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Zhang R, Khan D, Muhammad S. Establishment of a novel protocol for assessing the severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage in circle Willis perforation mouse model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10147. [PMID: 38698100 PMCID: PMC11066000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Circle of Willis perforation (cWp) mouse model is a key tool in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) research; however, inconsistent bleeding volumes can challenge experimental reliability. To address this issue, we introduced the ROB Scoring System, a novel protocol integrating Rotarod Tests (RT), Open-field Tests (OT) video analysis, and daily Body Weight Loss (BWL) monitoring to precisely categorize SAH severity. Forty C57BL/6 mice underwent cWp SAH induction, categorized by ROB into severity subgroups (severe, moderate, mild). Validation compared ROB trends in subgroups, and ROB outcomes with autopsy results on postoperative days three and seven for acute and sub-acute evaluations. Mortality rates were analyzed via the survival log-rank test, revealing a significant difference among SAH subgroups (P < 0.05). Strong correlations between ROB grades and autopsy findings underscored its precision. Notably, the severe group exhibited 100% mortality within 4 days post SAH onset. Single parameters (RT, OT, BWL) were insufficient for distinguishing SAH severity levels. The ROB score represents a significant advancement, offering an objective method for precise categorization and addressing inherent bleeding variations in the cWp SAH model. This standardized protocol enhances the reliability and effectiveness of the SAH translational research, providing a valuable tool for future investigations into this critical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Mooren Str. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Dilaware Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Mooren Str. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Mooren Str. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Tanner S, Zhou J, Bietar B, Lehmann C. Validation of a Simplified Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH231997. [PMID: 38701138 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a severe injury to the brain and is associated with a high mortality (40%). Several experimental SAH models are described in the literature requiring specialized equipment and a high degree of surgical expertise. Our goal was to validate a simplified, cost-effective model to permit future studies of SAH. METHODS SAH was induced by injection of homologous blood into the cisterna magna. Perfusion-fixation then perfusion of gelatinous India ink was performed. Brains and brainstems were collected and imaged for analysis of cerebral vasospasm. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to analyze brain tissue cell death 24 hours following stroke. A composite neuroscore was utilized to assess SAH-related neurologic deficits. RESULTS Anterior cerebral artery and basilary artery diameters were significantly reduced at 24 hours post SAH induction. Middle cerebral artery diameter was also reduced; however, the results were not significant. TTC staining showed no infarcted tissue. Neuroscores were significantly lower in the SAH mice, indicating the presence of functional deficits. CONCLUSIONS This simplified model of SAH elicits pathological changes consistent with those described for more complex models in the literature. Therefore, it can be used in future preclinical studies examining the pathophysiology of SAH and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tanner
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada2
| | - Bashir Bietar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada2
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3
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Kamali A, Dieckhaus L, Peters EC, Preszler CA, Witte RS, Pires PW, Hutchinson EB, Laksari K. Ultrasound, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging to study hyperacute pathophysiology of traumatic and vascular brain injury. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:534-546. [PMID: 37183044 PMCID: PMC10525021 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebrovascular dynamics and pathomechanisms that evolve in the minutes and hours following traumatic vascular injury in the brain remain largely unknown. We investigated the pathophysiology evolution in mice within the first 3 hours after closed-head traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), two significant traumatic vascular injuries. METHODS We took a multimodal imaging approach using photoacoustic imaging, color Doppler ultrasound, and MRI to track injury outcomes using a variety of metrics. RESULTS Brain oxygenation and velocity-weighted volume of blood flow (VVF) values significantly decreased from baseline to 15 minutes after both TBI and SAH. TBI resulted in 19.2% and 41.0% ipsilateral oxygenation and VVF reductions 15 minutes postinjury, while SAH resulted in 43.9% and 85.0% ipsilateral oxygenation and VVF reduction (p < .001). We found partial recovery of oxygenation from 15 minutes to 3 hours after injury for TBI but not SAH. Hemorrhage, edema, reduced perfusion, and altered diffusivity were evident from MRI scans acquired 90-150 minutes after injury in both injury models, although the spatial distribution was mostly focal for TBI and diffuse for SAH. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal that the cerebral oxygenation deficits immediately following injuries are reversible for TBI and irreversible for SAH. Our findings can inform future studies on mitigating these early responses to improve long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kamali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
| | - Laurel Dieckhaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
| | - Emily C. Peters
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Collin A. Preszler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
| | - Russel S. Witte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Paulo W. Pires
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Elizabeth B. Hutchinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kaveh Laksari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ
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4
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Weyer V, Maros ME, Kirschner S, Krost-Reuhl S, Groden C, Kramer M, Brockmann MA, Kronfeld A. Influence of neurovascular anatomy on perforation site in different mouse strains using the filament perforation model for induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263983. [PMID: 36227879 PMCID: PMC9560502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filament perforation is a widely-used method to induce subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in mice. Whereas the perforation site has been assumed to be in the branching of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA), we recently observed more proximal perforations. METHODS Filament perforation was performed in CD1- (n = 10) and C57Bl/6N-mice (n = 9) ex vivo. The filament was left in place and the perforation site was microscopically assessed. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in CD1- (n = 9) and C57Bl/6J-mice (n = 29) and anatomical differences of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were determined. RESULTS Whereas in C57Bl/6N-mice perforation occurred in the proximal intracranial ICA in 89% (n = 8), in CD1-mice the perforation site was in the proximal ICA in 50% (n = 5), in the branching between MCA and ACA in 40% (n = 4), and in the proximal ACA in 10% (n = 1). DSA revealed a stronger angulation (p<0.001) of the ICA in CD1-mice (163.5±2.81°) compared to C57Bl/6J-mice (124.5±5.49°). Body weight and ICA-angle showed no significant correlation in C57Bl/6J- (r = -0.06, pweight/angle = 0.757) and CD1-mice (r = -0.468, pweight/angle = 0.242). CONCLUSION Filament perforation in mice occurs not only at the hitherto presumed branching between MCA and ACA, but seems to depend on mouse strain and anatomy as the proximal intracranial ICA may also be perforated frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Weyer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Máté E. Maros
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Groden
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc A. Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Kronfeld
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Santana D, Mosteiro A, Pedrosa L, Llull L, Torné R, Amaro S. Clinical relevance of glucose metrics during the early brain injury period after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: An opportunity for continuous glucose monitoring. Front Neurol 2022; 13:977307. [PMID: 36172028 PMCID: PMC9512056 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.977307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and higher glucose variability during the Early Brain Injury (EBI) period of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have been associated with poor clinical outcome. However, it is unclear whether these associations are due to direct glucose-driven injury or if hyperglycaemia simply acts as a marker of initial severity. Actually, strict glucose control with intensive insulin therapy has not been demonstrated as an effective strategy for improving clinical outcomes after aSAH. Currently published studies describing an association between hyperglycaemia and prognosis in aSAH patients have been based on isolated glucose measurements and did not incorporate comprehensive dynamic evaluations, such as those derived from subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring devices (CMG). Arguably, a more accurate knowledge on glycaemic patterns during the acute phase of aSAH could increase our understanding of the relevance of glycaemia as a prognostic factor in this disease as well as to underpin its contribution to secondary focal and diffuse brain injury. Herein, we have summarized the available evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of glucose metrics during the acute phase of cerebrovascular diseases, focusing in the EBI period after aSAH. Overall, obtaining a more precise scope of acute longitudinal glucose profiles could eventually be useful for improving glucose management protocols in the setting of acute aSAH and to advance toward a more personalized management of aSAH patients during the EBI phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santana
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Mosteiro
- Neurosurgery Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Pedrosa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Llull
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Torné
- Neurosurgery Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ramón Torné
| | - Sergi Amaro
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sergi Amaro
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Thomas C, Wurzer L, Malle E, Ristow M, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis as a Pleiotropic Effect of Commonly Used Drugs. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:905261. [PMID: 35821802 PMCID: PMC9261327 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.905261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated diseases represent a growing burden for global health systems in our aging society. Consequently, we urgently need innovative strategies to counteract these pathological disturbances. Overwhelming generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with age-related damage, leading to cellular dysfunction and, ultimately, diseases. However, low-dose ROS act as crucial signaling molecules and inducers of a vaccination-like response to boost antioxidant defense mechanisms, known as mitohormesis. Consequently, modulation of ROS homeostasis by nutrition, exercise, or pharmacological interventions is critical in aging. Numerous nutrients and approved drugs exhibit pleiotropic effects on ROS homeostasis. In the current review, we provide an overview of drugs affecting ROS generation and ROS detoxification and evaluate the potential of these effects to counteract the development and progression of age-related diseases. In case of inflammation-related dysfunctions, cardiovascular- and neurodegenerative diseases, it might be essential to strengthen antioxidant defense mechanisms in advance by low ROS level rises to boost the individual ROS defense mechanisms. In contrast, induction of overwhelming ROS production might be helpful to fight pathogens and kill cancer cells. While we outline the potential of ROS manipulation to counteract age-related dysfunction and diseases, we also raise the question about the proper intervention time and dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Thomas
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Lia Wurzer
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Ristow
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski,
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Miyaoka R, Yamamoto J, Miyachi H, Suzuki K, Saito T, Nakano Y. Intra-arterial Contrast-enhanced Micro-computed Tomography Can Evaluate Intracranial Status in the Ultra-early Phase of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2021; 61:721-730. [PMID: 34615810 PMCID: PMC8666300 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endovascular perforation (EP) model is a common technique for experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, simulating the pathophysiological features observed in the acute phase of SAH. Due to the drawbacks of large variations in the amount of bleeding, the results obtained from this model require severity evaluation. However, no less-invasive procedure could confirm the precise intracranial conditions immediately after establishing the rat EP model. We created a novel method for evaluating SAH immediately after establishing the rat EP model using intra-arterial contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CT). We administered contrast agents continuously via the carotid artery during surgery and performed CT examination immediately after SAH induction. First, bleeding severity was classified by establishing a scoring system based on the CT findings (cSAH scoring system). Subsequently, we determined the actual SAH distribution macroscopically and histologically and compared it with the cSAH scores. Second, we investigated the contrast agent’s neurotoxicity in rats. Finally, we confirmed the correlation between cSAH scores and SAH severity, including neurological status, cerebral vasospasm, and hematoma volume 24 hr after SAH. Intra-arterial contrast-enhanced micro-CT could visualize the distribution of SAH proportionally to the bleeding severity immediately after establishing the EP model. Moreover, the contrast agent administration was determined not to be neurotoxic to rats. The cSAH scoring revealed a significant correlation with the SAH severity in the rat EP model (P <0.01). Thus, our minimally invasive method provided precise information on intracranial status in the ultra-early phase of SAH in rats EP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyaoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Junkoh Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Hiroshi Miyachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Yoshiteru Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
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8
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Weyer V, Maros ME, Kronfeld A, Kirschner S, Groden C, Sommer C, Tanyildizi Y, Kramer M, Brockmann MA. Longitudinal imaging and evaluation of SAH-associated cerebral large artery vasospasm in mice using micro-CT and angiography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2265-2277. [PMID: 31752586 PMCID: PMC7585924 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19887052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal in vivo imaging studies characterizing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced large artery vasospasm (LAV) in mice are lacking. We developed a SAH-scoring system to assess SAH severity in mice using micro CT and longitudinally analysed LAV by intravenous digital subtraction angiography (i.v. DSA). Thirty female C57Bl/6J-mice (7 sham, 23 SAH) were implanted with central venous ports for repetitive contrast agent administration. SAH was induced by filament perforation. LAV was assessed up to 14 days after induction of SAH by i.v. DSA. SAH-score and neuroscore showed a highly significant positive correlation (rsp = 0.803, p < 0.001). SAH-score and survival showed a negative significant correlation (rsp = -0.71, p < 0.001). LAV peaked between days 3-5 and normalized on days 7-15. Most severe LAV was observed in the internal carotid (Δmax = 30.5%, p < 0.001), anterior cerebral (Δmax = 21.2%, p = 0.014), middle cerebral (Δmax = 28.16%, p < 0.001) and basilar artery (Δmax = 23.49%, p < 0.001). Cerebral perfusion on day 5 correlated negatively with survival time (rPe = -0.54, p = 0.04). Arterial diameter of the left MCA correlated negatively with cerebral perfusion on day 3 (rPe = -0.72, p = 0.005). In addition, pseudoaneurysms arising from the filament perforation site were visualized in three mice using i.v. DSA. Thus, micro-CT and DSA are valuable tools to assess SAH severity and to longitudinally monitor LAV in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Weyer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Máté E Maros
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kronfeld
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Groden
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yasemin Tanyildizi
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models. However, the difficulties in assessing higher brain functions, such as cognition and memory, in rodents decrease the translational potential of these studies. In this review, we summarize commonly used motor/sensorimotor and cognition tests in rodent models of stroke. Specifically, we first briefly introduce the objective and procedure of each behavioral test. Next, we summarize the application of each test in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Last, the advantages and disadvantages of these tests in assessing stroke outcome are discussed. This review summarizes commonly used behavioral tests in stroke studies and compares their applications in different stroke types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
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10
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Jayamanoharan S, Mangum JE, Stylli S, Ziogas J, Adamides AA. Association between elevated cerebrospinal fluid D-dimer levels and delayed cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 76:177-182. [PMID: 32321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. It is currently not possible to reliably predict patients at risk of DCI after aSAH. The aim of this study was to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D-Dimer and plasminogen levels and to investigate any association with development of DCI. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from 30 patients within 72 h post-aSAH (n = 13 DCI and n = 17 non-DCI patients) were analysed. DCI was diagnosed when angiographic vasospasm was detected in the presence of new onset neurological deficit. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify D-dimer concentrations while western blotting was used to quantify plasminogen levels. Significant differences in CSF proteins between DCI and non-DCI cohorts were verified using Mann-Whitney test. Sensitivity and specificity of these proteins for detecting DCI was examined using a ROC curve and verified with a Fischer's exact test. CSF levels of D-dimer within 72 h post aSAH were significantly elevated in DCI patients (54.29 ng/ml, 25.35-105.88 ng/ml) compared to non-DCI patients (26.75 ng/ml, 6.9-45.08 ng/ml) [p = 0.03]. In our sample population, D-dimer levels above 41.1 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 69.2% and specificity of 75% for predicting DCI. CSF levels of plasminogen (DCI: 0.50 signal-intensity/μl, 0.20-0.73 signal-intensity/μl, non-DCI: 0.28 signal-intensity/μl, 0.22-0.54 signal-intensity/μl) did not differ between the DCI and non-DCI cohort (p > 0.05). Our study suggests that elevated D-dimer in the first 72 h after aSAH may be a potential predictive biomarker for DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan E Mangum
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stanley Stylli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James Ziogas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alexios A Adamides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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11
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Akturk UD, Tuncer C, Bozkurt H, Sahin OS, Bulut H, Arikok A, Dinc C, Gurer B, Turkoglu E. Blocking VEGF by Bevacizumab Attenuates VEGF-Induced Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rabbits. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:e136-e143. [PMID: 32251821 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) plays a vital role in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia. Anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies, like bevacizumab (BEV), may attenuate VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis, reduced vascular cell proliferation, and improve vasospasm after SAH. METHODS Thirty-two adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 rabbits in each group: group 1 (control); group 2 (SAH); group 3 (SAH + vehicle); and group 4 (SAH + BEV). BEV (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered 5 minutes after the intracisternal blood injection and continued for 72 hours once per day in the same dose for group 4. Animals were sacrificed 72 hours after SAH. Basilar artery cross-sectional areas, arterial wall thicknesses, and hippocampal degeneration scores were evaluated in all groups. RESULTS VEGF is associated with the narrowing of the basilar artery. Treatment with BEV statistically significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the basilar artery when compared with the SAH and the vehicle groups. Basilar artery wall thicknesses in the BEV group was statistically significant smaller than in the SAH and vehicle groups. The hippocampal degeneration scores for the BEV and control groups were similar and significantly lower than those for the SAH and vehicle groups. CONCLUSIONS Cellular proliferation and subsequent vessel wall thickening is a reason to delay cerebral ischemia and deterioration of the neurocognitive function. Intraperitoneal administration of BEV was found to attenuate cerebral vasospasm and prevent delayed cerebral ischemia and improve neurocognitive function after SAH in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Dogu Akturk
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Tuncer
- Duzce Univesity, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bozkurt
- Ministry of Health, Kecioren Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Selcuk Sahin
- Binali Yildirim University Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Husamettin Bulut
- Private Edremit Korfez Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ata Arikok
- Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Dinc
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Pathology Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bora Gurer
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Turkoglu
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Tissue of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: The Effects of Overweight and Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6598326. [PMID: 30647815 PMCID: PMC6311809 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6598326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is one of the major cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with oxidative stress and myocardial dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity affects cardiac function and morbidity by causing alterations in enzymatic redox patterns. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included in the study. Excessive right atrial myocardial tissue emerging from the operative connection to the extracorporeal circulation was harvested. Patients were assigned to control (n = 19, body mass index (BMI): <25 kg/m2), overweight (n = 25, 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2), or obese (n = 17, BMI: >30 kg/m2) groups. Oxidative enzyme systems were studied directly in the cardiac muscles of patients undergoing CABG who were grouped according to BMI. Molecular biological methods and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to detect the expression and activity of oxidative enzymes and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results We found increased levels of ROS and increased expression of ROS-producing enzymes (i.e., p47phox, xanthine oxidase) and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, heme oxygenase-1, and eNOS) in line with elevated inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in the right atrial myocardial tissue and by trend also in serum (sVCAM-1 and CCL5/RANTES). Conclusion Increasing BMI in patients undergoing CABG is related to altered myocardial redox patterns, which indicates increased oxidative stress with inadequate antioxidant compensation. These changes suggest that the myocardium of obese patients suffering from coronary artery disease is more susceptible to cardiomyopathy and possible damage by ischemia and reperfusion, for example, during cardiac surgery.
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Peng J, Wu Y, Pang J, Sun X, Chen L, Chen Y, Tang J, Zhang JH, Jiang Y. Single clip: An improvement of the filament-perforation mouse subarachnoid haemorrhage model. Brain Inj 2018; 33:701-711. [PMID: 30296175 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1531310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Neulen A, Meyer S, Kramer A, Pantel T, Kosterhon M, Kunzelmann S, Goetz H, Thal SC. Large Vessel Vasospasm Is Not Associated with Cerebral Cortical Hypoperfusion in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0647-6. [PMID: 30003500 PMCID: PMC6526146 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have shown discrepancies between large vessel vasospasm, cerebral perfusion, and clinical outcome. We set out to analyze the contribution of large vessel vasospasm to impaired cerebral perfusion and neurological impairment in a murine model of SAH. SAH was induced in C57BL/6 mice by endovascular filament perforation. Vasospasm was analyzed with microcomputed tomography, cortical perfusion by laser SPECKLE contrast imaging, and functional impairment with a quantitative neuroscore. SAH animals developed large vessel vasospasm, as shown by significantly lower vessel volumes of a 2.5-mm segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) (SAH 5.6 ± 0.6 nL, sham 8.3 ± 0.5 nL, p < 0.01). Induction of SAH significantly reduced cerebral perfusion of the corresponding left MCA territory compared to values before SAH, which only recovered partly (SAH vs. sham, 15 min 35.7 ± 3.1 vs. 101.4 ± 10.2%, p < 0.01; 3 h, 85.0 ± 8.6 vs. 121.9 ± 13.4, p < 0.05; 24 h, 75.3 ± 4.6 vs. 110.6 ± 11.4%, p < 0.01; 72 h, 81.8 ± 4.8 vs. 108.5 ± 14.5%, n.s.). MCA vessel volume did not correlate significantly with MCA perfusion after 72 h (r = 0.34, p = 0.25). Perfusion correlated moderately with neuroscore (24 h: r = - 0.58, p < 0.05; 72 h: r = - 0.44, p = 0.14). There was no significant correlation between vessel volume and neuroscore after 72 h (r = - 0.21, p = 0.50). In the murine SAH model, cerebral hypoperfusion occurs independently of large vessel vasospasm. Neurological outcome is associated with cortical hypoperfusion rather than large vessel vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kosterhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Kunzelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hermann Goetz
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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15
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Long-Lasting Cerebral Vasospasm, Microthrombosis, Apoptosis and Paravascular Alterations Associated with Neurological Deficits in a Mouse Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2763-2779. [PMID: 28455691 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease with high mortality and morbidity. Long-term cognitive and sensorimotor deficits are serious complications following SAH but still not well explained and described in mouse preclinical models. The aim of our study is to characterize a well-mastered SAH murine model and to establish developing pathological mechanisms leading to cognitive and motor deficits, allowing identification of specific targets involved in these long-term troubles. We hereby demonstrate that the double blood injection model of SAH induced long-lasting large cerebral artery vasospasm (CVS), microthrombosis formation and cerebral brain damage including defect in potential paravascular diffusion. These neurobiological alterations appear to be associated with sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunctions mainly detected 10 days after the bleeding episode. In conclusion, this characterized model of SAH in mice, stressing prolonged neurobiological pathological mechanisms and associated sensitivomotor deficits, will constitute a validated preclinical model to better decipher the link between CVS, long-term cerebral apoptosis and cognitive disorders occurring during SAH and to allow investigating novel therapeutic approaches in transgenic mice.
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16
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Neulen A, Pantel T, Kosterhon M, Kirschner S, Brockmann MA, Kantelhardt SR, Giese A, Thal SC. A segmentation-based volumetric approach to localize and quantify cerebral vasospasm based on tomographic imaging data. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172010. [PMID: 28199398 PMCID: PMC5310853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Quantification of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is crucial in animal studies as well as clinical routine. We have developed a method for computer-based volumetric assessment of intracranial blood vessels from cross-sectional imaging data. Here we demonstrate the quantification of vasospasm from micro computed tomography (micro-CT) data in a rodent SAH model and the transferability of the volumetric approach to clinical data. Methods We obtained rodent data by performing an ex vivo micro-CT of murine brains after sham surgery or SAH by endovascular filament perforation on day 3 post hemorrhage. Clinical CT angiography (CTA) was performed for diagnostic reasons unrelated to this study. We digitally reconstructed and segmented intracranial vascular trees, followed by calculating volumes of defined vessel segments by standardized protocols using Amira® software. Results SAH animals demonstrated significantly smaller vessel diameters compared with sham (MCA: 134.4±26.9μm vs.165.0±18.7μm, p<0.05). We could highlight this difference by analyzing vessel volumes of a defined MCA-ICA segment (SAH: 0.044±0.017μl vs. sham: 0.07±0.006μl, p<0.001). Analysis of clinical CTA data allowed us to detect and volumetrically quantify vasospasm in a series of 5 SAH patients. Vessel diameters from digital reconstructions correlated well with those measured microscopically (rodent data, correlation coefficient 0.8, p<0.001), or angiographically (clinical data, 0.9, p<0.001). Conclusions Our methodological approach provides accurate anatomical reconstructions of intracranial vessels from cross-sectional imaging data. It allows volumetric assessment of entire vessel segments, hereby highlighting vasospasm-induced changes objectively in a murine SAH model. This method could also be a helpful tool for analysis of clinical CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (AN); (SCT)
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kosterhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc A. Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven R. Kantelhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alf Giese
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (AN); (SCT)
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Kamp MA, Lieshout JHV, Dibué-Adjei M, Weber JK, Schneider T, Restin T, Fischer I, Steiger HJ. A Systematic and Meta-Analysis of Mortality in Experimental Mouse Models Analyzing Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:206-219. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Pinkernell S, Becker K, Lindauer U. Severity assessment and scoring for neurosurgical models in rodents. Lab Anim 2016; 50:442-452. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677216675010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The most important acute neurological diseases seen at neurosurgery departments are traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH). In both diseases the pathophysiological sequela are complex and have not been fully understood up to now, and rodent models using rats and mice are most suitable for the investigation of the pathophysiological details. In both models, surgery is performed under anesthesia, followed by assessment of their functional outcome and behavioral testing before brain tissue analysis after euthanasia. Postoperative analgesia is mandatory, and supplementary care is highly recommended for refinement purposes. Pain and stress assessment is mainly based on clinical and behavioral signs, and further research is needed to improve the evaluation of severity in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pinkernell
- Translational Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Becker
- Translational Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Lindauer
- Translational Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Zemke D, Farooq MU, Mohammed Yahia A, Majid A. Delayed ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: result of vasospasm alone or a broader vasculopathy? Vasc Med 2016; 12:243-9. [PMID: 17848485 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x07081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The term vasospasm is commonly used to describe constriction of cerebral blood vessels after subarachnoid hemorrhage which results in the restriction of blood flow and ischemia in affected portions of the brain. The pathophysiological changes that underlie vascular constriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage include changes within the vessel walls themselves, alteration of the levels of several vasoactive substances, and broader pathological conditions such as immune responses, inflammation, and oxidative damage. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the processes that occur in cerebral blood vessels after subarachnoid hemorrhage and how they may be involved in the development of vasospasm. We also propose that, rather than merely vasospasm, the multitude of vascular effects occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage can be best described as a post-subarachnoid hemorrhage vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zemke
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology Michigan State Univ. East Lansing, MI 48824. USA
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20
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Lei XG, Zhu JH, Cheng WH, Bao Y, Ho YS, Reddi AR, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ. Paradoxical Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes: Basic Mechanisms and Health Implications. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:307-64. [PMID: 26681794 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from aerobic metabolism, as a result of accidental electron leakage as well as regulated enzymatic processes. Because ROS/RNS can induce oxidative injury and act in redox signaling, enzymes metabolizing them will inherently promote either health or disease, depending on the physiological context. It is thus misleading to consider conventionally called antioxidant enzymes to be largely, if not exclusively, health protective. Because such a notion is nonetheless common, we herein attempt to rationalize why this simplistic view should be avoided. First we give an updated summary of physiological phenotypes triggered in mouse models of overexpression or knockout of major antioxidant enzymes. Subsequently, we focus on a series of striking cases that demonstrate "paradoxical" outcomes, i.e., increased fitness upon deletion of antioxidant enzymes or disease triggered by their overexpression. We elaborate mechanisms by which these phenotypes are mediated via chemical, biological, and metabolic interactions of the antioxidant enzymes with their substrates, downstream events, and cellular context. Furthermore, we propose that novel treatments of antioxidant enzyme-related human diseases may be enabled by deliberate targeting of dual roles of the pertaining enzymes. We also discuss the potential of "antioxidant" nutrients and phytochemicals, via regulating the expression or function of antioxidant enzymes, in preventing, treating, or aggravating chronic diseases. We conclude that "paradoxical" roles of antioxidant enzymes in physiology, health, and disease derive from sophisticated molecular mechanisms of redox biology and metabolic homeostasis. Simply viewing antioxidant enzymes as always being beneficial is not only conceptually misleading but also clinically hazardous if such notions underpin medical treatment protocols based on modulation of redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongping Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit R Reddi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Du GJ, Lu G, Zheng ZY, Poon WS, Wong KCG. Endovascular Perforation Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:83-8. [PMID: 26463927 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of stroke with disastrous outcomes of high disability and mortality. A variety of endeavors have been developed to explore a SAH animal model for investigation of the disease. Among these models, the endovascular perforation SAH model was considered to be the most simulative to the clinical human SAH because it reproduces several pathophysiology procedures and presents some of the most important post-hemorrhage features. An applicable SAH animal model should have the characteristics of low mortality rate, limited surgical manipulation, and adaptation to many species, which permits reproducibility and standardization. An intensive discussion of how to improve the techniques and refine the procedure has taken place in the last decade. This report describes our experiences with a murine model of SAH. We aim to standardize and optimize the procedures to establish a relatively stable animal model for SAH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Jia Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Yuan Zheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Chu George Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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22
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Iqbal S, Hayman EG, Hong C, Stokum JA, Kurland DB, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) in subarachnoid hemorrhage: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Brain Circ 2016; 2:8-19. [PMID: 27774520 PMCID: PMC5074544 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.178541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) typically carries a poor prognosis. Growing evidence indicates that overabundant production of nitric oxide (NO) may be responsible for a large part of the secondary injury that follows SAH. Although SAH modulates the activity of all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the inducible isoform, NOS-2, accounts for a majority of NO-mediated secondary injuries after SAH. Here, we review the indispensable physiological roles of NO that must be preserved, even while attempting to downmodulate the pathophysiologic effects of NO that are induced by SAH. We examine the effects of SAH on the function of the various NOS isoforms, with a particular focus on the pathological effects of NOS-2 and on the mechanisms responsible for its transcriptional upregulation. Finally, we review interventions to block NOS-2 upregulation or to counteract its effects, with an emphasis on the potential therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in patients afflicted with SAH. There is still much to be learned regarding the apparently maladaptive response of NOS-2 and its harmful product NO in SAH. However, the available evidence points to crucial effects that, on balance, are adverse, making the NOS-2/NO/peroxynitrite axis an attractive therapeutic target in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Iqbal
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik G Hayman
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caron Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David B Kurland
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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23
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Lipocalin 2 and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in White Matter after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:131-4. [PMID: 26463936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes acute white matter injury in mice. In this study, we investigated lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in white matter, which may lead to subsequent injury. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in wild-type (WT) and LCN2-knockout (LCN2(-/-)) mice. Sham mice underwent the same procedure without perforation. Mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 24 h after SAH to confirm the development of T2-hyperintensity in white matter. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to elucidate the mechanisms of LCN2-mediated white matter injury and BBB disruption. It was confirmed that LCN2 expression was significantly increased in white matter of WT mice after SAH by Western blotting (versus sham; p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that LCN2 receptor 24p3R was expressed in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes in the white matter. In WT mice with SAH, albumin leakage along the white matter was prominently observed and was consistent with T2-hyperintensity on MRI. As with our previous report, LCN2(-/-) mice scarcely developed T2-hyperintensity on MRI or albumin leakage in white matter. Our results suggest that BBB leakage occurs in white matter after SAH and that LCN2 contributes to SAH-induced BBB disruption.
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Backer-Grøndahl A, Lindal S, Lorentzen MA, Eldevik P, Vorren T, Kristiansen B, Vangberg T, Ytrebø LM. A new non-craniotomy model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the pig: a pilot study. Lab Anim 2015; 50:379-89. [PMID: 26643281 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215619806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from rupture of an intracranial arterial aneurysm is a devastating disease affecting young people, with serious lifelong disability or death as a frequent outcome. Large animal models that exhibit all the cardinal clinical features of human SAH are highly warranted. In this pilot study we aimed to develop a non-craniotomy model of SAH in pigs suitable for acute intervention studies. Six Norwegian Landrace pigs received advanced invasive hemodynamic and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The subarachnoid space, confirmed by a clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tap, was reached by advancing a needle below the ocular bulb through the superior orbital fissure and into the interpeduncular cistern. SAH was induced by injecting 15 mL of autologous arterial blood into the subarachnoid space. Macro- and microanatomical investigations of the pig brain showed a typical blood distribution consistent with human aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) autopsy data. Immediately after SAH induction ICP sharply increased with a concomitant reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). ICP returned to near normal values after 30 min, but increased subsequently during the experimental period. Signs of brain edema were confirmed by light microscopy post-mortem. None of the animals died during the experimental period. This new transorbital injection model of SAH in the pig mimics human aSAH and may be suitable for acute intervention studies. However, the model is technically challenging and needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Backer-Grøndahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigurd Lindal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Petter Eldevik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgrim Vorren
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bente Kristiansen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgil Vangberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Marius Ytrebø
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Muroi C, Fujioka M, Marbacher S, Fandino J, Keller E, Iwasaki K, Mishima K. Mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: technical note on the filament perforation model. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2015; 120:315-20. [PMID: 25366644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using genetically engineered mice are regarded as indispensable to gaining a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology in neuronal injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Therefore, mouse SAH models are becoming increasingly important. The circle of Willis perforation (cWp) model is the most frequently used mouse SAH model. We report and discuss the technical surgical approach, results, and difficulties associated with the cWp model, with reference to the existing literature. Our results largely confirmed previously published results. This model may be the first choice at present, because important pathologies can be reproduced in this model and most findings in the literature are based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Muroi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan,
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Egashira Y, Shishido H, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. New grading system based on magnetic resonance imaging in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2014; 46:582-4. [PMID: 25550373 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A grading system for experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that does not require animal euthanasia is currently unavailable. We proposed a new grading system based on MRI and evaluated the feasibility of this method in a mouse model of SAH. METHODS SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Mice underwent MRI 24 hours after SAH and were categorized into the following 5 grades based on T2*-weighted imaging: Grade 0, no visible SAH or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); Grade 1, minimal/localized SAH without IVH; Grade 2, minimal/localized SAH with IVH; Grade 3, thick/diffuse SAH without IVH; and Grade 4, thick/diffuse SAH with IVH. Neurological deficits were then assessed and the mice euthanized for conventional SAH grading. RESULTS Among a total of 47 mice, 4% were scored as grade 0, 30% as grade 1, 11% as grade 2, 30% as grade 3, and 26% as grade 4. This MRI grading had excellent interobserver reliability (weighted κ value =0.94), and there were strong correlations between the MRI grading and the conventional grading (r=0.85; P<0.001) or between MRI grade and neurological scores (r=-0.46; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The new MRI grading correlated well with conventional grading and enabled in vivo evaluation of SAH severity. This grading system may offer advantages in future studies of experimental SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Egashira
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hajime Shishido
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Kamp MA, Dibué M, Sommer C, Steiger HJ, Schneider T, Hänggi D. Evaluation of a murine single-blood-injection SAH model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114946. [PMID: 25545775 PMCID: PMC4278886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are poorly understood and continue to be a matter of debate. A valid murine SAH injection model is not yet available but would be the prerequisite for further transgenic studies assessing the mechanisms following SAH. Using the murine single injection model, we examined the effects of SAH on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the somatosensory (S1) and cerebellar cortex, neuro-behavioural and morphological integrity and changes in quantitative electrocorticographic and electrocardiographic parameters. Micro CT imaging verified successful blood delivery into the cisterna magna. An acute impairment of rCBF was observed immediately after injection in the SAH and after 6, 12 and 24 hours in the S1 and 6 and 12 hours after SAH in the cerebellum. Injection of blood into the foramen magnum reduced telemetric recorded total ECoG power by an average of 65%. Spectral analysis of ECoGs revealed significantly increased absolute delta power, i.e., slowing, cortical depolarisations and changes in ripples and fast ripple oscillations 12 hours and 24 hours after SAH. Therefore, murine single-blood-injection SAH model is suitable for pathophysiological and further molecular analysis following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Kamp
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxine Dibué
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Clemens Sommer
- Department for Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Marbacher S, Nevzati E, Croci D, Erhardt S, Muroi C, Jakob SM, Fandino J. The rabbit shunt model of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:669-80. [PMID: 25326333 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a disease with devastating complications that leads to stroke, permanent neurological deficits and death. Clinical and ex-perimental work has demonstrated the importance of the contribution of delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS) indepen-dent early events to mortality, morbidity and functional out-come after SAH. In order to elucidate processes involved in early brain injury (EBI), animal models that reflect acute events of aneurysmal bleeding, such as increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure, are needed. In the presented arterial shunt model, bleeding is initially driven by the pressure gradient between mean arterial blood pressure and ICP. SAH dynamics (flow rate, volume and duration) depend on physiological reactions and local anatomical intrathecal (cistern) conditions. During SAH, ICP reaches a plateau close to diastolic arterial blood pressure and the blood flow stops. Historical background, anaesthesia, perioperative care and monitoring, SAH induction, technical considerations and advantages and limitations of the rabbit blood shunt SAH model are discussed in detail. Awareness of technical details, physiological characteristics and appropriate monitoring methods guarantees successful implementation of the rabbit blood shunt model and allows the study of both EBI and DCVS after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Marbacher
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory of the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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Xu HL, Garcia M, Testai F, Vetri F, Barabanova A, Pelligrino DA, Paisansathan C. Pharmacologic blockade of vascular adhesion protein-1 lessens neurologic dysfunction in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2014; 1586:83-9. [PMID: 25175836 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a potentially devastating clinical problem. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of SAH, outcome remains unfavorable. An increased inflammatory state, one that is characterized by enhanced leukocyte trafficking has been reported to contribute to neuronal injury in association with multiple brain insults, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. This study was designed to investigate, in rats, the neuropathologic consequences of heightened leukocyte trafficking following SAH, induced via endovascular perforation of the anterior cerebral artery. Experiments focused on the initial 48 h post-SAH and sought to establish whether blockade of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), with LJP-1586, was able to provide dose-dependent neuroprotection. Treatment with LJP-1586 was initiated at 6h post-SAH. An intravital microscopy and closed cranial window system, that permitted examination of temporal patterns of rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocyte adhesion/extravasation, was used. Effects of LJP-1586 on neurologic outcomes and leukocyte trafficking at 24 h and 48 h post-SAH were examined. In VAP-1-inhibited vs control rats, results revealed a significant attenuation in leukocyte trafficking at both 24 h and 48 h after SAH, along with an improvement in neurologic outcome. In conclusion, our findings support the involvement of an amplified inflammatory state, characterized by enhanced leukocyte trafficking, during the first 48 h after SAH. VAP-1 blockade yielded neuroprotection that was associated with an attenuation of leukocyte trafficking and improved neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Liang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Maggie Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fernando Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7330, USA
| | - Francesco Vetri
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alexandra Barabanova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chanannait Paisansathan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor Street, M/C 515, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Bühler D, Schüller K, Plesnila N. Protocol for the induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by perforation of the Circle of Willis with an endovascular filament. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:653-9. [PMID: 25123204 PMCID: PMC4213389 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are a valuable tool to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to brain damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Therefore, several murine SAH models were developed during the last 15 years. Among those models, the perforation of the Circle of Willis by an endovascular filament or “filament model” turned out to become the most popular one, since it is believed to reproduce some of the most prominent pathophysiological features observed after human SAH. Despite the importance of the endovascular filament model for SAH research, relatively few studies were published using this technique during the past years and a number of laboratories reported problems establishing the technique. This triggered discussions about the standardization, reproducibility, and the reliability of the model. In order to improve this situation, the current paper aims to provide a comprehensive hands-on protocol of the murine endovascular filament model. The protocol proved to result in induction of SAH in mice with high intrapersonal and interpersonal reproducibility and is based on our experience with this technique for more than 10 years. By sharing our experience with this valuable model, we aim to initiate a constantly ongoing discussion process on the improvement of standards and techniques in the field of experimental SAH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bühler
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Max-Lebsche Platz 30, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Egashira Y, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Acute white matter injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: potential role of lipocalin 2. Stroke 2014; 45:2141-3. [PMID: 24893611 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE White matter injury occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated acute white matter injury in a mouse SAH model and the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in that injury. METHODS SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in wild-type (WT) or LCN2 knockout (LCN2-/-) mice. Sham WT mice underwent the same procedure without perforation. MRI was performed 24 hours after SAH and the volumes of the T2-hyperintensity in white matter were measured. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine white matter injury. RESULTS Mortality rates and SAH severity were not significantly different between WT and LCN2-/- animals. T2-hyperintensity in the white matter was observed in all WT animals at 24 hours after SAH (6.1±2.7 versus 0.06±0.07 mm3 in sham; P<0.001), and the volume of T2-hyperintensity tended to correlate with SAH severity (r=0.30; P=0.055). In WT animals with SAH, numerous LCN2-positive cells were observed in white matter. In contrast, LCN2-/- animals scarcely developed white matter T2-hyperintensity after SAH (0.5±0.5 mm3; P<0.001, versus WT). Markers of axonal damage and myelin degradation were increased in white matter after SAH in WT compared with those in LCN2-/- animals (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SAH results in an acute white matter injury at 24 hours in mice, and LCN2 plays an important role in SAH-induced white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Egashira
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Biomarkers of vasospasm development and outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 2014; 341:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Muroi C, Fujioka M, Okuchi K, Fandino J, Keller E, Sakamoto Y, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Filament perforation model for mouse subarachnoid hemorrhage: Surgical-technical considerations. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 28:722-32. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2014.918579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Abstract
In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schüller
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center
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Yeung PKK, Shen J, Chung SSM, Chung SK. Targeted over-expression of endothelin-1 in astrocytes leads to more severe brain damage and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:131. [PMID: 24156724 PMCID: PMC3815232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor, and astrocytic ET-1 is reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury and cytotoxic edema. However, it is still unknown whether astrocytic ET-1 also contributes to vasogenic edema and vasospasm during subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the present study, transgenic mice with astrocytic endothelin-1 over-expression (GET-1 mice) were used to investigate the pathophysiological role of ET-1 in SAH pathogenesis. Results The GET-1 mice experienced a higher mortality rate and significantly more severe neurological deficits, blood–brain barrier breakdown and vasogenic edema compared to the non-transgenic (Ntg) mice following SAH. Oral administration of vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49059, significantly reduced the cerebral water content in the GET-1 mice. Furthermore, the GET-1 mice showed significantly more pronounced middle cerebral arterial (MCA) constriction after SAH. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that the calcium-activated potassium channels and the phospho-eNOS were significantly downregulated, whereas PKC-α expression was significantly upregulated in the MCA of the GET-1 mice when compared to Ntg mice after SAH. Administration of ABT-627 (ETA receptor antagonist) significantly down-regulated PKC-α expression in the MCA of the GET-1 mice following SAH. Conclusions The present study suggests that astrocytic ET-1 involves in SAH-induced cerebral injury, edema and vasospasm, through ETA receptor and PKC-mediated potassium channel dysfunction. Administration of ABT-627 (ETA receptor antagonist) and SR 49059 (vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist) resulted in amelioration of edema and vasospasm in mice following SAH. These data provide a strong rationale to investigate SR 49059 and ABT-627 as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sookja K Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kaynar MY, Tanriverdi T, Kemerdere R, Atukeren P, Gumustas K. Cerebrospinal fluid superoxide dismutase and serum malondialdehyde levels in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results. Neurol Res 2013; 27:562-7. [PMID: 15978186 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x17288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental studies provide evidence that oxidative damage plays a role in the development of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) but data from human studies is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) changes in patients with aneurysmal SAH. METHODS SOD in CSF and MDA in the serum were detected on days 1-3, 5 and 7 after aneurysmal SAH in 21 patients, and the results were compared with 15 patients with hydrocephalus. The results were also compared with those of clinical parameters including the patient's outcome at 6 months. RESULTS The mean CSF SOD levels were lower and serum MDA levels were higher than the controls. Patients with a high amount of blood within the cisterns had a trend to decreased SOD while increasing MDA levels. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that the levels of antioxidants are decreased after the onset of SAH in the early period, possibly because of increased oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen-mediated oxidative damage may play an important role in inflammation after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yasar Kaynar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Titova E, Ostrowski RP, Zhang JH, Tang J. Experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage for studies of cerebral vasospasm. Neurol Res 2013; 31:568-81. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x382412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a biphasic event with an acute ischemic insult at the time of the initial bleed and secondary events such as cerebral vasospasm 3 to 7 days later. Although much has been learned about the delayed effects of SAH, less is known about the mechanisms of acute SAH-induced injury. Distribution of blood in the subarachnoid space, elevation of intracranial pressure, reduced cerebral perfusion and cerebral blood flow (CBF) initiates the acute injury cascade. Together they lead to direct microvascular injury, plugging of vessels and release of vasoactive substances by platelet aggregates, alterations in the nitric oxide (NO)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathways and lipid peroxidation. This review will summarize some of these mechanisms that contribute to acute cerebral injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Sehba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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Mino M, Kamii H, Fujimura M, Kondo T, Takasawa S, Okamoto H, Yoshimoto T. Temporal changes of neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 2013; 25:839-45. [PMID: 14669527 DOI: 10.1179/016164103771953934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate the existence of progenitor cells and their potential for neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) of normal adult mammalian brain. Increased neurogenesis has been shown following cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury; however, the involvement of neurogenesis in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been examined. Adult male CD-1 mice were subjected to SAH by endovascular perforation of the left anterior cerebral artery. Mice received intraperitoneal injections of the cell proliferation-specific marker 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) after SAH induction. BrdU incorporation was examined from 1 to 30 days after SAH by immunohistochemistry. The BrdU-positive cells were detected in SVZ and DG of normal control brain, and were significantly decreased in both areas three days after SAH. The number of these cells had recovered to its control level seven days after SAH. Double staining with BrdU and NeuN indicated that the majority of the BrdU-positive cells migrating into the granular cell layer of the DG became NeuN-positive 30 days after SAH. In conclusion, temporal changes of the neurogenesis as shown in the present study suggest that neurogenesis in the hippocampus may affect functional outcome after SAH. The induction of the neurogenesis can provide therapeutic value against SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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41
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Acute microvascular changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global cerebral ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:425281. [PMID: 23589781 PMCID: PMC3621372 DOI: 10.1155/2013/425281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global cerebral ischemia result in similar pathophysiological changes in the cerebral microcirculation. These changes include microvascular constriction, increased leukocyte-endothelial interactions, blood brain barrier disruption, and microthrombus formation. This paper will look at various animal and preclinical studies that investigate these various microvascular changes, perhaps providing insight in how these microvessels can be a therapeutic target in both subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global cerebral ischemia.
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42
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Caner B, Hou J, Altay O, Fuj M, Zhang JH. Transition of research focus from vasospasm to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2012; 123 Suppl 2:12-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basak Caner
- Department of Physiology; Loma Linda University, School of Medicine; Loma Linda; California; USA
| | - Jack Hou
- Department of Physiology; Loma Linda University, School of Medicine; Loma Linda; California; USA
| | - Orhan Altay
- Department of Physiology; Loma Linda University, School of Medicine; Loma Linda; California; USA
| | - Mutsumi Fuj
- Department of Physiology; Loma Linda University, School of Medicine; Loma Linda; California; USA
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43
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Atochin DN, Huang PL. Role of endothelial nitric oxide in cerebrovascular regulation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 12:1334-42. [PMID: 21235451 DOI: 10.2174/138920111798280974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in the vascular system. Animal models that show vascular dysfunction demonstrate the protective role of endothelial NO dependent pathways. This review focuses on the role of endothelial NO in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and vascular tone. We will discuss the importance of NO in cerebrovascular function using animal models with altered endothelial NO production under normal, ischemic and reperfusion conditions, as well as in hyperoxia. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations of the endothelial NO system demonstrate the essential roles of endothelial NO synthase in maintenance of vascular tone and cerebral perfusion under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy N Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1583-606. [PMID: 21473702 PMCID: PMC3151424 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1261] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species Revised abstract, especially superoxide anion (O₂•-), play important roles in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the major antioxidant defense systems against (O₂•-), which consist of three isoforms of SOD in mammals: the cytoplasmic Cu/ZnSOD (SOD1), the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), and the extracellular Cu/ZnSOD (SOD3), all of which require catalytic metal (Cu or Mn) for their activation. Recent evidence suggests that in each subcellular location, SODs catalyze the conversion of (O₂•-), H2O2, which may participate in cell signaling. In addition, SODs play a critical role in inhibiting oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide, thereby preventing peroxynitrite formation and endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. The importance of each SOD isoform is further illustrated by studies from the use of genetically altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer. Given the essential role of SODs in cardiovascular disease, the concept of antioxidant therapies, that is, reinforcement of endogenous antioxidant defenses to more effectively protect against oxidative stress, is of substantial interest. However, the clinical evidence remains controversial. In this review, we will update the role of each SOD in vascular biologies, physiologies, and pathophysiologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Because of the importance of metal cofactors in the activity of SODs, we will also discuss how each SOD obtains catalytic metal in the active sites. Finally, we will discuss the development of future SOD-dependent therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Fukai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Sheng H, Spasojevic I, Tse HM, Jung JY, Hong J, Zhang Z, Piganelli JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Warner DS. Neuroprotective efficacy from a lipophilic redox-modulating Mn(III) N-Hexylpyridylporphyrin, MnTnHex-2-PyP: rodent models of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:906-16. [PMID: 21652782 PMCID: PMC3164343 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular treatment with redox-regulating Mn(III) N-hexylpyridylporphyrin (MnPorphyrin) is remarkably efficacious in experimental central nervous system (CNS) injury. Clinical development has been arrested because of poor blood-brain barrier penetration. Mn(III) meso-tetrakis (N-hexylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTnHex-2-PyP) was synthesized to include four six-carbon (hexyl) side chains on the core MnPorphyrin structure. This has been shown to increase in vitro lipophilicity 13,500-fold relative to the hydrophilic ethyl analog Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP). In normal mice, we found brain MnTnHex-2-PyP accumulation to be ∼9-fold greater than MnTE-2-PyP 24 h after a single intraperitoneal dose. We then evaluated MnTnHex-2-PyP efficacy in outcome-oriented models of focal cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. For focal ischemia, rats underwent 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Parenteral MnTnHex-2-PyP treatment began 5 min or 6 h after reperfusion onset and continued for 7 days. Neurologic function was improved with both early (P = 0.002) and delayed (P = 0.002) treatment onset. Total infarct size was decreased with both early (P = 0.03) and delayed (P = 0.01) treatment. MnTnHex-2-PyP attenuated nuclear factor κB nuclear DNA binding activity and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression. For subarachnoid hemorrhage, mice underwent perforation of the anterior cerebral artery and were treated with intraperitoneal MnTnHex-2-PyP or vehicle for 3 days. Neurologic function was improved (P = 0.02), and vasoconstriction of the anterior cerebral (P = 0.0005), middle cerebral (P = 0.003), and internal carotid (P = 0.015) arteries was decreased by MnTnHex-2-PyP. Side-chain elongation preserved MnPorphyrin redox activity, but improved CNS bioavailability sufficient to cause improved outcome from acute CNS injury, despite delay in parenteral treatment onset of up to 6 h. This advance now allows consideration of MnPorphyrins for treatment of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Schöller K, Feiler S, Anetsberger S, Kim SW, Plesnila N. Contribution of Bradykinin Receptors to the Development of Secondary Brain Damage After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1118-23. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31820a0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schöller
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergej Feiler
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Anetsberger
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Seong-Woong Kim
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Çelik Ö, Bilginer B, Korkmaz A, Gürgör PN, Bavbek M, Özgen T, Ziyal İ. Effects of intramuscular parecoxib administration on vasospasm in an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:316-22. [PMID: 21348801 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.556284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We examined whether intramuscular parecoxib administration has a preventive or therapeutic effect on vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty New Zealand White Rabbits were assigned randomly to one of four groups. Animals in Group I were not subjected to SAH (control group). Animals in all other groups were subjected to SAH. Animals in Group II received no treatment after SAH induction (SAH group). Animals in Group III received intramuscular parecoxib (diluted with saline) injection at 6 and at 30 hours after SAH (treatment group). Animals in Group IV received only intramuscular saline injection at 6 and at 30 hours after SAH (vehicle group). Animals were euthanized by perfusion and fixation 48 hours after SAH induction. Basilar artery cross-sectional areas and wall thicknesses were measured. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Basilar artery cross-sectional areas in the treatment group were significantly higher than in the SAH or vehicle group (p<.05). Basilar artery wall thickness in the treatment group was significantly smaller than in the SAH or vehicle group (p<.05). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that intramuscular administration of parecoxib significantly attenuates vasospasm following experimental SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Çelik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Marbacher S, Fandino J, Kitchen N. Characteristics of in vivo animal models of delayed cerebral vasospasm. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:173-175. [PMID: 21116935 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0353-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Animal models provide a basis for clarifying the complex pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm (DVCS) and for screening of potential therapeutic approaches. The aim of this work was to identify and analyze the most consistent and feasible models and their characteristics for each animal. An online search of the MEDLINE PubMed and EMBASE medical databases (1969 to week 21 of 2007) was performed using the key words "mice", "rat", "rabbit", "canine", and "primate" in combination with "subarachnoid hemorrhage", "model", and "vasospasm". Seven techniques were mainly used to induce experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in closed and open cranium approaches. Among the great number of experimental SAH methods and associated parameters only a fistful reliable models can be identified and recommended for experimental work in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Marbacher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, 5000, Aarau, Switzerland.
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50
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Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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