807603 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac involvement during sepsis frequently occurs. A series of molecules induces a set of changes at the cellular level that result in the malfunction of the myocardium. The understanding of these molecular alterations has simultaneously promoted the implementation of diagnostic strategies that are much more precise and allowed the advance of the therapeutics. The heart is a vital organ for survival. Its well-being ensures the adequate supply of essential elements for organs and tissues.
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25
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Li Q, Garry MG. A murine model of the exercise pressor reflex. J Physiol 2020; 598:3155-3171. [PMID: 32406099 DOI: 10.1113/jp277602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The decerebrate mouse provides a novel working model of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). The decerebrate mouse model of the EPR is similar to the previously described decerebrate rat model. Studying the EPR in transgenic mouse models can define exact mechanisms of the EPR in health and disease. ABSTRACT The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is defined by a rise in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in response to exercise and is necessary to match metabolic demand and prevent premature fatigue. While this reflex is readily tested in humans, mechanistic studies are largely infeasible. Here, we have developed a novel murine model of the EPR to allow for mechanistic studies in various mouse models. We observed that ventral root stimulation (VRS) in an anaesthetized mouse causes a depressor response and a reduction in HR. In contrast, the same stimulation in a decerebrate mouse causes a rise in MAP and HR which is abolished by dorsal rhizotomy or by neuromuscular blockade. Moreover, we demonstrate a reduced MAP response to VRS using TRPV1 antagonism or in Trpv1 null mice while the response to passive stretch remains intact. Additionally, we demonstrate that intra-arterial infusion of capsaicin results in a dose-related rise in MAP and HR that is significantly reduced by a selective and potent TRPV1 antagonist or is completely abolished in Trpv1 null mice. These data serve to validate the development of a decerebrate mouse model for the study of cardiovascular responses to exercise and further define the role of the TRPV1 receptor in mediating the EPR. This novel model will allow for extensive study of the EPR in unlimited transgenic and mutant mouse lines, and for an unprecedented exploration of the molecular mechanisms that control cardiovascular responses to exercise in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglu Li
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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26
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Ducrocq GP, Kim JS, Estrada JA, Kaufman MP. ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H78-H89. [PMID: 31675256 PMCID: PMC6985806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00565.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in evoking the exercise pressor reflex is unknown, despite the fact that ASIC1a is opened by decreases in pH in the physiological range. This fact prompted us to test the hypothesis that ASIC1a plays an important role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrated rats with freely perfused hindlimb muscles. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effect of injecting two ASIC1a blockers into the arterial supply of the triceps surae muscles on the reflex pressor responses to four maneuvers, namely 1) static contraction of the triceps surae muscles (i.e., the exercise pressor reflex), 2) calcaneal tendon stretch, 3) intra-arterial injection of lactic acid, and 4) intra-arterial injection of diprotonated phosphate. We found that the 2 ASIC1a blockers, psalmotoxin-1 (200 ng/kg) and mambalgin-1 (6.5 μg/kg), decreased the pressor responses to static contraction as well as the peak pressor responses to injection of lactic acid and diprotonated phosphate. In contrast, neither ASIC1a blocker had any effect on the pressor responses to tendon stretch. Importantly, we found that ASIC1a blockade significantly decreased the pressor response to static contraction after a latency of at least 8 s. Our results support the hypothesis that ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role played by acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in evoking the exercise pressor reflex remains unknown. In decerebrated rats with freely perfused femoral arteries, blocking ASIC1a with psalmotoxin-1 or mambalgin-1 significantly attenuated the pressor response to static contraction, lactic acid, and diprotonated phosphate injection but had no effect on the pressor response to stretch. We conclude that ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex by responding to contraction-induced metabolites, such as protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Ducrocq
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joyce S Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Juan A Estrada
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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27
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Osborn JL, Loria AS. Sensory signals mediating high blood pressure via sympathetic activation: role of adipose afferent reflex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R379-R389. [PMID: 31868518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00079.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure regulation in health and disease involves a balance between afferent and efferent signals from multiple organs and tissues. Although there are numerous reviews focused on the role of sympathetic nerves in different models of hypertension, few have revised the contribution of afferent nerves innervating adipose tissue and their role in the development of obesity-induced hypertension. Both clinical and basic research support the beneficial effects of bilateral renal denervation in lowering blood pressure. However, recent studies revealed that afferent signals from adipose tissue, in an adipose-brain-peripheral pathway, could contribute to the increased sympathetic activation and blood pressure during obesity. This review focuses on the role of adipose tissue afferent reflexes and briefly describes a number of other afferent reflexes modulating blood pressure. A comprehensive understanding of how multiple afferent reflexes contribute to the pathophysiology of essential and/or obesity-induced hypertension may provide significant insights into improving antihypertensive therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jacqueline R Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey L Osborn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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28
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Grotle AK, Stone AJ. Exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in type 2 diabetes: Potential role of oxidative stress. Auton Neurosci 2019; 222:102591. [PMID: 31669797 PMCID: PMC6858935 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to exaggerated cardiovascular responses to exercise, in part due to an exaggerated exercise pressor reflex. Accumulating data suggest excessive oxidative stress contributes to an exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in cardiovascular-related diseases. Excessive oxidative stress is also a primary underlying mechanism for the development and progression of T2DM. However, whether oxidative stress plays a role in mediating the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in T2DM is not known. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of oxidative stress leading to increased activation of the afferent arm of the exercise pressor reflex. Several lines of evidence support direct and indirect effects of oxidative stress on the exercise pressor reflex. For example, intramuscular ROS may directly and indirectly (by attenuating contracting muscle blood flow) increase group III and IV afferent activity. Oxidative stress is a primary underlying mechanism for the development of neuropathic pain, which in turn is associated with increased group III and IV afferent activity. These are the same type of afferents that evoke muscle pain and the exercise pressor reflex. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced release of inflammatory mediators may modulate afferent activity. Collectively, these alterations may result in a positive feedback loop that further amplifies the exercise pressor reflex. An exaggerated reflex increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Thus, identifying the contribution of oxidative stress could provide a potential therapeutic target to reduce this risk in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Grotle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Audrey J Stone
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
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29
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Matsubara T, Hayashi K, Wakatsuki K, Abe M, Ozaki N, Yamanaka A, Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Thin-fibre receptors expressing acid-sensing ion channel 3 contribute to muscular mechanical hypersensitivity after exercise. Eur J Pain 2019; 23:1801-1813. [PMID: 31314951 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is characterized by mechanical hyperalgesia after lengthening contractions (LC). It is relatively common and causes disturbance for many people who require continuous exercise, yet its molecular and peripheral neural mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS We examined whether muscular myelinated Aδ-fibres, in addition to unmyelinated C-fibres, are involved in LC-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, and whether acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)-3 expressed in thin-fibre afferents contributes to this type of pain using a rat model of DOMS. The peripheral contribution of ASIC3 was investigated using single-fibre electrophysiological recordings in extensor digitorum longus muscle-peroneal nerve preparations in vitro. RESULTS Behavioural tests demonstrated a significant decrease of the muscular mechanical withdrawal threshold following LC to ankle extensor muscles, and it was improved by intramuscular injection of APETx2 (2.2 μM), a selective blocker of ASIC3. The lower concentration of APETx2 (0.22 µM) and its vehicle had no effect on the threshold. Intramuscular injection of APETx2 (2.2 μM) in naïve rats without LC did not affect the withdrawal threshold. In the ankle extensor muscles that underwent LC one day before the electrophysiological recordings, the mechanical response of Aδ- and C-fibres was significantly facilitated (i.e. decreased response threshold and increased magnitude of the response). The facilitated mechanical response of the Aδ- and C-fibres was significantly suppressed by selective blockade of ASIC3 with APETx2, but not by its vehicle. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate that ASIC3 contributes to the augmented mechanical response of muscle thin-fibre receptors in delayed onset muscular mechanical hypersensitivity after LC. SIGNIFICANCE Here, we show that not only C- but also Aδ-fibre nociceptors in the muscle are involved in mechanical hypersensitivity after lengthening contractions, and that acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)-3 expressed in the thin-fibre nociceptors is responsible for the mechanical hypersensitivity. ASIC3 might be a novel pharmacological target for pain after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsubara
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Functional Anatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koei Hayashi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koji Wakatsuki
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Medical Information Department, Vitacain Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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Ducrocq GP, Estrada JA, Kim JS, Kaufman MP. Blocking the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 does not reduce the exercise pressor reflex in healthy rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R576-R587. [PMID: 31365302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00174.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the role played by transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in evoking the exercise pressor reflex. Here, we determine the role played by TRPV1 in evoking this reflex while assessing possible confounding factors arising from TRPV1 antagonists or from the vehicle in which they were dissolved. The exercise pressor reflex was evoked in decerebrated, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve to contract the triceps surae muscles statically. This procedure was repeated before and after injection of the TRPV1 blockers: capsazepine (100 μg/100 μL), ruthenium red (100 μg/100 μL), or iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX; 1 μg/100 μL). We found that capsazepine decreased the exercise pressor reflex when the drug was dissolved in DMSO (-10 ± 9 mmHg; P = 0.015; n = 7). However, similar reduction was found when DMSO alone was injected (-8 ± 5 mmHg; P = 0.023; n = 5). Capsazepine, dissolved in ethanol (2 ± 6 mmHg; P = 0.49; n = 7), ruthenium red (-4 ± 12 mmHg; P = 0.41; n = 7), or IRTX (4 ± 18 mmHg; P = 0.56; n = 7), did not significantly decrease the exercise pressor reflex. In addition, we found that capsazepine and ruthenium red had "off-target" effects. Capsazepine decreased the pressor response evoked by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin (500 ng/kg; -12 ± 13 mmHg; P = 0.028; n = 9) and α-β-methylene ATP (10 μg/kg; -7 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.019; n = 10), whereas ruthenium red decreased the ability of the muscle to produce and sustain force (-99 ± 83 g; P = 0.020; n = 7). Our data therefore suggest that TRPV1 does not play a role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex. Additionally, given their strong off-target effects, capsazepine and ruthenium red should not be used for studying the role played by TRPV1 in evoking the exercise pressor reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Ducrocq
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Juan A Estrada
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joyce S Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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31
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Kim JS, Kaufman MP. Stimulation of spinal δ-opioid receptors attenuates the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrate rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R727-R734. [PMID: 30943058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00013.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A reflex arising from contracting hindlimb muscle is responsible in part for the increases in arterial pressure and heart rate evoked by exercise. The afferent arm of this reflex comprises group III and IV afferents. δ-Opioid receptors are expressed predominately on the spinal endings of group III afferents, whereas μ-opioid receptors are expressed predominately on the spinal endings of group IV afferents. Using stimuli that activated group III afferents, namely static contraction, calcaneal tendon stretch, and lactic acid injection into the superficial epigastric artery, we tested the hypothesis that, in rats with either patent or ligated femoral arteries, activation of pre- and postsynaptic δ-opioid receptors in the dorsal horn attenuated pressor reflex responses to these stimuli. In rats with patent arteries or ligated femoral arteries, [d-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a δ-opioid agonist injected intrathecally (10 μg in 10 μl), significantly attenuated the pressor responses to contraction, stretch, and lactic acid (all P < 0.05). Naltrindole, a δ-opioid receptor antagonist, prevented the attenuation. In contrast, DPDPE did not attenuate the pressor response to capsaicin injection into the superficial epigastric artery in either group of rats (both P > 0.05). Intrathecal injection of saline (10 μl), the vehicle for DPDPE, had no effect on the pressor responses in either group of rats. We conclude that activation of spinal δ-opioid receptors attenuates reflexes evoked by group III afferents in both freely perfused and ligated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S Kim
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Pennsylvania State Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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32
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Stavres J, Fischer SM, McDaniel J. Exaggerated post exercise hypotension following concentric but not eccentric resistance exercise: Implications for metabolism. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:983-993. [PMID: 30606088 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1564368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Post exercise hypotension (PEH) is primarily attributed to post-exercise vasodilation via central and peripheral mechanisms. However, the specific contribution of metabolic cost during exercise, independent of force production, is less clear. This study aimed to use isolated concentric and eccentric exercise to examine the role of metabolic activity in eliciting PEH, independent of total work. Twelve participants (6 male) completed upper and lower body concentric (CONC), eccentric (ECC), and traditional (TRAD) exercise sessions matched for work (3 × 10 in TRAD and 3 × 20 in CONC and ECC; all at 65% 1RM). Blood pressure was collected at baseline and every 15 min after exercise for 120 min. Brachial blood flow and vascular conductance were also assessed at baseline, immediately after exercise, and every 30 min after exercise. ⩒O2 was lower during ECC compared to CONC and TRAD (-2.7 mL/Kg/min ± 0.4 and -2.2 mL/Kg/min ± 0.4, respectively p < 0.001). CONC augmented the PEH response (Peak ΔMAP -3.3 mmHg ± 0.9 [mean ± SE], p = 0.006) through 75 min of recovery and ECC elicited a post-exercise hypertensive response through 120 min of recovery (Peak ΔMAP +4.5 mmHg ± 0.8, p < 0.001). CONC and TRAD elicited greater increases in brachial blood flow post exercise than ECC (Peak Δ brachial flow +190.4 mL/min ± 32.3, +202.3 mL/min ± 39.2, and 69.6 mL/min ± 19.8, respectively, p ≤ 0.005), while conductance increased immediately post exercise in all conditions and then decreased throughout recovery following ECC (-32.9 mL/min/mmHg ± 9.3, p = 0.005). These data suggest that more metabolically demanding concentric exercise augments PEH compared to work-matched eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Stavres
- a School of Health Sciences, Kent State University , Kent , OH , USA.,b Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Stephen M Fischer
- a School of Health Sciences, Kent State University , Kent , OH , USA
| | - John McDaniel
- a School of Health Sciences, Kent State University , Kent , OH , USA.,c Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Pallavi P, Pretze M, Caballero J, Li Y, Hofmann BB, Stamellou E, Klotz S, Wängler C, Wängler B, Loesel R, Roth S, Theisinger B, Moerz H, Binzen U, Greffrath W, Treede RD, Harmsen MC, Krämer BK, Hafner M, Yard BA, Kälsch AI. Analyses of Synthetic N-Acyl Dopamine Derivatives Revealing Different Structural Requirements for Their Anti-inflammatory and Transient-Receptor-Potential-Channel-of-the-Vanilloid-Receptor-Subfamily-Subtype-1 (TRPV1)-Activating Properties. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29543451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the chemical entities within N-octanoyl dopamine (NOD) responsible for the activation of transient-receptor-potential channels of the vanilloid-receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) and inhibition of inflammation. The potency of NOD in activating TRPV1 was significantly higher compared with those of variants in which the ortho-dihydroxy groups were acetylated, one of the hydroxy groups was omitted ( N-octanoyl tyramine), or the ester functionality consisted of a bulky fatty acid ( N-pivaloyl dopamine). Shortening of the amide linker (ΔNOD) slightly increased its potency, which was further increased when the carbonyl and amide groups (ΔNODR) were interchanged. With the exception of ΔNOD, the presence of an intact catechol structure was obligatory for the inhibition of VCAM-1 and the induction of HO-1 expression. Because TRPV1 activation and the inhibition of inflammation by N-acyl dopamines require different structural entities, our findings provide a framework for the rational design of TRPV1 agonists with improved anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prama Pallavi
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology , Mannheim University of Applied Sciences , Mannheim 68163 , Germany
| | | | - Julio Caballero
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations, Faculty of Engineering in Bioinformatics , Universidad de Talca , Talca 3460000 , Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Loesel
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Technical University of Applied Sciences , Nuremberg 90489 , Germany
| | - Steffen Roth
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Technical University of Applied Sciences , Nuremberg 90489 , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin C Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen , University of Groningen , Groningen 9713 , The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology , Mannheim University of Applied Sciences , Mannheim 68163 , Germany
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Harms J, Stone AJ, Kaufman MP. Peripheral µ-opioid receptors attenuate the responses of group III and IV afferents to contraction in rats with simulated peripheral artery disease. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:2052-2058. [PMID: 29465323 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with peripheral artery disease show an exaggerated pressor response to mild exercise, an effect attributable to the exercise pressor reflex, whose afferent arm comprises the thinly myelinated group III and unmyelinated group IV afferents. Previously, we found that DAMGO, a µ-opioid agonist injected into the femoral artery, attenuated the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in rats with ligated femoral arteries, a preparation that simulates the blood flow patterns to muscle that is seen in patients with peripheral artery disease. Continuing this line of investigation, we recorded the responses of group III and IV afferents to static contraction before and after injecting DAMGO (1 µg) into the superficial epigastric artery in rats with patent femoral arteries and in rats with ligated femoral arteries. In rats with patent arteries, DAMGO did not change the responses to contraction of either group III ( n = 9; P = 0.83) or group IV ( n = 8; P = 0.34) afferents. In contrast, in rats with ligated femoral arteries, DAMGO injection (1 µg) significantly decreased the responses to contraction of both group III afferents ( n = 9, P < 0.01) and group IV afferents ( n = 9; P < 0.01). DAMGO did not significantly attenuate the responses of either group III or IV afferents to capsaicin in rats with either patent or ligated femoral arteries. These findings are in agreement with our previous studies that showed that peripheral DAMGO injection attenuated the exercise pressor reflex in rats with ligated femoral arteries but had only a modest effect on the exercise pressor reflex in rats with patent femoral arteries. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In an animal model of peripheral artery disease, we show that the µ-opioid agonist, DAMGO reduces the afferent response rate resulting from stimulated static contraction. These results suggest that peripherally active opioid agonists that do not cross the blood-brain barrier may be therapeutic for treatment of peripheral artery disease without the negative and addictive side effects associated with opioids in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Harms
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Audrey J Stone
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Mueller PJ, Clifford PS, Crandall CG, Smith SA, Fadel PJ. Integration of Central and Peripheral Regulation of the Circulation during Exercise: Acute and Chronic Adaptations. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:103-151. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rollins KS, Smith JR, Esau PJ, Kempf EA, Hopkins TD, Copp SW. Bradykinin does not acutely sensitize the reflex pressor response during hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch in decerebrate rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R463-R472. [PMID: 28724548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch (i.e., selective activation of the muscle mechanoreflex) in decerebrate rats evokes reflex increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. Bradykinin has been found to sensitize mechanogated channels through a bradykinin B2 receptor-dependent mechanism. Moreover, bradykinin B2 receptor expression on sensory neurons is increased following chronic femoral artery ligation in the rat (a model of simulated peripheral artery disease). We tested the hypothesis that injection of bradykinin into the arterial supply of a hindlimb in decerebrate, unanesthetized rats would acutely augment (i.e., sensitize) the increase in blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity during hindlimb muscle stretch to a greater extent in rats with a ligated femoral artery than in rats with a freely perfused femoral artery. The pressor response during static hindlimb muscle stretch was compared before and after hindlimb arterial injection of 0.5 µg of bradykinin. Injection of bradykinin increased blood pressure to a greater extent in "ligated" (n = 10) than "freely perfused" (n = 10) rats. The increase in blood pressure during hindlimb muscle stretch, however, was not different before vs. after bradykinin injection in freely perfused (14 ± 2 and 15 ± 2 mmHg for pre- and post-bradykinin, respectively, P = 0.62) or ligated (15 ± 3 and 14 ± 2 mmHg for pre- and post-bradykinin, respectively, P = 0.80) rats. Likewise, the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity during stretch was not different before vs. after bradykinin injection in either group of rats. We conclude that bradykinin did not acutely sensitize the pressor response during hindlimb skeletal muscle stretch in freely perfused or ligated decerebrate rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korynne S Rollins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Joshua R Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Peter J Esau
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Evan A Kempf
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tyler D Hopkins
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Ichinose M, Ichinose-Kuwahara T, Watanabe K, Kondo N, Nishiyasu T. The carotid baroreflex modifies the pressor threshold of the muscle metaboreflex in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H650-H657. [PMID: 28687588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00816.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to test our hypothesis that unloading the carotid baroreceptors alters the threshold and gain of the muscle metaboreflex in humans. Ten healthy subjects performed a static handgrip exercise at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction. Contraction was sustained for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s and was followed by 3 min of forearm circulatory arrest, during which forearm muscular pH is known to decrease linearly with increasing contraction time. The carotid baroreceptors were unloaded by applying 0.1-Hz sinusoidal neck pressure (oscillating from +15 to +50 mmHg) during ischemia. We estimated the threshold and gain of the muscle metaboreflex by analyzing the relationship between the cardiovascular responses during ischemia and the amount of work done during the exercise. In the condition with unloading of the carotid baroreceptors, the muscle metaboreflex thresholds for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and total vascular resistance (TVR) corresponded to significantly lower work levels than the control condition (threshold for MAP: 795 ± 102 vs. 662 ± 208 mmHg and threshold for TVR: 818 ± 213 vs. 572 ± 292 kg·s, P < 0.05), but the gains did not differ between the two conditions (gain for MAP: 4.9 ± 1.7 vs. 4.4 ± 1.6 mmHg·kg·s-1·100 and gain for TVR: 1.3 ± 0.8 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7 mmHg·l-1·min-1·kg·s-1·100). We conclude that the carotid baroreflex modifies the muscle metaboreflex threshold in humans. Our results suggest the carotid baroreflex brakes the muscle metaboreflex, thereby inhibiting muscle metaboreflex-mediated pressor and vasoconstriction responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that unloading the carotid baroreceptors shifts the pressor threshold of the muscle metaboreflex toward lower metabolic stimulation levels in humans. This finding indicates that, in the normal loading state, the carotid baroreflex inhibits the muscle metaboreflex pressor response by shifting the reflex threshold to higher metabolic stimulation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Ichinose-Kuwahara
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Watanabe
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
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Le rôle joué par les fibres afférentes métabosensibles dans les mécanismes adaptatifs neuromusculaires. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 30:91-97. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ:Les adaptations de l'organisme à l'exercice sont permises par l'ajustement de l'activité des neurones centraux qui est en partie régulée par l'activité des afférences I et II (mécanosensibles), par la mise en jeu des afférences III et IV (métabosensibles) et par les modifications du métabolisme musculaire au cours de l'exercice. Le rôle des afférences métabosensibles apparaît comme fondamental dans les mécanismes adaptatifs à l'exercice et dans la tolérance à la fatigue. Néanmoins, de nombreuses interrogations demeurent. Cette revue fait le bilan des connaissances concernant l'implication de ces afférences dans les boucles de rétrocontrôle sensori-motrices et les mécanismes d'adaptation neuromusculaire. Il semble désormais établi que l'activation des afférences métabosensibles soit à l'origine de l'adaptation cardiovasculaire et respiratoire à l'exercice. De plus, ces afférences seraient à l'origine d'un mécanisme de protection du muscle contre la fatigue en modulant la commande motrice centrale au niveau spinal et supraspinal.
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Xing J, Li J. The Role Played by Adenosine in Modulating Reflex Sympathetic and Pressor Responses Evoked by Stimulation of TRPV1 in Muscle Afferents. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 40:39-48. [PMID: 27842306 DOI: 10.1159/000452523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Activation of metabolite-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors (capsaicin receptors) in afferent nerves of the hindlimb muscles of rats increases renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and blood pressure (BP) via a reflex mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adenosine in modulating the reflex RSNA and BP responses to stimulation of TRPV1. METHODS RSNA and BP responses were recorded in rats. Immunofluorescence and patch-clamp methods were employed to examine the receptor mechanisms responsible for the effects of adenosine. RESULTS Adenosine, in the concentration of 100 µM, injected into the femoral artery had an inhibitory effect on the reflex RSNA and BP responses induced by capsaicin. Likewise, arterial injection of adenosine analogue CGS21680 (A2A subtype receptor agonist, 10 µM and100 µM) also attenuated the reflex responses. In addition, co-existence of A2A and TRPV1 was observed in the dorsal root ganglion neurons. The prior application of adenosine or CGS21680 inhibited the magnitude of capsaicin-induced currents in muscle sensory neurons. CONCLUSION Adenosine contributes to muscle afferent TRPV1-engaged reflex sympathetic and pressor responses. It is likely that TRPV1 response is impaired as the levels of adenosine are increased in the hindlimb muscles under diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Jilin University First Hospital, Norman Bethune College of Medicine Changchun, Jilin, China
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Caron G, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Long-Term Effects of Botulinum Toxin Complex Type A Injection on Mechano- and Metabo-Sensitive Afferent Fibers Originating from Gastrocnemius Muscle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140439. [PMID: 26485650 PMCID: PMC4617719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate long term effects of motor denervation by botulinum toxin complex type A (BoNT/A) from Clostridium Botulinum, on the afferent fibers originating from the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Animals were divided in 2 experimental groups: 1) untreated animals acting as control and 2) treated animals in which the toxin was injected in the left muscle, the latter being itself divided into 3 subgroups according to their locomotor recovery with the help of a test based on footprint measurements of walking rats: i) no recovery (B0), ii) 50% recovery (B50) and iii) full recovery (B100). Then, muscle properties, metabosensitive afferent fiber responses to potassium chloride (KCl) and lactic acid injections and Electrically-Induced Fatigue (EIF), and mechanosensitive responses to tendon vibrations were measured. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed and the toxin injected muscles were weighted. After toxin injection, we observed a complete paralysis associated to a loss of force to muscle stimulation and a significant muscle atrophy, and a return to baseline when the animals recover. The response to fatigue was only decreased in the B0 group. The responses to KCl injections were only altered in the B100 groups while responses to lactic acid were altered in the 3 injected groups. Finally, our results indicated that neurotoxin altered the biphasic pattern of response of the mechanosensitive fiber to tendon vibrations in the B0 and B50 groups. These results indicated that neurotoxin injection induces muscle afferent activity alterations that persist and even worsen when the muscle has recovered his motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Caron
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (ISM-EJM), Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910 - 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, cedex 09, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (ISM-EJM), Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910 - 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (ISM-EJM), Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910 - 163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille, cedex 09, France
- * E-mail:
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Panneton WM, Gan Q, Ariel M. Injections of Algesic Solutions into Muscle Activate the Lateral Reticular Formation: A Nociceptive Relay of the Spinoreticulothalamic Tract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130939. [PMID: 26154308 PMCID: PMC4496070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although musculoskeletal pain disorders are common clinically, the central processing of muscle pain is little understood. The present study reports on central neurons activated by injections of algesic solutions into the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat, and their subsequent localization by c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the spinal cord and brainstem. An injection (300μl) of an algesic solution (6% hypertonic saline, pH 4.0 acetate buffer, or 0.05% capsaicin) was made into the gastrocnemius muscle and the distribution of immunolabeled neurons compared to that obtained after control injections of phosphate buffered saline [pH 7.0]. Most labeled neurons in the spinal cord were found in laminae IV-V, VI, VII and X, comparing favorably with other studies, with fewer labeled neurons in laminae I and II. This finding is consistent with the diffuse pain perception due to noxious stimuli to muscles mediated by sensory fibers to deep spinal neurons as compared to more restricted pain localization during noxious stimuli to skin mediated by sensory fibers to superficial laminae. Numerous neurons were immunolabeled in the brainstem, predominantly in the lateral reticular formation (LRF). Labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla, where neurons responsive to noxious stimulation of cutaneous and visceral structures lie. Immunolabeled neurons in the LRF continued rostrally and dorsally along the intermediate reticular nucleus in the medulla, including the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis caudally and the parvicellular reticular nucleus more rostrally, and through the pons medial and lateral to the motor trigeminal nucleus, including the subcoerulear network. Immunolabeled neurons, many of them catecholaminergic, were found bilaterally in the nucleus tractus solitarii, the gracile nucleus, the A1 area, the CVLM and RVLM, the superior salivatory nucleus, the nucleus locus coeruleus, the A5 area, and the nucleus raphe magnus in the pons. The external lateral and superior lateral subnuclei of the parabrachial nuclear complex were consistently labeled in experimental data, but they also were labeled in many control cases. The internal lateral subnucleus of the parabrachial complex was labeled moderately. Few immunolabeled neurons were found in the medial reticular formation, however, but the rostroventromedial medulla was labeled consistently. These data are discussed in terms of an interoceptive, multisynaptic spinoreticulothalamic path, with its large receptive fields and role in the motivational-affective components of pain perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael Ariel
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koba
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine
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Roberts AM, Yu J, Joshua IG. Microvascular dilation evoked by chemical stimulation of C-fibers in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:55-60. [PMID: 25359718 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00077.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of pulmonary C-fibers can reflexively decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral vascular resistance. However, the effects of these afferents on microvascular tone remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of these afferents on microvascular tone in a striated muscle vascular bed. The right cremaster muscle in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats with intact circulation and innervation was suspended in a tissue bath, and diameters of small arterioles were measured by intravital video microscopy. Stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers by injecting capsaicin (5 μg/kg) or phenylbiguanide (20 μg/kg) into the right atrium dilated small arterioles and decreased blood pressure and heart rate. The effects persisted when the cervical vagus nerves were cooled to 5 to 7°C (blocking myelinated fibers), but were prevented by cooling to 0°C (blocking C-fibers and myelinated fibers), by cutting the genital femoral nerve (GFN) supplying the cremaster to block the nerve supply to the muscle, or by adding 6-hydroxydopamine to the bathing medium to selectively block sympathetic effects by depleting norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals. Our results show that stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers reflexively dilates small arterioles in striated muscle by a mechanism that could involve withdrawal of sympathetic adrenergic tone. In conclusion, pulmonary C-fibers can exert an inhibitory influence on neural tone of the microcirculation at an important site where microvascular resistance and tissue blood flow are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Roberts
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
| | - Jerry Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irving G Joshua
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Exaggerated increases in blood pressure during isometric muscle contraction in hypertension: role for purinergic receptors. Auton Neurosci 2014; 188:51-7. [PMID: 25577671 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is a cornerstone therapy for the primary prevention and treatment of hypertension, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in modern societies. During exercise, heart rate and blood pressure (BP) increase in order to acutely meet the metabolic demands of the working skeletal muscle. In hypertensive adults, isometric exercise-induced increases in BP are excessive, potentially increasing the risk of an acute cardiovascular event during or after physical activity. Recently, the skeletal muscle metaboreflex has emerged as a significant contributor to the development of aberrant cardiovascular control during isometric exercise in this clinical population. Our laboratory has conducted a series of studies characterizing the skeletal muscle metaboreflex in hypertensive humans. We and others have demonstrated that hypertension is characterized by greater increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and BP during selective activation of the metaboreflex during post-exercise muscle ischemia compared to the increases noted in healthy age-matched normotensive adults, suggesting that the skeletal muscle metaboreflex is exaggerated in human hypertension. The focus of this review is the skeletal muscle metaboreflex (i.e., the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex) in hypertension, with particular emphasis on the potential role of purinergic receptors in mediating the exaggerated responses to muscle metaboreflex activation.
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Capsaicin modulates acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:211-9. [PMID: 25446918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are non-selective cation channel proteins that are expressed throughout the body. Previous studies demonstrated the expression of TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), capsaicin (CAP) receptor, in sensory neurons. Recently, we reported TRPV1 expression in mouse motor nerve terminals [MNTs; (Thyagarajan et al., 2009)], where we observed that CAP protected MNTs from botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). Phrenic nerve diaphragm nerve muscle preparations (NMP) isolated from isoflurane anesthetized adult mice were analyzed for twitch tension, spontaneous (mEPCs) and nerve stimulus evoked (EPCs) acetylcholine release. When acutely applied to isolated NMP, CAP produced a concentration-dependent decline of twitch tension and produced a significant decline in the amplitude of EPCs and quantal content without any effect on the mEPCs. The suppression of nerve stimulus evoked acetylcholine release by CAP was antagonized by capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist. CAP did not suppress phrenic nerve stimulus evoked acetylcholine release in TRPV1 knockout mice. Also, CAP treatment, in vitro, interfered with the localization of adapter protein 2 in cholinergic Neuro 2a cells. Wortmannin, (WMN; non-selective phosphoinositol kinase inhibitor), mimicked the effects of CAP by inhibiting the acetylcholine exocytosis. Our data suggest that TRPV1 proteins expressed at the MNT are coupled to the exo-endocytic mechanisms to regulate neuromuscular functions.
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Xing J, Lu J, Li J. Nerve growth factor decreases in sympathetic and sensory nerves of rats with chronic heart failure. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1564-70. [PMID: 24913185 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a critical role in the maintenance and survival of both sympathetic and sensory nerves. Also, NGF can regulate receptor expression and neuronal activity in the sympathetic and sensory neurons. Abnormalities in NGF regulation are observed in patients and animals with heart failure (HF). Nevertheless, the effects of chronic HF on the levels of NGF within the sympathetic and sensory nerves are not known. Thus, the ELISA method was used to assess the levels of NGF in the stellate ganglion (SG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of control rats and rats with chronic HF induced by myocardial infarction. Our data show for the first time that the levels of NGF were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the SG and DRG neurons 6-20 weeks after ligation of the coronary artery. In addition, a close relation was observed between the NGF levels and the left ventricular function. In conclusion, chronic HF impairs the expression of NGF in the sympathetic and sensory nerves. Given that sensory afferent nerves are engaged in the sympathetic nervous responses to somatic stimulation (i.e. muscle activity during exercise) via a reflex mechanism, our data indicate that NGF is likely responsible for the development of muscle reflex-mediated abnormal sympathetic responsiveness observed in chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China,
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Caron G, Rouzi T, Grelot L, Magalon G, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Mechano- and metabosensitive alterations after injection of botulinum toxin into gastrocnemius muscle. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:904-14. [PMID: 24615939 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate effects of motor denervation by Clostridium botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) on the afferent activity of fibers originating from the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Animals were randomized in two groups, 1) untreated animals acting as control and 2) treated animals in which the toxin was injected in the left muscle. Locomotor activity was evaluated once per day during 12 days with a test based on footprint measurements of walking rats (sciatic functional index). At the end of the functional assessment period, electrophysiological tests were used to measure muscle properties, metabosensitive afferent fiber responses to chemical (KCl and lactic acid) injections, electrically induced fatigue (EIF), and mechanosensitive responses to tendon vibrations. Additionally, ventilatory response was recorded during repetitive muscle contractions. Then, rats were sacrificed, and the BoNT/A-injected muscles were weighed. Twelve days postinjection we observed a complete motor denervation associated with a significant muscle atrophy and loss of force to direct muscle stimulation. In the BoNT/A group, the metabosensitive responses to KCl injections were unaltered. However, we observed alterations in responses to EIF and to 1 mM of lactic acid (which induces the greatest activation). The ventilatory adjustments during repetitive muscle activation were abolished, and the mechanosensitive fiber responses to tendon vibrations were reduced. These results indicate that BoNT/A alters the sensorimotor loop and may induce insufficient motor and physiological adjustments in patients in whom a motor denervation with BoNT/A was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Caron
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (ISM-EJM) Equipe Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Piché M, Watanabe N, Hotta H. Regulation of gastric motility and blood flow during acute nociceptive stimulation of the paraspinal muscles in urethane-anaesthetised rats. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:37-46. [PMID: 24037728 PMCID: PMC10717917 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine gastric motility and blood flow during nociceptive hypertonic saline injections (HS) in paraspinal muscles of urethane-anaesthetised rats. Gastric pressure was not affected by HS in intact or vagotomised conditions. After cervical spinalisation, it was decreased by injections at T13 or L6 but not T2. Moreover, HS injections at T13 produced greater gastric pressure decreases compared with L6 and T2 and increased gastric sympathetic nerve activity. Blood pressure and gastric blood flow were decreased by T13 injections in spinal cord intact but not spinalised rats. Besides, isotonic saline injections (non-nociceptive) produced non-significant or marginal effects. These results indicate that gastric motility is decreased by nociceptive input from paraspinal muscles in spinalised rats through activation of the gastric sympathetic nerve. Although gastric blood flow was also decreased by nociceptive stimulation at T13 in spinal cord intact rats, these changes seem to depend on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Piché
- Department of Chiropractic, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Harumi Hotta
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
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Li J, Xing J, Lu J. Nerve Growth Factor, Muscle Afferent Receptors and Autonomic Responsiveness with Femoral Artery Occlusion. JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 1:1-18. [PMID: 25346945 PMCID: PMC4207086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex is a neural control mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular responses to exercise. As exercise is initiated, thin fiber muscle afferent nerves are activated by mechanical and metabolic stimuli arising in the contracting muscles. This leads to reflex increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate primarily through activation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Studies of humans and animals have indicated that the exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated in a number of cardiovascular diseases. For the last several years, a series of studies have employed a rodent model to examine the mechanisms at receptor and cellular levels by which responses of SNA and blood pressure to static exercise are heightened in peripheral artery disease (PAD), one of the most common cardiovascular disorders. Specifically, femoral artery occlusion is used to study intermittent claudication that is observed in human PAD. Our studies have demonstrated that the receptors on thin fiber muscle afferents including transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), purinergic P2X3 and acid sensing ion channel subtype 3 (ASIC3) are engaged in augmented autonomic responses this disease. This review will present some of recent results in regard with several receptors in muscle sensory neurons in contribution to augmented autonomic responses in PAD. We will emphasize the role played by nerve growth factor (NGF) in regulating those sensory receptors in the processing of amplified exercise pressor reflex. Also, we will discuss the role played by hypoxia-inducible facor-1α regarding the enhanced autonomic reflex with femoral artery occlusion. The purpose of this review is to focus on a theme namely that PAD accentuates reflexively autonomic responses to exercise and further address regulatory mechanisms leading to abnormal autonomic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jihong Xing
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Resiniferatoxin (RTX) causes a uniquely protracted musculoskeletal hyperalgesia in mice by activation of TRPV1 receptors. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1629-41. [PMID: 24188863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inactivation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors is one approach to analgesic drug development. However, TRPV1 receptors exert different effects on each modality of pain. Because muscle pain is clinically important, we compared the effect of TRPV1 ligands on musculoskeletal nociception to that on thermal and tactile nociception. Injected parenterally, capsaicin had no effect on von Frey fiber responses (tactile) but induced a transient hypothermia and hyperalgesia in both the tail flick (thermal) and grip force (musculoskeletal) assays, presumably by its agonistic action at TRPV1 sites. In contrast, resiniferatoxin (RTX) produced a chronic (>58 days) thermal antinociception, consistent with its reported ability to desensitize TRPV1 sites. In the same mice, RTX produced a transient hypothermia (7 hours) and a protracted (28-day) musculoskeletal hyperalgesia in spite of a 35.5% reduction in TRPV1 receptor immunoreactivity in muscle afferents. Once musculoskeletal hyperalgesia subsided, mice were tolerant to the hyperalgesic effects of either capsaicin or RTX whereas tolerance to hypothermia did not develop until after 3 injections. Musculoskeletal hyperalgesia was prevented but not reversed by SB-366791, a TRPV1 antagonist, indicating that TRPV1 receptors initiate but do not maintain hyperalgesia. Injected intrathecally, RTX produced only a brief musculoskeletal hyperalgesia (2 days), after which mice were tolerant to this effect. PERSPECTIVE The effect of TRPV1 receptors varies depending on modality and tissue type, such that RTX causes thermal antinociception, musculoskeletal hyperalgesia, and no effect on tactile nociception in healthy mice. Spinal TRPV1 receptors are a potential target for pain relief as they induce only a short musculoskeletal hyperalgesia followed by desensitization.
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