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Campanile M, Cuomo O, Brancaccio P, Vinciguerra A, Casamassa A, Pastorino O, Volpicelli F, Gentile MT, Amoroso S, Annunziato L, Colucci-D Amato L, Pignataro G. Ruta graveolens water extract (RGWE) ameliorates ischemic damage and improves neurological deficits in a rat model of transient focal brain ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113587. [PMID: 36029540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS The limited therapeutic options for ischemic stroke treatment render necessary the identification of new strategies. In recent years, it has been shown that natural compounds may represent a valid therapeutic opportunity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Ruta graveolens water extract (RGWE) in an in vivo experimental model of brain ischemia. METHODS RGWE effects on ischemic damage and neurological function were evaluated in adult rats subjected to transient occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery (tMCAO), receiving two intraperitoneal injections of RGWE, 100 and 300 min after the induction of ischemia. In addition, astroglial and microglial activation was measured as GFAP and IBA-1 expression by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis. RESULTS Treatment with RGWE containing 10 mg/kg of Rutin, the major component, ameliorates the ischemic damage and improves neurological performances. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory states of astrocytes and microglia, respectively detected by using C3 and iNOS markers, were significantly reduced in ipsilateral cortical and striatal areas in ischemic RGWE-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS RGWE shows a neuroprotective effect on brain infarct volume extent in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model and this effect was paralleled by the prevention of pro-inflammatory astroglial and microglial activation. Collectively, our findings support the idea that natural compounds may represent potential therapeutic opportunities against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Campanile
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Olga Pastorino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gentile
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Colucci-D Amato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy; InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences (CIRN), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Gornati D, Ciccone R, Vinciguerra A, Ippati S, Pannaccione A, Petrozziello T, Pizzi E, Hassan A, Colombo E, Barbini S, Milani M, Caccavone C, Randazzo P, Muzio L, Annunziato L, Menegon A, Secondo A, Mastrangelo E, Pignataro G, Seneci P. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Mono- and Bis-Guanyl Hydrazones as Potent and Selective ASIC1 Inhibitors Able to Reduce Brain Ischemic Insult. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8333-8353. [PMID: 34097384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) are sodium channels partially permeable to Ca2+ ions, listed among putative targets in central nervous system (CNS) diseases in which a pH modification occurs. We targeted novel compounds able to modulate ASIC1 and to reduce the progression of ischemic brain injury. We rationally designed and synthesized several diminazene-inspired diaryl mono- and bis-guanyl hydrazones. A correlation between their predicted docking affinities for the acidic pocket (AcP site) in chicken ASIC1 and their inhibition of homo- and heteromeric hASIC1 channels in HEK-293 cells was found. Their activity on murine ASIC1a currents and their selectivity vs mASIC2a were assessed in engineered CHO-K1 cells, highlighting a limited isoform selectivity. Neuroprotective effects were confirmed in vitro, on primary rat cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation, and in vivo, in ischemic mice. Early lead 3b, showing a good selectivity for hASIC1 in human neurons, was neuroprotective against focal ischemia induced in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gornati
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Ippati
- Experimental Imaging Center, ALEMBIC-Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrozziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Pizzi
- Experimental Imaging Center, ALEMBIC-Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Amal Hassan
- National Research Council-Biophysics Institute (CNR-IBF), and Biosciences Department University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Colombo
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Barbini
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- National Research Council-Biophysics Institute (CNR-IBF), and Biosciences Department University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Caccavone
- Experimental Imaging Center, ALEMBIC-Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Muzio
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Menegon
- Experimental Imaging Center, ALEMBIC-Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- National Research Council-Biophysics Institute (CNR-IBF), and Biosciences Department University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Formisano L, Laudati G, Guida N, Mascolo L, Serani A, Cuomo O, Cantile M, Boscia F, Molinaro P, Anzilotti S, Pizzorusso V, Di Renzo G, Pignataro G, Annunziato L. HDAC4 and HDAC5 form a complex with DREAM that epigenetically down-regulates NCX3 gene and its pharmacological inhibition reduces neuronal stroke damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2081-2097. [PMID: 31696766 PMCID: PMC7786841 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19884742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylases (HDACs)-dependent mechanisms regulating gene transcription of the Na+/Ca+ exchanger isoform 3 (ncx3) after stroke are still unknown. Overexpression or knocking-down of HDAC4/HDAC5 down-regulates or increases, respectively, NCX3 mRNA and protein. Likewise, MC1568 (class IIa HDACs inhibitor), but not MS-275 (class I HDACs inhibitor) increased NCX3 promoter activity, gene and protein expression. Furthermore, HDAC4 and HDAC5 physically interacted with the transcription factor downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM). As MC1568, DREAM knocking-down prevented HDAC4 and HDAC5 recruitment to the ncx3 promoter. Importantly, DREAM, HDAC4, and HDAC5 recruitment to the ncx3 gene was increased in the temporoparietal cortex of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), with a consequent histone-deacetylation of ncx3 promoter. Conversely, the tMCAO-induced NCX3 reduction was prevented by intracerebroventricular injection of siDREAM, siHDAC4, and siHDAC5. Notably, MC1568 prevented oxygen glucose deprivation plus reoxygenation and tMCAO-induced neuronal damage, whereas its neuroprotective effect was abolished by ncx3 knockdown. Collectively, we found that: (1) DREAM/HDAC4/HDAC5 complex epigenetically down-regulates ncx3 gene transcription after stroke, and (2) pharmacological inhibition of class IIa HDACs reduces stroke-induced neurodetrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cantile
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pizzorusso
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Antithrombin gamma attenuates macrophage/microglial activation and brain damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Life Sci 2020; 252:117665. [PMID: 32305521 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Thrombin formation is increased in patients with acute cerebral ischemic stroke, and augments coagulation and inflammation in the brain. Administration of antithrombin (AT) was previously reported to be protective against renal and myocardial ischemic injury. Thus, we hypothesized that treatment with AT would be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemic injury. This study evaluated the effects of AT treatment on ischemic inflammation and brain damage in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MAIN METHODS A mouse model of 4-hour MCAO was used to induce ischemic brain injury. Recombinant AT gamma was administered intravenously immediately after reperfusion at 4 h after MCAO. Infarct volume, neurological deficit, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured at 24 h after MCAO. To evaluate the effect of AT gamma on ischemic inflammation, we measured the number of Iba1-positive cells (marker of macrophage/microglial activation) and levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Further, we investigated the direct anti-inflammatory effects of rAT in the J774.1 cell line. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with AT gamma (480 U/kg) reduced infarct volume and neurological deficit, and improved rCBF, in MCAO mice. Moreover, AT gamma treatment decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells and levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro, treatment with thrombin significantly increased proinflammatory cytokine levels, which was significantly reduced by pretreatment with AT gamma. SIGNIFICANCE Treatment with AT showed neuroprotective effects via anticoagulation actions, as well as direct anti-inflammatory effects on macrophage/microglial activation. These data suggest that AT may be a useful new therapeutic option for cerebral ischemia.
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5
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Cuomo O, Cepparulo P, Anzilotti S, Serani A, Sirabella R, Brancaccio P, Guida N, Valsecchi V, Vinciguerra A, Molinaro P, Formisano L, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Anti-miR-223-5p Ameliorates Ischemic Damage and Improves Neurological Function by Preventing NCKX2 Downregulation after Ischemia in Rats. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:1063-1071. [PMID: 31791013 PMCID: PMC6906731 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCKX2, is a new promising stroke neuroprotective target. However, because no pharmacological activator of NCKX2 is still available, microRNA (miRNA) may represent an alternative method to modulate NCKX2 expression. In particular, by bioinformatics analysis, miR-223-5p emerged as a possible modulator of NCKX2 expression. In the light of these premises, the aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate miR-223-5p and NCKX2 expression in the temporoparietal cortex and striatum of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; (2) to evaluate whether miR-223-5p targets the 3′ UTR of the NCKX2 transcript; and (3) to evaluate the effect of miR-223-5p modulation on brain ischemic volume and neurological deficits. Our results showed that miR-223-5p expression increased in a time-dependent manner in the striatum of ischemic rats in parallel with NCKX2 downregulation, and that the transfection of cortical neurons with miR-223-5p induced a reduction of NCKX2 expression. Moreover, a luciferase assay showed that miR-223-5p specifically interacts with the NCKX2 3′ UTR subregion (+7037 to +8697), thus repressing NCKX2 translation. More interestingly, intracerebroventricular infusion of anti-miR-223-5p prevented NCKX2 downregulation after ischemia, thus promoting neuroprotection. The present findings support the idea that blocking miR-223-5p by antimiRNA is a reasonable strategy to reduce the neurodetrimental effect induced by NCKX2 downregulation during brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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6
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Bertrand L, Méroth F, Tournebize M, Leda AR, Sun E, Toborek M. Targeting the HIV-infected brain to improve ischemic stroke outcome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2009. [PMID: 31043599 PMCID: PMC6494822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated cerebrovascular events remain highly prevalent even in the current era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesize that low-level HIV replication and associated inflammation endure despite antiretroviral treatment and affect ischemic stroke severity and outcomes. Using the EcoHIV infection model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion as the ischemic stroke model in mice, we present in vivo analysis of the relationship between HIV and stroke outcome. EcoHIV infection increases infarct size and negatively impacts tissue and functional recovery. Ischemic stroke also results in an increase in EcoHIV presence in the affected regions, suggesting post-stroke reactivation that magnifies pro-inflammatory status. Importantly, ART with a high CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) is more beneficial than low CPE treatment in limiting tissue injury and accelerating post-stroke recovery. These results provide potential insight for treatment of HIV-infected patients that are at risk of developing cerebrovascular disease, such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Fannie Méroth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marie Tournebize
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ana Rachel Leda
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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7
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Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Cepparulo P, Anzilotti S, Brancaccio P, Sirabella R, Guida N, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Models and methods for conditioning the ischemic brain. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:63-74. [PMID: 30287283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades the need to find new neuroprotective targets has addressed the researchers to investigate the endogenous molecular mechanisms that brain activates when exposed to a conditioning stimulus. Indeed, conditioning is an adaptive biological process activated by those interventions able to confer resistance to a deleterious brain event through the exposure to a sub-threshold insult. Specifically, preconditioning and postconditioning are realized when the conditioning stimulus is applied before or after, respectively, the harmul ischemia. AIMS AND RESULTS The present review will describe the most common methods to induce brain conditioning, with particular regards to surgical, physical exercise, temperature-induced and pharmacological approaches. It has been well recognized that when the subliminal stimulus is delivered after the ischemic insult, the achieved neuroprotection is comparable to that observed in models of ischemic preconditioning. In addition, subjecting the brain to both preconditioning as well as postconditioning did not cause greater protection than each treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The last decades have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms and potential application of strategies to induce brain conditioning. Since the identification of intrinsic cell-survival pathways should provide more direct opportunities for translational neuroprotection trials, an accurate examination of the different models of preconditioning and postconditioning is mandatory before starting any new project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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8
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Synergistic Association of Valproate and Resveratrol Reduces Brain Injury in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010172. [PMID: 29316653 PMCID: PMC5796121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylation, together with altered acetylation of NF-κB/RelA, encompassing the K310 residue acetylation, occur during brain ischemia. By restoring the normal acetylation condition, we previously reported that sub-threshold doses of resveratrol and entinostat (MS-275), respectively, an activator of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-sirtuin 1 pathway and an inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), synergistically elicited neuroprotection in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. To improve the translational power of this approach, we investigated the efficacy of MS-275 replacement with valproate, the antiepileptic drug also reported to be a class I HDAC blocker. In cortical neurons previously exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), valproate elicited neuroprotection at 100 nmol/mL concentration when used alone and at 1 nmol/mL concentration when associated with resveratrol (3 nmol/mL). Resveratrol and valproate restored the acetylation of histone H3 (K9/18), and they reduced the RelA(K310) acetylation and the Bim level in neurons exposed to OGD. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the synergistic drug association impaired the RelA binding to the Bim promoter, as well as the promoter-specific H3 (K9/18) acetylation. In mice subjected to 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), the association of resveratrol 680 µg/kg and valproate 200 µg/kg significantly reduced the infarct volume as well as the neurological deficits. The present study suggests that valproate and resveratrol may represent a promising ready-to-use strategy to treat post-ischemic brain damage.
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9
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Bertrand L, Dygert L, Toborek M. Induction of Ischemic Stroke and Ischemia-reperfusion in Mice Using the Middle Artery Occlusion Technique and Visualization of Infarct Area. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190061 DOI: 10.3791/54805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is highly prevalent in the global population and encompasses several types of conditions, including stroke. To study the impact of stroke on tissue injury and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, several experimental models in a variety of species were developed. They include complete global cerebral ischemia, incomplete global ischemia, focal cerebral ischemia, and multifocal cerebral ischemia. The model described in this protocol is based on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and is related to the focal ischemia category. This technique produces consistent focal ischemia in a strictly defined region of the hemisphere and is less invasive than other methods. The procedure described is performed on mice, given the availability of several genetic variants and the high number of tests standardized for mice to aid in the behavioral and neurodeficit evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Levi Dygert
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education;
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10
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Wang RY, Lin XJ, Yang GY, Gao PJ, Shen GX. Effect of hirulog-like peptide on middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain injury in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 277:568-76. [PMID: 25065624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hirulog-like peptide (HLP) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are thrombin inhibitor peptides. Our previous study demonstrated that HLP could reduce vascular neointimal formation or restenosis in animals undergoing balloon catheter injury in the carotid artery. However, the function of HLP during ischemic stroke is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effect of HLP on brain injury, which was induced by suture of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Mice were divided into four groups, which included a sham group and three treatment groups. Ischemia was induced by transient suture insertion into the middle cerebral artery for 90 min, and mice were either treated with saline, HLP or LMWH. Infarct volume, neurologic deficits and apoptotic factors were measured following 1-14 days of ischemia. We demonstrated that HLP intravenous injection alleviated brain infarct volume and improved neurologic outcomes (p<0.05). HLP decreased levels of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), increased the activities of catalase and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and improved the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax compared with the control (p<0.05). This study indicates that HLP and LMWH reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral outcomes induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). In addition, HLP had a beneficial effect on the regulation of the thrombin receptor and key apoptosis regulators in the mouse brain. These results suggest that HLP may be a potential alternative therapy for arterial occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China; The Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X-J Lin
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - G-Y Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - P-J Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China; The Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - G X Shen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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11
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Chen T, Wang J, Li C, Zhang W, Zhang L, An L, Pang T, Shi X, Liao H. Nafamostat mesilate attenuates neuronal damage in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia through thrombin inhibition. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5531. [PMID: 24985053 PMCID: PMC4078306 DOI: 10.1038/srep05531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that thrombin, a blood coagulation serine protease, mediates neuronal injury in experimental cerebral ischemia. Here, we test the hypothesis that nafamostat mesilate, a serine protease inhibitor, may ameliorate ischemia-induced neuronal damage through thrombin inhibition after ischemic stroke. Focal ischemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. The administration of nafamostat mesilate during ischemia and reperfusion reduced the brain infarct volume, edema volume and neurological deficit. Thrombin expression and activity in the ipsilateral striatum were increased after ischemia, whereas the administration of nafamostat mesilate significantly inhibited thrombin expression and activity. Immunostaining showed that the majority of thrombin was expressed in neurons. TUNEL staining showed that nafamostat mesilate reduced the number of dying cells during ischemia. A rat behavioral test showed that nafamostat mesilate treatment significantly improved the learning ability of ischemic rats. These results suggest that nafamostat mesilate may have a potential therapeutic role for neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia through thrombin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Chenhui Li
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Weining Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R.China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Lufan An
- Jiangsu D&R Pharmaceutical Co. LTD, Taizhou 225300, P.R.China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Xinzhong Shi
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R.China
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12
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Cuomo O, Rispoli V, Leo A, Politi GB, Vinciguerra A, di Renzo G, Cataldi M. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam suppresses non-convulsive seizure activity and reduces ischemic brain damage in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80852. [PMID: 24236205 PMCID: PMC3827478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiepileptic drug Levetiracetam (Lev) has neuroprotective properties in experimental stroke, cerebral hemorrhage and neurotrauma. In these conditions, non-convulsive seizures (NCSs) propagate from the core of the focal lesion into perilesional tissue, enlarging the damaged area and promoting epileptogenesis. Here, we explore whether Lev neuroprotective effect is accompanied by changes in NCS generation or propagation. In particular, we performed continuous EEG recordings before and after the permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) in rats that received Lev (100 mg/kg) or its vehicle immediately before surgery. Both in Lev-treated and in control rats, EEG activity was suppressed after pMCAO. In control but not in Lev-treated rats, EEG activity reappeared approximately 30-45 min after pMCAO. It initially consisted in single spikes and, then, evolved into spike-and-wave and polyspike-and-wave discharges. In Lev-treated rats, only rare spike events were observed and the EEG power was significantly smaller than in controls. Approximately 24 hours after pMCAO, EEG activity increased in Lev-treated rats because of the appearance of polyspike events whose power was, however, significantly smaller than in controls. In rats sacrificed 24 hours after pMCAO, the ischemic lesion was approximately 50% smaller in Lev-treated than in control rats. A similar neuroprotection was observed in rats sacrificed 72 hours after pMCAO. In conclusion, in rats subjected to pMCAO, a single Lev injection suppresses NCS occurrence for at least 24 hours. This electrophysiological effect could explain the long lasting reduction of ischemic brain damage caused by this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rispoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bosco Politi
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Modulation of coagulation has been successfully applied to ischemic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Some components of the coagulation system have been identified in the CNS, yet with limited exception their functions have not been clearly defined. Little is known about how events within the cerebral tissues affect hemostasis. Nonetheless, the interaction between cerebral cells and vascular hemostasis and the possibility that endogenous coagulation factors can participate in functions within the neurovascular unit provide intriguing possibilities for deeper insight into CNS functions and the potential for treatment of CNS injuries. Here, we consider the expression of coagulation factors in the CNS, the coagulopathy associated with focal cerebral ischemia (and its relationship to hemorrhagic transformation), the use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke and its study in animal models, the impact of rt-PA on neuron and CNS structure and function, and matrix protease generation and matrix degradation and hemostasis. Interwoven among these topics is evidence for interactions of coagulation factors with and within the CNS. How activation of hemostasis occurs in the cerebral tissues and how the brain responds are difficult questions that offer many research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. del Zoppo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian T. Hawkins
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Molinaro P, Cantile M, Cuomo O, Secondo A, Pannaccione A, Ambrosino P, Pignataro G, Fiorino F, Severino B, Gatta E, Sisalli MJ, Milanese M, Scorziello A, Bonanno G, Robello M, Santagada V, Caliendo G, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. Neurounina-1, a novel compound that increases Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity, effectively protects against stroke damage. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:142-56. [PMID: 23066092 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the knockdown or knockout of the three Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) isoforms, NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, worsens ischemic brain damage. This suggests that the activation of these antiporters exerts a neuroprotective action against stroke damage. However, drugs able to increase the activity of NCXs are not yet available. We have here succeeded in synthesizing a new compound, named neurounina-1 (7-nitro-5-phenyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one), provided with an high lipophilicity index and able to increase NCX activity. Ca(2+) radiotracer, Fura-2 microfluorimetry, and patch-clamp techniques revealed that neurounina-1 stimulated NCX1 and NCX2 activities with an EC(50) in the picomolar to low nanomolar range, whereas it did not affect NCX3 activity. Furthermore, by using chimera strategy and site-directed mutagenesis, three specific molecular determinants of NCX1 responsible for neurounina-1 activity were identified in the α-repeats. Interestingly, NCX3 became responsive to neurounina-1 when both α-repeats were replaced with the corresponding regions of NCX1. In vitro studies showed that 10 nM neurounina-1 reduced cell death of primary cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation. Moreover, in vitro, neurounina-1 also reduced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, enhanced GABA(A) currents, and inhibited both glutamate release and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. More important, neurounina-1 proved to have a wide therapeutic window in vivo. Indeed, when administered at doses of 0.003 to 30 μg/kg i.p., it was able to reduce the infarct volume of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion even up to 3 to 5 hours after stroke onset. Collectively, the present study shows that neurounina-1 exerts a remarkable neuroprotective effect during stroke and increases NCX1 and NCX2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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15
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Kim YD, Lee JH, Jung YH, Cha MJ, Choi HY, Nam CM, Yang JH, Cho HJ, Nam HS, Lee KY, Heo JH. Effect of warfarin withdrawal on thrombolytic treatment in patients with ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:1165-70. [PMID: 21314856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abruptly discontinuing warfarin may induce a rebound prothrombotic state. Thrombolytic agents may also paradoxically induce prothrombotic conditions, which include platelet activation and thrombin generation. Therefore, prothrombotic states may be enhanced by withdrawing warfarin in patients under thrombolytic treatment. This study was aimed to determine whether patients with warfarin withdrawal have different clinical outcomes from those without warfarin use after thrombolytic treatment. METHODS A total of 148 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation who were not on anticoagulants at admission and who received thrombolysis were included in this study. We compared the outcomes between a warfarin withdrawal group and a no-warfarin group. RESULTS Fourteen patients (9.5%) were included in the warfarin withdrawal group. Although baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, recanalization rates, and hemorrhage frequencies did not differ between the groups, the warfarin withdrawal group showed poorer outcomes. Increased NIHSS scores during the first 7days were more frequent in the warfarin withdrawal group (57.1% vs. 26.9%, P=0.029). The median percent improvement in NIHSS scores at 24h after thrombolysis was also lower in the warfarin withdrawal group. After adjusting for covariates, warfarin withdrawal was a strong predictor of poor functional outcome at 3months (modified Rankin score≥3) (odds ratio, 17.067, 95% CI 2.703-107.748). CONCLUSIONS Discontinuing warfarin was associated with early neurologic deterioration and poor long-term outcomes after thrombolytic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Kim
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Piazza O, Scarpati G, Cotena S, Lonardo M, Tufano R. Thrombin antithrombin complex and IL-18 serum levels in stroke patients. Neurol Int 2010; 2:e1. [PMID: 21577333 PMCID: PMC3093205 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2010.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex picture of inflammation and coagulation alterations comes to life in acute stroke phases. Increasing evidence points to a strong interaction and extensive crosstalk between the inflammation and coagulation systems: the interest towards this relationship has increased since recent experimental research showed that the early administration of antithrombin III (ATIII) decreases the volume of ischemia in mice and might be neuroprotective, playing an antiinflammatory role. We aimed to establish the extent of the relationship among markers of inflammation (S100B and IL-18) and procoagulant and fibrinolytic markers (ATIII, thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP), D-dimer) in 13 comatose patients affected by focal cerebral ischemia. Plasma levels of TAT, D-dimer and FDP, IL18 and S100B were increased. IL-18 and S100B high serum levels in ischemic patients suggest an early activation of the inflammatory cascade in acute ischemic injury. The basic principles of the interaction between inflammatory and coagulation systems are revised, from the perspective that simultaneous modulation of both coagulation and inflammation, rather than specific therapies aimed at one of these systems could be more successful in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Piazza
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Kahn NN, Feldman SP, Bauman WA. Lower-extremity functional electrical stimulation decreases platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33:150-8. [PMID: 20486534 PMCID: PMC2869270 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2010.11689690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) develop premature cardiovascular disease. Regular exercise reduces the incidence and symptoms of cardiovascular disease in able-bodied individuals; these salutary effects of exercise have not been documented in persons with SCI. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometry (FES-LCE) exercise training on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in persons with SCI. PARTICIPANTS Subjects (n=14) with stable chronic (>1 year) paraplegia (T1-T10) or tetraplegia (C4-C8). METHODS Blood samples were collected before and after the first and eighth sessions (2 sessions per week for 4 weeks) of FES exercise. RESULTS Platelet aggregation was inhibited by 20% after the first session and by 40% (P < 0.001) after the eighth session. Thrombin activity was unchanged after the first session (10.7 +/- 0.85 s to 10.43 +/- 0.56 s) and decreased after the eighth session (12.5 +/- 1.98 s to 11.1 +/- 1.7 s; P < 0.0003). Antithrombin III activity increased after the first (103.8% +/- 8.9% to 110% +/- 6.9%; P < 0.0008) and eighth sessions (107.8% +/- 12.1% to 120.4% +/- 13.1%; P < 0.0001). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate increased after the first (9.9% + 2.5% to 15.8% +/- 3%; P < 0.001) and eighth sessions (17.8% +/- 4.2% to 36.5% +/- 7.6%; P < 0.0001). After the eighth session, factors V and X increased significantly (88% +/- 27% to 103% +/- 23%, P < 0.0001; 100% +/- 40% to 105% +/- 7%, P < 0.01, respectively); factors VII and VIII and fibrinogen did not change significantly. A significant reduction in platelet activation/aggregation was demonstrated in response to FES-LCE. The decrease in thrombin level was caused by the simultaneous increase in antithrombin activity. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insight into the potential protective effects of FES-LCE against the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat N Kahn
- Center of Excellence, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| | | | - William A Bauman
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York
,Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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18
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Hamill CE, Mannaioni G, Lyuboslavsky P, Sastre AA, Traynelis SF. Protease-activated receptor 1-dependent neuronal damage involves NMDA receptor function. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:136-46. [PMID: 19416668 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor that is expressed throughout the central nervous system. PAR1 activation by brain-derived as well as blood-derived proteases has been shown to have variable and complex effects in a variety of animal models of neuronal injury and inflammation. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of PAR1 on lesion volume in wild-type or PAR1-/- C57Bl/6 mice subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery or injected with NMDA in the striatum. We found that removal of PAR1 reduced infarct volume following transient focal ischemia to 57% of control. Removal of PAR1 or application of a PAR1 antagonist also reduced the neuronal injury associated with intrastriatal injection of NMDA to 60% of control. To explore whether NMDA receptor potentiation by PAR1 activation contributes to the harmful effects of PAR1, we investigated the effect of NMDA receptor antagonists on the neuroprotective phenotype of PAR1-/- mice. We found that MK801 reduced penumbral but not core neuronal injury in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or intrastriatal NMDA injection. Lesion volumes in both models were not significantly different between PAR1-/- mice treated with and without MK801. Use of the NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative anesthetic ketamine also renders NMDA-induced lesion volumes identical in PAR1-/- mice and wild-type mice. These data suggest that the ability of PAR1 activation to potentiate NMDA receptor function may underlie its harmful actions during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily E Hamill
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA
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