1
|
Li H, Tang Q, Yang T, Wang Z, Li D, Wang L, Li L, Chen Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Segregation of morphogenetic regulatory function of Shox2 from its cell fate guardian role in sinoatrial node development. Commun Biol 2024; 7:385. [PMID: 38553636 PMCID: PMC10980793 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Shox2 plays a vital role in the morphogenesis and physiological function of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary cardiac pacemaker, manifested by the formation of a hypoplastic SAN and failed differentiation of pacemaker cells in Shox2 mutants. Shox2 and Nkx2-5 are co-expressed in the developing SAN and regulate the fate of the pacemaker cells through a Shox2-Nkx2-5 antagonistic mechanism. Here we show that simultaneous inactivation of Nkx2-5 in the SAN of Shox2 mutants (dKO) rescued the pacemaking cell fate but not the hypoplastic defects, indicating uncoupling of SAN cell fate determination and morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed that the presumptive SAN cells of Shox2-/- mutants failed to activate pacemaking program but remained in a progenitor state preceding working myocardium, while both wildtype and dKO SAN cells displayed normal pacemaking cell fate with similar cellular state. Shox2 thus acts as a safeguard but not a determinant to ensure the pacemaking cell fate through the Shox2-Nkx2-5 antagonistic mechanism, which is segregated from its morphogenetic regulatory function in SAN development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China.
| | - Qinghuang Tang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Zhengsen Wang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China
| | - Dainan Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Linyan Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610021, PR China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yaoyi Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350108, PR China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sjölin J, Jonsson M, Orback C, Oldfors A, Jeppsson A, Synnergren J, Rotter Sopasakis V, Vukusic K. Expression of Stem Cell Niche-Related Biomarkers at the Base of the Human Tricuspid Valve. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:140-151. [PMID: 36565027 PMCID: PMC9986114 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell niches have been thoroughly investigated in tissue with high regenerative capacity but not in tissues where cell turnover is slow, such as the human heart. The left AtrioVentricular junction (AVj), the base of the mitral valve, has previously been proposed as a niche region for cardiac progenitors in the adult human heart. In the present study, we explore the right side of the human heart, the base of the tricuspid valve, to investigate the potential of this region as a progenitor niche. Paired biopsies from explanted human hearts were collected from multi-organ donors (N = 12). The lateral side of the AVj, right atria (RA), and right ventricle (RV) were compared for the expression of stem cell niche-related biomarkers using RNA sequencing. Gene expression data indicated upregulation of genes related to embryonic development and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition in the proposed niche region, that is, the AVj. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed high expression of the fetal cardiac markers MDR1, SSEA4, and WT1 within the same region. Nuclear expression of HIF1α was detected suggesting hypoxia. Rare cells were found with the co-staining of the proliferation marker PCNA and Ki67 with cardiomyocyte nuclei marker PCM1 and cardiac Troponin T (cTnT), indicating proliferation of small cardiomyocytes. WT1+/cTnT+ and SSEA4+/cTnT+ cells were also found, suggesting cardiomyocyte-specific progenitors. The expression of the stem cell markers gradually decreased with distance from the tricuspid valve. No expression of these markers was observed in the RV tissue. In summary, the base of the tricuspid valve is an ECM-rich region containing cells with expression of several stem cell niche-associated markers. Co-expression of stem cell markers with cTnT indicates cardiomyocyte-specific progenitors. We previously reported similar data from the base of the mitral valve and thus propose that human adult cardiomyocyte progenitors reside around both atrioventricular valves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sjölin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Orback
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Victoria Rotter Sopasakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Vukusic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grigoreva TA, Sagaidak AV, Novikova DS, Tribulovich VG. Implication of ABC transporters in non-proliferative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 935:175327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Sandstedt M, Vukusic K, Ulfenborg B, Jonsson M, Mattsson Hultén L, Dellgren G, Jeppsson A, Synnergren J, Sandstedt J. Human intracardiac SSEA4+CD34 cells show features of cycling, immature cardiomyocytes and are distinct from Side Population and C-kit+CD45- cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269985. [PMID: 35709180 PMCID: PMC9202910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation has emerged as the main source of new cardiomyocytes in the adult. Progenitor cell populations may on the other hand contribute to the renewal of other cell types, including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The phenotypes of immature cell populations in the adult human heart have not been extensively explored. We therefore investigated whether SSEA4+CD34- cells might constitute immature cycling cardiomyocytes in the adult failing and non-failing human heart. The phenotypes of Side Population (SP) and C-kit+CD45- progenitor cells were also analyzed. Biopsies from the four heart chambers were obtained from patients with end-stage heart failure as well as organ donors without chronic heart failure. Freshly dissociated cells underwent flow cytometric analysis and sorting. SSEA4+CD34- cells expressed high levels of cardiomyocyte, stem cell and proliferation markers. This pattern resembles that of cycling, immature, cardiomyocytes, which may be important in endogenous cardiac regeneration. SSEA4+CD34- cells isolated from failing hearts tended to express lower levels of cardiomyocyte markers as well as higher levels of stem cell markers. C-kit+CD45- and SP CD45- cells expressed high levels of endothelial and stem cell markers–corresponding to endothelial progenitor cells involved in endothelial renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Sandstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristina Vukusic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Ulfenborg
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Dellgren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Joakim Sandstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kukal S, Guin D, Rawat C, Bora S, Mishra MK, Sharma P, Paul PR, Kanojia N, Grewal GK, Kukreti S, Saso L, Kukreti R. Multidrug efflux transporter ABCG2: expression and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6887-6939. [PMID: 34586444 PMCID: PMC11072723 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2 (ABCG2) was originally discovered in a multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell line. Studies in the past have expanded the understanding of its role in physiology, disease pathology and drug resistance. With a widely distributed expression across different cell types, ABCG2 plays a central role in ATP-dependent efflux of a vast range of endogenous and exogenous molecules, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and providing tissue protection against xenobiotic insults. However, ABCG2 expression is subjected to alterations under various pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, infection, tissue injury, disease pathology and in response to xenobiotics and endobiotics. These changes may interfere with the bioavailability of therapeutic substrate drugs conferring drug resistance and in certain cases worsen the pathophysiological state aggravating its severity. Considering the crucial role of ABCG2 in normal physiology, therapeutic interventions directly targeting the transporter function may produce serious side effects. Therefore, modulation of transporter regulation instead of inhibiting the transporter itself will allow subtle changes in ABCG2 activity. This requires a thorough comprehension of diverse factors and complex signaling pathways (Kinases, Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog) operating at multiple regulatory levels dictating ABCG2 expression and activity. This review features a background on the physiological role of transporter, factors that modulate ABCG2 levels and highlights various signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms and genetic polymorphisms in ABCG2 regulation. This understanding will aid in identifying potential molecular targets for therapeutic interventions to overcome ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) and to manage ABCG2-related pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivangi Bora
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Priya Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Priyanka Rani Paul
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144004, India
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dual recombinases-based genetic lineage tracing for stem cell research with enhanced precision. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2060-2072. [PMID: 33847909 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research has become a hot topic in biology, as the understanding of stem cell biology can provide new insights for both regenerative medicine and clinical treatment of diseases. Accurately deciphering the fate of stem cells is the basis for understanding the mechanism and function of stem cells during tissue repair and regeneration. Cre-loxP-mediated recombination has been widely applied in fate mapping of stem cells for many years. However, nonspecific labeling by conventional cell lineage tracing strategies has led to discrepancies or even controversies in multiple fields. Recently, dual recombinase-mediated lineage tracing strategies have been developed to improve both the resolution and precision of stem cell fate mapping. These new genetic strategies also expand the application of lineage tracing in studying cell origin and fate. Here, we review cell lineage tracing methods, especially dual genetic approaches, and then provide examples to describe how they are used to study stem cell fate plasticity and function in vivo.
Collapse
|
7
|
Markers of Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Sources, Isolation and culture of stem cells? Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Defining Adult Stem Cell Function at Its Simplest: The Ability to Replace Lost Cells through Mitosis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 25:174-183. [PMID: 31374197 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Classic studies on hematopoiesis indicate that blood cell numbers are maintained by rare, hard-wired, transplantable stem cells (SCs). Subsequent studies in other organs have implicitly assumed that all SC hierarchies follow the design of the hematopoietic system. Lineage tracing techniques have revolutionized the study of solid tissue SCs. It thus appears that key characteristics of the hematopoietic SC hierarchy (rarity of SCs, specific marker expression, quiescence, asymmetric division, and unidirectional differentiation) are not generalizable to other tissues. In light of these insights, we offer a revised, generalizable definition of SC function: the ability to replace lost tissue through cell division.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yellamilli A, Ren Y, McElmurry RT, Lambert JP, Gross P, Mohsin S, Houser SR, Elrod JW, Tolar J, Garry DJ, van Berlo JH. Abcg2-expressing side population cells contribute to cardiomyocyte renewal through fusion. FASEB J 2020; 34:5642-5657. [PMID: 32100368 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has a limited regenerative capacity. Therefore, identification of endogenous cells and mechanisms that contribute to cardiac regeneration is essential for the development of targeted therapies. The side population (SP) phenotype has been used to enrich for stem cells throughout the body; however, SP cells isolated from the heart have been studied exclusively in cell culture or after transplantation, limiting our understanding of their function in vivo. We generated a new Abcg2-driven lineage-tracing mouse model with efficient labeling of SP cells. Labeled SP cells give rise to terminally differentiated cells in bone marrow and intestines. In the heart, labeled SP cells give rise to lineage-traced cardiomyocytes under homeostatic conditions with an increase in this contribution following cardiac injury. Instead of differentiating into cardiomyocytes like proposed cardiac progenitor cells, cardiac SP cells fuse with preexisting cardiomyocytes to stimulate cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry. Our study is the first to show that fusion between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes, identified by the SP phenotype, contribute to endogenous cardiac regeneration by triggering cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry in the adult mammalian heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Yellamilli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ron T McElmurry
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lambert
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Polina Gross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jop H van Berlo
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Stem Cells: Learning from Genetics and Biomaterials. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121536. [PMID: 31795206 PMCID: PMC6952950 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs) show great potential as a cell resource for restoring cardiac function in patients affected by heart disease or heart failure. CPCs are proliferative and committed to cardiac fate, capable of generating cells of all the cardiac lineages. These cells offer a significant shift in paradigm over the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes owing to the latter’s inability to recapitulate mature features of a native myocardium, limiting their translational applications. The iPSCs and direct reprogramming of somatic cells have been attempted to produce CPCs and, in this process, a variety of chemical and/or genetic factors have been evaluated for their ability to generate, expand, and maintain CPCs in vitro. However, the precise stoichiometry and spatiotemporal activity of these factors and the genetic interplay during embryonic CPC development remain challenging to reproduce in culture, in terms of efficiency, numbers, and translational potential. Recent advances in biomaterials to mimic the native cardiac microenvironment have shown promise to influence CPC regenerative functions, while being capable of integrating with host tissue. This review highlights recent developments and limitations in the generation and use of CPCs from stem cells, and the trends that influence the direction of research to promote better application of CPCs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Vukusic K, Sandstedt M, Jonsson M, Jansson M, Oldfors A, Jeppsson A, Dellgren G, Lindahl A, Sandstedt J. The Atrioventricular Junction: A Potential Niche Region for Progenitor Cells in the Adult Human Heart. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1078-1088. [PMID: 31146637 PMCID: PMC6686725 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A stem cell niche is a microenvironment where stem cells reside in a quiescent state, until activated. In a previous rat model, we combined 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine labeling with activation of endogenous stem cells by physical exercise and revealed a distinct region, in the atrioventricular junction (AVj), with features of a stem cell niche. In this study, we aim to investigate whether a similar niche exists in the human heart. Paired biopsies from AVj and left ventricle (LV) were collected both from explanted hearts of organ donors, not used for transplantation (N = 7) and from severely failing hearts from patients undergoing heart transplantation (N = 7). Using antibodies, we investigated the expression of stem cell, hypoxia, proliferation and migration biomarkers. In the collagen-dense region of the AVj in donor hearts, progenitor markers, MDR1, SSEA4, ISL1, WT1, and hypoxia marker, HIF1-α, were clearly detected. The expression gradually decreased with distance from the valve. At the myocardium border in the AVj costaining of the proliferation marker Ki67 with cardiomyocyte nuclei marker PCM1 and cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT) indicated proliferation of small cardiomyocytes. In the same site we also detected ISL1+/WT1+/cTnT cells. In addition, heterogeneity in cardiomyocyte sizes was noted. Altogether, these findings indicate different developmental stages of cardiomyocytes below the region dense in stem cell marker expression. In patients suffering from heart failure the AVj region showed signs of impairment generally displaying much weaker or no expression of progenitor markers. We describe an anatomic structure in the human hearts, with features of a progenitor niche that coincided with the same region previously identified in rats with densely packed cells expressing progenitor and hypoxia markers. The data provided in this study indicate that the adult heart contains progenitor cells and that AVj might be a specific niche region from which the progenitors migrate at the time of regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Vukusic
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sandstedt
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jonsson
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Märta Jansson
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- 3Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- 4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,5Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Dellgren
- 4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,5Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindahl
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Sandstedt
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart does not functionally repair itself after injury. Therefore, identification of cardiac stem cell (CSC) populations is of great interest for regenerative intervention. However, the significance of such CSC populations remains heavily debated. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing and genetic lineage tracing, we interrogate the existence of CSCs with unbiased mouse models of proliferation. Cycling cardiomyocytes were only robustly observed in the early postnatal growth phase, while cycling cells in homoeostatic and damaged adult myocardium consisted mainly of various noncardiomyocyte cell types. Injury-activated cardiac fibroblasts that acquire a gene expression profile similar to that of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts signal—in an autocrine fashion—to prevent cardiac rupture. We find no evidence for the existence of a quiescent CSC population. The significance of cardiac stem cell (CSC) populations for cardiac regeneration remains disputed. Here, we apply the most direct definition of stem cell function (the ability to replace lost tissue through cell division) to interrogate the existence of CSCs. By single-cell mRNA sequencing and genetic lineage tracing using two Ki67 knockin mouse models, we map all proliferating cells and their progeny in homoeostatic and regenerating murine hearts. Cycling cardiomyocytes were only robustly observed in the early postnatal growth phase, while cycling cells in homoeostatic and damaged adult myocardium represented various noncardiomyocyte cell types. Proliferative postdamage fibroblasts expressing follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) closely resemble neonatal cardiac fibroblasts and form the fibrotic scar. Genetic deletion of Fstl1 in cardiac fibroblasts results in postdamage cardiac rupture. We find no evidence for the existence of a quiescent CSC population, for transdifferentiation of other cell types toward cardiomyocytes, or for proliferation of significant numbers of cardiomyocytes in response to cardiac injury.
Collapse
|
14
|
Side Population: Its Use in the Study of Cellular Heterogeneity and as a Potential Enrichment Tool for Rare Cell Populations. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2472137. [PMID: 30627171 PMCID: PMC6304857 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2472137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still much to learn about the cells used for cell- and gene-based therapies in the clinical setting. Stem cells are found in virtually all tissues in the human body. As a result, cells isolated from these tissues are a heterogeneous population consisting of various subpopulations including stem cells. Several strategies have been used to isolate and define the subpopulations that constitute these heterogeneous populations, one of which is the side population (SP) assay. SP cells are identified by their ability to efflux a fluorescent dye at a rate that is greater than the main cell population. This elevated rate of dye efflux has been attributed to the expression of members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter protein family. SP cells have been identified in various tissues. In this review, we discuss the research to date on SP cells, focussing on SP cells identified in haematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived stromal cells, and dental pulp.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rafatian G, Davis DR. Concise Review: Heart-Derived Cell Therapy 2.0: Paracrine Strategies to Increase Therapeutic Repair of Injured Myocardium. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1794-1803. [PMID: 30171743 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in cardiovascular medicine, the incidence of heart failure is rising and represents a growing challenge. To address this, ex vivo proliferated heart-derived cell products have emerged as a promising investigational cell-treatment option. Despite being originally proposed as a straightforward myocyte replacement strategy, emerging evidence has shown that cell-mediated gains in cardiac function are leveraged on paracrine stimulation of endogenous repair and tissue salvage. In this concise review, we focus on the paracrine repertoire of heart-derived cells and outline strategies used to boost cell potency by targeting cytokines, metabolic preconditioning and supportive biomaterials. Mechanistic insights from these studies will shape future efforts to use defined factors and/or synthetic cell approaches to help the millions of patients worldwide suffering from heart failure. Stem Cells 2018;36:1794-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Rafatian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darryl R Davis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jara Avaca M, Gruh I. Bioengineered Cardiac Tissue Based on Human Stem Cells for Clinical Application. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 163:117-146. [PMID: 29218360 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac tissue might enable novel therapeutic strategies for the human heart in a number of acquired and congenital diseases. With recent advances in stem cell technologies, namely the availability of pluripotent stem cells, the generation of potentially autologous tissue grafts has become a realistic option. Nevertheless, a number of limitations still have to be addressed before clinical application of engineered cardiac tissue based on human stem cells can be realized. We summarize current progress and pending challenges regarding the optimal cell source, cardiomyogenic lineage specification, purification, safety of genetic cell engineering, and genomic stability. Cardiac cells should be combined with clinical grade scaffold materials for generation of functional myocardial tissue in vitro. Scale-up to clinically relevant dimensions is mandatory, and tissue vascularization is most probably required both for preclinical in vivo testing in suitable large animal models and for clinical application. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Jara Avaca
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH) & Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Gruh
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH) & Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Walravens AS, Vanhaverbeke M, Ottaviani L, Gillijns H, Trenson S, Driessche NV, Luttun A, Meyns B, Herijgers P, Rega F, Heying R, Sampaolesi M, Janssens S. Molecular signature of progenitor cells isolated from young and adult human hearts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9266. [PMID: 29915261 PMCID: PMC6006291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of endogenous cardiac regenerative capacity within the first week of postnatal life has intensified clinical trials to induce cardiac regeneration in the adult mammalian heart using different progenitor cell types. We hypothesized that donor age-related phenotypic and functional characteristics of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) account for mixed results of cell-based cardiac repair. We compared expression profiles and cell turnover rates of human heart-derived c-kitpos progenitors (c-kitpos CPC) and cardiosphere-derived cells (CDC) from young and adult donor origin and studied their in vitro angiogenic and cardiac differentiation potential, which can be relevant for cardiac repair. We report that 3-dimensional CDC expansion recapitulates a conducive environment for growth factor and cytokine release from adult donor cells (aCDC) that optimally supports vascular tube formation and vessel sprouting. Transdifferentiation capacity of c-kitpos CPCs and CDCs towards cardiomyocyte-like cells was modest, however, most notable in young c-kitpos cells and adult CDCs. Progenitors isolated with different methods thus show cell- and donor-specific characteristics that may account for variable contributions in functional myocardial recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lara Ottaviani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Gillijns
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Trenson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Meyns
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Herijgers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruth Heying
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Function of SDF-1-CXCR4 Axis in SP Cells-Mediated Protective Role for Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by SHH/GLI1-ABCG2 Pathway. Shock 2018; 47:251-259. [PMID: 27454381 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury ranks as the primary cause of acute renal injury with severe morbidity and mortality. Side population (SP) cells have recently drawn increasing attention due to their critical role in injury repair and regeneration. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism involved in renal I/R remains poorly elucidated. Here, pronounced increases of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) were substantiated in I/R kidneys from C57BL/6 mice subjected to clamp the bilateral renal pedicles to mimic renal ischemia. Similar up-regulation of them was also determined in SP cells upon simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R). In contrast to non-SP cells, SP cells exhibited higher viability, apoptosis resistance, chemotaxis, and paracrine actions following SI/R treatment, and these were further enhanced after SDF-1 stimulation. Interestingly, blocking CXCR4 signaling with AMD3100 notably ameliorated the above effects. Mechanism analysis corroborated that SDF-1/CXCR4 further induced the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2, an essential element for SP-mediated kidney regeneration after renal I/R injury. Moreover, AMD3100 pretreatment strikingly attenuated ABCG2 elevation in SP cells. Additionally, sonic hedgehog (SHH)-Gli 1 signaling was involved in SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated ABCG2 expression. When SP cells pretreated with AMD3100 were intravenously injected into I/R mice, SP cell-mediated decreases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and histological score of kidney were noticeably attenuated, indicating that blocking CXCR4 pathway mitigated the therapeutic function of SP cells in renal I/R injury. Together, this research suggests that SDF-1/CXCR4 axis might act, via Shh-Gli1-ABCG2 signaling, as a positive regulator of SP cell-based therapies for renal I/R by Shh-Gli 1-ABCG2 signaling.
Collapse
|
19
|
Massucci-Bissoli M, Lezirovitz K, Oiticica J, Bento RF. Evidence of progenitor cells in the adult human cochlea: sphere formation and identification of ABCG2. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:714-717. [PMID: 29236919 PMCID: PMC5707191 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(11)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to search for evidence of stem or progenitor cells in the adult human cochlea by testing for sphere formation capacity and the presence of the stem cell marker ABCG2. METHODS Cochleas removed from patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection (n=2) and from brain-dead organ donors (n=4) were dissociated for either flow cytometry analysis for the stem cell marker ABCG2 or a sphere formation assay that is widely used to test the sphere-forming capacity of cells from mouse inner ear tissue. RESULTS Spheres were identified after 2-5 days in vitro, and the stem cell marker ABCG2 was detected using flow cytometric analysis after cochlear dissociation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that there may be progenitor cells in the adult human cochlea, although further studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milene Massucci-Bissoli
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding authors. E-mails: /
| | - Karina Lezirovitz
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding authors. E-mails: /
| | - Jeanne Oiticica
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graham E, Bergmann O. Dating the Heart: Exploring Cardiomyocyte Renewal in Humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:33-41. [PMID: 27927803 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative mechanisms reported in the hearts of lower vertebrates have been recapitulated in the mammalian milieu, and recent studies have provided strong evidence for cardiomyocyte turnover in humans. These findings speak to an emerging consensus that adult mammalian cardiomyocytes do have the ability to divide, and it stands to reason that enrichment of this innate proliferative capacity should prove essential for complete cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Graham
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and.,DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu H, Lu K, Zhu J, Wang J. Stem cell therapy for ischemic heart diseases. Br Med Bull 2017; 121:135-154. [PMID: 28164211 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic heart diseases, especially the myocardial infarction, is a major hazard problem to human health. Despite substantial advances in control of risk factors and therapies with drugs and interventions including bypass surgery and stent placement, the ischemic heart diseases usually result in heart failure (HF), which could aggravate social burden and increase the mortality rate. The current therapeutic methods to treat HF stay at delaying the disease progression without repair and regeneration of the damaged myocardium. While heart transplantation is the only effective therapy for end-stage patients, limited supply of donor heart makes it impossible to meet the substantial demand from patients with HF. Stem cell-based transplantation is one of the most promising treatment for the damaged myocardial tissue. SOURCES OF DATA Key recent published literatures and ClinicalTrials.gov. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Stem cell-based therapy is a promising strategy for the damaged myocardial tissue. Different kinds of stem cells have their advantages for treatment of Ischemic heart diseases. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The efficacy and potency of cell therapies vary significantly from trial to trial; some clinical trials did not show benefit. Diverged effects of cell therapy could be affected by cell types, sources, delivery methods, dose and their mechanisms by which delivered cells exert their effects. GROWING POINTS Understanding the origin of the regenerated cardiomyocytes, exploring the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived exosomes and using the cell reprogram technology to improve the efficacy of cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Recently, stem cell-derived exosomes emerge as a critical player in paracrine mechanism of stem cell-based therapy. It is promising to exploit exosomes-based cell-free therapy for ischemic heart diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
| | - Kai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, 158 Guangchanghou Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, P.R. China
| | - Jinyun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sabnis NG, Miller A, Titus MA, Huss WJ. The Efflux Transporter ABCG2 Maintains Prostate Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:128-140. [PMID: 27856956 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0270-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate stem cells (PSC) are characterized by their intrinsic resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), possibly due to the lack of androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSCs resistance to ADT and PSC expansion in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has sparked great interest in using differentiation therapy as an adjuvant to ADT. Understanding the mechanisms, by which PSCs maintain their undifferentiated phenotype, thus has important implications in differentiation therapy. In the prostate, the ATP binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) transporters, which enrich for AR-positive, ADT-resistant PSCs, play an important role in regulating the intracellular androgen levels by effluxing androgens. We hypothesized that the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux is responsible for maintaining PSCs in an undifferentiated state. Using the HPr-1-AR (nontumorigenic) and CWR-R1 (tumorigenic) prostate cell lines, it was demonstrated that inhibiting the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux, with Ko143 (ABCG2 inhibitor), increased the nuclear AR expression due to elevated intracellular androgen levels. Increased nuclear translocation of AR is followed by increased expression of AR regulated genes, a delayed cell growth response, and increased luminal differentiation. Furthermore, Ko143 reduced tumor growth rates in mice implanted with ABCG2-expressing CWR-R1 cells. In addition, Ko143-treated mice had more differentiated tumors as evidenced by an increased percentage of CK8+/AR+ luminal cells and decreased percentage of ABCG2-expressing cells. Thus, inhibiting ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux forces the PSCs to undergo an AR-modulated differentiation to an ADT-sensitive luminal phenotype. IMPLICATIONS This study identifies the mechanism by which the prostate stem cell marker, ABCG2, plays a role in prostate stem cell maintenance and provides a rationale for targeting ABCG2 for differentiation therapy in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 128-40. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diketopiperazines/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Testosterone/blood
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha G Sabnis
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark A Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology - Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wendy J Huss
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yellamilli A, van Berlo JH. The Role of Cardiac Side Population Cells in Cardiac Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:102. [PMID: 27679798 PMCID: PMC5020051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart has a limited ability to regenerate. It is important to identify therapeutic strategies that enhance cardiac regeneration in order to replace cardiomyocytes lost during the progression of heart failure. Cardiac progenitor cells are interesting targets for new regenerative therapies because they are self-renewing, multipotent cells located in the heart. Cardiac side population cells (cSPCs), the first cardiac progenitor cells identified in the adult heart, have the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. They become activated in response to cardiac injury and transplantation of cSPCs into the injured heart improves cardiac function. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on the progenitor cell properties and therapeutic potential of cSPCs. This body of work demonstrates the great promise cSPCs hold as targets for new regenerative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Yellamilli
- Stem Cell Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jop H van Berlo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kanda M, Nagai T, Takahashi T, Liu ML, Kondou N, Naito AT, Akazawa H, Sashida G, Iwama A, Komuro I, Kobayashi Y. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Enhances Endogenous Cardiomyocyte Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156562. [PMID: 27227407 PMCID: PMC4881916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac stem cells or precursor cells regenerate cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. We generated CreLacZ mice in which more than 99.9% of the cardiomyocytes in the left ventricular field were positive for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside (X-gal) staining immediately after tamoxifen injection. Three months after myocardial infarction (MI), the MI mice had more X-gal-negative (newly generated) cells than the control mice (3.04 ± 0.38/mm2, MI; 0.47 ± 0.16/mm2, sham; p < 0.05). The cardiac side population (CSP) cell fraction contained label-retaining cells, which differentiated into X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes after MI. We injected a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-expression construct at the time of MI and identified a significant functional improvement in the LIF-treated group. At 1 month after MI, in the MI border and scar area, the LIF-injected mice had 31.41 ± 5.83 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2, whereas the control mice had 12.34 ± 2.56 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2 (p < 0.05). Using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyurinide (EdU) administration after MI, the percentages of EdU-positive CSP cells in the LIF-treated and control mice were 29.4 ± 2.7% and 10.6 ± 3.7%, respectively, which suggests that LIF influenced CSP proliferation. Moreover, LIF activated the Janus kinase (JAK)signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MEK)extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT pathways in CSPs in vivo and in vitro. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-bone marrow-chimeric CreLacZ mouse results indicated that LIF did not stimulate cardiogenesis via circulating bone marrow-derived cells during the 4 weeks following MI. Thus, LIF stimulates, in part, stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte regeneration by activating cardiac stem or precursor cells. This approach may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mei Lan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomichi Kondou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lambers E, Kume T. Navigating the labyrinth of cardiac regeneration. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:751-61. [PMID: 26890576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is a major health and economic burden, costing the United States Health Care System more than $200 billion annually. A major cause of heart disease is the massive loss or dysfunction of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarctions and hypertension. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart, much research has focused on better understanding the process of differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. This review will highlight what is currently known about cardiac cell specification during mammalian development, areas of controversy, cellular sources of cardiomyocytes, and current and potential uses of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapies. Developmental Dynamics 245:751-761, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Doyle MJ, Maher TJ, Li Q, Garry MG, Sorrentino BP, Martin CM. Abcg2-Labeled Cells Contribute to Different Cell Populations in the Embryonic and Adult Heart. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:277-84. [PMID: 26573225 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (Abcg2)-expressing cardiac-side population cells have been identified in the developing and adult heart, although the role they play in mammalian heart growth and regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we use genetic lineage tracing to follow the cell fate of Abcg2-expressing cells in the embryonic and adult heart. During cardiac embryogenesis, the Abcg2 lineage gives rise to multiple cardiovascular cell types, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. This capacity for Abcg2-expressing cells to contribute to cardiomyocytes decreases rapidly during the postnatal period. We further tested the role of the Abcg2 lineage following myocardial injury. One month following ischemia reperfusion injury, Abcg2-expressing cells contributed significantly to the endothelial cell lineage, however, there was no contribution to regenerated cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, consistent with previous results showing that Abcg2 plays an important cytoprotective role during oxidative stress, we show an increase in Abcg2 labeling of the vasculature, a decrease in the scar area, and a moderate improvement in cardiac function following myocardial injury. We have uncovered a difference in the capacity of Abcg2-expressing cells to generate the cardiovascular lineages during embryogenesis, postnatal growth, and cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Doyle
- 1 Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Travis J Maher
- 1 Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Qinglu Li
- 1 Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary G Garry
- 1 Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian P Sorrentino
- 2 Department of Experimental Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cindy M Martin
- 1 Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
After decades of believing the heart loses the ability to regenerate soon after birth, numerous studies are now reporting that the adult heart may indeed be capable of regeneration, although the magnitude of new cardiac myocyte formation varies greatly. While this debate has energized the field of cardiac regeneration and led to a dramatic increase in our understanding of cardiac growth and repair, it has left much confusion in the field as to the prospects of regenerating the heart. Studies applying modern techniques of genetic lineage tracing and carbon-14 dating have begun to establish limits on the amount of endogenous regeneration after cardiac injury, but the underlying cellular mechanisms of this regeneration remained unclear. These same studies have also revealed an astonishing capacity for cardiac repair early in life that is largely lost with adult differentiation and maturation. Regardless, this renewed focus on cardiac regeneration as a therapeutic goal holds great promise as a novel strategy to address the leading cause of death in the developed world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Mignone
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - W Robb MacLellan
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang Y, Sivakumaran P, Newcomb AE, Hernandez D, Harris N, Khanabdali R, Liu GS, Kelly DJ, Pébay A, Hewitt AW, Boyle A, Harvey R, Morrison WA, Elliott DA, Dusting GJ, Lim SY. Cardiac Repair With a Novel Population of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Resident in the Human Heart. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3100-13. [PMID: 26184084 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac resident stem cells (CRSCs) hold much promise to treat heart disease but this remains a controversial field. Here, we describe a novel population of CRSCs, which are positive for W8B2 antigen and were obtained from adult human atrial appendages. W8B2(+) CRSCs exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology, are clonogenic and capable of self-renewal. W8B2(+) CRSCs show high expression of mesenchymal but not hematopoietic nor endothelial markers. W8B2(+) CRSCs expressed GATA4, HAND2, and TBX5, but not C-KIT, SCA-1, NKX2.5, PDGFRα, ISL1, or WT1. W8B2(+) CRSCs can differentiate into cardiovascular lineages and secrete a range of cytokines implicated in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell growth, and survival. In vitro, conditioned medium collected from W8B2(+) CRSCs displayed prosurvival, proangiogenic, and promigratory effects on endothelial cells, superior to that of other adult stem cells tested, and additionally promoted survival and proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intramyocardial transplantation of human W8B2(+) CRSCs into immunocompromised rats 1 week after myocardial infarction markedly improved cardiac function (∼40% improvement in ejection fraction) and reduced fibrotic scar tissue 4 weeks after infarction. Hearts treated with W8B2(+) CRSCs showed less adverse remodeling of the left ventricle, a greater number of proliferating cardiomyocytes (Ki67(+) cTnT(+) cells) in the remote region, higher myocardial vascular density, and greater infiltration of CD163(+) cells (a marker for M2 macrophages) into the border zone and scar regions. In summary, W8B2(+) CRSCs are distinct from currently known CRSCs found in human hearts, and as such may be an ideal cell source to repair myocardial damage after infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew E Newcomb
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Vascular and Cardiac Surgery, The Cardiovascular Research Centre (CvRC), Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damián Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Harris
- O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramin Khanabdali
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,AORTEC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Cardiac Development, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vukusic K, Asp J, Henriksson HB, Brisby H, Lindahl A, Sandstedt J. Physical exercise affects slow cycling cells in the rat heart and reveals a new potential niche area in the atrioventricular junction. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:387-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
30
|
Kawaguchi N. Stem cells for cardiac regeneration and possible roles of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Biomol Concepts 2014; 3:99-106. [PMID: 25436527 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Heart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide. Studies of stem cell biology are essential for developing efficient treatments. Recently, we established and characterized c-kit-positive cardiac stem cells from the adult rat heart. Using a MethoCult culture system with a methyl-cellulose-based medium, stem-like left-atrium-derived pluripotent cells could be regulated to differentiate into skeletal/cardiac myocytes or adipocytes with almost 100% purity. Microarray and pathway analyses of these cells showed that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and noggin were significantly involved in the differentiation switch. Furthermore, TGF-β1 may act as a regulator for this switch because it simultaneously inhibits adipogenesis and activates myogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. However, the effect of TGF-β varies with developmental stage, dosage, and timing of treatment. In the present review, the findings of recent studies, in particular the use of c-kit-positive cardiac stem cells, are discussed. The effects of the TGF-β superfamily on differentiation, especially on adipogenesis and/or myogenesis, have important implications for future regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
31
|
Goichberg P, Chang J, Liao R, Leri A. Cardiac stem cells: biology and clinical applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2002-17. [PMID: 24597850 PMCID: PMC4208604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heart disease is the primary cause of death in the industrialized world. Cardiac failure is dictated by an uncompensated reduction in the number of viable and fully functional cardiomyocytes. While current pharmacological therapies alleviate the symptoms associated with cardiac deterioration, heart transplantation remains the only therapy for advanced heart failure. Therefore, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic modalities. Cell-based therapies involving cardiac stem cells (CSCs) constitute a promising emerging approach for the replenishment of the lost tissue and the restoration of cardiac contractility. RECENT ADVANCES CSCs reside in the adult heart and govern myocardial homeostasis and repair after injury by producing new cardiomyocytes and vascular structures. In the last decade, different classes of immature cells expressing distinct stem cell markers have been identified and characterized in terms of their growth properties, differentiation potential, and regenerative ability. Phase I clinical trials, employing autologous CSCs in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, are being completed with encouraging results. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating evidence concerning the role of CSCs in heart regeneration imposes a reconsideration of the mechanisms of cardiac aging and the etiology of heart failure. Deciphering the molecular pathways that prevent activation of CSCs in their environment and understanding the processes that affect CSC survival and regenerative function with cardiac pathologies, commonly accompanied by alterations in redox conditions, are of great clinical importance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigations of CSC biology may be translated into highly effective and novel therapeutic strategies aiming at the enhancement of the endogenous healing capacity of the diseased heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen WP, Liu YH, Ho YJ, Wu SM. Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ receptor improves Nkx2.5 cardiomyoblast-mediated regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 105:44-54. [PMID: 25362681 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous study found that A83-01, a small molecule type 1 TGFβ receptor inhibitor, could induce proliferation of postnatal Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts in vitro and enhance their cardiomyogenic differentiation. The present study addresses whether A83-01 treatment in vivo could increase cardiomyogenesis and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction through an Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblast-dependent process. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the effect of A83-01 on the number of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts in the heart after myocardial injury, we treated transgenic Nkx2.5 enhancer-GFP reporter mice for 7 days with either A83-01 or DMSO and measured the number of GFP(+) cardiomyoblasts in the heart at 1 week after injury by flow cytometry. To determine the degree of new cardiomyocyte formation after myocardial injury and the effect of A83-01 in this process, we employed inducible Nkx2.5 enhancer-Cre transgenic mice to lineage label postnatal Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts and their differentiated progenies after myocardial injury. We also examined the cardiac function of each animal by intracardiac haemodynamic measurements. We found that A83-01 treatment significantly increased the number of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts at baseline and after myocardial injury, resulting in an increase in newly formed cardiomyocytes. Finally, we showed that A83-01 treatment significantly improved ventricular elastance and stroke work, leading to improved contractility after injury. CONCLUSION Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signalling improved cardiac function in injured mice and promoted the expansion and cardiomyogenic differentiation of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts. Direct modulation of resident cardiomyoblasts in vivo may be a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jin Ho
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sean M Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, G1120A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang H, Wang H, Li N, Duan CE, Yang YJ. Cardiac progenitor/stem cells on myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease: what we have known from current research. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19:247-58. [PMID: 23381197 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has become a promising method for many diseases, including ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Several kinds of stem cells have been studied for heart diseases. Of them, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), which have been used in many clinical trials, are the most understood one. But the effect of BMSCs is mediated by paracrine factors instead of direct turning into cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, a lot of evidences have shown that resident cardiac stem cells could turn into cardiomyocytes directly in vivo. Currently, seven kinds of resident cardiac stem cells have been discovered. However, their mechanisms, development origins, and relationships have yet to be fully understood. Moreover, two Phase I clinical trials have been performed recently. They show promising results. In this review, we will summarize the current research on these cardiac stem cells and the methods to enhance their effects in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kimura W, Muralidhar S, Canseco DC, Puente B, Zhang CC, Xiao F, Abderrahman YH, Sadek HA. Redox signaling in cardiac renewal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1660-73. [PMID: 25000143 PMCID: PMC4175032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Utilizing oxygen (O2) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enables organisms to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with a higher efficiency than glycolysis, but it results in increased reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, which can result in stem cell dysfunction and senescence. RECENT ADVANCES In the postnatal organism, the hematopoietic system represents a classic example of the role of stem cells in cellular turnover and regeneration. However, in other organs such as the heart, both the degree and source of cellular turnover have been heavily contested. CRITICAL ISSUES Although recent evidence suggests that the major source of the limited cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart is cardiomyocyte proliferation, the identity and potential role of undifferentiated cardiac progenitor cells remain controversial. Several types of cardiac progenitor cells have been identified, and several studies have identified an important role of redox and metabolic regulation in survival and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells. Perhaps a simple way to approach these controversies is to focus on the multipotentiality characteristics of a certain progenitor population, and not necessarily its ability to give rise to all cell types within the heart. In addition, it is important to note that cycling cells in the heart may express markers of differentiation or may be truly undifferentiated, and for the purpose of this review, we will refer to these cycling cells as progenitors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that hypoxia, redox signaling, and metabolic phenotypes are major regulators of cardiac renewal, and may prove to be important therapeutic targets for heart regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kimura
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Various stem cell types have been tested for regenerating damaged myocardium after myocardial infarction. However, the results of clinical trials have not been consistent, with only some of the trials reporting small improvements in cardiac function. It seems that engraftment and survival of injected cells is limited and transplanted stem cells either do not differentiate into cardiac cells or differentiate into only limited number of cardiac cells. The exact mechanism(s) of cardiac functional improvement by cell therapy are unclear, but paracrine effect may play a central role. The resident cardiac progenitor cells identified within the adult myocardium have distinct advantages over other stem cell types for cardiac cell therapy, as they are likely precommitted to the cardiovascular fate. However, isolating and expanding these cells from cardiac biopsies is a challenge. More recently, direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes has given new hope for myocardial regeneration. Here we will review different stem cells used in cardiac cell therapy with a focus on the native cardiac progenitor cells and briefly outline future directions of cardiac cell therapy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Although the adult mammalian heart was once believed to be a post-mitotic organ without any capacity for regeneration, recent findings have challenged this dogma. A modified view assigns to the mammalian heart a measurable capacity for regeneration throughout life. The ultimate goals of the cardiac regeneration field have been pursued by multiple strategies, including understanding the developmental biology of cardiomyocytes and cardiac stem and progenitor cells, applying chemical genetics, and engineering biomaterials and delivery methods that facilitate cell transplantation. Successful stimulation of endogenous regenerative capacity in injured adult mammalian hearts can benefit from studies of natural cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Human heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, heart transplantation and implantation of mechanical devices represent the only available treatments for advanced HF. Two alternative strategies have emerged to treat patients with HF. One approach relies on transplantation of exogenous stem cells (SCs) of non-cardiac or cardiac origin to induce cardiac regeneration and improve ventricular function. Another complementary strategy relies on stimulation of the endogenous regenerative capacity of uninjured cardiac progenitor cells to rebuild cardiac muscle and restore ventricular function. Various SC types and delivery strategies have been examined in the experimental and clinical settings; however, neither the ideal cell type nor the cell delivery method for cardiac cell therapy has yet emerged. Although the use of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells, most frequently exploited in clinical trials, appears to be safe, the results are controversial. Two recent randomized trials have failed to document any beneficial effects of intracardiac delivery of autologous BM mononuclear cells on cardiac function of patients with HF. The remarkable discovery that various populations of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are present in the adult human heart and that it possesses limited regeneration capacity has opened a new era in cardiac repair. Importantly, unlike BM-derived SCs, autologous CPCs from myocardial biopsies cultured and subsequently delivered by coronary injection to patients have given positive results. Although these data are promising, a better understanding of how to control proliferation and differentiation of CPCs, to enhance their recruitment and survival, is required before CPCs become clinically applicable therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Akhmedov
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Cardiac side population (CSP) cells, defined by their ability to efflux the vital dye Hoechst 33342, have been identified as putative cardiac stem cells based on their potential to give rise to both cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. The CSP phenotype relies on an active metabolic pathway and cell viability to identify a rare population of cells and therefore technical differences in the CSP staining protocol can lead to inconsistent results and discrepancies between studies. Here we describe an established protocol for CSP identification and have optimised a protocol for CSP analysis utilizing an automated cardiac digestion procedure using gentleMACs dissociation and Hoechst 33342 staining followed by dual wavelength flow cytometric analysis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pfister O, Della Verde G, Liao R, Kuster GM. Regenerative therapy for cardiovascular disease. Transl Res 2014; 163:307-20. [PMID: 24378637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent insights into myocardial biology uncovered a hereto unknown regenerative capacity of the adult heart. The discovery of dividing cardiomyocytes and the identification and characterization of cardiac stem and progenitor cells with myogenic and angiogenic potential have generated new hopes that cardiac regeneration and repair might become a therapeutic option. During the past decade, multiple candidate cells have been proposed for cardiac regeneration, and their mechanisms of action in the myocardium have been explored. Initial clinical trials have focused on the use of bone marrow-derived cells to promote myocardial regeneration in ischemic heart disease and have yielded very mixed results, with no clear signs of clinically meaningful functional improvement. Although the efficiency of bona fide cardiomyocyte generation is generally low, stem cells delivered into the myocardium act mainly via paracrine mechanisms. More recent studies taking advantage of cardiac committed cells (eg, resident cardiac progenitor cells or primed cardiogenic mesenchymal stem cells) showed promising results in first clinical pilot trials. Also, transplantation of cardiomyogenic cells generated by induced pluripotent stem cells and genetic reprogramming of dividing nonmyocytes into cardiomyocytes may constitute attractive new regenerative approaches in cardiovascular medicine in the future. We discuss advantages and limitations of specific cell types proposed for cell-based therapy in cardiology and give an overview of the first clinical trials using this novel therapeutic approach in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Pfister
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Giacomo Della Verde
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Gabriela M Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mayfield AE, Tilokee EL, Davis DR. Resident cardiac stem cells and their role in stem cell therapies for myocardial repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1288-98. [PMID: 25092406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, heart failure remains one of the top killers in Canada. This recognition motivated a new research focus to harness the fundamental repair properties of the human heart. Since then, cardiac stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as a promising cell candidate to regenerate damaged hearts. The rationale of this approach is simple with ex vivo amplification of CSCs from clinical-grade biopsies, followed by delivery to areas of injury, where they engraft and regenerate the heart. In this review we will summarize recent advances and discuss future developments in CSC-mediated cardiac repair to treat the growing number of Canadians living with and dying from heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darryl R Davis
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Längle D, Halver J, Rathmer B, Willems E, Schade D. Small molecules targeting in vivo tissue regeneration. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:57-71. [PMID: 24372447 DOI: 10.1021/cb4008277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has boomed in recent years thanks to milestone discoveries in stem cell biology and tissue engineering, which has been driving paradigm shifts in the pharmacotherapy of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Small molecule-mediated replenishment of lost and/or dysfunctional tissue in vivo, however, is still in its infancy due to a limited understanding of mechanisms that control such endogenous processes of tissue homeostasis or regeneration. Here, we discuss current progress using small molecules targeting in vivo aspects of regeneration, including adult stem cells, stem cell niches, and mechanisms of homing, mobilization, and engraftment as well as somatic cell proliferation. Many of these compounds derived from both knowledge-based design and screening campaigns, illustrating the feasibility of translating in vitro discovery to in vivo regeneration. These early examples of drug-mediated in vivo regeneration provide a glimpse of the future directions of in vivo regenerative medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Rathmer
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erik Willems
- Muscle
Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis Schade
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to loss of cardiomyocytes, scar formation, ventricular remodeling and eventually deterioration of heart function. Over the past decade, stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel strategy for patients with ischemic heart disease and its beneficial effects have been demonstrated by substantial preclinical and clinical studies. Efficacy of several types of stem cells in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases has already been evaluated. However, repair of injured myocardium through stem cell transplantation is restricted by critical safety issues and ethic concerns. Recently, the discovery of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) that reside in the heart itself brings new prospects for myocardial regeneration and reconstitution of cardiac tissues. CSCs are positive for various stem cell markers and have the potential of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. They play a pivotal role in the maintenance of heart homeostasis and cardiac repair. Elucidation of their biological characteristics and functions they exert in myocardial infarction are very crucial to further investigations on them. This review will focus on the field of cardiac stem cells and discuss technical and practical issues that may involve in their clinical applications in myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu HB, Meng QH, Du DW, Sun JF, Wang JB, Han H. The effects of ABCG2 on the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions of kidney side population cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1001-8. [PMID: 25076846 PMCID: PMC4115239 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcrp1/ABCG2 is exclusively expressed in side population (SP) cells, however, it has not been fully elucidated whether it has an impact on the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions in kidney SP cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation. In this study, we found that 2-h OGD did not injure SP cells (sub-lethal OGD) but induced SP cells proliferation 48 and 72 h after reoxygenation; whereas 4-h OGD markedly injured the cells (lethal OGD) and led to apoptosis 24-72 h after reoxygenation. Fumitremorgin C, an inhibitor of ABCG2, attenuated both the proliferation and viability of SP cells. Sub-lethal and lethal OGD induced the increase in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1α in kidney SP cells, which was inhibited by Fumitremorgin C. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a crucial role for the ABCG2 expression in the viability, proliferation and paracrine actions of kidney SP cells after OGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Liu
- 1. Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Meng
- 3. Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - De-Wei Du
- 4. Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ji-Feng Sun
- 4. Department of Nephrology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- 3. Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Han
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lin MG, Liu LP, Li CY, Zhang M, Chen Y, Qin J, Gu YY, Li Z, Wu XL, Mo SL. Scutellaria Extract Decreases the Proportion of Side Population Cells in a Myeloma Cell Line by Down-regulating the Expression of ABCG2 Protein. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7179-86. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
45
|
Kiper C, Grimes B, Van Zant G, Satin J. Mouse strain determines cardiac growth potential. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70512. [PMID: 23940585 PMCID: PMC3734269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The extent of heart disease varies from person to person, suggesting that genetic background is important in pathology. Genetic background is also important when selecting appropriate mouse models to study heart disease. This study examines heart growth as a function of strain, specifically C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains. Objective In this study, we test the hypothesis that two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and DBA/2, will produce varying degrees of heart growth in both physiological and pathological settings. Methods and Results Differences in heart dimensions are detectable by echocardiography at 8 weeks of age. Percentages of cardiac progenitor cells (c-kit+ cells) and mononucleated cells were found to be in a higher percentage in DBA/2 mice, and more tri- and quad-nucleated cells were in C57BL/6 mice. Cardiomyocyte turnover shows no significant changes in mitotic activity, however, there is more apoptotic activity in DBA/2 mice. Cardiomyocyte cell size increased with age, but increased more in DBA/2 mice, although percentages of nucleated cells remained the same in both strains. Two-week isoproterenol stimulation showed an increase in heart growth in DBA/2 mice, both at cardiomyocyte and whole heart level. In isoproterenol-treated DBA/2 mice, there was also a greater expression level of the hypertrophy marker, ANF, compared to C57BL/6 mice. Conclusion We conclude that the DBA/2 mouse strain has a more immature cardiac phenotype, which correlates to a cardiac protective response to hypertrophy in both physiological and pathological stimulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Kiper
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Barry Grimes
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Gary Van Zant
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tang YL, Wang YJ, Chen LJ, Pan YH, Zhang L, Weintraub NL. Cardiac-derived stem cell-based therapy for heart failure: progress and clinical applications. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:294-300. [PMID: 23598975 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213477982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a promising strategy to treat end-stage heart failure, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Stem cells can be isolated from a variety of sources and exhibit unique characteristics that impact their potential therapeutic utility. The adult heart contains small populations of committed, multipotent cardiac stem cells (CSC), which are adapted to the cardiac microenvironment and participate in postnatal physiological and pathological cardiac renewal or repair. These cells can be isolated, expanded in culture, and administered therapeutically to improve cardiac function in the setting of heart failure. CSC can be differentiated into three distinct cardiovascular lineages and exhibit enhanced paracrine factor production and engraftment as compared with other types of mesenchymal stem cells, which in turn may translate into improved therapeutic efficacy. The cell surface marker expression and phenotype of these CSC, however, depends on the method of isolation, selection and propagation, which likely explains the variable experimental results obtained to date. Moreover, invasive procedures are required to obtain CSC from humans. Early trials using autologous CSC in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy have demonstrated feasibility and safety, along with variable degrees of therapeutic efficacy in terms of enhancing myocardial viability and cardiac function. Further studies are needed to optimize methods of CSC isolation, manipulation and delivery. If fully realized, the potential of CSC therapy could fundamentally change the approach to the treatment of end-stage heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoliang L Tang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schoenfeld M, Frishman WH, Leri A, Kajstura J, Anversa P. The existence of myocardial repair: mechanistic insights and enhancements. Cardiol Rev 2013; 21:111-20. [PMID: 23568056 PMCID: PMC3946988 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0b013e318289d7a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of myocardial repair after myocardial infarction and the heart failure that eventually ensues was thought of as proof that myocardial cell regeneration and myocardial repair mechanisms do not exist. Recently, growing experimental and clinical evidence has proven this concept wrong. Cardiac stem cells and endogenous myocardial repair mechanisms do exist; however, they do not produce significant myocardial repair. Similarly, the preliminary results of stem cell therapy for myocardial repair have shown early promise but modest results. Preclinical studies are the key to understanding stem cell senescence and lack of cellular contact and vasculature in the infarcted region. Additional laboratory studies are sure to unlock the therapeutic mechanisms that will be required for significant myocardial repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schoenfeld
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - William H. Frishman
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Brigham & Womens Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jan Kajstura
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Brigham & Womens Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Brigham & Womens Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Genetics can contribute to the prognosis of Brugada syndrome: a pilot model for risk stratification. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:911-7. [PMID: 23321620 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic disorder leading to sudden death predominantly in the 3-4 decade. To date the only reliable treatment is the implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator; however, better criteria for risk stratification are needed, especially for asymptomatic subjects. Brugada syndrome genetic bases have been only partially understood, accounting for <30% of patients, and have been poorly correlated with prognosis, preventing inclusion of genetic data in current guidelines. We designed an observational study to identify genetic markers for risk stratification of Brugada patients by exploratory statistical analysis. The presence of genetic variants, identified by SCN5A gene analysis and genotyping of 73 candidate polymorphisms, was correlated with the occurrence of major arrhythmic events in a cohort of 92 Brugada patients by allelic association and survival analysis. In all, 18 mutations were identified in the SCN5A gene, including 5 novel, and statistical analysis indicated that mutation carriers had a significantly increased risk of major arrhythmic events (P=0.024). In addition, we established association of five polymorphisms with major arrhythmic events occurrence and consequently elaborated a pilot risk stratification algorithm by calculating a weighted genetic risk score, including the associated polymorphisms and the presence of SCN5A mutation as function of their odds ratio. This study correlates for the first time the presence of genetic variants with increased arrhythmic risk in Brugada patients, representing a first step towards the design of a new risk stratification model.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kawaguchi N, Nakanishi T. Cardiomyocyte regeneration. Cells 2013; 2:67-82. [PMID: 24709645 PMCID: PMC3972659 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart was initially believed to be a terminally differentiated organ; once the cardiomyocytes died, no recovery could be made to replace the dead cells. However, around a decade ago, the concept of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in adult hearts was proposed. CSCs differentiate into cardiomyocytes, keeping the heart functioning. Studies have proved the existence of stem cells in the heart. These somatic stem cells have been studied for use in cardiac regeneration. Moreover, recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were invented, and methodologies have now been developed to induce stable cardiomyocyte differentiation and purification of mature cardiomyocytes. A reprogramming method has also been applied to direct reprogramming using cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Here, we address cardiomyocyte differentiation of CSCs and iPSCs. Furthermore, we describe the potential of CSCs in regenerative biology and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Since the resident cardiac stem/progenitor cells were discovered, their ability to maintain the architecture and functional integrity of adult heart has been broadly explored. The methods for isolation and purification of the cardiac stem cells are crucial for the precise analysis of their developmental origin and intrinsic potential as tissue stem cells. Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) is one of the useful cell surface markers to purify the cardiac progenitor cells. Another purification strategy is based on the high efflux ability of the dye, which is a common feature of tissue stem cells. These dye-extruding cells have been called side population cells because they locate in the side of dye-retaining cells after fluorescent cell sorting. In this chapter, we describe the methodology for the isolation of cardiac SP cells and Sca-1 positive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|