1
|
Spirito A, Sticchi A, Praz F, Gräni C, Messerli F, Siontis GC. Impact of design characteristics among studies comparing coronary computed tomography angiography to noninvasive functional testing in chronic coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2023; 256:104-116. [PMID: 36400186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is widely adopted to detect obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). However, it is unknown to which extent study-specific characteristics yield different conclusions. METHODS We summarized non-randomized and randomized studies comparing CCTA and noninvasive functional testing for CCS with information on the outcome of myocardial infarction (MI). We evaluated the differential effect according to study characteristics using random-effect meta-analysis with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustments. RESULTS Fifteen studies (8 non-randomized, 7 randomized) were included. CCTA was associated with decrease in relative (odds ratio (OR) 0.54, 95%CI 0.47 to 0.62, P < .001) and absolute MI risk (risk difference (RD) -0.4%, 95%CI -0.6 to -0.1, P = .005). The results remained consistent among the non-randomized (RD -0.4%, 95%CI -0.7 to -0.1, P=.029), but not among the randomized trials where there was no difference in the observed risk (RD 0.2%, 95%CI -0.6 to 0.1, P = .158). CCTA was not associated with MI reduction in studies with clinical outcome definition (OR 0.77, 95%CI 0.41 to 1.44, P = .212), research driven follow-up (OR 0.54, 95%CI 0.24 to 1.21, P = .090), central event assessment (OR 0.63, 95%CI 0.21 to 1.86, P = .207), outcome adjudication (OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.24 to 2.23, P = .178), or at low-risk of bias (OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.24 to 2.23, P = .178). CONCLUSIONS Among studies of any design, CCTA was associated with lower risk of MI in CCS compared to noninvasive functional testing. This benefit was diminished among studies with clinical outcome definition, central outcome assessment/adjudication or at low-risk of bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Spirito
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Sticchi
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Praz
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gräni
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Messerli
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - George Cm Siontis
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chou EL, Pettinger M, Haring B, Allison MA, Mell MW, Hlatky MA, Wactawski-Wende J, Wild RA, Shadyab AH, Wallace RB, Snetselaar LG, Madsen TE, Eagleton MJ, Conrad MF, Liu S. Association of Premature Menopause With Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Surg 2022; 276:e1008-e1016. [PMID: 33156064 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if premature menopause and early menarche are associated with increased risk of AAA, and to explore potential effect modification by smoking history. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite worse outcomes for women with AAA, no studies have prospectively examined sex-specific risk factors, such as premature menopause and early menarche, with risk of AAA in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of women. METHODS This was a post-hoc analysis of Women's Health Initiative participants who were beneficiaries of Medicare Parts A&B fee-for-service. AAA cases and interventions were identified from claims data. Follow-up period included Medicare coverage until death, end of follow-up or end of coverage inclusive of 2017. RESULTS Of 101,119 participants included in the analysis, the mean age was 63 years and median follow-up was 11.3 years. Just under 10,000 (9.4%) women experienced premature menopause and 22,240 (22%) experienced early men-arche. Women with premature menopause were more likely to be overweight, Black, have >20 pack years of smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and early menarche. During 1,091,840 person-years of follow-up, 1125 women were diagnosed with AAA, 134 had premature menopause (11.9%), 93 underwent surgical intervention and 45 (48%) required intervention for ruptured AAA. Premature menopause was associated with increased risk of AAA [hazard ratio 1.37 (1.14, 1.66)], but the association was no longer significant after multivariable adjustment for demographics and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Amongst women with ≥20 pack year smoking history (n = 19,286), 2148 (11.1%) had premature menopause, which was associated with greater risk of AAA in all models [hazard ratio 1.63 (1.24, 2.23)]. Early menarche was not associated with increased risk of AAA. CONCLUSIONS This study finds that premature menopause may be an important risk factor for AAA in women with significant smoking history. There was no significant association between premature menopause and risk of AAA amongst women who have never smoked. These results suggest an opportunity to develop strategies for better screening, risk reduction and stratification, and outcome improvement in the comprehensive vascular care of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Chou
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Pettinger
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bernhard Haring
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew W Mell
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert A Wild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tracy E Madsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Sex and Gender, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Matthew J Eagleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark F Conrad
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simin Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology, Surgery, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stefanick ML, Kooperberg C, LaCroix AZ. Women's Health Initiative Strong and Healthy (WHISH): A pragmatic physical activity intervention trial for cardiovascular disease prevention. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 119:106815. [PMID: 35691486 PMCID: PMC9420786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National guidelines promote physical activity to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD); yet, no RCT has tested the effectiveness of physical activity as the sole intervention for primary CVD prevention in older adults. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Strong and Healthy (WHISH) trial, a pragmatic trial embedded in the WHI-Extension Study (ES), is testing whether increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior will reduce major CV events in older women. METHODS The randomized consent design was used to assign 49,331 women (aged 68-99 years in 2015) who had consented to ongoing WHI-ES follow-up and for whom CV outcomes were available through WHI-ES procedures (N = 18,985) and/or linkage to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (N = 30,346) to a physical activity (PA) intervention designed to promote national recommendations (N = 24,657) or "usual activity" comparison (N = 24,674). Women assigned to the intervention provided passive consent to receive the intervention and provide data. A multi-component PA intervention is delivered by seasonal (quarterly) newsletters with targeted inserts (lower, middle, higher) based on self-reported levels of physical functioning (PF) and physical activity; monthly motivational telephone messages; monthly emails; a website; and contact with staff, as requested. Major CV events, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or CVD death, collected annually through WHI-ES, comprise the primary outcome. Hip fracture and non-CVD death are primary safety outcomes. Intention-to-treat analyses in all randomized participants will include 8 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Determining whether increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behavior reduce major CV events in older women is of major public health significance. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.govidentifier:NCT02425345.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Completeness of cohort-linked U.S. Medicare data: An example from the Agricultural Health Study (1999–2016). Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101766. [PMID: 35369114 PMCID: PMC8971642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe linked U.S. Medicare claims data in the Agricultural Health Study. Incomplete claims data were related to geographic, demographic, and health. We saw potential informative missingness by pesticide use and mortality. Incomplete data in Medicare-linked cohorts may impact sample size and validity.
Medicare Fee for Service (FFS) claims data, including inpatient (Part A) and outpatient (Part B) services, provide a valuable resource for research on older adults (≥65 year) in linked U.S. cohorts. Here we describe our experience linking the Agricultural Health Study cohort, including 47,501 licensed pesticide applicators and spouses from North Carolina (NC) and Iowa (IA) to Medicare claims data from 1999 to 2016. Given increased Part C (i.e., managed care/Medicare Advantage) enrollment during this period, and a resulting lack of available Part C claims data prior to 2015, we also explored potential for informative missingness. We compared those with partial or limited/no FFS to those with complete FFS coverage (i.e., ≥11 months per year parts AB, but not C, throughout Medicare enrollment) in relation to baseline farm size, general pesticide use, and mortality, in logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and smoking, and stratified by state. While 46,689 participants (98%) were linked to Medicare IDs, only 33,487 (70%) had complete FFS, 9353 (20%) had partial FFS (≥1 year FFS but not complete), and 3849 (8%) had limited/no FFS (Part A or Part C-only). Incomplete FFS was more common in NC, mostly due to Part C, and was associated with farm characteristics, pesticide use, and mortality. These findings indicate that, in addition to reduced sample size in analyses limited to complete FFS, missingness may not be random. The potential impact of incomplete FFS data and changes in coverage type need to be considered when planning linked analyses and interpreting results.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mihatov N, Mosarla RC, Kirtane AJ, Parikh SA, Rosenfield K, Chen S, Song Y, Yeh RW, Secemsky EA. Outcomes Associated With Peripheral Artery Disease in Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:1223-1235. [PMID: 35361344 PMCID: PMC9172933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality rates for patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cardiogenic shock (CS) remain high despite advances in revascularization strategies and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. OBJECTIVES This study sought to elucidate the association between comorbid lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and outcomes in CS and AMI. METHODS PAD status was defined in Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with CS and AMI from October 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018. Primary outcomes ascertained through December 31, 2018 included in- and out-of-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included bleeding, amputation, stroke, and lower extremity revascularization. Multivariable regression models with adjustment for confounders were used to estimate risk. Subgroup analyses included patients treated with MCS and those who underwent coronary revascularization. RESULTS Among 71,690 patients, 5.9% (N = 4,259) had PAD. Mean age was 77.8 ± 7.9 years, 58.7% were male, and 84.3% were White. Cumulative in-hospital mortality was 47.2%, with greater risk among those with PAD (56.3% vs 46.6% without PAD; adjusted OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.40-1.59). PAD patients also had greater risk of in-hospital amputation (1.6% vs 0.2%; adjusted OR: 7.0; 95% CI: 5.26-9.37) and out-of-hospital mortality (67.9% vs 40.7%; adjusted HR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.67-1.90). MCS was less frequently utilized in PAD patients (21.5% vs 38.6% without PAD; P < 0.001) and was associated with higher mortality, need for lower extremity revascularization, and amputation risk. Findings were consistent in patients who underwent coronary revascularization. CONCLUSIONS Among patients presenting with AMI and CS, PAD was associated with worse limb outcomes and survival. In addition to lower MCS utilization rates, those with PAD who received MCS had increased mortality, lower extremity revascularization, and amputation rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nino Mihatov
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramya C Mosarla
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health & Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ajay J Kirtane
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sahil A Parikh
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Rosenfield
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siyan Chen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric A Secemsky
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metastatic Breast Cancer Recurrence after Bone Fractures. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030601. [PMID: 35158869 PMCID: PMC8833729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone fractures bear potential risk to promote metastatic relapse in breast cancer. We conducted a population-based cohort study of 84,300 breast cancer patients diagnosed between January 2015 and November 2019. Bone fracture after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with an increased metastasis risk. Fractures may pose an increased risk to developing metastasis. Potential clinical implications for cancer patients are in support of fall prevention programs. Abstract Experimental studies suggest that bone fractures result in the release of cytokines and cells that might promote metastasis. Obtaining observational data on bone fractures after breast cancer diagnoses related to distant breast cancer recurrence could help to provide first epidemiological evidence for a metastasis-promoting effect of bone fractures. We used data from the largest German statutory health insurance fund (Techniker Krankenkasse, Hamburg, Germany) in a population-based cohort study of breast cancer patients with ICD-10 C50 codes documented between January 2015 and November 2019. The risk of metastasis overall, regional, distant non-bone or bone metastasis related to a fracture was modeled by an adjusted discrete time-to-event analysis with time-dependent exposure. Of 154,000 breast cancer patients, 84,300 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had a follow-up time of more than half a year. During follow-up, fractures were diagnosed in 13,579 (16.1%) patients. Metastases occurred in 7047 (8.4%) patients; thereof 1544 had affected regional lymph nodes only and 5503 distant metastases. Fractures demonstrated a statistically significant association with subsequent metastasis overall (adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04, 1.20). The highest risk for metastasis was observed in patients with subsequent bone metastasis (adjusted HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05, 1.34), followed by distant non-bone metastasis (adjusted HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07, 1.26) and lymph node metastasis (adjusted HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97, 1.21).
Collapse
|
7
|
Harper C, Mafham M, Herrington W, Staplin N, Stevens W, Wallendszus K, Haynes R, Landray MJ, Parish S, Bowman L, Armitage J. Comparison of the Accuracy and Completeness of Records of Serious Vascular Events in Routinely Collected Data vs Clinical Trial-Adjudicated Direct Follow-up Data in the UK: Secondary Analysis of the ASCEND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2139748. [PMID: 34962561 PMCID: PMC8715347 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Routinely collected data could substantially decrease the cost of conducting trials. Objective To assess the accuracy and completeness of UK routine data for ascertaining serious vascular events (SVEs) compared with adjudicated follow-up data. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. From June 24, 2005, to July 28, 2011, the ASCEND (A Study of Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes) primary prevention trial used mail-based methods to randomize people with diabetes without evidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease using a 2 × 2 factorial design to aspirin and/or ω-fatty acids vs matching placebo in the UK. Direct participant mail-based follow-up was the main source of outcome data, with more than 90% of the primary outcome events undergoing adjudication. Follow-up was completed on July 31, 2017. In parallel, more than 99% of participants were linked to routinely collected hospital admission and death registry data (ie, routine data), enabling post hoc randomized comparisons of different sources of outcome data (conducted from September 1, 2018, to October 1, 2021). Interventions Random allocation to 100 mg of aspirin once daily vs matching placebo and separately to 1 g of ω-3 fatty acids once daily vs placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome consisted of SVEs (a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack [TIA], or vascular death, excluding hemorrhagic stroke). Results A total of 15 480 participants were randomized (mean [SD] age, 63 [9] years; 9684 [62.6%] men) and followed up for a mean (SD) of 7.4 (1.8) years. For SVEs, agreement between adjudicated direct follow-up and routine data sources was strong (1401 vs 1127 events; κ = 0.78 [95% CI, 0.76-0.80]; sensitivity, 72.0% [95% CI, 69.7%-74.4%]; specificity, 99.2% [95% CI, 99.0%-99.3%]), and sensitivity improved for SVEs excluding transient ischemic attack (1129 vs 1026 events; sensitivity, 80.6% [95% CI, 78.3%-82.9%]). Rate ratios for the aspirin-randomized comparison for adjudicated direct follow-up vs follow-up solely through routine data alone were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79-0.97) vs 0.91 (95% CI, 0.81-1.02) for the primary outcome and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82-1.03) vs 0.91 (95% CI, 0.80-1.02) for SVEs excluding TIA. Results were similar for the ω-3 fatty acid comparison, and adjudication did not seem to markedly change rate ratios. Conclusions and Relevance Post hoc analyses of the ASCEND trial suggest that routinely collected hospital admission and death registry data in the UK could be used as the sole method of follow-up for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke resulting in hospitalization, vascular death, and arterial revascularization in primary prevention cardiovascular trials, without the need for verification by clinical adjudication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Harper
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Mafham
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Herrington
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Staplin
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William Stevens
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Wallendszus
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Haynes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Landray
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Parish
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bowman
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Armitage
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, NDPH, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ascertaining Nonfatal Endpoints in Clinical Trials: Central Adjudication Versus Patient Insurance Claims. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 55:1250-1257. [PMID: 34228318 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 21st Century Cures Act allows the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to utilize real-world data (RWD) to create real-world evidence (RWE) for new indications or post approval study requirements. We compared central adjudication with two insurance claims data sources to understand how endpoint accuracy differences impact RWE results. METHODS We developed a decision analytic model to compare differences in efficacy (all-cause death, stroke and myocardial infarction) and safety (bleeding requiring transfusion) results for a simulated acute coronary syndrome antiplatelet therapy clinical trial. Endpoint accuracy metrics were derived from previous studies that compared centrally-adjudicated and insurance claims-based clinical trial endpoints. RESULTS Efficacy endpoint results per 100 patients were similar for the central adjudication model (intervention event rate, 11.3; control, 13.7; difference, 2.4) and the prospective claims data collection model (intervention event rate, 11.2; control 13.6; difference, 2.3). However, the retrospective claims linking model's efficacy results were larger (intervention event rate, 14.6; control, 18.0; difference, 3.4). True positive event rate results (intervention, control and difference) for both insurance claims-based models were less than the central adjudication model due to false negative events. Differences in false positive event rates were responsible for differences in efficacy results for the two insurance claims-based models. CONCLUSION Efficacy endpoint results differed by data source. Investigators need guidance to determine which data sources produce regulatory-grade RWE.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodrigues C, Odutayo A, Patel S, Agarwal A, da Costa BR, Lin E, Yeh RW, Jüni P, Goodman SG, Farkouh ME, Udell JA. Accuracy of Cardiovascular Trial Outcome Ascertainment and Treatment Effect Estimates from Routine Health Data: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR QUALITY AND OUTCOMES 2021; 14:e007903. [PMID: 33993728 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Registry-based randomized controlled trials allow for outcome ascertainment using routine health data (RHD). While this method provides a potential solution to the rising cost and complexity of clinical trials, comparative analyses of outcome ascertainment by clinical end point committee (CEC) adjudication compared with RHD sources are sparse. Among cardiovascular trials, we set out to systematically compare the incidence of cardiovascular events and estimated randomized treatment effects ascertained from RHD versus traditional clinical evaluation and adjudication. METHODS We searched MEDLINE (1976 to August 2020) for studies where outcome ascertainment was performed by both RHD and CEC adjudication to compare the incidence of cardiovascular events and treatment effects. We derived ratios of hazard ratios to compare treatment effects from RHD and CEC adjudication. We pooled ratios of hazard ratios using an inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Nine studies (1988-2020; 32 156 patients) involving 10 randomized control trials compared outcome ascertainment with RHD and CEC in patients with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. There was a high degree of agreement and interrater reliability between CEC and RHD outcome determination for all-cause mortality (agreement percentage: 98.4%-100% and κ: 0.95-1.0) and cardiovascular mortality (agreement percentage: 97.8%-99.9% and κ: 0.66-0.99). For myocardial infarction, the κ values ranged from 0.67-0.98, and for stroke the values ranged from 0.52-0.89. In contrast, the κ value for peripheral artery disease was low (κ: 0.27). There was little difference in the randomized treatment effect derived from CEC and RHD ascertainment of events based on the ratios of hazard ratio, with pooled ratios of hazard ratios ranging from 0.93 (95% CI, 0.63-1.39) for cardiovascular mortality to 1.27 (95% CI, 0.67-2.41) for stroke. CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome ascertainment using retrospectively acquired RHD displayed high levels of agreement with CEC adjudication for identifying all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. Importantly, cardiovascular treatment effects in randomized control trials determined from RHD and CEC resulted in similar point estimates. Overall, our review supports the use of RHD as a potential alternative source for clinical outcome ascertainment in cardiovascular trials. Validation studies with prospectively planned linkage are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Rodrigues
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (C.R., S.P., E.L., J.A.U.).,School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (C.R.)
| | - Ayodele Odutayo
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sagar Patel
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (C.R., S.P., E.L., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnav Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruno Roza da Costa
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (B.R.d.C., P.J., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland (B.R.d.C.)
| | - Ethan Lin
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (C.R., S.P., E.L., J.A.U.).,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada (E.L.)
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.W.Y.)
| | - Peter Jüni
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (B.R.d.C., P.J., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shaun G Goodman
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael E Farkouh
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (M.E.F., J.A.U.)
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (C.R., S.P., E.L., J.A.U.).,Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.O., B.R.d.C., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (A.O., S.P., A.A., P.J., S.G.G., M.E.F., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (B.R.d.C., P.J., J.A.U.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (M.E.F., J.A.U.).,ICES, Toronto, Canada (J.A.U.).,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada (J.A.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hunley C, Murphy SME, Bershad M, Yapici HO. Utilization of Medical Codes for Hypotension in Shock Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:861-867. [PMID: 33907412 PMCID: PMC8064679 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s305985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the utilization of hypotension diagnosis codes by shock type and year in known hypotensive patients. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of the Medicare fee-for-service claims database. Patients with a shock diagnosis code between 2011 and 2017 were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM). Based on specific ICD codes corresponding to each shock type, patients were classified into four mutually exclusive cohorts: cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, septic shock, and other/unspecified shock. Annual proportion and counts of cases with at least one hypotension ICD code for each shock cohort were generated to produce 7-year medical code utilization trends. A Cochran-Armitage test for trend was performed to evaluate the statistical significance. Results A total of 2,200,275 shock patients were analyzed, 13.3% (n=292,192) of which received a hypotension code. Hypovolemic shock cases were the most likely to receive a hypotension code (18.02%, n=46,544), while septic shock cases had the lowest rate (11.48%, n=158,348). The proportion of patients with hypotension codes for other cohorts were 18.0% (n=46,544) for hypovolemic shock and 16.9% (n=32,024) for other/unspecified shock. The presence of hypotension codes decreased by 0.9% between 2011 and 2014, but significantly increased from 10.6% in 2014 to 17.9% in 2017 (p <0.0001, Z=−105.05). Conclusion Hypotension codes are remarkably underutilized in known hypotensive patients. Patients, providers, and researchers are likely to benefit from improved hypotension coding practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hunley
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stefanick ML, King AC, Mackey S, Tinker LF, Hlatky MA, LaMonte MJ, Bellettiere J, Larson JC, Anderson G, Kooperberg CL, LaCroix AZ. Women's Health Initiative Strong and Healthy Pragmatic Physical Activity Intervention Trial for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Design and Baseline Characteristics. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:725-734. [PMID: 33433559 PMCID: PMC8011700 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND National guidelines promote physical activity to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet no randomized controlled trial has tested whether physical activity reduces CVD. METHODS The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Strong and Healthy (WHISH) pragmatic trial used a randomized consent design to assign women for whom cardiovascular outcomes were available through WHI data collection (N = 18 985) or linkage to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (N30 346), to a physical activity intervention or "usual activity" comparison, stratified by ages 68-99 years (in tertiles), U.S. geographic region, and outcomes data source. Women assigned to the intervention could "opt out" after receiving initial physical activity materials. Intervention materials applied evidence-based behavioral science principles to promote current national recommendations for older Americans. The intervention was adapted to participant input regarding preferences, resources, barriers, and motivational drivers and was targeted for 3 categories of women at lower, middle, or higher levels of self-reported physical functioning and physical activity. Physical activity was assessed in both arms through annual questionnaires. The primary outcome is major cardiovascular events, specifically myocardial infarction, stroke, or CVD death; primary safety outcomes are hip fracture and non-CVD death. The trial is monitored annually by an independent Data Safety and Monitoring Board. Final analyses will be based on intention to treat in all randomized participants, regardless of intervention engagement. RESULTS The 49 331 randomized participants had a mean baseline age of 79.7 years; 84.3% were White, 9.2% Black, 3.3% Hispanic, 1.9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 0.3% Native American, and 1% were of unknown race/ethnicity. The mean baseline RAND-36 physical function score was 71.6 (± 25.2 SD). There were no differences between Intervention (N = 24 657) and Control (N = 24 674) at baseline for age, race/ethnicity, current smoking (2.5%), use of blood pressure or lipid-lowering medications, body mass index, physical function, physical activity, or prior CVD (10.1%). CONCLUSION The WHISH trial is rigorously testing whether a physical activity intervention reduces major CV events in a large, diverse cohort of older women. Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT02425345.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Sally Mackey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Michael J LaMonte
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo–SUNY, New York, USA
| | - John Bellettiere
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Joseph C Larson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Garnet Anderson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles L Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Butala NM, Faridi KF, Secemsky EA, Song Y, Curtis J, Gibson CM, Kazi D, Shen C, Yeh RW. Prognosis of Claims- Versus Trial-Based Ischemic and Bleeding Events Beyond 1 Year After Coronary Stenting. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018744. [PMID: 33682431 PMCID: PMC8174225 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background It is unknown whether clinical events identified with administrative claims have similar prognosis compared with trial-adjudicated events in cardiovascular clinical trials. We compared the prognostic significance of claims-based end points in context of trial-adjudicated end points in the DAPT (Dual Antiplatelet Therapy) study. Methods and Results We matched 1336 patients aged ≥65 years who received percutaneous coronary intervention in the DAPT study with the CathPCI registry linked to Medicare claims. We compared death at 21 months post-randomization using Cox proportional hazards models among patients with ischemic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) and bleeding events identified by: (1) both trial adjudication and claims; (2) trial adjudication only; and (3) claims only. A total of 47 patients (3.5%) had ischemic events identified by both trial adjudication and claims, 24 (1.8%) in trial adjudication only, 15 (1.1%) in claims only, and 1250 (93.6%) had no ischemic events, with annualized unadjusted mortality rates of 12.8, 5.5, 14.9, and 1.26 per 100 person-years, respectively. A total of 44 patients (3.3%) had bleeding events identified with both trial adjudication and claims, 13 (1.0%) in trial adjudication only, 65 (4.9%) in claims only, and 1214 (90.9%) had no bleeding events, with annualized unadjusted mortality rates of 11.0, 16.8, 10.7, and 0.95 per 100 person-years, respectively. Among patients with no trial-adjudicated events, patients with events in claims only had a high subsequent adjusted mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) ischemic events: 31.5; 95% CI, 8.9‒111.9; HR bleeding events 23.9; 95% CI, 10.7‒53.2). Conclusions In addition to trial-adjudicated events, claims identified additional clinically meaningful ischemic and bleeding events that were prognostically significant for death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neel M Butala
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA.,Cardiology Division Department of Medicine Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Kamil F Faridi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Eric A Secemsky
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA
| | - Yang Song
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research Boston MA
| | - Jeptha Curtis
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | | | - Dhruv Kazi
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA
| | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA.,Baim Institute for Clinical Research Boston MA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Faridi KF, Tamez H, Butala NM, Song Y, Shen C, Secemsky EA, Mauri L, Curtis JP, Strom JB, Yeh RW. Comparability of Event Adjudication Versus Administrative Billing Claims for Outcome Ascertainment in the DAPT Study: Findings From the EXTEND-DAPT Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2021; 14:e006589. [PMID: 33435731 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from administrative claims may provide an efficient alternative for end point ascertainment in clinical trials. However, it is uncertain how well claims data compare to adjudication by a clinical events committee in trials of patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS We matched 1336 patients ≥65 years old who received percutaneous coronary intervention in the DAPT (Dual Antiplatelet Therapy) Study with the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry linked to Medicare claims as part of the EXTEND (Extending Trial-Based Evaluations of Medical Therapies Using Novel Sources of Data) Study. Adjudicated trial end points were compared with Medicare claims data with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes from inpatient hospitalizations using time-to-event analyses, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and kappa statistics. RESULTS At 21-month follow-up, the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (combined mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke) was similar between trial-adjudicated events and claims data (7.9% versus 7.2%, respectively; P=0.50). Bleeding rates were lower using adjudicated events compared with claims (5.0% versus 8.6%, respectively; P<0.001). The sensitivity and positive predictive value of comprehensive billing codes for identifying adjudicated events were 65.6% and 85.7% for myocardial infarction, 61.5% and 47.1% for stroke, and 76.8% and 39.3% for bleeding, respectively. Specificity and negative predictive value for all outcomes ranged from 93.7% to 99.5%. All 39 adjudicated deaths were identified using Medicare data. Kappa statistics assessing agreement between events for myocardial infarction, stroke, and bleeding were 0.73, 0.52, and 0.49, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Claims data had moderate agreement with adjudication for myocardial infarction and poor agreement but high specificity for bleeding and stroke in the DAPT Study. Deaths were identified equivalently. Using claims data in clinical trials could be an efficient way to assess mortality among Medicare patients and may help detect other outcomes, although additional monitoring is likely needed to ensure accurate assessment of events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil F Faridi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.F.F., J.P.C.).,Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.)
| | - Hector Tamez
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.)
| | - Neel M Butala
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.M.B., R.W.Y.)
| | - Yang Song
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (Y.S., L.M.)
| | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.)
| | - Eric A Secemsky
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.)
| | - Laura Mauri
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (Y.S., L.M.).,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.M.).,Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.)
| | - Jeptha P Curtis
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.F.F., J.P.C.)
| | - Jordan B Strom
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.)
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA (K.F.F., H.T., C.S., E.A.S., J.B.S., R.W.Y.).,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.M.B., R.W.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Y, Izadnegahdar M, Lee MK, Kavsak PA, Singer J, Scheuermeyer F, Udell JA, Robinson S, Norris CM, Lyon AW, Pilote L, Cox J, Hassan A, Rychtera A, Johnson D, Mills NL, Christenson J, Humphries KH. High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin-Optimizing the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction/Injury in Women (CODE-MI): Rationale and design for a multicenter, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial. Am Heart J 2020; 229:18-28. [PMID: 32916606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) levels in women are lower than in men, a single threshold based on the 99th percentile upper reference limit of the overall reference population is commonly used to diagnose myocardial infarction in clinical practice. This trial aims to determine whether the use of a lower female-specific hs-cTn threshold would improve the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of women presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia. METHODS/DESIGN: CODE-MI (hs-cTn-Optimizing the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction/Injury in Women) is a multicenter, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial of 30 secondary and tertiary care hospitals across 8 Canadian provinces, with the unit of randomization being the hospital. All adults (≥20 years of age) presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and at least 1 hs-cTn test are eligible for inclusion. Over five, 5-month intervals, hospitals will be randomized to implement lower female hs-cTn thresholds according to the assay being used at each site. Men will continue to be assessed using the overall thresholds throughout. Women with a peak hs-cTn value between the female-specific and the overall thresholds will form our primary cohort. The primary outcome, a 1-year composite of all-cause mortality or readmission for nonfatal myocardial infarction, incident heart failure, or emergent/urgent coronary revascularization, will be compared before and after the implementation of female thresholds using mixed-effects logistic regression models. The cohort and outcomes will be obtained from routinely collected administrative data. The trial is designed to detect a 20% relative risk difference in the primary outcome, or a 2.2% absolute difference, with 82% power. CONCLUSIONS: This pragmatic trial will assess whether adopting lower female hs-cTn thresholds leads to appropriate assessment of women with symptoms suggestive of myocardial infarction, thereby improving treatment and outcomes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Real-world data and evidence provide the potential to address the effectiveness and safety of drugs. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration has initiated a program to evaluate the potential use of real-world evidence for regulatory uses. Whether a study is designed for regulatory purposes or for other purposes, existing regulation and guidance provide a reference for high-quality studies. Clarifying the study objectives and the role of real-world data in the study are important considerations. Robustness and transparency of the analysis allow for greater understanding and acceptance of the study results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Levenson
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reshetnyak E, Ntamatungiro M, Pinheiro LC, Howard VJ, Carson AP, Martin KD, Safford MM. Impact of Multiple Social Determinants of Health on Incident Stroke. Stroke 2020; 51:2445-2453. [PMID: 32673521 PMCID: PMC9264323 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.028530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Social determinants of health (SDOH) have been previously associated with incident stroke. Although SDOH often cluster within individuals, few studies have examined associations between incident stroke and multiple SDOH within the same individual. The objective was to determine the individual and cumulative effects of SDOH on incident stroke. METHODS This study included 27 813 participants from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study, a national, representative, prospective cohort of black and white adults aged ≥45 years. SDOH was the primary exposure. The main outcome was expert adjudicated incident stroke. Cox proportional hazards models examined associations between incident stroke and SDOH, individually and as a count of SDOH, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The mean age was 64.7 years (SD 9.4) at baseline; 55.4% were women and 40.4% were blacks. Over a median follow-up of 9.5 years (IQR, 6.0-11.5), we observed 1470 incident stroke events. Of 10 candidate SDOH, 7 were associated with stroke (P<0.10): race, education, income, zip code poverty, health insurance, social isolation, and residence in one of the 10 lowest ranked states for public health infrastructure. A significant age interaction resulted in stratification at 75 years. In fully adjusted models, among individuals <75 years, risk of stroke rose as the number of SDOH increased (hazard ratio for one SDOH, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02-1.55]; 2 SDOH hazard ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.12-1.71]; and ≥3 SDOH hazard ratio, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.21-1.89]) compared with those without any SDOH. Among those ≥75 years, none of the observed effects reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Incremental increases in the number of SDOH were independently associated with higher incident stroke risk in adults aged <75 years, with no statistically significant effects observed in individuals ≥75 years. Targeting individuals with multiple SDOH may help reduce risk of stroke among vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Reshetnyak
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY (E.R., L.C.P., M.M.S.)
| | - Mariella Ntamatungiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.N.)
| | - Laura C Pinheiro
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY (E.R., L.C.P., M.M.S.)
| | - Virginia J Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (V.J.H., A.P.C., K.D.M.)
| | - April P Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (V.J.H., A.P.C., K.D.M.)
| | - Kimberly D Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (V.J.H., A.P.C., K.D.M.)
| | - Monika M Safford
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY (E.R., L.C.P., M.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Butala NM, Strom JB, Faridi KF, Kazi DS, Zhao Y, Brennan JM, Popma JJ, Shen C, Yeh RW. Validation of Administrative Claims to Ascertain Outcomes in Pivotal Trials of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13:1777-1785. [PMID: 32682677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of administrative claims in ascertaining trial clinical events committee-adjudicated outcomes in the U.S. CoreValve studies. BACKGROUND Real-world data offer tremendous opportunity to improve outcome ascertainment in clinical trials. However, little is known about the validity of outcomes ascertained using real-world data to capture trial endpoints. METHODS Patients enrolled in 3 pivotal trials and 2 pre-market continued-access studies evaluating transcatheter aortic valve replacement were linked to Medicare fee-for-service inpatient claims. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa agreement statistic of claims to detect clinical endpoints and procedural complications in trial patients were calculated. RESULTS Claims accurately identified trial-adjudicated deaths (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV all >99.6%; kappa 1.00). Claims had good performance in identifying trial-adjudicated permanent pacemaker implantation (sensitivity 92.2%, specificity 99.1%, PPV 96.1%, NPV 98.2%, kappa 0.93) and aortic valve reintervention (sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 99.6%, PPV 69.1%, NPV 99.8%, kappa 0.76). Claims had more modest performance in ascertaining trial-adjudicated myocardial infarction (sensitivity 63.6%, specificity 97.2%, PPV 29.9%, NPV 99.3%, kappa 0.39) and acute kidney injury (sensitivity 70.2%, specificity 85.4%, PPV 38.2%, NPV 95.7%, kappa 0.41) and the poorest performance for identifying trial-adjudicated bleeding events (sensitivity 86.4%, specificity 36.8%, PPV 35.0%, NPV 86.3%, kappa 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Compared with trial-adjudicated outcomes, claims data performed well in ascertaining death and outcomes with procedural billing codes and more modestly in identifying other outcomes. Claims may be cautiously and selectively used to augment data collection in future cardiovascular device trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neel M Butala
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan B Strom
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamil F Faridi
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dhruv S Kazi
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - J Matthew Brennan
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey J Popma
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Strom JB, Faridi KF, Butala NM, Zhao Y, Tamez H, Valsdottir LR, Brennan JM, Shen C, Popma JJ, Kazi DS, Yeh RW. Use of Administrative Claims to Assess Outcomes and Treatment Effect in Randomized Clinical Trials for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Findings From the EXTEND Study. Circulation 2020; 142:203-213. [PMID: 32436390 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether passively collected data can substitute for adjudicated outcomes to reproduce the magnitude and direction of treatment effect observed in cardiovascular clinical trials is not well known. METHODS We linked adults ≥65 years of age in the HiR (US CoreValve Pivotal High Risk) and SURTAVI trials (Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients) to 100% Medicare inpatient claims, January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016. Primary (eg, death and stroke) and secondary trial end points were compared across treatment arms (eg, transcatheter aortic valve replacement [TAVR] versus surgical aortic valve replacement [SAVR]) using trial-adjudicated outcomes versus outcomes derived from claims at 1 year (HiR) or 2 years (SURTAVI). RESULTS Among 600 linked HiR participants (linkage rate, 80.0%), the rate of the trial's primary end point of all-cause mortality occurred in 13.7% of patients receiving TAVR and 16.4% of patients receiving SAVR at 1 year by using both trial data (hazard ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.65-1.09]; P=0.33) and claims data (hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.66-1.11]; P=0.34; interaction P value=0.80). Noninferiority of TAVR relative to SAVR was seen by using both trial- and claims-based outcomes (Pnoninferiority<0.001 for both). Among 1005 linked SURTAVI trial participants (linkage rate, 60.5%), the trial's primary end point was 12.9% for TAVR and 13.1% for SAVR using trial data (hazard ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.79-1.48]; P=0.90), and 11.3% for TAVR and 12.5% for SAVR patients using claims data (hazard ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.73-1.41]; P=0.58; interaction P value=0.89). TAVR was noninferior to SAVR when compared using both trial and claims (Pnoninferiority<0.001 for both). Rates of procedural secondary outcomes (eg, aortic valve reintervention, pacemaker rates) were more closely concordant between trial and claims data than nonprocedural outcomes (eg, stroke, bleeding, cardiogenic shock). CONCLUSIONS In the HiR and SURTAVI trials, ascertainment of trial primary end points using claims reproduced both the magnitude and direction of treatment effect in comparison with adjudicated event data, but nonfatal and nonprocedural secondary outcomes were not as well reproduced. Use of claims to substitute for adjudicated outcomes in traditional trial treatment comparisons may be valid and feasible for all-cause mortality and certain procedural outcomes but may be less suitable for other end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Strom
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | - Kamil F Faridi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine (K.F.F.)
| | - Neel M Butala
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.M.B.)
| | - Yuansong Zhao
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | - Hector Tamez
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | - Linda R Valsdottir
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | | | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | - Jeffrey J Popma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (J.J.P., R.W.Y.)
| | - Dhruv S Kazi
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.)
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Boston, MA (J.B.S., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.B.S., K.F.F., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.S., N.M.B., Y.Z., H.T., L.R.V., C.S., J.J.P., D.S.K., R.W.Y.).,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (J.J.P., R.W.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wherry K, Stromberg K, Hinnenthal JA, Wallenfelsz LA, El-Chami MF, Bockstedt L. Using Medicare Claims to Identify Acute Clinical Events Following Implantation of Leadless Pacemakers. Pragmat Obs Res 2020; 11:19-26. [PMID: 32184698 PMCID: PMC7053654 DOI: 10.2147/por.s240913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is heightened interest in how real-world data (RWD) can be used to supplement or replace traditional mechanisms for collecting clinical information. A critical component in evaluating utility of RWD is assessing the validity and reliability of event measurement. Only two studies have validated Medicare claims with physician-adjudicated data collected in a clinical study and none in the pacemaker patient population. This study compares events identified in physician-adjudicated clinical registry data collected in the Micra Post-Approval Registry (PAR) with events identified via Medicare administrative claims in the Micra Coverage with Evidence (CED) Study. Methods Patients who were dually enrolled in the Micra CED and the Micra PAR between March 9, 2017 and December 1, 2017 were included in the validation analysis. All patients intended to be implanted with a Micra device were eligible for participation in the Micra PAR. All Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries implanted with a Micra device who met the 12-month continuous enrollment criteria were included in the Micra CED. We compared the count of acute (30-day) complications identified in the Medicare claims and the physician-adjudicated PAR data to assess agreement between data sources. Results There were 230 patients dually enrolled in the Micra CED and Micra PAR studies during the study period. Overall, there were 17 acute events reported in either the Micra CED or the Micra PAR, with 95% agreement in the identification of events and absence of events between studies. Study disagreement between events reported in either study varied: arteriovenous fistula (50%), pulmonary embolism (67%), hemorrhage/hematoma (75%), and deep vein thrombosis (100%). Among physician-adjudicated events, there was no disagreement between the Micra CED and Micra PAR studies in any event type. Conclusion Findings from this study demonstrate high agreement in event identification between Medicare claims data and registries for patients implanted with Micra leadless pacemakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikhael F El-Chami
- Division of Cardiology, Section of Electrophysiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Bockstedt
- Medtronic, Plc, Mounds View, MN, USA.,Medtronic, Plc, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Collins
- From the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bowman
- From the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Landray
- From the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Peto
- From the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Curtis JR, Foster PJ, Saag KG. Tools and Methods for Real-World Evidence Generation: Pragmatic Trials, Electronic Consent, and Data Linkages. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2019; 45:275-289. [PMID: 30952398 PMCID: PMC6499376 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Real-world evidence requires use of new tools and methods to support efficient evidence generation. Among those tools are pragmatic trials, utilization of central/single institutional review board and electronic consent, and data linkages between diverse types of data sources (eg, a trial or registry to administrative claims or electronic medical record data). This article reviews these topics in the context of describing several exemplar use cases specific to rheumatology and provides perspective regarding both the promise and potential pitfalls in using these tools and approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Curtis
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - P Jeff Foster
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth G Saag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brennan JM, Wruck L, Pencina MJ, Clare RM, Lopes RD, Alexander JH, O'Brien S, Krucoff M, Rao SV, Wang TY, Curtis LH, Newby LK, Granger CB, Patel M, Mahaffey K, Ross JS, Normand SL, Eloff BC, Caños DA, Lokhnygina YV, Roe MT, Califf RM, Marinac-Dabic D, Peterson ED. Claims-based cardiovascular outcome identification for clinical research: Results from 7 large randomized cardiovascular clinical trials. Am Heart J 2019; 218:110-122. [PMID: 31726314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicare insurance claims may provide an efficient means to ascertain follow-up of older participants in clinical research. We sought to determine the accuracy and completeness of claims- versus site-based follow-up with clinical event committee (+CEC) adjudication of cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective study using linked Medicare and Duke Database of Clinical Trials data. Medicare claims were linked to clinical data from 7 randomized cardiovascular clinical trials. Of 52,476 trial participants, linking resulted in 5,839 (of 10,497 linkage-eligible) Medicare-linked trial participants with fee-for-service A and B coverage. Death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and revascularization incidences were compared using Medicare inpatient claims only, site-reported events (+CEC) only, or a combination of the 2. Randomized treatment effects were compared as a function of whether claims-based, site-based (+CEC), or a combined system was used for event detection. RESULTS Among the 5,839 study participants, the annual event rates were similar between claims- and site-based (+CEC) follow-up: death (overall rate 5.2% vs 5.2%; adjusted κ 0.99), MI (2.2% vs 2.3%; adjusted κ 0.96), stroke (0.7% vs 0.7%; adjusted κ 0.99), and any revascularization (7.4% vs 7.9%; adjusted κ 0.95). Of events detected by claims yet not reported by CEC, a minority were reported by sites but negatively adjudicated by CEC (39% of MIs and 18% of strokes). Differences in individual case concordance led to higher event rates when claims- and site-based (+CEC) systems were combined. Randomized treatment effects were similar among the 3 approaches for each outcome of interest. CONCLUSIONS Claims- versus site-based (+CEC) follow-up identified similar overall cardiovascular event rates despite meaningful differences in the events detected. Randomized treatment effects were similar using the 2 methods, suggesting claims data could be used to support clinical research leveraging routinely collected data. This approach may lead to more effective evidence generation, synthesis, and appraisal of medical products and inform the strategic approaches toward the National Evaluation System for Health Technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Wruck
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunil V Rao
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin C Eloff
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Daniel A Caños
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | - Danica Marinac-Dabic
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Strom JB, Tanguturi VK, Nagueh SF, Klein AL, Manning WJ. Demonstrating the Value of Outcomes in Echocardiography: Imaging-Based Registries in Improving Patient Care. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:1608-1614. [PMID: 31563437 PMCID: PMC6899196 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Strom
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Varsha K Tanguturi
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sherif F Nagueh
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Allan L Klein
- The Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Warren J Manning
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Herrington WG, Staplin N, Haynes R. Kidney disease trials for the 21st century: innovations in design and conduct. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 16:173-185. [PMID: 31673162 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other specialties, nephrology has reported relatively few clinical trials, and most of these are too small to detect moderate treatment effects. Consequently, interventions that are commonly used by nephrologists have not been adequately tested and some may be ineffective or harmful. More randomized trials are urgently needed to address important clinical questions in patients with kidney disease. The use of robust surrogate markers may accelerate early-phase drug development. However, scientific innovations in trial conduct developed by other specialties should also be adopted to improve trial quality and enable more, larger trials in kidney disease to be completed in the current era of burdensome regulation and escalating research costs. Examples of such innovations include utilizing routinely collected health-care data and disease-specific registries to identify and invite potential trial participants, and for long-term follow-up; use of prescreening to facilitate rapid recruitment of participants; use of pre-randomization run-in periods to improve participant adherence and assess responses to study interventions prior to randomization; and appropriate use of statistics to monitor studies and analyse their results. Nephrology is well positioned to harness such innovations due to its advanced use of electronic health-care records and the development of disease-specific registries. Adopting a population approach and efficient trial conduct along with challenging unscientific regulation may increase the number of definitive clinical trials in nephrology and improve the care of current and future patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William G Herrington
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie Staplin
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Haynes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Uno H, Ritzwoller DP, Cronin AM, Carroll NM, Hornbrook MC, Hassett MJ. Determining the Time of Cancer Recurrence Using Claims or Electronic Medical Record Data. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2019; 2:1-10. [PMID: 30652573 DOI: 10.1200/cci.17.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Data from claims and electronic medical records (EMRs) are frequently used to identify clinical events (eg, cancer diagnosis, stroke). However, accurately determining the time of clinical events can be challenging, and the methods used to generate time estimates are underdeveloped. We sought to develop an approach to determine the time of a clinical event-cancer recurrence-using high-dimensional longitudinal structured data. METHODS Manual chart abstraction provided information regarding the actual time of cancer recurrence. These data were linked to claims from Medicare or structured EMR data from the Cancer Research Network, which were used to determine time of recurrence for patients with lung or colorectal cancer. We analyzed the longitudinal profile of codes that could help determine the time of recurrence, adjusted for systematic differences between code dates and recurrence dates, and integrated time estimates from different codes to empirically derive an optimal algorithm. RESULTS We identified twelve code groups that could help determine the time of recurrence. Using claims data for patients with lung cancer, the optimal algorithm consisted of three code groups and provided an average prediction error of 4.8 months. Using EMR data or applying this approach to patients with colorectal cancer yielded similar results. CONCLUSION Time estimates were improved by selecting codes not necessarily the same as those used to identify recurrence, combining time estimates from multiple code groups, and adjusting for systematic bias between code dates and recurrence dates. Improving the accuracy of time estimates for clinical events can facilitate research, quality measurement, and process improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Uno
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| | - Debra P Ritzwoller
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| | - Angel M Cronin
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| | - Nikki M Carroll
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| | - Mark C Hornbrook
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| | - Michael J Hassett
- Hajime Uno, Angel M. Cronin, and Michael J. Hassett, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Debra P. Ritzwoller and Nikki M. Carroll, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; and Mark C. Hornbrook, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Olivier CB, Bhatt DL, Leonardi S, Stone GW, Gibson CM, Steg PG, Hamm CW, Wilson MD, Mangum S, Price MJ, Prats J, White HD, Lopes RD, Harrington RA, Mahaffey KW. Central Adjudication Identified Additional and Prognostically Important Myocardial Infarctions in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12:e007342. [PMID: 31296081 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.118.007342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the CHAMPION PHOENIX trial, cangrelor reduced the primary composite end point of death, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia-driven revascularization, or stent thrombosis at 48 hours. This study aimed to explore the impact of event adjudication and the prognostic importance of MI reported by a clinical events committee (CEC) or site investigators (SIs). METHODS AND RESULTS Data from the CHAMPION PHOENIX trial of patients undergoing elective or nonelective percutaneous coronary intervention were analyzed. A CEC systematically identified and adjudicated MI using predefined criteria, a computer algorithm to identify suspected events, and semilogarithmic plots to review biomarker changes. Thirty-day death was modeled using baseline characteristics. Of 10 942 patients, 462 (4.2%) patients had at least 1 MI by 48 hours identified by the CEC (207 [3.8%] cangrelor; 255 [4.7%] clopidogrel; odds ratio [OR] 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97; P=0.022), and 143 patients had at least 1 MI by 48 hours reported by the SI (60 [1.1%] cangrelor; 83 [1.5%] clopidogrel; OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.01; P=0.053). Of the 462 MIs identified by the CEC, 92 (20%) were reported by SI, and 370 (80%) were not. Of the 143 MI reported by the SI, 51 (36%) were not confirmed by CEC. All categories were associated with an increased adjusted risk for 30-day death (CEC: OR, 5.35; 95% CI, 2.56-11.2; P<0.001; SI: 9.08 [4.01-20.5]; P<0.001; CEC and SI: 10.9 [3.23-36.6]; P<0.001; CEC but not SI: 4.69 [1.94-11.3]; P<0.001; SI but not CEC: 15.4 [5.26-44.9]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, CEC procedures identified 3 times as many MIs as the SI reported. Compared with clopidogrel, cangrelor significantly reduced MIs identified by the CEC with a qualitatively similar relative risk reduction in MIs reported by the SI. MIs identified by CEC or reported by SI were independently associated with worse 30-day death. Central adjudication identified additional, prognostically important events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01156571.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph B Olivier
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.B.O., K.W.M.).,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (C.B.O.)
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.L.B.)
| | - Sergio Leonardi
- University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy (S.L.)
| | - Gregg W Stone
- Columbia University Medical Center and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York City, NY (G.W.S.)
| | - C Michael Gibson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Cardiology, Boston, MA (C.M.G.)
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials), DHU FIRE, INSERM Unité 1148, Université Paris-Diderot, and Hôpital Bichat, Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France, and NHLI, Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (P.G.S.)
| | - Christian W Hamm
- Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (C.W.H.)
| | - Matthew D Wilson
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.D.W., S.M., R.D.L.)
| | - Stacey Mangum
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.D.W., S.M., R.D.L.)
| | - Matthew J Price
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.)
| | | | - Harvey D White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland, New Zealand (H.D.W.)
| | - Renato D Lopes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.D.W., S.M., R.D.L.)
| | - Robert A Harrington
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (R.A.H.)
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (C.B.O., K.W.M.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guimarães PO, Krishnamoorthy A, Kaltenbach LA, Anstrom KJ, Effron MB, Mark DB, McCollam PL, Davidson-Ray L, Peterson ED, Wang TY. Accuracy of Medical Claims for Identifying Cardiovascular and Bleeding Events After Myocardial Infarction : A Secondary Analysis of the TRANSLATE-ACS Study. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 2:750-757. [PMID: 28538984 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Pragmatic clinical trial designs have proposed the use of medical claims data to ascertain clinical events; however, the accuracy of billed diagnoses in identifying potential events is unclear. Objectives To compare the 1-year cumulative incidences of events when events were identified by medical claims vs by physician adjudication and to assess the accuracy of bill-identified events using physician adjudication as the criterion standard. Design, Setting, and Participants This post hoc analysis of a clinical trial assessed the medical claims forms and records for all rehospitalizations at 233 US hospitals within 1 year of the index acute myocardial infarction (MI) of 12 365 patients enrolled in the Treatment With Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors: Longitudinal Assessment of Treatment Patterns and Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRANSLATE-ACS) study between April 1, 2010, and October 31, 2012. Fourteen patients (0.1%) died during the index hospitalization and were excluded from analysis. Recurrent MI, stroke, and bleeding events were identified per the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedural codes in medical bills. These events were independently adjudicated by study physicians through medical record reviews using the prespecified criteria of recurrent MI and stroke and the bleeding definition by the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) scale. Medical claims were reported on a Uniform Bill-04 claims form; claims were collected from all hospitals visited by patients enrolled in TRANSLATE-ACS. Agreement between medical claims-identified events and physician-adjudicated events over the 12 months after discharge was assessed with the κ statistic. Data were analyzed from January 30, 2015, to March 2, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Event rates within 1 year after MI. Results Among 12 365 patients with acute MI, 8890 (71.9%) were men and mean (SD) age was 60 (11.6) years. The cumulative 1-year incidence of events identified by medical claims was 4.3% for MI, 0.9% for stroke, and 5.0% for bleeding. Incidence rates based on physician adjudication were 4.7% for MI, 0.9% for stroke, and 5.4% for bleeding. Agreement between medical claims-identified and physician-adjudicated events was modest, with a κ of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.79) for MI and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.68) for stroke events. In contrast, agreement between medical claims-identified and physician-adjudicated bleeding events was poor, with a κ of 0.24 (95% CI, 0.19 to 0.30) for any hospitalized bleeding event and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.20) for moderate or severe bleeding on the GUSTO scale. Conclusions and Relevance Event rates at 1 year after MI were lower for MI, stroke, and bleeding when medical claims were used to identify events than when adjudicated by physicians. Medical claims diagnoses were only modestly accurate in identifying MI and stroke admissions but had limited accuracy for bleeding events. An alternative approach may be needed to ensure good safety surveillance in cardiovascular studies. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088503.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia O Guimarães
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Arun Krishnamoorthy
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa A Kaltenbach
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin J Anstrom
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark B Effron
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Daniel B Mark
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Linda Davidson-Ray
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric D Peterson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tracy Y Wang
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strom JB, Tamez H, Zhao Y, Valsdottir LR, Curtis J, Brennan JM, Shen C, Popma JJ, Mauri L, Yeh RW. Validating the use of registries and claims data to support randomized trials: Rationale and design of the Extending Trial-Based Evaluations of Medical Therapies Using Novel Sources of Data (EXTEND) Study. Am Heart J 2019; 212:64-71. [PMID: 30953936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials are the "gold standard" for comparing the safety and efficacy of therapies but may be limited due to high costs, lack of feasibility, and difficulty enrolling "real-world" patient populations. The Extending Trial-Based Evaluations of Medical Therapies Using Novel Sources of Data (EXTEND) Study seeks to evaluate whether data collected within procedural registries and claims databases can reproduce trial results by substituting surrogate non-trial-based variables for exposures and outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Patient-level data from 2 clinical trial programs-the Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Study and the United States CoreValve Studies-will be linked to a combination of national registry, administrative claims, and health system data. The concordance between baseline and outcomes data collected within nontrial data sets and trial information, including adjudicated end point events, will be assessed. We will compare the study results obtained using these alternative data sources to those derived using trial-ascertained variables and end points using trial-adjudicated end points and covariates. CONCLUSIONS Linkage of trials to registries and claims data represents an opportunity to use alternative data sources in place of and as adjuncts to randomized clinical trial data but requires further validation. The results of this research will help determine how these data sources can be used to improve our present and future understanding of new medical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Strom
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hector Tamez
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yuansong Zhao
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Linda R Valsdottir
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeptha Curtis
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey J Popma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA
| | | | - Robert W Yeh
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ma Q, Chung H, Shambhu S, Roe M, Cziraky M, Jones WS, Haynes K. Administrative claims data to support pragmatic clinical trial outcome ascertainment on cardiovascular health. Clin Trials 2019; 16:419-430. [PMID: 31081367 DOI: 10.1177/1740774519846853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Health plan administrative claims data present a cost-effective complement to traditional trial-specific ascertainment of clinical events typically conducted through patient report or a single health system electronic health record. We aim to demonstrate the value of health plan claims data in improving the capture of endpoints in longitudinal pragmatic clinical trials. METHODS This retrospective cohort study paralleled the design of the ADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-Term Effectiveness) trial designed to compare the effectiveness of two doses of aspirin. We applied the ADAPTABLE identification query in claims data from Anthem, an American health insurance company, and identified health plan members who met the ADAPTABLE trial criteria. Among the ADAPTABLE eligible members, we selected overlapping members with PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks in the 2 years prior to the index date (1 April 2014). PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks consist of network partners (or healthcare systems) that store their electronic health record data in the same format to support multi-institutional research. ADAPTABLE outcome events-cardiovascular hospitalizations including admissions for myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiac procedures; hospitalizations for major bleeding; and in-hospital deaths-were evaluated for a 2-year follow-up period. Events were classified as within or outside PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks using facility identifiers affiliated with each hospital stay. Patient characteristics were examined with descriptive statistics, and incidence rates were reported for available Clinical Data Research Networks and claims data. RESULTS Among 884,311 ADAPTABLE eligible health plan members, 11,101 patients overlapped with PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks. Average age was 70 years, 71% were male, and average follow-up was 20.7 months. Patients had 1521 cardiovascular hospitalizations (571 (37.5%) occurred outside PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks), 710 for major bleeding (296 (41.7%) outside PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks), and 196 in-hospital deaths (67 (34.2%) outside PCORnet Clinical Data Research Networks). Incidence rates (events per1000 patient-months) differed between available network partners and claims data: cardiovascular hospitalizations, 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 3.9, 4.4) versus 6.6 (95% confidence interval: 6.3, 7.0), major bleeding, 1.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.6, 2.0) versus 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 2.9, 3.3), and in-hospital death, 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.67) versus 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.74, 0.98), respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the value of supplementing longitudinal site-based clinical studies with administrative claims data. Our results suggest that claims data together with network partner electronic health record data constitute an effective vehicle to capture patient outcomes since >30% of patients have non-fatal and fatal events outside of enrolling sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Ma
- 1 HealthCore, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Roe
- 2 Duke Heart Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - W Schuyler Jones
- 2 Duke Heart Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lowenstern A, Lippmann SJ, Brennan JM, Wang TY, Curtis LH, Feldman T, Glower DD, Hammill BG, Vemulapalli S. Use of Medicare Claims to Identify Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Mitral Valve Repair. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12:e007451. [PMID: 31084236 PMCID: PMC6760250 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.118.007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical event committees are commonly employed for event validation in clinical studies, but little is known about the comparative performance of administrative claims data versus clinician-triggered event adjudication for ascertainment of adverse events in structural heart disease studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Medicare claims were linked to 418 patients >65 years of age who underwent transcatheter mitral valve repair (MitraClip) for severe mitral regurgitation from 2007 to 2013 as part of the EVEREST II (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair Study II) High-Risk Registry or the REALISM (Real World Expanded Multicenter Study of the MitraClip System) Continued-Access Registry. Each registry adjudicated mortality, heart failure hospitalization, renal failure, ventilation, and bleeding/transfusion within 1 year. Concordance of claims-based outcomes with events was assessed in 3 ways: 1-year occurrence, cumulative incidence, and synchrony of first events. For event occurrence, positive predictive value (PPV) of claims versus adjudication was the highest for mortality (PPV=97%) and heart failure hospitalization (PPV=69%) but lower for bleeding (PPV=40%) and renal failure (PPV=19%). Whereas claims-based cumulative incidence for mortality, heart failure hospitalization, and renal failure were consistent with clinician-triggered adjudication, incidence curves for bleeding events and ventilation diverged, with claims identifying a greater number of events. When events were detected by both methods, however, over 75% of event dates matched exactly. Mitral valve reinterventions were identified through claims with perfect sensitivity and specificity relative to physician adjudication. CONCLUSIONS Ascertainment of mortality, heart failure hospitalization, and renal failure was highly concordant between physician adjudication and administrative claims. Further work is necessary to determine the role of administrative claims in event ascertainment in both prospective and retrospective studies of structural heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lowenstern
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Steven J. Lippmann
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - J. Matthew Brennan
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Tracy Y. Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Lesley H. Curtis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Ted Feldman
- Evanston Hospital, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Donald D. Glower
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Bradley G. Hammill
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Sreekanth Vemulapalli
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Genuardi MV, Ogilvie RP, Saand AR, DeSensi RS, Saul MI, Magnani JW, Patel SR. Association of Short Sleep Duration and Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 2019; 156:544-552. [PMID: 30825445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short sleep may be a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. However, previous investigations have been limited by lack of objective sleep measurement and small sample size. We sought to determine the association between objectively measured sleep duration and atrial fibrillation. METHODS All 31,079 adult patients undergoing diagnostic polysomnography from 1999 to 2015 at multiple sites within a large hospital network were identified from electronic medical records. Prevalent atrial fibrillation was identified by continuous ECG during polysomnography. Incident atrial fibrillation was identified by diagnostic codes and 12-lead ECGs. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to examine the association of sleep duration and atrial fibrillation prevalence and incidence, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, and sleep apnea severity. RESULTS We identified 404 cases of prevalent atrial fibrillation among 30,061 individuals (mean age ± SD, 51.0 ± 14.5 years; 51.6% women) undergoing polysomnography. After adjustment, each 1-h reduction in sleep duration was associated with a 1.17-fold (95% CI, 1.11-1.30) increased risk of prevalent atrial fibrillation. Among 27,589 patients without atrial fibrillation at baseline, we identified 1,820 cases of incident atrial fibrillation over 4.6 years median follow-up. After adjustment, each 1-h reduction in sleep duration was associated with a 1.09-fold (95% CI, 1.05-1.13) increased risk for incident atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Short sleep duration is independently associated with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation. Further research is needed to determine whether interventions to extend sleep can lower atrial fibrillation risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Genuardi
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Rachel P Ogilvie
- Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aisha Rasool Saand
- Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rebecca S DeSensi
- Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melissa I Saul
- Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jared W Magnani
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Center for Sleep and Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Colantonio LD, Levitan EB, Yun H, Kilgore ML, Rhodes JD, Howard G, Safford MM, Muntner P. Use of Medicare Claims Data for the Identification of Myocardial Infarction: The Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Med Care 2018; 56:1051-1059. [PMID: 30363020 PMCID: PMC6231971 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the validity of Medicare claims for identifying myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS We used data from 9951 Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and above in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study. Between 2003 and 2012, 669 participants had an MI identified and adjudicated through study procedures (ie, the gold standard), and 552 had an overnight inpatient claim with a code for MI (ICD-9 code 410.x0 or 410.x1) in any discharge diagnosis position. RESULTS Using Medicare claims with a discharge diagnosis code for MI in any position, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 84.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 80.9%-87.3%] and the sensitivity was 49.0% (95% CI, 44.9%-53.1%). Sensitivity was lower for men (45.8%) versus women (55.1%), microsize MIs (13.7%) versus other MIs (64.7%), type 2 (30.9%), and 4-5 MIs (11.1%) versus type 1 MIs (76.6%), and MIs occurring in-hospital (28.8%) versus out-of-hospital (66.7%). Using Medicare claims with a code for MI in the primary discharge diagnosis position, the PPV was 89.7% (95% CI, 86.3%-92.5%) and sensitivity was 40.1% (95% CI, 36.1%-44.2%). The sensitivity of claims with a code for MI in the primary discharge diagnosis position was lower for microsize versus other MIs, type 2 and 4-5 MIs versus type 1 MIs and MIs occurring in-hospital versus out-of-hospital. Hazard ratios for MI associated with participant characteristics were similar using adjudicated MIs identified through study procedures or claims for MI without further adjudication. CONCLUSIONS Medicare claims have a high PPV but low sensitivity for identifying MI and can be used to investigate individual-level characteristics associated with MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro D. Colantonio
- Department of Epidemiology. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - Huifeng Yun
- Department of Epidemiology. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - Meredith L. Kilgore
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - J. David Rhodes
- Department of Biostatistics. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - George Howard
- Department of Biostatistics. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| | - Monika M. Safford
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College. 1300 York Avenue, F2006, New York, New York 10065
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health. Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Feuerstein IM, Jenkins MR, Kornstein SG, Lauer MS, Scott PE, Raju TNK, Johnson T, Devaney S, Lolic M, Henderson M, Clayton JA. Working Together to Address Women's Health in Research and Drug Development: Summary of the 2017 Women's Health Congress Preconference Symposium. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:1195-1203. [PMID: 30325292 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.29019.pcss] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, women have been underrepresented in clinical research, requiring physicians to extrapolate medical recommendations for women from clinical research done in cohorts consisting predominantly of male participants. While government-funded clinical research has achieved gender parity in phase-3 clinical trials across many biomedical disciplines, improvements are still needed in several facets of women's health research, such as the inclusion of women in early-phase clinical trials, the inclusion of pregnant women and women with physical and intellectual disabilities, the consideration of sex as a biological variable in preclinical research, and the analysis and reporting of sex and gender differences across the full biomedical research continuum. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health and the Office of Women's Health of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cosponsored a preconference symposium at the 25th Annual Women's Health Congress, held in Arlington, VA in April, 2017, to highlight gains made and remaining needs regarding the representation of women in clinical research, to introduce innovative procedures and technologies, and to outline revised policy for future studies. Six speakers presented information on a range of subjects related to the representation of women in clinical research and federal initiatives to advance precision medicine. Topics included the following: the return on investment from the NIH-funded Women's Health Initiative; progress in including women in clinical trials for FDA-approved drugs and products; the importance of clinical trials in pregnant women; FDA initiatives to report drug safety during pregnancy; the NIH-funded All of Us Research Program; and efforts to enhance FDA transparency and communications, including the introduction of Drug Trials Snapshots. This article summarizes the major points of the presentations and the discussions that followed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irwin M Feuerstein
- 1 Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- 2 Office of Women's Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Susan G Kornstein
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael S Lauer
- 4 Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela E Scott
- 2 Office of Women's Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Tonse N K Raju
- 5 Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamara Johnson
- 6 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Devaney
- 7 All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Milena Lolic
- 6 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Marsha Henderson
- 2 Office of Women's Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janine Austin Clayton
- 1 Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mora S, Wenger NK, Cook NR, Liu J, Howard BV, Limacher MC, Liu S, Margolis KL, Martin LW, Paynter NP, Ridker PM, Robinson JG, Rossouw JE, Safford MM, Manson JE. Evaluation of the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort From the Women's Health Initiative. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178:1231-1240. [PMID: 30039172 PMCID: PMC6142964 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) kills approximately 1 in every 3 US women. Current cholesterol, hypertension, and aspirin guidelines recommend calculating 10-year risk of ASCVD using the 2013 Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE). However, numerous studies have reported apparent overestimation of risk with the PCE, and reasons for overestimation are unclear. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the predictive accuracy of the PCE in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a multiethnic cohort of contemporary US postmenopausal women. We evaluated the effects of time-varying treatments such as aspirin and statins, and ascertainment of additional ASCVD events by linkage with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) claims. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The WHI recruited the largest number of US women (n = 161 808) with the racial/ethnic, geographic, and age diversity of the general population (1993-1998). For this study, we included women aged 50 to 79 (n = 19 995) participating in the WHI with data on the risk equation variables at baseline and who met the guideline inclusion and exclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 10 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES For this study, ASCVD was defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS Among the 19 995 women (mean [SD] age, 64 [7.3] years; 8305 [41.5%] white, 7688 [38.5%] black, 3491 [17.5%] Hispanic, 103 [0.5%] American Indian, 321 [1.6%] Asian/Pacific Islander, and 87 [0.4%] other/unknown), a total of 1236 ASCVD events occurred in 10 years and were adjudicated through medical record review by WHI investigators. The WHI-adjudicated observed risks were lower than predicted. The observed (predicted) risks for baseline 10-year risk categories less than 5%, 5% to less than 7.5%, 7.5% to less than 10%, and 10% or more were 1.7 (2.8), 4.4 (6.2), 5.3 (8.7), and 12.4 (18.2), respectively. Small changes were noted after adjusting for time-dependent changes in statin and aspirin use. Among women 65 years or older enrolled in Medicare, WHI-adjudicated risks were also lower than predicted, but observed (predicted) risks became aligned after including events ascertained by linkage with CMS for additional surveillance for events: 3.8 (4.3), 7.1 (6.4), 8.3 (8.7), and 18.9 (18.7), respectively. Similar results were seen across ethnic/racial groups. Overall, the equations discriminated risk well (C statistic, 0.726; 95% CI, 0.714-0.738). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Without including surveillance for ASCVD events using CMS, observed risks in the WHI were lower than predicted by PCE as noted in several other US cohorts, but risks were better aligned after including CMS events. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00000611.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Mora
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Nancy R Cook
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Simin Liu
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Nina P Paynter
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Raman SR, Curtis LH, Temple R, Andersson T, Ezekowitz J, Ford I, James S, Marsolo K, Mirhaji P, Rocca M, Rothman RL, Sethuraman B, Stockbridge N, Terry S, Wasserman SM, Peterson ED, Hernandez AF. Leveraging electronic health records for clinical research. Am Heart J 2018; 202:13-19. [PMID: 29802975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electronic health records (EHRs) can be a major tool in the quest to decrease costs and timelines of clinical trial research, generate better evidence for clinical decision making, and advance health care. Over the past decade, EHRs have increasingly offered opportunities to speed up, streamline, and enhance clinical research. EHRs offer a wide range of possible uses in clinical trials, including assisting with prestudy feasibility assessment, patient recruitment, and data capture in care delivery. To fully appreciate these opportunities, health care stakeholders must come together to face critical challenges in leveraging EHR data, including data quality/completeness, information security, stakeholder engagement, and increasing the scale of research infrastructure and related governance. Leaders from academia, government, industry, and professional societies representing patient, provider, researcher, industry, and regulator perspectives convened the Leveraging EHR for Clinical Research Now! Think Tank in Washington, DC (February 18-19, 2016), to identify barriers to using EHRs in clinical research and to generate potential solutions. Think tank members identified a broad range of issues surrounding the use of EHRs in research and proposed a variety of solutions. Recognizing the challenges, the participants identified the urgent need to look more deeply at previous efforts to use these data, share lessons learned, and develop a multidisciplinary agenda for best practices for using EHRs in clinical research. We report the proceedings from this think tank meeting in the following paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Justin Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan James
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith Marsolo
- Cinncinatti Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cinncinatti, OH
| | | | - Mitra Rocca
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheng F, Desai RJ, Handy DE, Wang R, Schneeweiss S, Barabási AL, Loscalzo J. Network-based approach to prediction and population-based validation of in silico drug repurposing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2691. [PMID: 30002366 PMCID: PMC6043492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we identify hundreds of new drug-disease associations for over 900 FDA-approved drugs by quantifying the network proximity of disease genes and drug targets in the human (protein–protein) interactome. We select four network-predicted associations to test their causal relationship using large healthcare databases with over 220 million patients and state-of-the-art pharmacoepidemiologic analyses. Using propensity score matching, two of four network-based predictions are validated in patient-level data: carbamazepine is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.18], and hydroxychloroquine is associated with a decreased risk of CAD (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59–0.97). In vitro experiments show that hydroxychloroquine attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated activation in human aortic endothelial cells, supporting mechanistically its potential beneficial effect in CAD. In summary, we demonstrate that a unique integration of protein-protein interaction network proximity and large-scale patient-level longitudinal data complemented by mechanistic in vitro studies can facilitate drug repurposing. Repurposing approved drugs could accelerate treatment options for various diseases. Here, the authors use network proximity of disease gene products and drug targets in the human protein interactome to identify drug-disease associations for cardiovascular disease, and validate these using longitudinal healthcare data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixiong Cheng
- Center for Complex Networks Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruisheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Center for Complex Networks Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Layton JB, Li D, Meier CR, Sharpless JL, Stürmer T, Brookhart MA. Injection testosterone and adverse cardiovascular events: A case-crossover analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:719-727. [PMID: 29446829 PMCID: PMC5903996 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exogenous testosterone administration may affect blood clotting, polycythaemia, and may increase atherosclerosis, though any association with cardiovascular events is unclear. While the literature is inconclusive, some studies have suggested testosterone use may increase short-term risk of cardiovascular events and stroke, and injection testosterone may convey higher risks than other dosage forms. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the short-term cardiovascular risk of receiving injection testosterone. DESIGN We conducted a case-crossover analysis comparing injection testosterone exposure in the 7 days prior to an outcome event to referent windows in the past to estimate the acute association of cardiovascular outcomes with the receipt of testosterone injections. PATIENTS We identified adult male testosterone users hospitalized with myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or a composite of MI, stroke or unstable angina in US commercial claims (2000-2013) or Medicare (2007-2010) databases. MEASUREMENTS We identified testosterone use for the patients from pharmacy dispensing claims or in-office procedure codes in the insurance billing data. RESULTS We identified 2898 commercially insured men with events and recent testosterone use, and 339 from Medicare. Injected testosterone was associated with an increased risk of adverse events (composite outcome of myocardial infarction, stroke or unstable angina) in the immediate postinjection period for the older, Medicare population only: commercial insurance, odds ratios (OR) = 0.98 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.86-1.12); Medicare, OR = 1.45 (1.07, 1.98). This association was either greatly attenuated or not present when evaluating receipt of any testosterone dosage forms (injection, gel, patch, implant): commercial insurance, OR = 1.01 (0.92, 1.11); Medicare, OR = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.98-1.63). CONCLUSIONS Testosterone injections were uniquely associated with short-term risk of acute cardio- and cerebrovascular events in older adult men following injection receipt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Layton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christoph R Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie L Sharpless
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Alan Brookhart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fanaroff AC, Steffel J, Alexander JH, Lip GYH, Califf RM, Lopes RD. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: re-defining ‘real-world data’ within the broader data universe. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:2932-2941. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Fanaroff
- Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jan Steffel
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John H Alexander
- Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC USA
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Aalborg University, Søndre Skovvej 15, Forskningens Hus, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Robert M Califf
- Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC USA
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renato D Lopes
- Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shreibati JB, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Hlatky MA. Impact of hormone therapy on Medicare spending in the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trials. Am Heart J 2018; 198:108-114. [PMID: 29653631 PMCID: PMC5901884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized trials can compare economic as well as clinical outcomes, but economic data are difficult to collect. Linking clinical trial data with Medicare claims could provide novel information on health care utilization and cost. METHODS We linked data from Medicare claims of women ≥65 years old who had Medicare fee-for-service coverage with their clinical data from the Women's Health Initiative trials of conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE+MPA) versus placebo and of CEE-alone versus placebo. The primary outcome was total Medicare spending during the intervention phase of the trial, and the secondary outcomes were spending on diseases hypothesized a priori to be sensitive to the effects of hormone therapy. RESULTS In the CEE+MPA trial, 4,557 participants ≥65 years old were included. Women randomly assigned to CEE+MPA had 4% higher mean Medicare spending overall ($45,690 vs $43,920, P = .08) but 0.5% lower spending for hormone-sensitive diseases ($3,526 vs $3,547, P = .07), with 73% higher spending for coronary heart disease (P = .045) and 122% higher spending for pulmonary embolism (P = .026). In the CEE-alone trial, 3,107 participants were included. Total spending among women randomly assigned to CEE was 3.3% higher ($75,411 vs $72,997, P = .16), and 1.7% higher spending for hormone-sensitive diseases ($5,213 vs $5,127, P = .57), but with 39% lower spending for hip fracture (p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS Menopausal hormone therapy increased spending for some diseases, but decreased spending for others. These offsetting effects led to modest (3%-4%), nonsignificant increases in overall spending among women aged 65 years and older.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Hlatky
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dreyer NA. Advancing a Framework for Regulatory Use of Real-World Evidence: When Real Is Reliable. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2018; 52:362-368. [PMID: 29714575 PMCID: PMC5944086 DOI: 10.1177/2168479018763591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in regulatory use of randomized pragmatic trials and noninterventional real-world (RW) studies of effectiveness and safety, but there is no agreed-on framework for assessing when this type of evidence is sufficiently reliable. Rather than impose a clinical trial-like paradigm on RW evidence, like blinded treatments or complete, source-verified data, the framework for assessing the utility of RW evidence should be grounded in the context of specific study objectives, clinical events that are likely to be detected in routine care, and the extent to which systematic error (bias) is likely to impact effect estimation. Whether treatment is blinded should depend on how well the outcome can be measured objectively. Qualification of a data source should be based on (1) numbers of patients of interest available for study; (2) if "must-have" data are likely to be recorded, and if so, how and where; (3) the accessibility of systematic follow-up data for the time period of interest; and (4) the potential for systematic errors (bias) in data collection and the likely magnitude of any such bias. Accessible data may not be representative of an entire population, but still may provide reliable evidence about the experience of typical patients treated under conditions of conventional care. Similarly, RW data that falls short of optimal length of follow-up or study size may still be useful in terms of its ability to provide evidence for regulators for subgroups of special interest. Developing a framework to qualify RW evidence in the context of a particular study purpose and data asset will enable broader regulatory use of RW data for approval of new molecular entities and label changes. Reliable information about diverse populations and settings should also help us move closer to more affordable, effective health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Dreyer
- 1 IQVIA Real-World & Analytic Solutions, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ammann EM, Schweizer ML, Robinson JG, Eschol JO, Kafa R, Girotra S, Winiecki SK, Fuller CC, Carnahan RM, Leonard CE, Haskins C, Garcia C, Chrischilles EA. Chart validation of inpatient ICD-9-CM administrative diagnosis codes for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among intravenous immune globulin (IGIV) users in the Sentinel Distributed Database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:398-404. [PMID: 29446185 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD) is a large database of patient-level administrative health care records, primarily derived from insurance claims and electronic health records, and is sponsored by the US Food and Drug Administration for medical product safety evaluations. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common study endpoint for drug safety studies that rely on health records from the SDD and other administrative databases. PURPOSE In this chart validation study, we report on the positive predictive value (PPV) of inpatient International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification AMI administrative diagnosis codes (410.x1 and 410.x0) in the SDD. METHODS As part of an assessment of thromboembolic adverse event risk following treatment with intravenous immune globulin, charts were obtained for 103 potential post-intravenous immune globulin AMI cases. Charts were abstracted by trained nurses and physician-adjudicated based on prespecified diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Acute myocardial infarction status could be determined for 89 potential cases. The PPVs for the inpatient AMI diagnoses recorded in the SDD were 75% overall (95% CI, 65-84%), 93% (95% CI, 78-99%) for principal-position diagnoses, 88% (95% CI, 72-97%) for secondary diagnoses, and 38% (95% CI, 20-59%) for position-unspecified diagnoses (eg, diagnoses originating from separate physician claims associated with an inpatient stay). Of the confirmed AMI cases, demand ischemia was the suspected etiology more often for those coded in secondary or unspecified positions (72% and 40%, respectively) than for principal-position AMI diagnoses (21%). CONCLUSIONS The PPVs for principal and secondary AMI diagnoses were high and similar to estimates from prior chart validation studies. Position-unspecified diagnosis codes were less likely to represent true AMI cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Ammann
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marin L Schweizer
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Rami Kafa
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Saket Girotra
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Scott K Winiecki
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Candace C Fuller
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan M Carnahan
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Charles E Leonard
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cole Haskins
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Crystal Garcia
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Foody J, Turpin RS, Tidwell BA, Lawrence D, Schulman KL. Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Gout and Associated Cardiovascular Disease or Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease Initiating a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor. AMERICAN HEALTH & DRUG BENEFITS 2017; 10:393-401. [PMID: 29263773 PMCID: PMC5726059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several observational studies and meta-analyses have suggested that treating hyperuricemia in patients with gout and moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) may improve renal and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of initiating allopurinol or febuxostat treatment on major CV events in patients with gout, preexisting CV disease (CVD) or heart failure (HF), and stage 3 or 4 CKD in a real-world setting. METHODS Patients with gout (aged >18 years) who initiated allopurinol or febuxostat treatment between 2009 and 2013 after a diagnosis of stage 3 or 4 CKD and CVD-including coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)-or HF were selected from the MarketScan databases. The major CV events included CAD-specific, cerebrovascular disease-specific, and PVD-specific events. Cox proportional hazards modeling identified the predictors of major CV events in aggregate, and of CAD, cerebrovascular disease, and PVD events, individually. RESULTS During follow-up, 2426 patients (370 receiving febuxostat and 2056 receiving allopurinol; 63% male; mean age, 73 years) had 162 major CV events (3.8% in those receiving febuxostat vs 7.2% in those receiving allopurinol; P = .015). The rates of major CV events per 1000 person-years were 51.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 28-87) in patients initiating febuxostat and 99.3 (95% CI, 84-117) among those initiating allopurinol. Overall, 49.4% of patients had a CAD event, 32.5% had a PVD event, and 23.5% had a cerebrovascular disease-specific event. Febuxostat initiation was associated with a significantly lower risk for a major CV event versus patients who initiated allopurinol (hazard ratio, 0.52; P = .02), driven in large part by lower PVD-specific events (P = .026). CONCLUSION Patients with moderate-to-severe CKD and CVD or HF who initiated febuxostat treatment had a significantly lower rate of major CV events than patients who initiated allopurinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne Foody
- Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Executive Director-Cardiovascular, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Robin S Turpin
- Director and Head, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Medical Affairs, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Deerfield, IL
| | - Beni A Tidwell
- Research Associate, Outcomes Research Solutions, Shrewsbury, MA
| | - Debra Lawrence
- Director, Health Economics and Outcomes Research; Medical Affairs, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA
| | - Kathy L Schulman
- Research Scientist and Principal, Outcomes Research Solutions, Shrewsbury, MA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Najafzadeh M, Gagne JJ, Schneeweiss S. Synergies From Integrating Randomized Controlled Trials and Real-World Data Analyses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:914-916. [PMID: 29034448 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Analyses using administrative claims databases or national registries provide estimates of benefits and harms of medications in real-world settings for large and diverse patient populations. Whereas claims-based nonrandomized studies and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) have distinct limitations, their strengths are complementary. Integrating RCT and claims data offers substantial synergies. We propose obtaining routinely collected longitudinal claims data from RCT participants and discuss the added value of the novel evidence that can be derived from this "information overlap."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najafzadeh
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua J Gagne
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Desai RJ, Spoendlin J, Mogun H, Gagne JJ. Contemporary Time Trends in Use of Antiplatelet Agents Among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus or Chronic Kidney Disease. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 37:1322-1327. [PMID: 28833345 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To describe contemporary trends of P2Y12 inhibitor use in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and comorbid diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have a higher risk of recurring ACS and may benefit from treatment with higher efficacy third-generation agents (prasugrel and ticagrelor). DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING A large U.S. commercial insurance program (2009-2015). PATIENTS P2Y12 inhibitor initiated within 2 weeks after an ACS event. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified 98,649 P2Y12 inhibitor initiators, of whom 24.5% had comorbid DM (no CKD), 10.5% had CKD (no DM), and 12.6% had DM and CKD. Overall, 85.2% of patients initiated clopidogrel, followed by prasugrel (11.6%) and ticagrelor (3.2%). Prasugrel use decreased over time irrespective of preexisting DM and/or CKD; ticagrelor use increased. In logistic regression models accounting for patient demographics and clinical covariates, preexisting DM alone was not associated with prasugrel or ticagrelor versus clopidogrel treatment initiation; however, having CKD with or without DM significantly reduced the likelihood of receiving prasugrel versus clopidogrel (odds ratio [OR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.88 for CKD alone; OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.98 for DM and CKD). Comorbid DM and CKD reduced the odds of initiating ticagrelor versus clopidogrel (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70-0.92). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS We observed lower or similar use of prasugrel and ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel in patients with ACS and comorbid DM and/or CKD. Given the potential for worse clinical outcomes with clopidogrel in these patients, our findings highlight the need to investigate the implications of these trends on recurrent ACS and bleeding events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia Spoendlin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Mogun
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua J Gagne
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Niteesh K Choudhry
- From the Center for Healthcare Delivery Sciences and Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Colantonio LD, Gamboa CM, Richman JS, Levitan EB, Soliman EZ, Howard G, Safford MM. Black-White Differences in Incident Fatal, Nonfatal, and Total Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation 2017; 136:152-166. [PMID: 28696265 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blacks have higher coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality compared with whites. However, a previous study suggests that nonfatal CHD risk may be lower for black versus white men. METHODS We compared fatal and nonfatal CHD incidence and CHD case-fatality among blacks and whites in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC), the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), and the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (REGARDS) by sex. Participants 45 to 64 years of age in ARIC (men=6479, women=8488) and REGARDS (men=5296, women=7822), and ≥65 years of age in CHS (men=1836, women=2790) and REGARDS (men=3381, women=4112), all without a history of CHD, were analyzed. Fatal and nonfatal CHD incidence was assessed from baseline (ARIC=1987-1989, CHS=1989-1990, REGARDS=2003-2007) through up to 11 years of follow-up. RESULTS Age-adjusted hazard ratios comparing black versus white men 45 to 64 years of age in ARIC and REGARDS were 2.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.42-3.06) and 2.11 (1.32-3.38), respectively, for fatal CHD, and 0.82 (0.64-1.05) and 0.94 (0.69-1.28), respectively, for nonfatal CHD. After adjustment for social determinants of health and cardiovascular risk factors, hazard ratios in ARIC and REGARDS were 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.92) and 1.09 (0.62-1.93), respectively, for fatal CHD, and 0.64 (0.47-0.86) and 0.67 (0.48-0.95), respectively, for nonfatal CHD. Similar patterns were present among men ≥65 years of age in CHS and REGARDS. Among women 45 to 64 years of age in ARIC and REGARDS, age-adjusted hazard ratios comparing blacks versus whites were 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.57-4.34) and 1.79 (1.06-3.03), respectively, for fatal CHD, and 1.47 (1.13-1.91) and 1.29 (0.91-1.83), respectively, for nonfatal CHD. After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios in ARIC and REGARDS were 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.36-1.24) and 1.00 (0.54-1.85), respectively, for fatal CHD, and 0.70 (0.51-0.97) and 0.70 (0.46-1.06), respectively, for nonfatal CHD. Racial differences in CHD incidence were attenuated among older women. CHD case fatality was higher among black versus white men and women, and the difference remained similar after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS After accounting for social determinants of health and risk factors, black men and women have similar risk for fatal CHD compared with white men and women, respectively. However, the risk for nonfatal CHD is consistently lower for black versus white men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro D Colantonio
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - Christopher M Gamboa
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - Joshua S Richman
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - Emily B Levitan
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - George Howard
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.)
| | - Monika M Safford
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (L.D.C., E.B.L.), Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (C.M.G.), Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (J.S.R.), Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (E.Z.S.); and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (M.M.S.).
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baigent C, Herrington WG, Coresh J, Landray MJ, Levin A, Perkovic V, Pfeffer MA, Rossing P, Walsh M, Wanner C, Wheeler DC, Winkelmayer WC, McMurray JJV. Challenges in conducting clinical trials in nephrology: conclusions from a Kidney Disease-Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2017; 92:297-305. [PMID: 28709600 PMCID: PMC6326036 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high costs of treatment of people with kidney disease and associated comorbid conditions, the amount of reliable information available to guide the care of such patients is very limited. Some treatments have been assessed in randomized trials, but most such trials have been too small to detect treatment effects of a magnitude that would be realistic to achieve with a single intervention. Therefore, KDIGO convened an international, multidisciplinary controversies conference titled "Challenges in the Conduct of Clinical Trials in Nephrology" to identify the key barriers to conducting trials in patients with kidney disease. The conference began with plenary talks focusing on the key areas of discussion that included appropriate trial design (covering identification and evaluation of kidney and nonkidney disease outcomes) and sensible trial execution (with particular emphasis on streamlining both design and conduct). Break out group discussions followed in which the key areas of agreement and remaining controversy were identified. Here we summarize the main findings from the conference and set out a range of potential solutions. If followed, these solutions could ensure future trials among people with kidney disease are sufficiently robust to provide reliable answers and are not constrained by inappropriate complexities in design or conduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Baigent
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - William G Herrington
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin J Landray
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adeera Levin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Walsh
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David C Wheeler
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ahmad FS, Chan C, Rosenman MB, Post WS, Fort DG, Greenland P, Liu KJ, Kho AN, Allen NB. Validity of Cardiovascular Data From Electronic Sources: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and HealthLNK. Circulation 2017; 136:1207-1216. [PMID: 28687707 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the validity of data from electronic data research networks is critical to national research initiatives and learning healthcare systems for cardiovascular care. Our goal was to evaluate the degree of agreement of electronic data research networks in comparison with data collected by standardized research approaches in a cohort study. METHODS We linked individual-level data from MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), a community-based cohort, with HealthLNK, a 2006 to 2012 database of electronic health records from 6 Chicago health systems. To evaluate the correlation and agreement of blood pressure in HealthLNK in comparison with in-person MESA examinations, and body mass index in HealthLNK in comparison with MESA, we used Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Using diagnoses in MESA as the criterion standard, we calculated the performance of HealthLNK for hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus diagnosis by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and clinical data. We also identified potential myocardial infarctions, strokes, and heart failure events in HealthLNK and compared them with adjudicated events in MESA. RESULTS Of the 1164 MESA participants enrolled at the Chicago Field Center, 802 (68.9%) participants had data in HealthLNK. The correlation was low for systolic blood pressure (0.39; P<0.0001). In comparison with MESA, HealthLNK overestimated systolic blood pressure by 6.5 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 4.2-7.8). There was a high correlation between body mass index in MESA and HealthLNK (0.94; P<0.0001). HealthLNK underestimated body mass index by 0.3 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval, -0.4 to -0.1). With the use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and clinical data, the sensitivity and specificity of HealthLNK queries for hypertension were 82.4% and 59.4%, for obesity were 73.0% and 89.8%, and for diabetes mellitus were 79.8% and 93.3%. In comparison with adjudicated cardiovascular events in MESA, the concordance rates for myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure were, respectively, 41.7% (5/12), 61.5% (8/13), and 62.5% (10/16). CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the limitations and strengths of electronic data repositories in comparison with information collected by traditional standardized epidemiological approaches for the ascertainment of cardiovascular risk factors and events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz S Ahmad
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Cheeling Chan
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Marc B Rosenman
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Wendy S Post
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Daniel G Fort
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Philip Greenland
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Kiang J Liu
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Abel N Kho
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)
| | - Norrina B Allen
- From Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (F.S.A., C.C., P.G., K.J.L., N.B.A.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (F.S.A., P.G.); Department of Pediatrics (M.B.R.); The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine (M.B.R., A.N.K.); Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine (D.G.F.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.N.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.).
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rana JS, Tabada GH, Solomon MD, Lo JC, Jaffe MG, Sung SH, Ballantyne CM, Go AS. Accuracy of the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Equation in a Large Contemporary, Multiethnic Population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 67:2118-2130. [PMID: 27151343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Pooled Cohort Risk Equation for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in contemporary and ethnically diverse populations is not well understood. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equation within a large, multiethnic population in clinical care. METHODS The target population for consideration of cholesterol-lowering therapy in a large, integrated health care delivery system population was identified in 2008 and followed up through 2013. The main analyses excluded those with known ASCVD, diabetes mellitus, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <70 or ≥190 mg/dl, prior lipid-lowering therapy use, or incomplete 5-year follow-up. Patient characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records, and ASCVD events were ascertained by using validated algorithms for hospitalization databases and death certificates. We compared predicted versus observed 5-year ASCVD risk, overall and according to sex and race/ethnicity. We additionally examined predicted versus observed risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Among 307,591 eligible adults without diabetes between 40 and 75 years of age, 22,283 were black, 52,917 were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 18,745 were Hispanic. We observed 2,061 ASCVD events during 1,515,142 person-years. In each 5-year predicted ASCVD risk category, observed 5-year ASCVD risk was substantially lower: 0.20% for predicted risk <2.50%; 0.65% for predicted risk 2.50% to <3.75%; 0.90% for predicted risk 3.75% to <5.00%; and 1.85% for predicted risk ≥5.00% (C statistic: 0.74). Similar ASCVD risk overestimation and poor calibration with moderate discrimination (C statistic: 0.68 to 0.74) were observed in sex, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic status subgroups, and in sensitivity analyses among patients receiving statins for primary prevention. Calibration among 4,242 eligible adults with diabetes was improved, but discrimination was worse (C statistic: 0.64). CONCLUSIONS In a large, contemporary "real-world" population, the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equation substantially overestimated actual 5-year risk in adults without diabetes, overall and across sociodemographic subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S Rana
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Grace H Tabada
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Matthew D Solomon
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joan C Lo
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, California
| | - Marc G Jaffe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente South San Francisco Medical Center, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sue Hee Sung
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alan S Go
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lauer MS, Gordon D, Wei G, Pearson G. Efficient design of clinical trials and epidemiological research: is it possible? Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:493-501. [PMID: 28447664 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials and large-scale, cohort studies continue to have a critical role in generating evidence in cardiovascular medicine; however, the increasing concern is that ballooning costs threaten the clinical trial enterprise. In this Perspectives article, we discuss the changing landscape of clinical research, and clinical trials in particular, focusing on reasons for the increasing costs and inefficiencies. These reasons include excessively complex design, overly restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria, burdensome regulations, excessive source-data verification, and concerns about the effect of clinical research conduct on workflow. Thought leaders have called on the clinical research community to consider alternative, transformative business models, including those models that focus on simplicity and leveraging of digital resources. We present some examples of innovative approaches by which some investigators have successfully conducted large-scale, clinical trials at relatively low cost. These examples include randomized registry trials, cluster-randomized trials, adaptive trials, and trials that are fully embedded within digital clinical care or administrative platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lauer
- National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research, One Center Drive, Building 1, Room 144, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Gordon
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Drive, 8th Floor, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gina Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Drive, 8th Floor, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gail Pearson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Drive, 8th Floor, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|