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Huang J, Tiu AC, Jose PA, Yang J. Sorting nexins: role in the regulation of blood pressure. FEBS J 2023; 290:600-619. [PMID: 34847291 PMCID: PMC9149145 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins that regulate cellular cargo sorting and trafficking, maintain intracellular protein homeostasis, and participate in intracellular signaling. SNXs are also important in the regulation of blood pressure via several mechanisms. Aberrant expression and dysfunction of SNXs participate in the dysregulation of blood pressure. Genetic studies show a correlation between SNX gene variants and the response to antihypertensive drugs. In this review, we summarize the progress in SNX-mediated regulation of blood pressure, discuss the potential role of SNXs in the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension, and propose novel strategies for the medical therapy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410020, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C. Tiu
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410020, P.R. China
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Jefferis J, Pelecanos A, Catts V, Mallett A. The Heritability of Kidney Function using an Older Australian Twin Population. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1819-1830. [PMID: 35967118 PMCID: PMC9366362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Twin studies are unique population models which estimate observed rather than inferred genetic components of complex traits. Nonmonogenic chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disease process with strong genetic and environmental influences, amenable to twin studies. We aimed to assess the heritability of CKD using twin analysis and modeling within Older Australian Twin Study (OATS) data. Methods OATS had 109 dizygotic (DZ) and 126 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs with paired serum creatinine levels. Heritability of kidney function as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR CKD Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI]) was modeled using the ACE model to estimate additive heritability (A), common (C), and unique (E) environmental factors. Intratwin pair analysis using mixed effects logistic regression allowed analysis of variation in eGFR from established CKD risk factors. Results The median age was 69.71 (interquartile range 78.4–83.0) years, with 65% female, and a mean CKD-EPI of 82.8 ml/min (SD 6.7). The unadjusted ACE model determined kidney function to be 33% genetically determined (A), 18% shared genetic-environmental (C), and 49% because of unique environment (E). This remained unchanged when adjusted for age, hypertension, and sex. Hypertension was associated with eGFR; however, intertwin variance in hypertension did not explain variance in eGFR. Two or more hypertension medications were associated with decreased eGFR (P = 0.009). Conclusion This study estimates observed heritability at 33%, notably higher than inferred heritability in genome-wide association study (GWAS) (7.1%–18%). Epigenetics and other genomic phenomena may explain this heritability gap. Difference in antihypertension medications explains part of unique environmental exposures, though discordance in hypertension and diabetes does not.
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Dhande IS, Braun MC, Doris PA. Emerging Insights Into Chronic Renal Disease Pathogenesis in Hypertension From Human and Animal Genomic Studies. Hypertension 2021; 78:1689-1700. [PMID: 34757770 PMCID: PMC8577298 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic links between elevated blood pressure and chronic kidney disease remain obscure. This article examines progress in population genetics and in animal models of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. It also provides a critique of the application of genome-wide association studies to understanding the heritability of renal function. Emerging themes identified indicate that heritable risk of chronic kidney disease in hypertension can arise from genetic variation in (1) glomerular and tubular protein handling mechanisms; (2) autoregulatory capacity of the renal vasculature; and (3) innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Increased prevalence of hypertension-associated chronic kidney disease that occurs with aging may reflect amplification of heritable risks by normal aging processes affecting immunity and autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S. Dhande
- Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC, Houston (I.S.D., P.A.D.)
| | - Michael C. Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (M.C.B.)
| | - Peter A. Doris
- Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC, Houston (I.S.D., P.A.D.)
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Dhande IS, Doris PA. Genomics and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2433-2454. [PMID: 34570903 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammatory responses within the blood vessels and end organs. The origin of this inflammation has not been certain, and neither is its relationship to disease clear. There is a need to determine whether this association is causal or coincidental to the processes leading to cardiovascular disease. These processes are themselves complex: many cardiovascular diseases arise in conjunction with the presence of sustained elevation of blood pressure. Inflammatory processes have been linked to hypertension, and causality has been suggested. Evidence of causality poses the difficult challenge of linking the integrated and multifaceted biology of blood pressure regulation with vascular function and complex elements of immune system function. These include both, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as interactions between the host immune system and the omnipresent microorganisms that are encountered in the environment and that colonize and exist in commensal relationship with the host. Progress has been made in this task and has drawn on experimental approaches in animals, much of which have focused on hypertension occurring with prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. These laboratory studies are complemented by studies that seek to inform disease mechanism by examining the genomic basis of heritable disease susceptibility in human populations. In this realm too, evidence has emerged that implicates genetic variation affecting immunity in disease pathogenesis. In this article, we survey the genetic and genomic evidence linking high blood pressure and its end-organ injuries to immune system function and examine evidence that genomic factors can influence disease risk. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-22, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter A Doris
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Selective afferent renal denervation mitigates renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve overactivity and renal function in chronic kidney disease-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2021; 38:765-773. [PMID: 31764582 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental evidence have shown that renal denervation, by removing both the sympathetic and afferent nerves, improves arterial hypertension and renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Given the key role of renal sympathetic innervation in maintaining sodium and water homeostasis, studies have indicated that the total removal of renal nerves leads to impaired compensatory mechanisms during hemodynamic challenges. METHOD In the present study, we hypothesized that afferent (or sensory) fibers from the diseased kidney contribute to sympathetic overactivation to the kidney and other target organ, such as the splanchnic region, contributing to hypertension in CKD. We used a method to remove selectively the afferent renal fibers (periaxonal application of 33 mmol/l capsaicin) in a rat model of CKD, the 5/6 nephrectomy. RESULTS Three weeks after afferent renal denervation (ARD), we found a decrease in mean arterial pressure (∼15%) and normalization in renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in the CKD group. Interestingly, intrarenal renin--angiotensin system, as well as renal fibrosis and function and proteinuria were improved after ARD in CKD rats. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that afferent fibers contribute to the maintenance of arterial hypertension and reduced renal function that are likely to be mediated by increased sympathetic nerve activity to the renal territory as well as to other target organs in CKD.
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Amatya B, Lee H, Asico LD, Konkalmatt P, Armando I, Felder RA, Jose PA. SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC Subfamily of SNXs in the Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Membrane Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052319. [PMID: 33652569 PMCID: PMC7956473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily of sorting nexins (SNXs) belongs to the superfamily of SNX proteins. SNXs are characterized by the presence of a common phox-homology (PX) domain, along with other functional domains that play versatile roles in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking. In addition to the PX domain, the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily, except for SNX19, contains a unique RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) domain that serves as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerates GTP hydrolysis on the G protein α subunit, resulting in termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Moreover, the PX domain selectively interacts with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and other phosphoinositides found in endosomal membranes, while also associating with various intracellular proteins. Although SNX19 lacks an RGS domain, all members of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily serve as dual regulators of receptor cargo signaling and endosomal trafficking. This review discusses the known and proposed functions of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily and how it participates in receptor signaling (both GPCR and non-GPCR) and endosomal-based membrane trafficking. Furthermore, we discuss the difference of this subfamily of SNXs from other subfamilies, such as SNX-BAR nexins (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) that are associated with retromer or other retrieval complexes for the regulation of receptor signaling and membrane trafficking. Emerging evidence has shown that the dysregulation and malfunction of this subfamily of sorting nexins lead to various pathophysiological processes and disorders, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Amatya
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Hewang Lee
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Laureano D. Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Ines Armando
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hayashi K, Shimokawa T, Yamagata M, Yoneda K. Inhibition of α 2-adrenoceptor is renoprotective in 5/6 nephrectomy-induced chronic kidney injury rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 145:79-87. [PMID: 33357783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the renoprotective effects of long-term treatment with yohimbine, an α2-adrenoceptor inhibitor, in a 5/6 nephrectomy-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into the following groups: sham-operated, 5/6-nephrectomized (5/6 Nx), 5/6 Nx + low or high dose of yohimbine (0.3 or 3.0 mg/L in drinking water, respectively), and 5/6 Nx + hydralazine (250 mg/L in drinking water). The 5/6 Nx group presented with renal dysfunction, hypertension, noradrenaline overproduction, and histopathological injuries. Blood pressure decreased in both the yohimbine- and hydralazine-treated groups. Treatment with high dose of yohimbine, but not hydralazine, apparently attenuated urinary protein excretion and noradrenaline concentration of renal venous plasma. Renal fibrosis and upregulated fibrosis-related gene expression were suppressed by high dose of yohimbine. Furthermore, yohimbine, but not hydralazine, treatment ameliorated the urinary concentration ability. These findings suggest that long-term yohimbine treatment can be a useful therapeutic option to prevent the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Takaomi Shimokawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.
| | - Masayo Yamagata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoneda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.
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Zhang J, Thio CHL, Gansevoort RT, Snieder H. Familial Aggregation of CKD and Heritability of Kidney Biomarkers in the General Population: The Lifelines Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:869-878. [PMID: 33359149 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a heritable component. We aimed to quantify familial aggregation of CKD in the general population and assess the extent to which kidney traits could be explained by genetic and environmental factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional 3-generation family study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Data were collected at entry into the Lifelines Cohort Study from a sample of the general population of the northern Netherlands, composed predominantly of individuals of European ancestry. EXPOSURE Family history of CKD. OUTCOMES The primary outcome was CKD, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60mL/min/1.73m2, where GFR was estimated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. Among a subsample for which urinary albumin concentration was available (n=59,943), urinary albumin excretion was expressed as the rate of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) per 24 hours or urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR). ANALYTICAL APPROACH Familial aggregation of CKD was assessed by calculating the recurrence risk ratio (RRR), using adapted Cox proportional hazards models. Heritability of continuous kidney-related traits was estimated using linear mixed models and defined as the ratio of the additive genetic variance to total phenotypic variance. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and known risk factors for kidney disease. RESULTS Among 155,911 participants with available eGFR data, the prevalence of CKD was 1.19% (1,862 cases per 155,911). The risk of CKD in those with an affected first-degree relative was 3 timeshigher than the risk in the total sample (RRR, 3.04 [95% CI, 2.26-4.09). In those with an affected spouse, risk of CKD was also higher (RRR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.20-1.96]), indicative of shared environmental factors and/or assortative mating. Heritability estimates of eGFR, UAE, and UACR were 44%, 20%, and 18%, respectively. For serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid, estimates were 31%, 37%, and 48%, respectively, whereas estimates for serum electrolytes ranged from 22% to 28%. LIMITATIONS Use of estimated rather than measured GFR. UAE data only available in a subsample. CONCLUSIONS In this large population-based family study, a positive family history was strongly associated with increased risk of CKD. We observed moderate to high heritability of kidney traits and related biomarkers. These results indicate an important role of genetic factors in CKD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union, Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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The emerging role of sorting nexins in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:723-737. [PMID: 30877150 PMCID: PMC6418407 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sorting nexin (SNX) family consists of a diverse group of cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated phosphoinositide-binding proteins that play pivotal roles in the regulation of protein trafficking. This includes the entire endocytic pathway, such as endocytosis, endosomal sorting, and endosomal signaling. Dysfunctions of SNX pathway are involved in several forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, SNX gene variants are associated with CVDs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on SNX-mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs.
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Kobayashi H, Otsuka H, Yanai M, Hara M, Hishiki M, Soma M, Abe M. Adiponectin Receptor gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Kidney Function in Elderly Japanese Populations. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 26:328-339. [PMID: 30135333 PMCID: PMC6456456 DOI: 10.5551/jat.45609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Adiponectin exhibits its biological effects through adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), which are distributed in the kidneys, and activation of those receptors could prevent or ameliorate diabetic nephropathy. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between AdipoR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and kidney function in an elderly Japanese population. Methods: A total of 271 elderly Japanese volunteers underwent anthropometric and laboratory tests (cystatin C-based eGFR and total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels at baseline and a follow-up visit). Genotype data were obtained for the selected 7 and 5 AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 SNPs, respectively. Results: In a cross-sectional analysis at baseline, we found a significant association between the AdipoR2 SNP rs12230440 and kidney function; eGFRcys tended to increase as the number of carriers of T alleles increased after adjustment for covariates and Bonferroni correction, although the association of the SNP and annual eGFR decline could not be identified in the longitudinal data. Regarding the variants rs16850797, rs11061925, and rs10773983, each of the allele G, allele C, and allele G showed nominally significant associations with higher eGFRcys. However, this failed to reach significance after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion: Here, an AdipoR2 SNP was associated with kidney function, suggesting that the effects of this polymorphism on adiponectin receptor may affect kidney function in the elderly Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Hiromasa Otsuka
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Mitsuru Yanai
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Motohiko Hara
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University
| | - Mikano Hishiki
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital
| | - Masayoshi Soma
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
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A population-based approach to assess the heritability and distribution of renal handling of electrolytes. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1536-1543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Salivary function impairment in type 2 Diabetes patients associated with concentration and genetic polymorphisms of chromogranin A. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2083-2095. [PMID: 26750135 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on salivary function impairments according to glycemic control status and subsequently compare the concentration of chromogranin A (CHGA) with its genetic profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with controlled T2DM, 36 with poorly controlled T2DM, and 38 nondiabetic subjects underwent salivary flow rate measurements by means of unstimulated labial (ULS), unstimulated whole (UWS), and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) collections. CHGA concentrations were determined in saliva and plasma with ELISA, and two CHGA polymorphisms (T-415C and Glu264Asp) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS T2DM patients presented significantly lower ULS and UWS flow rates regardless of glycemic control status compared to controls (P = 0.002 and P = 0.027, respectively). The SWS flow rate in the poorly controlled T2DM was the lowest among the groups (P = 0.026). Significantly higher plasma and salivary CHGA levels were found in T2DM groups (P = 0.019 and P < 0.001, respectively). CHGA gene variants (T-415C and Glu264Asp) revealed significant differences between diabetics and control subjects when associated with lower salivary flow and higher salivary CHGA production (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS T2DM causes abnormalities in the function of salivary glands. However, poorly controlled T2DM has the most influence on SWS flow rates. Our findings indicate an association between plasma and salivary CHGA levels and T2DM patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. Nevertheless, further epidemiological studies are required to elucidate this clinical implication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Salivary impairments and high levels of CHGA are associated with T2DM patients. In addition, CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. This could be a significant insight to establish a role for salivary CHGA as a potential clinical biomarker to T2DM.
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Sata Y, Schlaich MP. The Potential Role of Catheter-Based Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Chronic and End-Stage Kidney Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:344-52. [PMID: 26740184 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415624156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic activation is a hallmark of chronic and end-stage renal disease and adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis. Hypertension is present in the vast majority of these patients and plays a key role in the progressive deterioration of renal function and the high rate of cardiovascular events in this patient cohort. Augmentation of renin release, tubular sodium reabsorption, and renal vascular resistance are direct consequences of efferent renal sympathetic nerve stimulation and the major components of neural regulation of renal function. Renal afferent nerve activity directly influences sympathetic outflow to the kidneys and other highly innervated organs involved in blood pressure control via hypothalamic integration. Renal denervation of the kidney has been shown to reduce blood pressure in many experimental models of hypertension. Targeting the renal nerves directly may therefore be specifically useful in patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of catheter-based renal denervation in patients with impaired kidney function and also reflect on the potential impact on other cardiovascular conditions commonly associated with chronic kidney disease such as heart failure and arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sata
- Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology-Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Genetic variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes jointly contribute to kidney function in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1042-8; discussion 1049. [PMID: 24569419 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking negatively affects kidney function. Genetic variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes have been associated with nicotine dependence, and are likely to influence renal function and related traits. Whereas each single variant may only exert a small effect, the joint contribution of multiple variants to the risk of disease could be substantial. METHODS Using a gene-family approach, we investigated the joint association of 61 tagging SNPs in seven genes encoding the nAChRs with kidney function in 3620 American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Family Study, independent of known risk factors. Kidney function was evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, albuminuria and chronic kidney disease. The joint impact of smoking-related variants was assessed using the weighted truncated product method. RESULTS Multiple SNPs showed marginal individual effect on renal function variability, and only a few survive multiple comparison correction. In contrast, a gene-family analysis considering the joint impact of all 61 SNPs reveals significant associations of the nAChR gene family with kidney function variables including estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and albuminuria (all Ps ≤ 0.0001) after adjusting for established risk factors including cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION Genetic variants in nAChR genes jointly contribute to renal function or kidney damage in American Indians. The effects of these genetic variants on kidney function or damage are independent of traditional risk factors including cigarette smoking per se.
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Zhang K, Mir SA, Hightower CM, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Maihofer AX, Chen Y, Mahata SK, Nievergelt CM, Schork NJ, Freedman BI, Vaingankar SM, O'Connor DT. Molecular Mechanism for Hypertensive Renal Disease: Differential Regulation of Chromogranin A Expression at 3'-Untranslated Region Polymorphism C+87T by MicroRNA-107. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1816-25. [PMID: 25392232 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014060537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) is coreleased with catecholamines from secretory vesicles in adrenal medulla and sympathetic axons. Genetic variation in the CHGA 3'-region has been associated with autonomic control of circulation, hypertension, and hypertensive nephropathy, and the CHGA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) variant C+87T (rs7610) displayed peak associations with these traits in humans. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations. C+87T occurred in a microRNA-107 (miR-107) motif (match: T>C), and CHGA mRNA expression varied inversely with miR-107 abundance. In cells transfected with chimeric luciferase/CHGA 3'-UTR reporters encoding either the T allele or the C allele, changes in miR-107 expression levels had much greater effects on expression of the T allele. Cotransfection experiments with hsa-miR-107 oligonucleotides and eukaryotic CHGA plasmids produced similar results. Notably, an in vitro CHGA transcription/translation experiment revealed that changes in hsa-miR-107 expression altered expression of the T allele variant only. Mice with targeted ablation of Chga exhibited greater eGFR. Using BAC transgenesis, we created a mouse model with a humanized CHGA locus (T/T genotype at C+87T), in which treatment with a hsa-miR-107 inhibitor yielded prolonged falls in SBP/DBP compared with wild-type mice. We conclude that the CHGA 3'-UTR C+87T disrupts an miR-107 motif, with differential effects on CHGA expression, and that a cis:trans (mRNA:miR) interaction regulates the association of CHGA with BP and hypertensive nephropathy. These results indicate new strategies for probing autonomic circulatory control and ultimately, susceptibility to hypertensive renal sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushil K Mahata
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | | | - Daniel T O'Connor
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California; Pharmacology and
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Pasha DN, Davis JT, Rao F, Chen Y, Wen G, Fung MM, Mahata M, Zhang K, Trzebinska D, Mustapic M, Hightower CM, Lipkowitz MS, Ji M, Ziegler MG, Nievergelt CM, O'Connor DT. Heritable influence of DBH on adrenergic and renal function: twin and disease studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82956. [PMID: 24391727 PMCID: PMC3876991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated sympathetic activity is associated with kidney dysfunction. Here we used twin pairs to probe heritability of GFR and its genetic covariance with other traits. Methods We evaluated renal and adrenergic phenotypes in twins. GFR was estimated by CKD-EPI algorithm. Heritability and genetic covariance of eGFR and associated risk traits were estimated by variance-components. Meta-analysis probed reproducibility of DBH genetic effects. Effect of DBH genetic variation on renal disease was tested in the NIDDK-AASK cohort. Results Norepinephrine secretion rose across eGFR tertiles while eGFR fell (p<0.0001). eGFR was heritable, at h2 = 67.3±4.7% (p = 3.0E-18), as were secretion of norepinephrine (h2 = 66.5±5.0%, p = 3.2E-16) and dopamine (h2 = 56.5±5.6%, p = 1.8E-13), and eGFR displayed genetic co-determination (covariance) with norepinephrine (ρG = −0.557±0.088, p = 1.11E-08) as well as dopamine (ρG = −0.223±0.101, p = 2.3E-02). Since dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, we studied functional variation at DBH; DBH promoter haplotypes predicted transcriptional activity (p<0.001), plasma DBH (p<0.0001) and norepinephrine (p = 0.0297) secretion; transcriptional activity was inversely (p<0.0001) associated with basal eGFR. Meta-analysis validated DBH haplotype effects on eGFR across 3 samples. In NIDDK-AASK, we established a role for DBH promoter variation in long-term renal decline rate (GFR slope, p = 0.003). Conclusions The heritable GFR trait shares genetic determination with catecholamines, suggesting new pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards disorders of GFR as well as CKD. Adrenergic activity may play a role in progressive renal decline, and genetic variation at DBH may assist in profiling subjects for rational preventive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal N. Pasha
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maple M. Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Danuta Trzebinska
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - C. Makena Hightower
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lipkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ming Ji
- Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Davis JT, Rao F, Naqshbandi D, Fung MM, Zhang K, Schork AJ, Nievergelt CM, Ziegler MG, O'Connor DT. Autonomic and hemodynamic origins of pre-hypertension: central role of heredity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:2206-16. [PMID: 22676942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to better understand the origins and progression of pre-hypertension. BACKGROUND Pre-hypertension is a risk factor for progression to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality. We used a cross-sectional twin study design to examine the role of heredity in likely pathophysiological events (autonomic or hemodynamic) in pre-hypertension. METHODS Eight hundred twelve individuals (337 normotensive, 340 pre-hypertensive, 135 hypertensive) were evaluated in a sample of twin pairs, their siblings, and other family members. They underwent noninvasive hemodynamic, autonomic, and biochemical testing, as well as estimates of trait heritability (the percentage of trait variance accounted for by heredity) and pleiotropy (the genetic covariance or shared genetic determination of traits) by variance components. RESULTS In the hemodynamic realm, an elevation of cardiac contractility prompted increased stroke volume, in turn increasing cardiac output, which elevated blood pressure into the pre-hypertension range. Autonomic monitoring detected an elevation of norepinephrine secretion plus a decline in cardiac parasympathetic tone. Twin pair variance components documented substantial heritability as well as joint genetic determination for blood pressure and the contributory autonomic and hemodynamic traits. Genetic variation at a pathway locus also indicated pleiotropic effects on contractility and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Elevated blood pressure in pre-hypertension results from increased cardiac output, driven by contractility as well as heart rate, which may reflect both diminished parasympathetic and increased sympathetic tone. In the face of increased cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance fails to decline homeostatically. Such traits display substantial heritability and shared genetic determination, although by loci not yet elucidated. These findings clarify the role of heredity in the origin of pre-hypertension and its autonomic and hemodynamic pathogenesis. The results also establish pathways that suggest new therapeutic targets for pre-hypertension, or approaches to its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, and V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Bosker FJ, Wu T, Gladkevich A, Ge D, Treiber FA, Snieder H. Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion rates are heritable, but not associated with office and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:1164-70. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Asghar M, Tayebati SK, Lokhandwala MF, Hussain T. Potential dopamine-1 receptor stimulation in hypertension management. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:294-302. [PMID: 21633929 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of dopamine receptors in blood pressure regulation is well established. Genetic ablation of both dopamine D1-like receptor subtypes (D1, D5) and D2-like receptor subtypes (D2, D3, D4) results in a hypertensive phenotype in mice. This review focuses on the dopamine D1-like receptor subtypes D1 and D5 (especially D1 receptors), as they play a major role in regulating sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Studies mostly describing the role of renal dopamine D1-like receptors are included, as the kidneys play a pivotal role in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis and the long-term regulation of blood pressure. We also attempt to describe the interaction between D1-like receptors and other proteins, especially angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors, which are involved in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Finally, we discuss a new concept of renal D1 receptor regulation in hypertension that involves oxidative stress mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asghar
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Nitsch D, Sandling JK, Byberg L, Larsson A, Tuvemo T, Syvänen AC, Koupil I, Leon DA. Fetal, developmental, and parental influences on cystatin C in childhood: the Uppsala Family Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57:863-72. [PMID: 21420772 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to identify determinants (biomedical and social characteristics of children and their parents) of cystatin C levels in healthy children drawn from a population sample. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 425 pairs of consecutive full siblings born 1987-1995 in Uppsala were identified using the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and invited with their parents for examination in 2000-2001. OUTCOME Serum cystatin C level was log-transformed and analyzed using random-effects models. MEASUREMENTS The examination in parents and children consisted of a nonfasting blood sample, anthropometry, and questionnaires about lifestyle and socioeconomic position. Tanner stage was used for assessment of pubertal status. RESULTS In age-, height-, and body mass index-adjusted analyses, cystatin C level increased by 2.6% (95% CI, 0.3%-4.8%) higher in Tanner stage 2 vs 1 girls, and 1.6% (95%CI, 0.2%-3.1%) lower in boys than girls. For every 10% increase in maternal cystatin C level, offspring cystatin C level increased by 3.0% (95% CI, 2.2%-3.8%); the equivalent effect for paternal cystatin C level was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-2.9%). Lower maternal education was associated with a 2.4% (95% CI, 0.3%-4.6%) higher cystatin C level in their offspring. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study design, missing cystatin C values for subset of parents, lack of urinary measurements, no gold-standard measurement of glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS There are intergenerational associations of cystatin C level in families in line with previous reports of heritability of kidney disease. Lower maternal education is associated with higher cystatin C levels in their children. Further studies of healthy children are needed to explore the biological mechanisms for these findings. If cystatin C is measured, these studies will need to record pubertal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Nitsch
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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Early inflammatory and metabolic changes in association with AGTR1 polymorphisms in prehypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:225-33. [PMID: 20864943 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in 2003 created a prehypertension category for persons with blood pressures ranging from systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 80 to 89 mm Hg, due to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. METHODS Our study utilized the University of California-San Diego (UCSD) Twin Hypertension Cohort. We measured comprehensive plasma cholesterol levels and metabolic (glucose, insulin, leptin) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), free fatty acids) to determine the differences between normotensive and prehypertensive subjects. Additionally, we determined whether angiotensin II receptor type-1 (AGTR1) polymorphisms, previously associated with hypertension, could predict prehypertension. RESULTS A total of 455 white subjects were included in the study (mean age 37.1 years). Prehypertensive subjects were older with greater body mass index (BMI) than the normotensives, and after adjusting for sex and age, had greater plasma glucose, insulin, and IL-6. The common AGTR1 A1166C (rs5186) polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region, particularly the presence of the 1166C allele, which fails to downregulate gene expression, predicted greater likelihood of being in the prehypertension group and higher SBP. A lesser-studied polymorphism in intron-2 of AGTR1 (A/G; rs2276736) was associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-1. In a subgroup analysis of nonobese subjects (N = 405), similar associations were noted. CONCLUSION Prehypertensive subjects already exhibit early pathophysiologic changes putting them at risk of future cardiovascular disease, and AGTR1 may also contribute to this increased risk. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings and the precise molecular mechanisms of action.
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Zhang K, Chen Y, Wen G, Mahata M, Rao F, Fung MM, Vaingankar S, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Friese RS, Mahata SK, Hamilton BA, O’Connor DT. Catecholamine storage vesicles: role of core protein genetic polymorphisms in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:36-45. [PMID: 21104344 PMCID: PMC3016145 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex trait with deranged autonomic control of the circulation. The sympathoadrenal system exerts minute-to-minute control over cardiac output and vascular tone. Catecholamine storage vesicles (or chromaffin granules) of the adrenal medulla contain remarkably high concentrations of chromogranins/secretogranins (or "granins"), catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and Ca(2+). Within secretory granules, granins are co-stored with catecholamine neurotransmitters and co-released upon stimulation of the regulated secretory pathway. The principal granin family members, chromogranin A (CHGA), chromogranin B (CHGB), and secretogranin II (SCG2), may have evolved from shared ancestral exons by gene duplication. This article reviews human genetic variation at loci encoding the major granins and probes the effects of such polymorphisms on blood pressure, using twin pairs to probe heritability and individuals with the most extreme blood pressure values in the population to study hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Maple M. Fung
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sucheta Vaingankar
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Nilima Biswas
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Jiaur R. Gayen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Ryan S. Friese
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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Chen Y, Salem RM, Rao F, Fung MM, Bhatnagar V, Pandey B, Mahata M, Waalen J, Nievergelt CM, Lipkowitz MS, Hamilton BA, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Common charge-shift mutation Glu65Lys in K+ channel β₁-Subunit KCNMB1: pleiotropic consequences for glomerular filtration rate and progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2010; 32:414-24. [PMID: 20861615 DOI: 10.1159/000320131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a heritable trait, and hyperfiltration (GFR increment in remnant nephrons) may accelerate renal functional decline in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mesangial and vascular smooth myocytes control GFR by contraction, dependent on voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx, which is controlled by the regulatory β₁-subunit (KCNMB1) of large-conductance heteromeric K+ ('BK') channels. KCNMB1 gain-of-function variant Glu65Lys results in generalized vasorelaxation and thus protection against systemic hypertension. Here we asked whether the Glu65Lys variant influences GFR, in the basal state or during progressive renal decline. METHODS We explored Glu65Lys effects on GFR in three populations spanning two ethnicities and two diseases (hypertension and nephrosclerosis). GFR was either estimated (eGFR from serum creatinine) or directly measured (iothalamate clearance). RESULTS The 65Lys variant was relatively common, occurring on ∼5-10% of chromosomes in different biogeographic ancestry groups, and 65Lys carriers exhibited higher eGFR in two primary care populations: extreme BP values in Kaiser clinics (p = 0.029, accounting for ∼0.2% of trait variance), or treated hypertensives in VA clinics (p = 0.017, accounting for ∼0.9% of trait variance). In blacks with progressive renal disease (NIDDK AASK), 65Lys carriers displayed a steeper slope in GFR chronic decline (p = 0.030, accounting for ∼0.4% of trait variance), and Glu65Lys genotype also predicted time of onset of renal failure (log rank p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Common KCNMB1 gain-of-function variant Glu65Lys influences GFR, and 65Lys carriers exhibit not only elevated baseline GFR, but also more rapid GFR decline (and consequent development of renal failure) in CKD. The results suggest that profiling patients at Glu65Lys can assist in gauging renal prognosis as well as selection of rational therapy in hypertension with progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, Calif., USA.
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Chen Y, Lipkowitz MS, Salem RM, Fung MM, Bhatnagar V, Mahata M, Nievergelt CM, Rao F, Mahata SK, Schork NJ, Hicks PJ, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Brophy VH, O'Connor DT. Progression of chronic kidney disease: Adrenergic genetic influence on glomerular filtration rate decline in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Am J Nephrol 2010; 32:23-30. [PMID: 20484896 DOI: 10.1159/000313927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-Americans are likely to develop hypertension and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. This grave prognosis, coupled with familial aggregation of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Blacks, prompts a search for genetic risk factors for ESRD. Recent evidence implicates a crucial role for the sympathetic nervous system in progressive renal disease. METHODS We used the African-American Study of Kidney Disease to probe whether beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) predicts glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline rate. A total of 580 participants were included. Baseline GFR was 51.2 +/- 0.5 ml/min/1.73 m2. Subjects were randomized in a 2 x 3 block design: to intensively lowered (MAP < or = 92 mm Hg) versus 'usual' (MAP = 102-107 mm Hg) blood pressure goal groups, and also divided by three randomized antihypertensive drugs (ramipril, metoprolol, or amlodipine). We scored 4 SNPs at the ADRB2 locus. RESULTS Haplotypes at ADRB2 predicted chronic GFR decline rate, GFR declined more slowly in individuals with haplotype-1 (-804G-->173T-->16Gly-->27GIn), and faster in those who carried haplotype-3 (-804G-->173T-->16Arg-->27Gln). ADRB2 genotype interacted with antihypertensive drug class to influence GFR slope (p = 0.001-0.037). We extended our findings to an independent case/control sample of Black hypertensive ESRD, in which we found that variant Gly16Arg that tagged the GFR slope-determining ADRB2 haplotype also conferred risk for the ESRD trait in Blacks. CONCLUSIONS The GFR decline/progression rate in hypertensive renal disease is controlled in part by genetic variation within the adrenergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Renal function and genetic variation in dopamine D(1) receptor: is the case strong enough? Kidney Int 2010; 76:1019-22. [PMID: 19876054 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the genes involved in the dopaminergic system have been implicated in susceptibility to hypertension. A new study by Fung et al. takes a closer look at the association of genetic variants in the dopamine D(1) receptor gene (DRD1) with blood pressure and renal parameters. Although the study does not confirm an association with blood pressure, it suggests a new link between a common variant in the 5'-untranslated region of the DRD1 gene and low glomerular filtration rate.
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The role of sympathetic nervous activity in renal injury and end-stage renal disease. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:521-8. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Alam A, O'Connor DT, Perianayagam MC, Kolyada AY, Chen Y, Rao F, Mahata M, Mahata S, Liangos O, Jaber BL. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms and adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 114:c253-9. [PMID: 20090367 DOI: 10.1159/000276577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The catecholaminergic pathway is important in the physical stress response; however, its role is not well understood in acute kidney injury (AKI). We studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the terminal enzyme of the catecholaminergic pathway, and their association with adverse outcomes in AKI. METHODS We performed a case-control study of 961 Caucasian subjects (194 with AKI and 767 controls). The PNMT promoter G-161A (rs876493) and coding A+1543G (rs5638) SNPs were genotyped and haplotypes generated. The outcomes of interest were the development of AKI, in-hospital mortality, dialysis requirement, oliguria, and hemodynamic shock. Urine catecholamines were measured in cases to explore genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS The PNMT +1543 G allele was associated with AKI [odds ratio (OR) 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-4.60]. For AKI cases, each PNMT -161 A allele was associated with lower mortality (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35-0.99) and hemodynamic shock (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40-1.00). The PNMT +1543 G allele was associated with oliguria (OR 3.35, 95% CI: 1.13-9.95). Urine adrenaline was associated with increased hemodynamic shock and mortality, but was lowest in PNMT -161 A/A carriers. CONCLUSION In Caucasians, PNMT SNPs are associated with the development of AKI, disease severity, and in-hospital mortality. The adrenergic pathway provides another area of focus in the study of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Alam
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
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Fung MM, Rana BK, Tang CM, Shiina T, Nievergelt CM, Rao F, Salem RM, Waalen J, Ziegler MG, Insel PA, O'Connor DT. Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) genetic polymorphism: pleiotropic effects on heritable renal traits. Kidney Int 2009; 76:1070-80. [PMID: 19675531 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because dopamine D(1) receptors (DRD1) influence renal sodium transport and vascular hemodynamics, we examined whether genetic polymorphisms play a role in renal function. We conducted polymorphism discovery across the DRD1 open reading frame and its 5'-UTR and then performed association studies with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), plasma creatinine (pCr), and fractional excretion of uric acid (FeUA). We used a twin/family group of 428 subjects from 195 families and a replication cohort of 677 patients from the Kaiser health-care organization sampled from the lower percentiles of diastolic blood pressures. Although the coding region lacked common non-synonymous variants, we identified two polymorphisms in the DRD1 5'-UTR (G-94A, A-48G) that occurred with frequencies of 15 and 30%, respectively. In the twin/family study, renal traits were highly heritable, such that DRD1 G-94A significantly associated with eGFR, pCr, and FeUA. Homozygotes for the G-94A minor allele (A/A) exhibited lower eGFR, higher pCr, and lower FeUA. No effects were noted for DRD1 A-48G. Patients in the Kaiser group had similar effects of G-94A on eGFR and pCr. Kidney cells transfected with the -94A variant but not the wild type vectors had increased receptor density. Because the -94A allele is common and may reduce glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, G-94A profiling may aid in predicting survival of renal function in patients with progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maple M Fung
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0838, USA
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Augustyniak RA, Picken MM, Leonard D, Zhou XJ, Zhang W, Victor RG. Sympathetic nerves and the progression of chronic kidney disease during 5/6 nephrectomy: studies in sympathectomized rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:12-8. [PMID: 19566818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Chronically increased sympathetic nerve activity is present during chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, its role in contributing to hypertension or the progression of CKD remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether neonatal sympathectomy attenuates hypertension in 5/6 nephrectomized rats and affects renal structure and function in a blood pressure-independent manner. 2. We performed 5/6 nephrectomy (referred to as CKD) in both sympathetically intact and sympathectomized (injected neonatally with guanethidine; referred to as CKD + Sympath) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sham-operated sympathetically intact and sympathectomized rats (Sham and Sham + Sympath, respectively) were used as controls. Radiotelemetry was used to monitor blood pressure throughout the 6 week duration of the study, after which renal function and histology were assessed. 3. Overall average systolic arterial pressure and final urinary protein excretion were significantly lower in CKD + Sympath compared with CKD rats (168 +/- 7 mmHg and 33 +/- 5 mg/24 h vs. 184 +/- 6 mmHg and 66 +/- 7 mg/24 h, respectively). However, the level of proteinuria in the CKD + Sympath group was reduced to a greater extent than what would be expected solely on the basis of lower blood pressure. All other indices of renal function and histology were comparable between both CKD groups. All measurements were comparable between Sham and Sham + Sympath groups. 4. In conclusion, sympathectomy attenuated hypertension by approximately one-third in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Furthermore, sympathetic nerves to the kidney during 5/6 nephrectomy may contribute to proteinuria in a blood pressure-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Augustyniak
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Chen Y, Mahata M, Rao F, Khandrika S, Courel M, Fung MM, Zhang K, Stridsberg M, Ziegler MG, Hamilton BA, Lipkowitz MS, Taupenot L, Nievergelt C, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A regulates renal function by triggering Weibel-Palade body exocytosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1623-32. [PMID: 19520754 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA), a protein released from secretory granules of chromaffin cells and sympathetic nerves, triggers endothelin-1 release from endothelial cells. CHGA polymorphisms associate with an increased risk for ESRD, but whether altered CHGA-endothelium interactions may explain this association is unknown. Here, CHGA led to the release of endothelin-1 and Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, CHGA triggered secretion of endothelin-1 from glomerular endothelial cells and TGF-beta1 from mesangial cells cocultured with glomerular endothelial cells. In humans, plasma CHGA correlated positively with endothelin-1 and negatively with GFR. GFR was highly heritable in twin pairs, and common promoter haplotypes of CHGA predicted GFR. In patients with progressive hypertensive renal disease, a CHGA haplotype predicted rate of GFR decline. In conclusion, these data suggest that CHGA acts through the glomerular endothelium to regulate renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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The association of cell cycle checkpoint 2 variants and kidney function: findings of the Family Blood Pressure Program and the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:552-8. [PMID: 19265784 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental evidence suggests that DNA damage and cell cycle regulatory proteins are involved in kidney injury and apoptosis. The checkpoint 2 gene (CHEK2) is an important transducer in DNA damage signaling pathways in response to injury, and therefore, CHEK2 variants may affect susceptibility to kidney disease. METHODS We used tag-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag-SNPs) to evaluate the association of the CHEK2 with kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) in 1,549 African-American and 1,423 white Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) participants. We performed replication analyses in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) participants (1,746 African Americans and 1,418 whites), GenNet participants (706 whites), and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants (3,783 African Americans and 10,936 whites). All analyses were race-stratified and used additive genetic models with adjustments for covariates and for family structure, if needed. RESULTS One tag-SNP, rs5762764, was associated with eGFR in HyperGEN (P = 0.003) and GENOA white participants (P = 0.009), and it was significantly associated with eGFR in meta-analyses (P = 0.002). The associations were independent of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CHEK2 variants may influence eGFR in the context of hypertension.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoaminergic Metabolites in Wild Papio anubis and P. hamadryas are Concordant with Taxon-specific Behavioral Ontogeny. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang X, Villar VAM, Armando I, Eisner GM, Felder RA, Jose PA. Dopamine, kidney, and hypertension: studies in dopamine receptor knockout mice. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:2131-46. [PMID: 18615257 PMCID: PMC3724362 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension because of abnormalities in receptor-mediated regulation of renal sodium transport. Dopamine receptors are classified into D(1)-like (D(1), D(5)) and D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), D(4)) subtypes, all of which are expressed in the kidney. Mice deficient in specific dopamine receptors have been generated to provide holistic assessment on the varying physiological roles of each receptor subtype. This review examines recent studies on these mutant mouse models and evaluates the impact of individual dopamine receptor subtypes on blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ines Armando
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert M. Eisner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Shih PA, O’Connor D, Mahata S. Human Genomics in Hypertension. Genomics 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420067064-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shih PAB, O'Connor DT. Hereditary determinants of human hypertension: strategies in the setting of genetic complexity. Hypertension 2008; 51:1456-64. [PMID: 18413494 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.090480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-an Betty Shih
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, University of California at San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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Zeng C, Armando I, Luo Y, Eisner GM, Felder RA, Jose PA. Dysregulation of dopamine-dependent mechanisms as a determinant of hypertension: studies in dopamine receptor knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H551-69. [PMID: 18083900 PMCID: PMC4029502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01036.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport and by interacting with vasoactive hormones/humoral factors, such as aldosterone, angiotensin, catecholamines, endothelin, oxytocin, prolactin pro-opiomelancortin, reactive oxygen species, renin, and vasopressin. Dopamine receptors are classified into D(1)-like (D(1) and D(5)) and D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), and D(4)) subtypes based on their structure and pharmacology. In recent years, mice deficient in one or more of the five dopamine receptor subtypes have been generated, leading to a better understanding of the physiological role of each of the dopamine receptor subtypes. This review summarizes the results from studies of various dopamine receptor mutant mice on the role of individual dopamine receptor subtypes and their interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of blood pressure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Dopamine/physiology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing City 400042, People's Republic of China.
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