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Zhou P, Meng X, Nie Z, Wang H, Wang K, Du A, Lei Y. PTEN: an emerging target in rheumatoid arthritis? Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:246. [PMID: 38671436 PMCID: PMC11046879 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a critical tumor suppressor protein that regulates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses by controlling the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. PTEN plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Loss of PTEN may contribute to survival, proliferation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Also, persistent PI3K signaling increases myeloid cells' osteoclastic potential, enhancing localized bone destruction. Recent studies have shown that the expression of PTEN protein in the synovial lining of RA patients with aggressive FLS is minimal. Experimental upregulation of PTEN protein expression could reduce the damage caused by RA. Nonetheless, a complete comprehension of aberrant PTEN drives RA progression and its interactions with other crucial molecules remains elusive. This review is dedicated to promoting a thorough understanding of the signaling mechanisms of aberrant PTEN in RA and aims to furnish pertinent theoretical support for forthcoming endeavors in both basic and clinical research within this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhou
- Chengdu Rheumatology Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xingwen Meng
- Chengdu Rheumatology Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhimin Nie
- Chengdu Rheumatology Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Chengdu Rheumatology Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Nanjing Tongshifeng Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aihua Du
- Zhengzhou Gout and Rheumatology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Chengdu Rheumatology Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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Wang Y, Jiao L, Qiang C, Chen C, Shen Z, Ding F, Lv L, Zhu T, Lu Y, Cui X. The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in fibrosis diseases and its molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116116. [PMID: 38181715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a process of tissue repair that results in the slow creation of scar tissue to replace healthy tissue and can affect any tissue or organ. Its primary feature is the massive deposition of extracellular matrix (mainly collagen), eventually leading to tissue dysfunction and organ failure. The progression of fibrotic diseases has put a significant strain on global health and the economy, and as a result, there is an urgent need to find some new therapies. Previous studies have identified that inflammation, oxidative stress, some cytokines, and remodeling play a crucial role in fibrotic diseases and are essential avenues for treating fibrotic diseases. Among them, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered the main targets for the treatment of fibrotic diseases since they are the primary driver involved in ECM degradation, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are natural endogenous inhibitors of MMPs. Through previous studies, we found that MMP-9 is an essential target for treating fibrotic diseases. However, it is worth noting that MMP-9 plays a bidirectional regulatory role in different fibrotic diseases or different stages of the same fibrotic disease. Previously identified MMP-9 inhibitors, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, suffer from some rather pronounced side effects, and therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate new drugs. In this review, we explore the mechanism of action and signaling pathways of MMP-9 in different tissues and organs, hoping to provide some ideas for developing safer and more effective biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linke Jiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Caoxia Qiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihuan Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lifei Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Unit, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Hua R, Gao H, He C, Xin S, Wang B, Zhang S, Gao L, Tao Q, Wu W, Sun F, Xu J. An emerging view on vascular fibrosis molecular mediators and relevant disorders: from bench to bed. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1273502. [PMID: 38179503 PMCID: PMC10764515 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1273502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular fibrosis is a widespread pathologic condition that arises during vascular remodeling in cardiovascular dysfunctions. According to previous studies, vascular fibrosis is characterized by endothelial matrix deposition and vascular wall thickening. The RAAS and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways have been frequently highlighted. It is, however, far from explicit in terms of understanding the cause and progression of vascular fibrosis. In this review, we collected and categorized a large number of molecules which influence the fibrosing process, in order to acquire a better understanding of vascular fibrosis, particularly of pathologic dysfunction. Furthermore, several mediators that prevent vascular fibrosis are discussed in depth in this review, with the aim that this will contribute to the future prevention and treatment of related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Tao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangling Sun
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Alenchery RG, Ajalik RE, Jerreld K, Midekksa F, Zhong S, Alkatib B, Awad HA. PAI-1 mediates TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation in tenocytes via mTOR signaling. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2163-2174. [PMID: 37143206 PMCID: PMC10524825 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) to effect fibrotic pathologies in several organs including tendon. Recent data implicated PAI-1 with inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) suggesting that PAI-1-induced adhesions involves phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Ergo, we investigated effects of TGF-β1, PAI-1, and mTOR signaling crosstalk on myofibroblast activation, senescence, and proliferation in primary flexor tenocytes from wild-type (WT) and PAI-1 knockout (KO) mice. PAI-1 deletion blunted TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation in murine flexor tenocytes and increased the gene expression of Mmp-2 to confer protective effects against fibrosis. While TGF-β1 significantly reduced phosphorylation of PTEN in WT cells, PAI-1 deletion rescued the activation of PTEN. Despite that, there were no differences in TGF-β1-induced activation of mTOR signaling (AKT, 4EBP1, and P70S6K) in WT or KO tenocytes. Phenotypic changes in distinct populations of WT or KO tenocytes exhibiting high or low mTOR activity were then examined. TGF-β1 increased alpha-smooth muscle actin abundance in WT cells exhibiting high mTOR activity, but this increase was blunted in KO cells exhibiting high 4EBP1 activity but not in cells exhibiting high S6 activity. DNA damage (γH2AX) was increased with TGF-β1 treatment in WT tenocytes but was blunted in KO cells exhibiting high mTOR activity. Increased mTOR activity enhanced proliferation (Ki67) in both WT and KO tenocytes. These findings point to a complex nexus of TGF-β1, PAI-1, and mTOR signaling in regulating proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and senescence in tenocytes, which could define therapeutic targets for chronic tendon adhesions and other fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Alenchery
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Raquel E Ajalik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kyle Jerreld
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
| | - Firaol Midekksa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sylvia Zhong
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bashar Alkatib
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
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5
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Steiner CA, Koch SD, Evanoff T, Welch N, Kostelecky R, Callahan R, Murphy EM, Nguyen TT, Hall CHT, Lu S, de Zoeten EF, Weiser-Evans MCM, Cartwright IM, Colgan SP. The TNF ΔARE Mouse as a Model of Intestinal Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1013-1028. [PMID: 37169343 PMCID: PMC10433691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a highly morbid chronic inflammatory disease. Although many patients with CD also develop fibrostenosing complications, there are no medical therapies for intestinal fibrosis. This is due, in part, to a lack of high-fidelity biomimetic models to enhance understanding and drug development, which highlights the need for developing in vivo models of inflammatory bowel disease-related intestinal fibrosis. This study investigates whether the TNFΔARE mouse, a model of ileal inflammation, also develops intestinal fibrosis. Several clinically relevant outcomes were studied, including features of structural fibrosis, histologic fibrosis, and gene expression. These include the use of a new luminal casting technique, traditional histologic outcomes, use of second harmonic imaging, and quantitative PCR. These features were studied in aged TNFΔARE mice as well as in cohorts of numerous ages. At >24 weeks of age, TNFΔARE mice developed structural, histologic, and transcriptional changes of ileal fibrosis. Protein and RNA expression profiles showed changes as early as 6 weeks, coinciding with histologic changes as early as 14 to 15 weeks. Overt structural fibrosis was delayed until at least 16 weeks and was most developed after 24 weeks. This study found that the TNFΔARE mouse is a viable and highly tractable model of ileal fibrosis. This model and the techniques used herein can be leveraged for both mechanistic studies and therapeutic development for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen A Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Samuel D Koch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tamara Evanoff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nichole Welch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachael Kostelecky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rosemary Callahan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily M Murphy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Caroline H T Hall
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sizhao Lu
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edwin F de Zoeten
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ian M Cartwright
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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6
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Kim M, Huda MN, Evans LW, Que E, Gertz ER, Maeda-Smithies N, Bennett BJ. Integrative analysis of hepatic transcriptional profiles reveals genetic regulation of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Diversity Outbred-F1 mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9475. [PMID: 37301941 PMCID: PMC10257719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis is an insipidus but precipitating process leading to serious consequences of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Numerous genetic loci contributing to atherosclerosis have been identified in human genome-wide association studies, but these studies have limitations in the ability to control environmental factors and to decipher cause/effect relationships. To assess the power of hyperlipidemic Diversity Outbred (DO) mice in facilitating quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of complex traits, we generated a high-resolution genetic panel of atherosclerosis susceptible (DO-F1) mouse cohort by crossing 200 DO females with C57BL/6J males carrying two human genes: encoding apolipoprotein E3-Leiden and cholesterol ester transfer protein. We examined atherosclerotic traits including plasma lipids and glucose in the 235 female and 226 male progeny before and after 16 weeks of a high-fat/cholesterol diet, and aortic plaque size at 24 weeks. We also assessed the liver transcriptome using RNA-sequencing. Our QTL mapping for atherosclerotic traits identified one previously reported female-specific QTL on Chr10 with a narrower interval of 22.73 to 30.80 Mb, and one novel male-specific QTL at 31.89 to 40.25 Mb on Chr19. Liver transcription levels of several genes within each QTL were highly correlated with the atherogenic traits. A majority of these candidates have already known atherogenic potential in humans and/or mice, but integrative QTL, eQTL, and correlation analyses further pointed Ptprk as a major candidate of the Chr10 QTL, while Pten and Cyp2c67 of the Chr19 QTL in our DO-F1 cohort. Finally, through additional analyses of RNA-seq data we identified genetic regulation of hepatic transcription factors, including Nr1h3, contributes to atherogenesis in this cohort. Thus, an integrative approach using DO-F1 mice effectively validates the influence of genetic factors on atherosclerosis in DO mice and suggests an opportunity to discover therapeutics in the setting of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsuk Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - M Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Levi W Evans
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Excel Que
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erik R Gertz
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA.
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Orozco-García E, van Meurs DJ, Calderón JC, Narvaez-Sanchez R, Harmsen MC. Endothelial plasticity across PTEN and Hippo pathways: A complex hormetic rheostat modulated by extracellular vesicles. Transl Oncol 2023; 31:101633. [PMID: 36905871 PMCID: PMC10020115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization is a multifactorial and spatiotemporally regulated process, essential for cell and tissue survival. Vascular alterations have repercussions on the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, vascularization continues to be a challenge for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hence, vascularization is the center of interest for physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic processes. Within vascularization, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Hippo signaling have pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of the vascular system. Their suppression is related to several pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the regulators of PTEN and/or Hippo pathways during development and disease. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the mechanisms by which exosome-derived ncRNAs modulate endothelial cell plasticity during physiological and pathological angiogenesis, through the regulation of PTEN and Hippo pathways, aiming to establish new perspectives on cellular communication during tumoral and regenerative vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Orozco-García
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - D J van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - J C Calderón
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Raul Narvaez-Sanchez
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M C Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahluwalia SK, Rajalingam R. Potential treatments of COVID-19: Drug repurposing and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:1-21. [PMID: 37059487 PMCID: PMC9930377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection is caused when Spike-protein (S-protein) present on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cell surface receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This binding facilitates SARS-CoV-2 genome entry into the human cells, which in turn causes infection. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many different therapies have been developed to combat COVID-19, including treatment and prevention. This review is focused on the currently adapted and certain other potential therapies for COVID-19 treatment, which include drug repurposing, vaccines and drug-free therapies. The efficacy of various treatment options is constantly being tested through clinical trials and in vivo studies before they are made medically available to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Li Z, Belozertseva E, Parlakian A, Bascetin R, Louis H, Kawamura Y, Blanc J, Gao-Li J, Pinet F, Lacy-Hulbert A, Challande P, Humphrey JD, Regnault V, Lacolley P. Smooth muscle α v integrins regulate vascular fibrosis via CD109 downregulation of TGF-β signalling. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead010. [PMID: 36909248 PMCID: PMC9998030 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Aims αv integrins are implicated in fibrosis in a number of organs through their ability to activate TGF-β. However their role in vascular fibrosis and collagen accumulation is only partially understood. Here we have used αv conditional knockout mice and cell lines to determine how αv contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function in vascular fibrosis and the role of TGF-β in that process. Methods and results Angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment causes upregulation of αv and β3 expression in the vessel wall, associated with increased collagen deposition. We found that deletion of αv integrin subunit from VSMCs (αv SMKO) protected mice against angiotensin II-induced collagen production and assembly. Transcriptomic analysis of the vessel wall in αv SMKO mice and controls identified a significant reduction in expression of fibrosis and related genes in αv SMKO mice. In contrast, αv SMKO mice showed prolonged expression of CD109, which is known to affect TGF-β signalling. Using cultured mouse and human VSMCs, we showed that overexpression of CD109 phenocopied knockdown of αv integrin, attenuating collagen expression, TGF-β activation, and Smad2/3 signalling in response to angiotensin II or TGF-β stimulation. CD109 and TGF-β receptor were internalized in early endosomes. Conclusion We identify a role for VSMC αv integrin in vascular fibrosis and show that αv acts in concert with CD109 to regulate TGF-β signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Li
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, IBPS, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Ara Parlakian
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, IBPS, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Huguette Louis
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, DCAC, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Yuki Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jocelyne Blanc
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, IBPS, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Gao-Li
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, IBPS, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florence Pinet
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Pascal Challande
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Lu SY, Hong WZ, Tsai BCK, Chang YC, Kuo CH, Mhone TG, Chen RJ, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Angiotensin II prompts heart cell apoptosis via AT1 receptor-augmented phosphatase and tensin homolog and miR-320-3p functions to enhance suppression of the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT survival pathway. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2502-2512. [PMID: 36093879 PMCID: PMC9640294 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a severe public health risk factor worldwide. Elevated angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can lead to hypertension and its complications. METHOD In this study, we addressed the cardiac-injury effects of Ang II and investigated the signaling mechanism induced by Ang II. Both H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to Ang II to observe hypertension-related cardiac apoptosis. RESULTS The results of western blotting revealed that Ang II significantly attenuated the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT pathway via the Ang II-AT1 receptor axis and phosphatase and tensin homolog expression. Furthermore, real-time PCR showed that Ang II also activated miR-320-3p transcription to repress the PI3K-Akt pathway. In the heart tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats, activation of the IGF1R survival pathway was also reduced compared with that in Wistar-Kyoto rats, especially in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. CONCLUSION Hence, we speculate that the Ang II-AT1 receptor axis induces both phosphatase and tensin homolog and miR-320-3p expression to downregulate the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT survival pathway and cause cell apoptosis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yeh Lu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Wei-Zhi Hong
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien
| | - Bruce Chi-Kang Tsai
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei
| | - Thomas G. Mhone
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University
- PhD Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Huang P, Zhang J, Duan W, Jiao J, Leng A, Qu J. Plant polysaccharides with anti-lung injury effects as a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982893. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develops into the severe phase, lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and/or respiratory failure could develop within a few days. As a result of pulmonary tissue injury, pathomorphological changes usually present endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell infiltration of the lung interstitium, defective gas exchange, and wall leakage. Consequently, COVID-19 may progress to tremendous lung injury, ongoing lung failure, and death. Exploring the treatment drugs has important implications. Recently, the application of traditional Chinese medicine had better performance in reducing fatalities, relieving symptoms, and curtailing hospitalization. Through constant research and study, plant polysaccharides may emerge as a crucial resource against lung injury with high potency and low side effects. However, the absence of a comprehensive understanding of lung-protective mechanisms impedes further investigation of polysaccharides. In the present article, a comprehensive review of research into plant polysaccharides in the past 5 years was performed. In total, 30 types of polysaccharides from 19 kinds of plants have shown lung-protective effects through the pathological processes of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and immunomodulation by mediating mucin and aquaporins, macrophage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neutrophil, TGF-β1 pathways, Nrf2 pathway, and other mechanisms. Moreover, the deficiencies of the current studies and the future research direction are also tentatively discussed. This research provides a comprehensive perspective for better understanding the mechanism and development of polysaccharides against lung injury for the treatment of COVID-19.
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12
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Shu HY, Peng YZ, Hang WJ, Zhang M, Shen L, Wang DW, Zhou N. Trimetazidine enhances myocardial angiogenesis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice through directly activating Akt and promoting the binding of HSF1 to VEGF-A promoter. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2550-2561. [PMID: 35217815 PMCID: PMC9525722 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latest clinical research shows that trimetazidine therapy during the perioperative period relieves endothelial dysfunction in patients with unstable angina induced by percutaneous coronary intervention. In this study we investigated the effects of TMZ on myocardial angiogenesis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. TAC mice were administered trimetazidine (2.8 mg/100 µL, i.g.) for 28 consecutive days. We showed that trimetazidine administration significantly increased blood vessel density in the left ventricular myocardium and abrogated cardiac dysfunction in TAC mice. Co-administration of a specific HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 (1.25 mg/100 µL, i.h.) abrogated the angiogenesis-promoting effects of trimetazidine in TAC mice. Using luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays we demonstrated that the transcription factor HSF1 bound to the promoter region of VEGF-A, and the transcriptional activity of HSF1 was enhanced upon trimetazidine treatment. In molecular docking analysis we found that trimetazidine directly bound to Akt via a hydrogen bond with Asp292 and a pi-pi bond with Trp80. In norepinephrine-treated HUVECs, we showed that trimetazidine significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and the synergistic nuclear translocation of Akt and HSF1, as well as the binding of Akt and HSF1 in the nucleus. These results suggest that trimetazidine enhances myocardial angiogenesis through a direct interaction with Akt and promotion of nuclear translocation of HSF1, and that trimetazidine may be used for the treatment of myocardial angiogenic disorders in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Shu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei-Jian Hang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lan Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dao-Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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13
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Lu S, Weiser-Evans MC. Lgals3-Transitioned Inflammatory Smooth Muscle Cells: Major Regulators of Atherosclerosis Progression and Inflammatory Cell Recruitment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:957-959. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhao Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (S.L., M.C.M.W.-E.)
| | - Mary C.M. Weiser-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (S.L., M.C.M.W.-E.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (M.C.M.W.-E.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (M.C.M.W.-E.)
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14
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Rackow AR, Judge JL, Woeller CF, Sime PJ, Kottmann RM. miR-338-3p blocks TGFβ-induced myofibroblast differentiation through the induction of PTEN. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L385-L400. [PMID: 34986654 PMCID: PMC8884407 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00251.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease. The pathogenesis of IPF is not completely understood. However, numerous genes are associated with the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, indicating there is a significant genetic component to the pathogenesis of IPF. Epigenetic influences on the development of human disease, including pulmonary fibrosis, remain to be fully elucidated. In this paper, we identify miR-338-3p as a microRNA severely downregulated in the lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis. Treatment of primary human lung fibroblasts with miR-338-3p inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and matrix protein production. Published and proposed targets of miR-338-3p such as TGFβ receptor 1, MEK/ERK 1/2, Cdk4, and Cyclin D are also not responsible for the regulation of pulmonary fibroblast behavior by miR-338-3p. miR-338-3p inhibits myofibroblast differentiation by preventing TGFβ-mediated downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a known antifibrotic mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Rackow
- 1Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York,2Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Collynn F. Woeller
- 2Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York,4Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- 5Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert M. Kottmann
- 1Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York,2Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York,6Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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15
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Jiang J, Gao G, Pan Q, Liu J, Tian Y, Zhang X. Circular RNA circHIPK3 is downregulated in diabetic cardiomyopathy and overexpression of circHIPK3 suppresses PTEN to protect cardiomyocytes from high glucose-induced cell apoptosis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6272-6279. [PMID: 35200097 PMCID: PMC8974065 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2031395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that circHIPK3 can be downregulated by high glucose, suggesting its potential involvement in diabetes and diabetic complications. This study aimed to explore the role of circHIPK3 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). PTEN is a kind of tumor suppressor gene, which is very commonly lost in human cancer. We detected the expression of circHIPK3 and PTEN in plasma samples from DC patients, diabetic patients without complications diabetes mellitus (DM) and health controls by RT-qPCR and ELISA. In vitro cell experiment, AC16 cells (cardiomyocytes) were treated with high glucose, followed by expression analysis of circHIPK3 and PTEN mRNA by RT-qPCR. CircHIPK3 or PTEN expression vector were used to overexpress circHIPK3 and PTEN in AC16 cells to explore the relationship between them. The role of circHIPK3 and PTEN in regulating the apoptosis of AC16 cells was analyzed by cell apoptosis assay. The result showed that CircHIPK3 was downregulated in diabetes and further downregulated in DC. In AC16 cells, high glucose treatment decreased the expression levels of circHIPK3. Across DC samples, the expression of circHIPK3 was inversely correlated with PTEN. In AC16 cells, overexpression of circHIPK3 decreased the expression levels of PTEN. CircHIPK3 may suppress AC16 cell apoptosis induced by high glucose and inhibited the role of PTEN in cell apoptosis. Therefore, circHIPK3 may downregulate PTEN to protect cardiomyocytes from high glucose-induced cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
| | - Guannan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
| | - Xiaoji Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Baoquanling Central Hospital, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, PR. China
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16
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Kim SG, Sung JY, Kim JR, Choi HC. Fisetin-induced PTEN expression reverses cellular senescence by inhibiting the mTORC2-Akt Ser473 phosphorylation pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111598. [PMID: 34695518 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is caused by a wide range of intracellular and extracellular stimuli and influences physiological functions, leading to the progression of age-related diseases. Many studies have shown that cellular senescence is related to phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) loss and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Although it has been reported that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is major anti-aging target in several cell types, the functions and mechanisms of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) during aging have not been elucidated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between PTEN and mTORC2 during VSMC senescence. We found adriamycin-induced VSMC senescence was accompanied by reduced PTEN protein expression and upregulation of the mTORC2-Akt (Ser 473) pathway and that fisetin treatment reduced VSMC senescence by increasing PTEN and decreasing mTORC2 protein levels. Furthermore, PTEN played a primary role in the anti-aging effect of fisetin, and fisetin-activated PTEN directly regulated the mTORC2-Akt (Ser 473) signaling pathway, and attenuated senescence phenotypes such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and the p53-p21 signaling pathway in VSMCs. In mouse aortas, fisetin delayed aging by regulating the PTEN-mTORC2-Akt (Ser473) signaling pathway. These results suggest PTEN and mTORC2 are associated with cellular senescence in VSMCs and that the mTORC2-Akt (Ser 473) signaling pathway be considered a new target for preventing senescence-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Chul Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Ohri P, Sharma A, Ahmad A, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153361. [PMID: 33485605 PMCID: PMC7532351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Evidence of a dysregulated vitamin D endocrine system in SARS-CoV-2 infected patient's lung cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8570. [PMID: 33883570 PMCID: PMC8060306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a defective vitamin D endocrine system has been widely suspected to be associated in SARS-CoV-2 pathobiology, the status of the vitamin D endocrine system and vitamin D-modulated genes in lung cells of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown. To understand the significance of the vitamin D endocrine system in SARS-CoV-2 pathobiology, computational approaches were applied to transcriptomic datasets from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells of such patients or healthy individuals. Levels of vitamin D receptor, retinoid X receptor, and CYP27A1 in BALF cells of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were found to be reduced. Additionally, 107 differentially expressed, predominantly downregulated genes, as potentially modulated by vitamin D endocrine system, were identified in transcriptomic datasets from patient’s cells. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes provided eight novel genes with a conserved motif with vitamin D-responsive elements, implying the role of both direct and indirect mechanisms of gene expression by the dysregulated vitamin D endocrine system in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Protein–protein interaction network of differentially expressed vitamin D-modulated genes were enriched in the immune system, NF-κB/cytokine signaling, and cell cycle regulation as top predicted pathways that might be affected in the cells of such patients. In brief, the results presented here povide computational evidence to implicate a dysregulated vitamin D endocrine system in the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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19
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Lin R, Lv J, Wang L, Li X, Zhang J, Sun W, Hu X, Xin S. Potential Target miR-455 Delaying Arterial Stenosis Progression Through PTEN. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:611116. [PMID: 33708803 PMCID: PMC7940831 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.611116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) underwent phenotypic switching upon stimulation signals, and this is the prerequisite for their proliferation and migration. Previous work revealed that miR-455 may be involved in vascular stenosis. Thus, this study aimed to explore potential targets and mechanisms underlying the dynamics of miR-455 in vascular stenosis. Methods: miR-455 and PTEN expression levels were studied in normal and stenosis tissue, as well as in VSMC in proliferation model. Manipulating miR-455 expression levels was achieved by transfection of either miR-455 mimic or inhibitor, and its effect on cell proliferation was studied by CCK-8 assay. Its effect on gene expression was studied by RT-qPCR and western blot. The expression regulation mechanism was studied by luciferase reporter system. Finally, the effect of miR-455 on regulating vascular stenosis was studied using a rat balloon-injured carotid artery stenosis model. Results: High expression levels of miR-455 were detected in both stenosis arterial tissues and VSMC proliferation models. In contrast, the expression levels of PTEN were downregulated in these systems. miR-455 transfected VSMC showed higher levels of proliferation and decreased levels of PTEN. Potential binding sites between miR-455 and PTEN 3′UTR were predicted and confirmed. NF-kB p65 was found to bind directly on miR-455 promoter region and regulate its transcription. The progression of arterial stenosis could be delayed by introducing miR-455 antagomir. Conclusions: The p65/miR-455/PTEN signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating VSMC proliferation and vascular stenosis. This indicated that miR-455 is a novel target that would help improve treatment outcomes in patients suffering from vascular stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoran Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weifeng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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20
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Shahinozzaman M, Basak B, Emran R, Rozario P, Obanda DN. Artepillin C: A comprehensive review of its chemistry, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104775. [PMID: 33152464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artepillin C (ARC), a prenylated derivative of p-coumaric acid, is one of the major phenolic compounds found in Brazilian green propolis (BGP) and its botanical source Baccharis dracunculifolia. Numerous studies on ARC show that its beneficial health effects correlate with the health effects of both BGP and B. dracunculifolia. Its wide range of pharmacological benefits include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects. Most studies have focused on anti-oxidation, inflammation, diabetic, and cancers using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Mechanisms underlying anti-cancer properties of ARC are apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a protein characterized in many human diseases/disorders including COVID-19 infection. Therefore, further pre-clinical and clinical studies with ARC are necessary to explore its potential as intervention for a wide variety of diseases including the recent pandemic coronaviral infection. This review summarizes the comprehensive data on the pharmacological effects of ARC and could be a guideline for its future study and therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Bristy Basak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Rashiduzzaman Emran
- Department of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Patricia Rozario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Diana N Obanda
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Zhou Y, Huang C, Hu Y, Xu Q, Hu X. Lymphatics in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e275-e283. [PMID: 33085520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Zhou
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengchen Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: Current evidence and new findings. Virus Res 2020; 287:198108. [PMID: 32768490 PMCID: PMC7405774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are dangerous diseases for human health worldwide, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality each year. Because of their importance and the lack of effective therapeutic approaches, further attempts should be made to discover appropriate alternative or complementary treatments. Melatonin, a multifunctional neurohormone mainly synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland, plays some roles in the treatment of viral infections. Regarding a deadly outbreak of COVID-19 across the world, we decided to discuss melatonin functions against various viral infections including COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current evidence on melatonin therapy for viral infections with focus on possible underlying mechanisms of melatonin actions.
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23
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Strand KA, Lu S, Mutryn MF, Li L, Zhou Q, Enyart BT, Jolly AJ, Dubner AM, Moulton KS, Nemenoff RA, Koch KA, LaBarbera DV, Weiser-Evans MCM. High Throughput Screen Identifies the DNMT1 (DNA Methyltransferase-1) Inhibitor, 5-Azacytidine, as a Potent Inducer of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog): Central Role for PTEN in 5-Azacytidine Protection Against Pathological Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1854-1869. [PMID: 32580634 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our recent work demonstrates that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is an important regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype. SMC-specific PTEN deletion promotes spontaneous vascular remodeling and PTEN loss correlates with increased atherosclerotic lesion severity in human coronary arteries. In mice, PTEN overexpression reduces plaque area and preserves SMC contractile protein expression in atherosclerosis and blunts Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced pathological vascular remodeling, suggesting that pharmacological PTEN upregulation could be a novel therapeutic approach to treat vascular disease. Approach and Results: To identify novel PTEN activators, we conducted a high-throughput screen using a fluorescence based PTEN promoter-reporter assay. After screening ≈3400 compounds, 11 hit compounds were chosen based on level of activity and mechanism of action. Following in vitro confirmation, we focused on 5-azacytidine, a DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase-1) inhibitor, for further analysis. In addition to PTEN upregulation, 5-azacytidine treatment increased expression of genes associated with a differentiated SMC phenotype. 5-Azacytidine treatment also maintained contractile gene expression and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression after PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulation, suggesting 5-azacytidine blocks PDGF-induced SMC de-differentiation. However, these protective effects were lost in PTEN-deficient SMCs. These findings were confirmed in vivo using carotid ligation in SMC-specific PTEN knockout mice treated with 5-azacytidine. In wild type controls, 5-azacytidine reduced neointimal formation and inflammation while maintaining contractile protein expression. In contrast, 5-azacytidine was ineffective in PTEN knockout mice, indicating that the protective effects of 5-azacytidine are mediated through SMC PTEN upregulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates 5-azacytidine upregulates PTEN expression in SMCs, promoting maintenance of SMC differentiation and reducing pathological vascular remodeling in a PTEN-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Strand
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Sizhao Lu
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Marie F Mutryn
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Linfeng Li
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.L., Q.Z., D.V.L.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Qiong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.L., Q.Z., D.V.L.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Blake T Enyart
- School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (B.T.E., K.S.M., R.A.N., K.A.K., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.T.E., K.S.M., K.A.K.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Austin J Jolly
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Allison M Dubner
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Karen S Moulton
- School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (B.T.E., K.S.M., R.A.N., K.A.K., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.T.E., K.S.M., K.A.K.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (B.T.E., K.S.M., R.A.N., K.A.K., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Keith A Koch
- School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (B.T.E., K.S.M., R.A.N., K.A.K., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.T.E., K.S.M., K.A.K.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Daniel V LaBarbera
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.L., Q.Z., D.V.L.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (K.A.S., S.L., M.F.M., A.J.J., A.M.D., R.A.N., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,School of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (B.T.E., K.S.M., R.A.N., K.A.K., M.C.M.W.-E.), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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Maruta H, Kittaka A. Chemical evolution for taming the 'pathogenic kinase' PAK1. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:959-964. [PMID: 32348877 PMCID: PMC7194552 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PAK1 is the major ‘pathogenic’ kinase. Several potent PAK1 blockers developed are introduced for treatment of a wide variety of PAK1-dependent diseases including cancers and pandemic COVID-19 infection.
To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the cloning of the first mammalian p21-activated kinases (PAKs) (RAC/CDC42-activated kinases) by Ed Manser, the first international PAK symposium was held in NYC in October 2019. Among six distinct PAKs in mammals, PAK1 is the major ‘pathogenic kinase’, the abnormal activation of which is responsible for a wide variety of diseases and disorders including cancers, ageing processes and infectious and inflammatory diseases such as pandemic coronaviral infection. Recently, for a clinical application, a few potent (highly cell-permeable and water-soluble) PAK1 blockers have been developed from natural or synthetic PAK1 blockers (triptolide, vitamin D3 and ketorolac) via a series of ‘chemical evolutions’ that boost pharmacological activities >500 times.
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Maruta H, He H. PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 6:100039. [PMID: 32313880 PMCID: PMC7166201 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PAK1 (RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1) is the major “pathogenic” kinase whose abnormal activation causes a wide variety of diseases/disorders including cancers, inflammation, malaria and pandemic viral infection including influenza, HIV and COVID-19. Since Louis Pasteur who developed a vaccine against rabies in 1885, in general a series of “specific” vaccines have been used for treatment of viral infection, mainly because the majority of pre-existing antibiotics are either anti-bacterial or anti-fungal, thereby being ineffective against viruses in general. However, it takes 12–18 months till the effective vaccine becomes available. Until then ventilator (O2 supplier) would be the most common tool for saving the life of COVID-19 patients. Thus, as alternative potentially more direct “broad-spectrum” signalling mechanism–based COVID-19 therapeutics, several natural and synthetic PAK1-blockers such as propolis, melatonin, ciclesonide, hydroxy chloroquine (HQ), ivermection, and ketorolac, which are readily available in the market, are introduced here. PAK1 is the major “pathogenic “kinase essential for infection of many viruses including COVID-19. Several PAK1-blockers such as propolis, melatonin, anti-malaria drugs, ivermectin, cicloresonide and ketorolac are readily available in the market. PAK1-blockers, interfering with the pathogenic process as well as promoting immune system, could serve as potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong He
- University of Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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