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Mosca A, Miuli A, Mancusi G, Chiappini S, Stigliano G, De Pasquale A, Di Petta G, Bubbico G, Pasino A, Pettorruso M, Martinotti G. To bridge or not to bridge: Moral Judgement in Cocaine Use Disorders, a case-control study on human morality. Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:271-281. [PMID: 37594151 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2242096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the "Dual-Process theory", morality is characterized by the interaction between an automatic-emotional process, mediated by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and linked to personal-deontological decisions, and a rational-conscious one, mediated by the Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and linked to impersonal-utilitarian decisions. These areas are altered by chronic use of cocaine, with a possible impact on moral decision-making. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the difference between a group of Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) patients and a control group in moral decision-making. METHODS Subjects with CUD were compared to an equal-sized healthy group regarding their moral decision-making. Trolley and Footbridge Moral Dilemmas were administered to each group. The quality of the answer (yes or no) and the time needed to answer were recorded. RESULTS The recruited group includes 72 subjects, 36 with CUD and 36 healthy subjects (average age of 39.51 ± 9.89). In the Trolley dilemma, almost all the subjects (97.3%) answered "yes", while in the Footbridge dilemma CUD subjects answered "yes" more often (52.7%) than the healthy group (19.4%). CONCLUSION For strong emotional dilemmas (Footbridge), cocaine users answered "yes" with a higher frequency compared to healthy subjects, highlighting a wider utilitarian tendency in decision-making and a poor emotional participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Miuli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Mancusi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Chiappini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life, and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - G Stigliano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A De Pasquale
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale E Delle Dipendenze, Sede Regionale, Sede di Isernia, Isernia, Italy
| | - G Di Petta
- SPDC, Mental Health Department, Santa Maria Delle Grazie Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Pasino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life, and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Tan SA, Ng SHL, Hoo JJY, Gan SW, Nainee S, Yap CC, Lee LK, Mohd Zaharim N, Goh YS. The pornography use and its addiction among emerging adults in Malaysia: Perceived realism as a mediator. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268724. [PMID: 35594283 PMCID: PMC9122201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies have demonstrated a link between pornography use and addiction to pornography, the underlying mechanism of the association is still unclear. This study intended to examine the mediating role of perceived realism of pornography in the association between pornography use and addiction among emerging adults in Malaysia. This study recruited 222 self-identified pornography users (M age = 21.05; SD Age = 1.68; 75.1% male respondents) via the purposive sampling method. The correlation results indicated positive associations among pornography use, addiction to pornography, and perceived realism of pornography. Further, the perceived realism of pornography significantly mediated the association between pornography use and addiction to pornography after controlling for gender. Thus, this study has provided a fundamental understanding on the perceived realism role of pornography in explaining the association between its use and addiction. Although it is unlikely to stop illegal pornography use, the results pointed out a need to guide emerging adults in pornography use via media literacy programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Aun Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Samantha Hui Li Ng
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Ju Yun Hoo
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Su Wan Gan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sarvarubini Nainee
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chin Choo Yap
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ling Khai Lee
- Department of Languages and Linguistics, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Yee Shan Goh
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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Relationships between Personality Traits and Brain Gray Matter Are Different in Risky and Non-risky Drivers. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:1775777. [PMID: 35422888 PMCID: PMC9005327 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1775777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits such as impulsivity or sensitivity to rewards and punishments have been associated with risky driving behavior, but it is still unclear how brain anatomy is related to these traits as a function of risky driving. In the present study, we explore the neuroanatomical basis of risky driving behavior and how the level of risk-taking influences the relationship between the traits of impulsivity and sensitivity to rewards and punishments and brain gray matter volume. One hundred forty-four participants with different risk-taking tendencies assessed by real-life driving situations underwent MRI. Personality traits were assessed with self-report measures. We observed that the total gray matter volume varied as a function of risky driving tendencies, with higher risk individuals showing lower gray matter volumes. Similar results were found for volumes of brain areas involved in the reward and cognitive control networks, such as the frontotemporal, parietal, limbic, and cerebellar cortices. We have also shown that sensitivity to reward and punishment and impulsivity are differentially related to gray matter volumes as a function of risky driving tendencies. Highly risky individuals show lower absolute correlations with gray matter volumes than less risk-prone individuals. Taken together, our results show that risky drivers differ in the brain structure of the areas involved in reward processing, cognitive control, and behavioral modulation, which may lead to dysfunctional decision-making and riskier driving behavior.
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Doppler CEJ, Meyer L, Dovern A, Stühmer-Beckh J, Weiss PH, Fink GR. Differential Impact of Social and Monetary Reward on Procedural Learning and Consolidation in Aging and Its Structural Correlates. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:188. [PMID: 31417395 PMCID: PMC6682642 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In young (n = 36, mean ± SD: 24.8 ± 4.5 years) and older (n = 34, mean ± SD: 65.1 ± 6.5 years) healthy participants, we employed a modified version of the Serial Reaction Time task to measure procedural learning (PL) and consolidation while providing monetary and social reward. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we additionally determined the structural correlates of reward-related motor performance (RMP) and PL. Monetary reward had a beneficial effect on PL in the older subjects only. In contrast, social reward significantly enhanced PL in the older and consolidation in the young participants. VBM analyses revealed that motor performance related to monetary reward was associated with larger grey matter volume (GMV) of the left striatum in the young, and motor performance related to social reward with larger GMV of the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the older group. The differential effects of social reward in young (improved consolidation) and both social and monetary rewards in older (enhanced PL) healthy subjects point to the potential of rewards for interventions targeting aging-associated motor decline or stroke-induced motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E J Doppler
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Anna Dovern
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jaro Stühmer-Beckh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Konova AB, Parvaz MA, Bernstein V, Zilverstand A, Moeller SJ, Delgado MR, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Neural mechanisms of extinguishing drug and pleasant cue associations in human addiction: role of the VMPFC. Addict Biol 2019; 24:88-99. [PMID: 28872745 PMCID: PMC5837898 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the resistance of drug cue associations to extinction in addiction remain unknown. Fear extinction critically depends on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Here, we tested if this same region plays a role in extinction of non-fear, drug and pleasant cue associations. Eighteen chronic cocaine users and 15 matched controls completed three functional MRI scans. Participants first learned to associate an abstract cue (the conditioned stimulus, CS) with a drug-related (CSD+ ) or pleasant (CSP+ ) image. Extinction immediately followed where each CS was repeatedly presented without the corresponding image. Participants underwent a second identical session 24 hours later to assess retention of extinction learning. Results showed that like fear extinction, non-fear-based extinction relies on the VMPFC. However, extinction-related changes in the VMPFC differed by cue valence and diagnosis. In controls, VMPFC activation to the CSD+ (which was unpleasant for participants) gradually increased as in fear extinction, while it decreased to the CSP+ , consistent with a more general role of the VMPFC in flexible value updating. Supporting a specific role in extinction retention, we further observed a cross-day association between VMPFC activation and skin conductance, a classic index of conditioned responses. Finally, cocaine users showed VMPFC abnormalities for both CSs, which, in the case of the CSD+ , correlated with craving. These data suggest a global deficit in extinction learning in this group that may hinder extinction-based treatment efforts. More broadly, these data show that the VMPFC, when functionally intact, supports extinction learning in diverse contexts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Konova
- Center for Neural Science; New York University; New York NY USA
| | - Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Vladimir Bernstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook NY USA
| | | | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
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Moreno-López L, Albein-Urios N, Martínez-González JM, Soriano-Mas C, Verdejo-García A. Neural correlates of impaired self-awareness of apathy, disinhibition and dysexecutive deficits in cocaine-dependent individuals. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1438-1448. [PMID: 27397847 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by impaired self-awareness about cognitive and motivational deficits, leading to poor treatment outcomes. However, there is still limited understanding of the neurophysiological underpinnings of this impairment. We aimed to establish if impaired self-awareness is underpinned by brain structural phenotypes among cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI). Sixty-five CDI and 65 designated informants completed the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale, and a subsample of 40 CDI were scanned via magnetic resonance imaging. We applied multiple regression models to establish the association between levels of self-awareness indexed by Frontal Systems Behavior Scale's discrepancy scores (i.e. informant ratings minus self-reports of apathy, disinhibition and dysexecutive deficits) and gray matter volumes indexed by magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based measures within five brain regions of interest: anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), striatum, insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We also examined the neural underpinnings of underestimation versus overestimation of deficits, by splitting the CDI group according to the positive or negative value of their discrepancy scores. We found that poorer self-awareness of apathy deficits was associated with greater gray matter volume in the dorsal striatum, and poorer self-awareness of disinhibition deficits was associated with greater gray matter volume in the OFC in the whole sample. More underestimation and more overestimation of executive deficits were linked to lower DLPFC volume. We show that impaired self-awareness of cognitive and motivational deficits in cocaine addiction has a neural underpinning, implicating striatum, OFC and DLPFC structural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-López
- Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz and Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Granada; Spain
- Division of Anaesthesia; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | | | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz and Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Granada; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos; Universidad de Granada; Spain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience; Monash University; Australia
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Ribeiro EA, Scarpa JR, Garamszegi SP, Kasarskis A, Mash DC, Nestler EJ. Gene Network Dysregulation in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Neurons of Humans with Cocaine Use Disorder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5412. [PMID: 28710498 PMCID: PMC5511210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and functional alterations of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are thought to contribute to impulsivity, which is a hallmark of addictive behaviors that underlie compulsive drug seeking and taking in humans. To determine if there is a transcriptional signature in dlPFC neurons of humans with cocaine use disorder, we performed total RNA-sequencing on neuronal nuclei isolated from post-mortem dlPFC of cocaine addicts and healthy controls. Our results point toward a transcriptional mechanism whereby cocaine alters specific gene networks in dlPFC neurons. In particular, we identified an AP-1 regulated transcriptional network in dlPFC neurons associated with cocaine use disorder that contains several differentially expressed hub genes. Several of these hub genes are GWAS hits for traits that might involve dysfunction of brain reward circuitry (Body-Mass Index, Obesity) or dlPFC (Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia). Further study is warranted to determine their potential pathophysiological role in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain A Ribeiro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R Scarpa
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanna P Garamszegi
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Vňuková M, Ptáček R, Raboch J, Stefano GB. Decreased Central Nervous System Grey Matter Volume (GMV) in Smokers Affects Cognitive Abilities: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1907-1915. [PMID: 28426638 PMCID: PMC5407177 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality, tobacco is consumed by approximately 22% of the adult population worldwide. Smoking is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affects brain processing, and is a recognized risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Tobacco toxins (e.g., nicotine at high levels) inhaled in smoke may cause disorders resulting in preclinical brain changes. Researchers suggest that there are differences in brain volume between smokers and non-smokers. This review examines these differences in brain grey matter volume (GMV). In March/April 2015, MedLine, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched using the terms: "grey matter" AND "voxel-based" AND "smoking" AND "cigarette". The 4 studies analyzed found brain GMV decreases in smokers compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, sex-specific differences were found; while the thalamus and cerebellum were affected in both sexes, decreased GMV in the olfactory gyrus was found only in male smokers. Age-group differences were also found, and these may suggest pre-existing abnormalities that lead to nicotine dependence in younger individuals. Only 1 study found a positive correlation between number of pack-years smoked and GMV. Smoking decreases GMV in most brain areas. This decrease may be responsible for the cognitive impairment and difficulties with emotional regulation found in smokers compared with non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vňuková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Ptáček
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Raboch
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - George B Stefano
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Cabrera EA, Wiers CE, Lindgren E, Miller G, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Neuroimaging the Effectiveness of Substance Use Disorder Treatments. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:408-33. [PMID: 27184387 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques to measure the function and biochemistry of the human brain such as positron emission tomography (PET), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are powerful tools for assessing neurobiological mechanisms underlying the response to treatments in substance use disorders. Here, we review the neuroimaging literature on pharmacological and behavioral treatment in substance use disorder. We focus on neural effects of medications that reduce craving (e.g., naltrexone, bupropion hydrochloride, baclofen, methadone, varenicline) and that improve cognitive control (e.g., modafinil, N-acetylcysteine), of behavioral treatments for substance use disorders (e.g., cognitive bias modification training, virtual reality, motivational interventions) and neuromodulatory interventions such as neurofeedback and transcranial magnetic stimulation. A consistent finding for the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions identifies the improvement of executive control networks and the dampening of limbic activation, highlighting their values as targets for therapeutic interventions in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cabrera
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elsa Lindgren
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregg Miller
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The influence of monetary incentives on context processing in younger and older adults: an event-related potential study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:416-34. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Parvaz MA, Maloney T, Moeller SJ, Malaker P, Konova AB, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Multimodal evidence of regional midcingulate gray matter volume underlying conflict monitoring. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 5:10-8. [PMID: 24918068 PMCID: PMC4050316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have long implicated the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) in conflict monitoring, but it is not clear whether its structural integrity (i.e., the gray matter volume) influences its conflict monitoring function. In this multimodal study, we used T1-weighted MRI scans as well as event-related potentials (ERPs) to test whether the MCC gray matter volume is associated with the electrocortical marker (i.e., No-go N200 ERP component) of conflict monitoring in healthy individuals. The specificity of such a relationship in health was determined in two ways: by (A) acquiring the same data from individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD), known to have deficits in executive function including behavioral monitoring; and (B) acquiring the P300 ERP component that is linked with attention allocation and not specifically with conflict monitoring. Twenty-five (39.1 ± 8.4 years; 8 females) healthy individuals and 25 (42.7 ± 5.9 years; 6 females) individuals with CUD underwent a rewarded Go/No-go task during which the ERP data was collected, and they also underwent a structural MRI scan. The whole brain regression analysis showed a significant correlation between MCC structural integrity and the well-known ERP measure of conflict monitoring (N200, but not the P300) in healthy individuals, which was absent in CUD who were characterized by reduced MCC gray matter volume, N200 abnormalities as well as reduced task accuracy. In individuals with CUD instead, the N200 amplitude was associated with drug addiction symptomatology. These results show that the integrity of MCC volume is directly associated with the electrocortical correlates of conflict monitoring in healthy individuals, and such an association breaks down in psychopathologies that impact these brain processes. Taken together, this MCC–N200 association may serve as a biomarker of improved behavioral monitoring processes in diseased populations. No-go N200 amplitude is correlated with gray matter volume of the midcingulate cortex in controls. Such N200-midcingulate association is absent in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD). In the CUD group, No-go N200 amplitude is correlated with withdrawal symptoms. N200-midcingulate association can serve as a biomarker of intact conflict monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pias Malaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna B Konova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA ; Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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A new window to understanding individual differences in reward sensitivity from attentional networks. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1807-21. [PMID: 24696182 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that the presence of reward cues modifies the activity in attentional networks, however, the nature of these influences remains poorly understood. Here, we performed independent component analysis (ICA) in two fMRI datasets corresponding to two incentive delay tasks, which compared the response to reward (money and erotic pictures) and neutral cues, and yielded activations in the ventral striatum using a general linear model approach. Across both experiments, ICA revealed that both the right frontoparietal network and default mode network time courses were positively and negatively modulated by reward cues, respectively. Moreover, this dual neural response pattern was enhanced in individuals with strong reward sensitivity. Therefore, ICA may be a complementary tool to investigate the relevant role of attentional networks on reward processing, and to investigate reward sensitivity in normal and pathological populations.
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Rando K, Chaplin TM, Potenza MN, Mayes L, Sinha R. Prenatal cocaine exposure and gray matter volume in adolescent boys and girls: relationship to substance use initiation. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:482-9. [PMID: 23751204 PMCID: PMC3775853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of prenatal cocaine exposure have primarily examined childhood populations. Studying adolescents is especially important because adolescence is a time of changing motivations and initiation of substance use. METHODS Using magnetic resonance imaging and whole-brain voxel-based morphometry, we assessed gray matter volume (GMV) differences in 42 prenatally cocaine exposed (PCE) and 21 noncocaine-exposed (NCE) adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years. Associations between GMV differences in significant clusters and the probability of substance use initiation were examined. RESULTS PCE relative to NCE adolescents demonstrated three clusters of lower GMV involving a limbic and paralimbic (p < .001, family-wise error [FWE] corrected), superior frontal gyrus (p = .001, FWE corrected), and precuneus (p = .019, FWE corrected) cluster. GMVs in the superior frontal and precuneus clusters were associated with initiation of substance use. Each 1-mL decrease in GMV increased the probability of initiating substance use by 69.6% (p = .01) in the superior frontal cluster and 83.6% (p = .02) in the precuneus cluster. CONCLUSIONS PCE is associated with structural differences in cortical and limbic regions. Lower GMVs in frontal cortical and posterior regions are associated with substance use initiation and may represent biological risk markers for substance use.
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Ersche KD, Williams GB, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET. Meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities associated with stimulant drug dependence and neuroimaging of addiction vulnerability and resilience. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:615-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Spronk DB, van Wel JHP, Ramaekers JG, Verkes RJ. Characterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: a comprehensive review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1838-59. [PMID: 23876288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cognitive sequela of repeated cocaine use is a growing area of research and is crucial to the development of cognitive models of addiction. We systematically reviewed all available placebo-controlled and case-controlled studies on the acute and long-term effects of cocaine on cognitive functioning. In order to compare the magnitude of cognitive effects across cognitive domains we conducted several meta-analyses on a subset of data from long-term effect studies. Studies on acute cocaine administration suggest enhancement of response inhibition and psychomotor speed, while all other domains appear to be unaffected or not investigated adequately. Long-term effects of cocaine show a wide array of deteriorated cognitive functions, indicating that long term cocaine use is characterized by a general cognitive impairment across functions, rather than by specific cognitive deficits. Literature on long-term cocaine effects is more substantial than literature on acute effects. This comprehensive review outlines possible dissociations and similarities of acute vs. long-term cocaine effects in the human brain. Atherosclerosis after cocaine exposure may underlie cognitive dysfunction, suggesting involvement of multiple brain areas. Acute drug studies are important to the future development of addiction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée B Spronk
- Department of Psychiatry (966), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Postbox 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ersche KD, Jones PS, Williams GB, Smith DG, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW. Distinctive personality traits and neural correlates associated with stimulant drug use versus familial risk of stimulant dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:137-44. [PMID: 23273722 PMCID: PMC3705207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine have a high abuse liability, but not everyone who uses them develops dependence. However, the risk for dependence is increased for individuals with a family history of addiction. We hypothesized that individuals without a family history of dependence who have been using cocaine recreationally for several years but have not made the transition to dependence will differ in terms of personality traits and brain structure from individuals who are either dependent on stimulants or at risk for dependence. METHODS We compared 27 individuals without a familial risk of dependence who had been using cocaine recreationally with 50 adults with stimulant dependence, their nondependent siblings (n = 50), and unrelated healthy volunteers (n = 52) who had neither a personal nor a family history of dependence. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging brain scan and completed a selection of personality measures that have been associated with substance abuse. RESULTS Increased sensation-seeking traits and abnormal orbitofrontal and parahippocampal volume were shared by individuals who were dependent on stimulant drugs or used cocaine recreationally. By contrast, increased levels of impulsive and compulsive personality traits and limbic-striatal enlargement were shared by stimulant-dependent individuals and their unaffected siblings. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for distinct neurobiological phenotypes that are either associated with familial vulnerability for dependence or with regular stimulant drug use. Our findings further suggest that some individuals with high sensation-seeking traits but no familial vulnerability for dependence are likely to use cocaine but may have relatively low risk for developing dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Ersche
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to Karen D. Ersche, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Brain Mapping Unit, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - P. Simon Jones
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy B. Williams
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dana G. Smith
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom,GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire & Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rustemeier M, Schwabe L, Bellebaum C. On the relationship between learning strategy and feedback processing in the weather prediction task--Evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:695-703. [PMID: 23347964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that both declarative and non-declarative strategies can be engaged in probabilistic classification learning. With respect to the neural correlates of these strategies, earlier studies have focused on the classification process itself. In the present experiment, we asked whether the feedback for classification performance is processed differently by declarative and non-declarative learners. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants performed a modified version of the weather prediction task, a well-known probabilistic classification learning task. ERP analysis focused on two ERP components typically associated with feedback processing, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the P300. FRN amplitude was not affected by learning strategy. The P300, however, was more pronounced in declarative learners, particularly at frontal electrode site Fz. In addition, P300 topography was different in declarative learners, with amplitude differences between negative and positive feedback being more pronounced over the frontal than the parietal cortex. Differences in feedback processing between groups were still seen after declarative learners had switched to a non-declarative strategy in later phases of the task. Our findings provide evidence for different neural mechanisms of feedback processing in declarative and non-declarative learning. This difference emerges at later stages of feedback processing, after the typical time window of the FRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rustemeier
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Dept. of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Porrino LJ, Hampson RE, Opris I, Deadwyler SA. Acute cocaine induced deficits in cognitive performance in rhesus macaque monkeys treated with baclofen. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:105-14. [PMID: 22836369 PMCID: PMC3801229 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute and/or chronic exposure to cocaine can affect cognitive performance, which may influence rate of recovery during treatment. OBJECTIVE Effects of the GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen were assessed for potency to reverse the negative influence of acute, pre-session, intravenous (IV) injection of cocaine on cognitive performance in Macaca mulatta nonhuman primates. METHODS Animals were trained to perform a modified delayed match to sample (DMS) task incorporating two types of trials with varying degrees of cognitive load that had different decision requirements in order to correctly utilize information retained over the delay interval. The effects of cocaine (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg, IV) alone and in combination with baclofen (0.29 and 0.40 mg/kg, IV) were examined with respect to sustained performance levels. Brain metabolic activity during performance of the task was assessed using PET imaged uptake of [(18) F]-fluorodeoxyglucose. RESULTS Acute cocaine injections produced a dose-dependent decline in DMS performance selective for trials of high cognitive load. The GABA-receptor agonist baclofen, co-administered with cocaine, reversed task performance back to nondrug (saline IV) control levels. Simultaneous assessment of PET-imaged brain metabolic activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) showed alterations by cocaine compared to PFC metabolic activation in nondrug (saline, IV) control DMS sessions, but like performance, PFC activation was returned to control levels by baclofen (0.40 mg/kg, IV) injected with cocaine. CONCLUSIONS The results show that baclofen, administered at a relatively high dose, reversed the cognitive deficits produced by acute cocaine intoxication that may have implications for use in chronic drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Robert E. Hampson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ioan Opris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Samuel A. Deadwyler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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