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Thakur A, Mei S, Zhang N, Zhang K, Taslakjian B, Lian J, Wu S, Chen B, Solway J, Chen HJ. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: crucial players in respiratory function and airway-nerve communication. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1438188. [PMID: 39176384 PMCID: PMC11340541 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1438188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are unique airway epithelial cells that blend neuronal and endocrine functions, acting as key sensors in the lung. They respond to environmental stimuli like allergens by releasing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. PNECs stand out as the only lung epithelial cells innervated by neurons, suggesting a significant role in airway-nerve communication via direct neural pathways and hormone release. Pathological conditions such as asthma are linked to increased PNECs counts and elevated calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production, which may affect neuroprotection and brain function. CGRP is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, potentially due to its influence on inflammation and cholinergic activity. Despite their low numbers, PNECs are crucial for a wide range of functions, highlighting the importance of further research. Advances in technology for producing and culturing human PNECs enable the exploration of new mechanisms and cell-specific responses to targeted therapies for PNEC-focused treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuya Mei
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Noel Zhang
- Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Boghos Taslakjian
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jiacee Lian
- School of Health Sciences, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuang Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bohao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Julian Solway
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:978-990. [PMID: 33608655 PMCID: PMC7893625 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium protects us from environmental insults, which we encounter with every breath. Not only does it passively filter large particles, it also senses potential danger and alerts other cells, including immune and nervous cells. Together, these tissues orchestrate the most appropriate response, balancing the need to eliminate the danger with the risk of damage to the host. Each cell subset within the airway epithelium plays its part, and when impaired, may contribute to the development of respiratory disease. Here we highlight recent advances regarding the cellular and functional heterogeneity along the airway epithelium and discuss how we can use this knowledge to design more effective, targeted therapeutics.
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3
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Voynow JA, Fisher K, Sunday ME, Cotten CM, Hamvas A, Hendricks-Muñoz KD, Poindexter BB, Pryhuber GS, Ren CL, Ryan RM, Sharp JK, Young SP, Zhang H, Greenberg RG, Herring AH, Davis SD. Urine gastrin-releasing peptide in the first week correlates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and post-prematurity respiratory disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:899-908. [PMID: 31995668 PMCID: PMC7071969 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with post-prematurity respiratory disease (PRD) in survivors of extreme preterm birth. Identifying early biomarkers that correlate with later development of BPD and PRD may provide insights for intervention. In a preterm baboon model, elevated gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is associated with BPD, and GRP inhibition mitigates BPD occurrence. OBJECTIVE We performed a prospective cohort study to investigate whether urine GRP levels obtained in the first postnatal week were associated with BPD, PRD, and other urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress. METHODS Extremely low gestational age infants (23-28 completed weeks) were enrolled in a US multicenter observational study, The Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01435187). We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between urine GRP in the first postnatal week and multiple respiratory outcomes: BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen use at 36 + 0 weeks postmenstrual age, and post-PRD, defined by positive quarterly surveys for increased medical utilization over the first year (PRD score). RESULTS A total of 109 of 257 (42%) infants had BPD, and 120 of 217 (55%) had PRD. On adjusted analysis, GRP level more than 80 was associated with BPD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-3.25) and positive PRD score (aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.35-4.48). Urine GRP levels correlated with duration of NICU ventilatory and oxygen support and with biomarkers of oxidative stress: allantoin and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. CONCLUSIONS Urine GRP in the first postnatal week was associated with concurrent urine biomarkers of oxidative stress and with later diagnoses of BPD and PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Voynow
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kimberley Fisher
- Division of Neonatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mary E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Charles M Cotten
- Division of Neonatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Division of Neonatology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri.,Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Brenda B Poindexter
- Division of Neonatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Clement L Ren
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rita M Ryan
- Division of Neonatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jack K Sharp
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah P Young
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rachel G Greenberg
- Division of Neonatology and The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amy H Herring
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie D Davis
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Tighe RM, Heck K, Soderblom E, Zhou S, Birukova A, Young K, Rouse D, Vidas J, Komforti MK, Toomey CB, Cuttitta F, Sunday ME. Immediate Release of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Mediates Delayed Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1029-1040. [PMID: 30898588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RTPF) is a progressive, serious condition in many subjects treated for thoracic malignancies or after accidental nuclear exposure. No biomarker exists for identifying the irradiated subjects most susceptible to pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Previously, we determined that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) was elevated within days after birth in newborns exposed to hyperoxia who later developed chronic lung disease. The goal of the current study was to test whether radiation (RT) exposure triggers GRP release in mice and whether this contributes to RTPF in vivo. We determined urine GRP levels and lung GRP immunostaining in mice 0 to 24 after post-thoracic RT (15 Gy). Urine GRP levels were significantly elevated between 24 hours post-RT; GRP-blocking monoclonal antibody 2A11, given minutes post-RT, abrogated urine GRP levels by 6 to 12 hours and also altered phosphoprotein signaling pathways at 24 hours post-RT. Strong extracellular GRP immunostaining was observed in lung at 6 hours post-RT. Mice given one dose of GRP monoclonal antibody 2A11 24 hours post-RT had significantly reduced myofibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition 15 weeks later, indicating protection against lung fibrosis. Therefore, elevation of urine GRP could be predictive of RTPF development. In addition, transient GRP blockade could mitigate PF in normal lung after therapeutic or accidental RT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karissa Heck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erik Soderblom
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shutang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Douglas Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jessica Vidas
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Frank Cuttitta
- Mouse, Cancer and Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Mary E Sunday
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina.
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5
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Shirey KA, Sunday ME, Lai W, Patel M, Blanco JCG, Cuttitta F, Vogel SN. Novel role of gastrin releasing peptide-mediated signaling in the host response to influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:223-231. [PMID: 30327535 PMCID: PMC6301097 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is an evolutionarily well-conserved neuropeptide that was originally recognized for its ability to mediate gastric acid secretion in the gut. More recently, however, GRP has been implicated in pulmonary lung inflammatory diseases including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and others. Antagonizing GRP or its receptor mitigated lethality associated with the onset of viral pneumonia in a well-characterized mouse model of influenza. In mice treated therapeutically with the small-molecule GRP inhibitor, NSC77427, increased survival was accompanied by decreased numbers of GRP-producing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, improved lung histopathology, and suppressed cytokine gene expression. In addition, in vitro studies in macrophages indicate that GRP synergizes with the prototype TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide, to induce cytokine gene expression. Thus, these findings reveal that GRP is a previously unidentified mediator of influenza-induced inflammatory disease that is a potentially novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mary E. Sunday
- Dept. of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - Wendy Lai
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mira Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD USA 20850
| | | | - Frank Cuttitta
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD USA 21702
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
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6
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Atanasova KR, Reznikov LR. Neuropeptides in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:149. [PMID: 30081920 PMCID: PMC6090699 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system mediates key airway protective behaviors, including cough, mucus secretion, and airway smooth muscle contraction. Thus, its involvement and potential involvement in several airway diseases has become increasingly recognized. In the current review, we focus on the contribution of select neuropeptides in three distinct airway diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. We present data on some well-studied neuropeptides, as well as call attention to a few that have not received much consideration. Because mucus hypersecretion and mucus obstruction are common features of many airway diseases, we place special emphasis on the contribution of neuropeptides to mucus secretion. Finally, we highlight evidence implicating involvement of neuropeptides in mucus phenotypes in asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis, as well as bring to light knowledge that is still lacking in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Yang H, Fu J, Yao L, Hou A, Xue X. Runx3 is a key modulator during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of alveolar type II cells in animal models of BPD. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1466-1476. [PMID: 28949375 PMCID: PMC5627869 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major challenge for premature infants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells influences the normal alveolar development process. In this study, we wished to examine whether Runx3 is an important factor for BPD by regulating EMT in AT2 cells. In vivo, animal models of BPD were established by placing newborn rats in hyperoxia tanks. Lung tissue and isolated AT2 cells were collected on different days following exposure to oxygen. The pathological changes in lung tissue, alveolar development and Runx3 expression were then investigated. In vitro, RLE-6TN cells were divided into 5 groups as follows: the cont-rol, Runx3, siRunx3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Runx3 + TGF-β1 groups, and the biomarkers of EMT were investigated. In the newborn rat model of BPD, Runx3 protein and mRNA levels in both lung tissue and BPD-derived AT2 cells were significantly lower than those in the control group. The correlation between Runx3 protein expression and pulmonary development indicators was analyzed; Runx3 expression positively correlated with the radial alveolar count (RAC) and the percentage of smooth muscle actin-positive secondary septa, but negatively correlated with alveolar wall thickness. EMT was observed in the RLE-6TN cells in which the Runx3 gene was knocked down and follwoing TGF-β1‑induced EMT stimulation; however, TGF-β1 failed to induce EMT in the RLE-6TN cells overexpressing Runx3. On the whole, our data indicte that low Runx3 levels may promote EMT, while high Runx3 levels inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT. Therefore, we predict that low levels of Runx3 in BPD lung tissue may promote EMT in AT2 cells, thus affecting alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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8
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Zhang L, Zhao S, Yuan L, Wu H, Jiang H, Luo G. Hyperoxia-mediated LC3B activation contributes to the impaired transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) to type I cells (AECIs). Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:834-43. [PMID: 27187184 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Life-saving mechanical ventilation can also cause lung injury through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-like symptoms in preterm infants. It is reported that the autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain (LC)-3B can confer protection against hyperoxia-induced DNA damage in lung alveolar epithelium. However, its role in the transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) to type I cells (AECIs) is unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 90% oxygen for up to 14 days to mimic BPD in human infants, with neonatal pups exposed to room air (21% oxygen) as controls. Primary rat AECIIs were cultured under hyperoxic conditions for up to 24 hours to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. This study found that hyperoxia promoted a significant and time-dependent increase of AECII marker surfactant protein (SP)-C in the lung. The increase of AECI marker T1α was repressed by hyperoxia during lung development. These results indicated an impaired AECII transdifferentiation. Pulmonary ROS concentration and expression of autophagic protein LC-3B were increased gradually in response to hyperoxia exposure. Furthermore, AECIIs produced more ROS when cultured under hyperoxic conditions in vitro. Both the LC3B expression and the conversion from LC3BI to LC3BII were enhanced in hyperoxic AECs. Interestingly, inhibition of LC3B either by ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or adenovirus-mediated LC3B shRNA could partly restore AECII transdifferentiation under hyperoxia condition. In summary, the current study reveals a novel role of activated LC3B induced by hyperoxia in AECII transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing Campus), Daqing, China
| | - Hongmin Wu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Balany J, Bhandari V. Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation, and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:90. [PMID: 26734611 PMCID: PMC4685088 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted interaction of genetic and environmental factors acts on the preterm human immature lung with inflammation being the common denominator leading to the multifactorial origin of the most common chronic lung disease in infants - -bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Adverse perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation with added insults like invasive mecha nical ventilation, exposure to hyperoxia, and sepsis causes persistent immune dysregulation. In this review article, we have attempted to analyze and consolidate current knowledge about the role played by persistent prenatal and postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD. While some parameters of the early inflammatory response (neutrophils, cytokines, etc.) may not be detectable after days to weeks of exposure to noxious stimuli, they have already initiated the signaling pathways of the inflammatory process/immune cascade and have affected permanent defects structurally and functionally in the BPD lungs. Hence, translational research aimed at prevention/amelioration of BPD needs to focus on dampening the inflammatory response at an early stage to prevent the cascade of events leading to lung injury with impaired healing resulting in the pathologic pulmonary phenotype of alveolar simplification and dysregulated vascularization characteristic of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jherna Balany
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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HIF-1α Plays a Critical Role in the Gestational Sidestream Smoke-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137757. [PMID: 26361040 PMCID: PMC4567349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and, in mice, gestational exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke (SS) induces BPD-like condition characterized by alveolar simplification, impaired angiogenesis, and suppressed surfactant protein production. Normal fetal development occurs in a hypoxic environment and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α that controls apoptosis and angiogenesis. To understand SS-induced BPD, we hypothesized that gestational SS affected alveolar development through HIF-1α. Methods Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to air (control) or SS throughout the gestational period and the 7-day-old lungs of the progeny were examined. Results Gestational SS increased apoptosis of alveolar and airway epithelial cells. This response was associated with increased alveolar volumes, higher levels of proapoptotic factors (FOXO3a, HIPK2, p53, BIM, BIK, and BAX) and the antiangiogenic factor (GAX), and lower levels of antiapoptotic factors (Akt-PI3K, NF-κB, HIF-1α, and Bcl-2) in the lung. Although gestational SS increased the cells containing the proangiogenic bombesin-like-peptide, it markedly decreased the expression of its receptor GRPR in the lung. The effects of SS on apoptosis were attenuated by the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine. Conclusions Gestational SS-induced BPD is potentially regulated by nAChRs and associated with downregulation of HIF-1α, increased apoptosis of epithelial cells, and increased alveolar volumes. Thus, in mice, exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke during pregnancy promotes BPD-like condition that is potentially mediated through the nAChR/HIF-1α pathway.
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Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are widely distributed throughout the airway mucosa of mammalian lung as solitary cells and as distinctive innervated clusters, neuroepithelial bodies (NEB). These cells differentiate early during lung development and are more prominent in fetal/neonatal lungs compared to adults. PNEC/NEB cells produce biogenic amine (serotonin) and a variety of peptides (i.e., bombesin) involved in regulation of lung function. During the perinatal period, NEB are thought to function as airway O(2)/CO(2) sensors. Increased numbers of PNEC/NEBs have been observed in a variety of perinatal and postnatal lung disorders. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology of these cells, as they relate to perinatal and postnatal lung disorders associated with PNEC/NEB cell hyperplasia are reviewed and their possible role in pulmonary pathobiology discussed (WC 125).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Cutz
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G1x8; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Jobe AH. Animal Models, Learning Lessons to Prevent and Treat Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:49. [PMID: 26301222 PMCID: PMC4528292 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a unique injury syndrome caused by prolonged injury and repair imposed on an immature and developing lung. The decreased septation and decreased microvascular development phenotype of BPD can be reproduced in newborn rodents with increased chronic oxygen exposure and in premature primates and sheep with oxygen and/or mechanical ventilation. The inflammation caused by oxidants, inflammatory agonists, and/or stretch injury from mechanical ventilation seems to promote the anatomic abnormalities. Multiple interventions targeted to specific inflammatory cells or pathways or targeted to decreasing ventilation-mediated injury can substantially prevent the anatomic changes associated with BPD in term rodents and in preterm sheep or primate models. Most of the anti-inflammatory therapies with benefit in animal models have not been tested clinically. None of the interventions that have been tested clinically are as effective as anticipated from the animal models. These inconsistencies in responses likely are explained by the antenatal differences in lung exposures of the developing animals relative to very preterm humans. The animals generally have normal lungs while the lungs of preterm infants are exposed variably to intrauterine inflammation, growth abnormalities, antenatal corticosteroids, and poorly understood effects from the causes of preterm delivery. The animal models have been essential for the definition of the mediators that can cause a BPD phenotype. These models will be necessary to develop and test future-targeted interventions to prevent and treat BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Jobe
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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13
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Hou A, Fu J, Yang H, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Xu S, Xue X. Hyperoxia stimulates the transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells in newborn rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L861-72. [PMID: 25681436 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00099.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental oxygen treatment in preterm infants may cause bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is characterized by alveolar simplification and vascular disorganization. Despite type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC II) damage being reported previously, we found no decrease in the AEC II-specific marker, surfactant protein C (SP-C), in the BPD model in our previous study. We thus speculated that AEC II injury is not a unique mechanism of BPD-related pulmonary epithelial repair dysfunction and that abnormal transdifferentiation can exist. Newborn rats were randomly assigned to model (85% oxygen inhalation) and control groups (room air inhalation). Expressions of AEC I (aquaporin 5, T1α) and AEC II markers (SP-C, SP-B) were detected at three levels: 1) in intact lung tissue, 2) in AEC II isolated from rats in the two groups, and 3) in AEC II isolated from newborn rats, which were further cultured under either hyperoxic or normoxic conditions. In the model group, increased AEC I was observed at both the tissue and cell level, and markedly increased transdifferentiation was observed by immunofluorescent double staining. Transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in alveolar epithelium such as damaged AECs, a fused air-blood barrier structure, and opened tight junctions in the model group. These findings indicate that transdifferentiation of AECs is not suppressed but rather is increased under hyperoxic treatment by compensation; however, such repair during injury cannot offset pulmonary epithelial air exchange and barrier dysfunction caused by structural damage to AECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Yoder BA, Coalson JJ. Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The preterm baboon models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L970-7. [PMID: 25281639 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00171.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the progress in improved neonatal care, particularly management of underdeveloped preterm lungs, has been aided by investigations of multiple animal models, including the neonatal baboon (Papio species). In this article we highlight how the preterm baboon model at both 140 and 125 days gestation (term equivalent 185 days) has advanced our understanding and management of the immature human infant with neonatal lung disease. Not only is the 125-day baboon model extremely relevant to the condition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia but there are also critical neurodevelopmental and other end-organ pathological features associated with this model not fully discussed in this limited forum. We also describe efforts to incorporate perinatal infection into these preterm models, both fetal and neonatal, and particularly associated with Ureaplasma/Mycoplasma organisms. Efforts to rekindle the preterm primate model for future evaluations of therapies such as stem cell replacement, early lung recruitment interventions coupled with noninvasive surfactant and high-frequency nasal ventilation, and surfactant therapy coupled with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory medications, to name a few, should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Jacqueline J Coalson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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15
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Rieger-Fackeldey E, Park MS, Schanbacher BL, Joshi MS, Chicoine LG, Nelin LD, Bauer JA, Welty SE, Smith CV. Lung development alterations in newborn mice after recovery from exposure to sublethal hyperoxia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1010-1016. [PMID: 24518568 PMCID: PMC7538813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of newborn mice to hyperoxia arrests lung development, with resultant pathological characteristics similar to bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants born prematurely. We tested the hypothesis that aberrations in lung development caused by 14 days of sublethal hyperoxia would be reversed during 14 days of recovery to room air (RA) when the concentration of oxygen exposure was weaned gradually. Newborn FVB mice were exposed to 85% oxygen or RA for 14 days. Weaning from hyperoxia was by either transfer directly into RA or a decrease in the concentration of oxygen by 10% per days. At 28 days, pups were euthanized, and the lungs were inflation fixed and assessed. At postnatal day 28, lungs of mice weaned abruptly from hyperoxia had fewer (6 ± 0.6 versus 10 ± 0.7; P < 0.001) alveoli per high-powered field and larger alveoli (4050 ± 207 versus 2305 ± 182 μm(2)) than animals weaned gradually; both hyperoxia-exposed groups were different from lungs obtained from air-breathing controls (20 ± 0.5 alveoli per high-powered field; P < 0.001). The results are consistent with the absence of catch-up alveolarization in this model and indicate that the long-term consequences of early exposures to hyperoxia merit closer examination. The effects of abrupt weaning to RA observed further suggest that weaning should be considered in experimental models of newborn exposure to hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rieger-Fackeldey
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio,Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Min S. Park
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Brandon L. Schanbacher
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mandar S. Joshi
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Louis G. Chicoine
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leif D. Nelin
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John A. Bauer
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stephen E. Welty
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio,Address correspondence to Stephen E. Welty, M.D., 6621 Fannin St, WT6-104, Houston, TX 77030.
| | - Charles V. Smith
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio,Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Bhandari V. Postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:189-201. [PMID: 24578018 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hyperoxia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and systemic/local sepsis are important antecedents of postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This review will summarize information obtained from animal (baboon, lamb/sheep, rat and mouse) models that pertain to the specific inflammatory agents and signaling molecules that predispose a premature infant to BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Sunday ME. Oxygen, gastrin-releasing Peptide, and pediatric lung disease: life in the balance. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25101250 PMCID: PMC4103080 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen (O2) can cause tissue injury, scarring, aging, and even death. Our laboratory is studying O2-sensing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) and the PNEC-derived product gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from exposure to hyperoxia, ozone, or ionizing radiation (RT) can induce PNEC degranulation and GRP secretion. PNEC degranulation is also induced by hypoxia, and effects of hypoxia are mediated by free radicals. We have determined that excessive GRP leads to lung injury with acute and chronic inflammation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis (PF), triggered via ROS exposure or by directly treating mice with exogenous GRP. In animal models, GRP-blockade abrogates lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The optimal time frame for GRP-blockade and the key target cell types remain to be determined. The concept of GRP as a mediator of ROS-induced tissue damage represents a paradigm shift about how O2 can cause injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The host PNEC response in vivo may depend on individual ROS sensing mechanisms and subsequent GRP secretion. Ongoing scientific and clinical investigations promise to further clarify the molecular pathways and clinical relevance of GRP in the pathogenesis of diverse pediatric lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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18
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Gabehart K, Correll KA, Yang J, Collins ML, Loader JE, Leach S, White CW, Dakhama A. Transcriptome profiling of the newborn mouse lung response to acute ozone exposure. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:175-90. [PMID: 24336422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone pollution is associated with adverse effects on respiratory health in adults and children but its effects on the neonatal lung remain unknown. This study was carried out to define the effect of acute ozone exposure on the neonatal lung and to profile the transcriptome response. Newborn mice were exposed to ozone or filtered air for 3h. Total RNA was isolated from lung tissues at 6 and 24h after exposure and was subjected to microarray gene expression analysis. Compared to filtered air-exposed littermates, ozone-exposed newborn mice developed a small but significant neutrophilic airway response associated with increased CXCL1 and CXCL5 expression in the lung. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 455 genes were down-regulated and 166 genes were up-regulated by at least 1.5-fold at 6h post-ozone exposure (t-test, p < .05). At 24h, 543 genes were down-regulated and 323 genes were up-regulated in the lungs of ozone-exposed, compared to filtered air-exposed, newborn mice (t-test, p < .05). After controlling for false discovery rate, 50 genes were identified as significantly down-regulated and only a few (RORC, GRP, VREB3, and CYP2B6) were up-regulated at 24h post-ozone exposure (q < .05). Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cell cycle-associated functions including cell division/proliferation were the most impacted pathways, which were negatively regulated by ozone exposure, an adverse effect that was associated with reduced bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation. These results demonstrate that acute ozone exposure alters cell proliferation in the developing neonatal lung through a global suppression of cell cycle function.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a complex disorder secondary to gene-environment interactions, and is the commonest chronic lung disease in infancy. There is no specific or effective treatment available to date for BPD. Since the aetiopathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial, involving diverse molecular signaling pathways, a variety of biomarkers detected in biological fluids have been proposed for early identification of infants predisposed to BPD. This review will be restricted to biomarker studies in human infants, conducted mostly in the last decade. The majority of the studies have been conducted using blood, urine or tracheal aspirate samples. Despite the multitude of biomarkers proposed, most studies have been conducted in small numbers of infants, with few being replicated by independent investigators. Confirmatory studies with adequate sample sizes and assessment of the role of putative biomarkers in the aetiology of BPD in developmentally appropriate animal models and human lungs with BPD will enhance the potential for therapeutic interventions. Genomic and proteomic approaches have the greatest potential to significantly advance the field of biomarkers in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhandari
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
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20
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Radiation-induced lung injury is mitigated by blockade of gastrin-releasing peptide. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1248-54. [PMID: 23395092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), secreted by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, mediates oxidant-induced lung injury in animal models. Considering that GRP blockade abrogates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in hyperoxic baboons, we hypothesized that ionizing radiation triggers GRP secretion, contributing to inflammatory and fibrotic phases of radiation-induced lung injury (RiLI). Using C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis developing ≥20 weeks after high-dose thoracic radiation (15 Gy), we injected small molecule 77427 i.p. approximately 1 hour after radiation then twice weekly for up to 20 weeks. Sham controls were anesthetized and placed in the irradiator without radiation. Lung paraffin sections were immunostained and quantitative image analyses performed. Mice exposed to radiation plus PBS had increased interstitial CD68(+) macrophages 4 weeks after radiation and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells hyperplasia 6 weeks after radiation. Ten weeks later radiation plus PBS controls had significantly increased pSmad2/3(+) nuclei/cm(2). GRP blockade with 77427 treatment diminished CD68(+), GRP(+), and pSmad2/3(+) cells. Finally, interstitial fibrosis was evident 20 weeks after radiation by immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin and collagen deposition. Treatment with 77427 abrogated interstitial α-smooth muscle actin and collagen. Sham mice given 77427 did not differ significantly from PBS controls. Our data are the first to show that GRP blockade decreases inflammatory and fibrotic responses to radiation in mice. GRP blockade is a novel radiation fibrosis mitigating agent that could be clinically useful in humans exposed to radiation therapeutically or unintentionally.
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21
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Aghai ZH, Saslow JG, Mody K, Eydelman R, Bhat V, Stahl G, Pyon K, Bhandari V. IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:8-13. [PMID: 22431160 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) are potent inflammatory mediators and contribute to acute lung injury in adults. Recently, a potential role for IFN-γ and IP-10 in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been reported in animal models. OBJECTIVE To study the association between IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirate (TA) and the development of BPD in premature infants. DESIGN/METHODS TA samples collected within 48 hr after birth from 79 mechanically ventilated premature neonates [gestational age (GA) <30 weeks (w), birth weight (BW) <1,250 g (g)] were analyzed. IFN-γ was measured in a subgroup of 38 infants by using a biochip multi-analyte immunoassay. The level of IP-10 was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. Total protein in TA was measured by Bradford assay to correct for sampling related dilution. BPD was defined as the need of supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). RESULTS Twenty infants (GA 26.4 ± 1.9w, BW 860 ± 201 g) survived without BPD at 36 weeks PMA and 59 infants (GA 25.5 ± 1.5w, BW 751 ± 163 g) died before 36 weeks PMA or developed BPD. The mean IFN-γ level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (9.7 ± 2.8 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 pg/ml, P = 0.03). Similarly, the mean IP-10 level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (63.4 ± 17.5 pg/ml) compared to those who survived without BPD (18.5 ± 7.5 pg/ml, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Higher IFN-γ and IP-10 levels in TA samples are associated with the development of BPD or death in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair H Aghai
- Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Hartney JM, Chu H, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Sub-chronic exposure to second hand smoke induces airspace leukocyte infiltration and decreased lung elastance. Front Physiol 2012; 3:300. [PMID: 22934051 PMCID: PMC3429071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to second hand tobacco smoke is associated with the development and/or exacerbation of several different pulmonary diseases in humans. To better understand the possible effects of second hand smoke exposure in humans, we sub-chronically (4 weeks) exposed mice to a mixture of mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke at concentrations similar to second hand smoke exposure in humans. The inflammatory response to smoke exposures was assessed at the end of this time by enumeration of pulmonary leukocyte infiltration together with measurements of lung elastance and pathology. This response was measured in both healthy wild type (C57BL/6) mice as well as mouse mutants deficient in the expression of Arhgef1 (Arhgef1−/−) that display constitutive pulmonary inflammation and decreased lung elastance reminiscent of emphysema. The results from this study show that sub-chronic second hand smoke exposure leads to significantly increased numbers of airspace leukocytes in both healthy and mutant animals. While sub-chronic cigarette smoke exposure is not sufficient to induce changes in lung architecture as measured by mean linear intercept, both groups exhibit a significant decrease in lung elastance. Together these data demonstrate that even sub-chronic exposure to second hand smoke is sufficient to induce pulmonary inflammation and decrease lung elastance in both healthy and diseased animals and in the absence of tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hartney
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
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23
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Mammoto T, Chen J, Jiang E, Jiang A, Smith LE, Ingber DE, Mammoto A. LRP5 regulates development of lung microvessels and alveoli through the angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41596. [PMID: 22848540 PMCID: PMC3404972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for lung development. Although there has been considerable exploration, the mechanism by which lung vascular and alveolar formation is controlled is still not completely understood. Here we show that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), a component of the Wnt ligand-receptor complex, regulates angiogenesis and alveolar formation in the lung by modulating expression of the angiopoietin (Ang) receptor, Tie2, in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Vascular development in whole mouse lungs and in cultured ECs is controlled by LRP5 signaling, which is, in turn, governed by a balance between the activities of the antagonistic Tie2 ligands, Ang1 and Ang2. Under physiological conditions when Ang1 is dominant, LRP5 knockdown decreases Tie2 expression and thereby, inhibits vascular and alveolar development in the lung. Conversely, when Ang2 dominates under hyperoxia treatment in neonatal mice, high LRP5 and Tie2 expression suppress angiogenesis and lung development. These findings suggest that the LRP5-Tie2-Ang signaling axis plays a central role in control of both angiogenesis and alveolarization during postnatal lung development, and that deregulation of this signaling mechanism might lead to developmental abnormalities of the lung, such as are observed in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lois E. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Manoli SE, Smith LA, Vyhlidal CA, An CH, Porrata Y, Cardoso WV, Baron RM, Haley KJ. Maternal smoking and the retinoid pathway in the developing lung. Respir Res 2012; 13:42. [PMID: 22651576 PMCID: PMC3479035 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking is a risk factor for pediatric lung disease, including asthma. Animal models suggest that maternal smoking causes defective alveolarization in the offspring. Retinoic acid signaling modulates both lung development and postnatal immune function. Thus, abnormalities in this pathway could mediate maternal smoking effects. We tested whether maternal smoking disrupts retinoic acid pathway expression and functioning in a murine model. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 mice with/without mainstream cigarette smoke exposure (3 research cigarettes a day, 5 days a week) were mated to nonsmoking males. Cigarette smoke exposure continued throughout the pregnancy and after parturition. Lung tissue from the offspring was examined by mean linear intercept analysis and by quantitative PCR. Cell culture experiments using the type II cell-like cell line, A549, tested whether lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components affected binding and activation of retinoic acid response elements in vitro. RESULTS Compared to tobacco-naïve mice, juvenile mice with tobacco toxin exposure had significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean linear intercepts, consistent with an alveolarization defect. Tobacco toxin exposure significantly (P < 0.05) decreased mRNA and protein expression of retinoic acid signaling pathway elements, including retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor beta, with the greatest number of changes observed between postnatal days 3-5. Lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components significantly (P < 0.05) decreased retinoic acid-induced binding and activation of the retinoic acid receptor response element in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS A murine model of maternal cigarette smoking causes abnormal alveolarization in association with altered retinoic acid pathway element expression in the offspring. An in vitro cell culture model shows that lipid-soluble components of cigarette smoke decrease retinoic acid response element activation. It is feasible that disruption of retinoic acid signaling contributes to the pediatric lung dysfunction caused by maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Manoli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Joung KE, Kim HS, Lee J, Shim GH, Choi CW, Kim EK, Kim BI, Choi JH. Correlation of urinary inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in very low birth weight infants with subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1024-32. [PMID: 21651454 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.588229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs almost exclusively in pre-term infants. In addition to prematurity, other factors like oxygen toxicity and inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis. This study aimed to compare urinary inflammatory and oxidative stress markers between the no/mild BPD group and moderate/severe BPD group and between BPD cases with significant early lung disease like respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) ('classic' BPD) and with minimal early lung disease ('atypical' BPD). A total of 60 patients who were a gestational age < 30 weeks or a birth weight < 1250 g were included. Urine samples were obtained on the 1(st), 3(rd) and 7(th) day of life and measured the levels of leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The 8-OHdG values on the 3(rd) day showed significant correlation to duration of mechanical ventilation. The 8-OHdG levels on the 7(th) day were the independent risk factor for developing moderate/severe BPD. In 'classic' BPD, the 8-OHdG values on the 3(rd) day were higher than those of 'atypical' BPD. In 'atypical' BPD, the LTE(4) values on the 7(th) day were higher than the values in 'classic' BPD. These results suggest that oxidative DNA damage could be the crucial mechanism in the pathogenesis of current BPD and the ongoing inflammatory process could be an important mechanism in 'atypical' BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Eun Joung
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Gastrin-releasing peptide blockade as a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2100-5. [PMID: 21252304 PMCID: PMC3033299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014792108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is synthesized by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in inflammatory lung diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Many BPD infants develop asthma, a serious disorder of intermittent airway obstruction. Despite extensive research, early mechanisms of asthma remain controversial. The incidence of asthma is growing, now affecting >300 million people worldwide. To test the hypothesis that GRP mediates asthma, we used two murine models: ozone exposure for air pollution-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease. BALB/c mice were given small molecule GRP blocking agent 77427, or GRP blocking antibody 2A11, before exposure to ozone or OVA challenge. In both models, GRP blockade abrogated AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages and granulocytes, and decreased BAL cytokines implicated in asthma, including those typically derived from Th1 (e.g., IL-2, TNFα), Th2 (e.g., IL-5, IL-13), Th17 (IL-17), macrophages (e.g., MCP-1, IL-1), and neutrophils (KC = IL-8). Dexamethasone generally had smaller effects on all parameters. Macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils express GRP receptor (GRPR). GRP blockade diminished serine phosphorylation of GRPR with ozone or OVA. Thus, GRP mediates AHR and airway inflammation in mice, suggesting that GRP blockade is promising as a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach to treat and/or prevent asthma in humans.
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Abstract
Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is characterized by an influx of inflammatory cells, increased pulmonary permeability, endothelial and epithelial cell death. This review highlights the mechanistic aspects of inflammation, vascular leak and cell death. The focus will be on agents that contribute to hyperoxia-induced lung injury in developmentally appropriate animal models, and those that have been detected in human premature neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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28
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Kompass KS, Deslee G, Moore C, McCurnin D, Pierce RA. Highly conserved transcriptional responses to mechanical ventilation of the lung. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:384-96. [PMID: 20460603 PMCID: PMC2929881 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00117.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species analysis of microarray data has shown improved discriminating power between healthy and diseased states. Computational approaches have proven effective in deciphering the complexity of human disease by identifying upstream regulatory elements and the transcription factors that interact with them. Here we used both methods to identify highly conserved transcriptional responses during mechanical ventilation, an important therapeutic treatment that has injurious side effects. We generated control and ventilated whole lung samples from the premature baboon model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), processed them for microarray, and combined them with existing whole lung oligonucleotide microarray data from 85 additional control samples from mouse, rat, and human and 19 additional ventilated samples from mouse and rat. Of the 2,531 orthologs shared by all 114 samples, 60 were modulated by mechanical ventilation [false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted q value (q(FDR)) = 0.005, ANOVA]. These included transcripts encoding the transcription factors ATF3 and FOS. Because of compelling known roles for these transcription factors, we used computational methods to predict their targets in the premature baboon model of BPD, which included elastin (ELN), gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). This approach identified highly conserved transcriptional responses to mechanical ventilation and may facilitate identification of therapeutic targets to reduce the side effects of this valuable treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Disease Models, Animal
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/physiology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Papio
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/genetics
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/metabolism
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/pathology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kompass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Damin DC, Santos FS, Heck R, Rosito MA, Meurer L, Kliemann LM, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Effects of the gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:2203-10. [PMID: 19894117 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RC-3095, a synthetic gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist, has been identified as a candidate compound for the treatment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent chronic inflammatory conditions. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RC-3095 in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. METHODS Ninety Wistar rats were included in the study. Colitis was induced by a single intracolonic application of acetic acid. Rats were divided into three groups of treatment: subcutaneous RC-3095, intracolonic mesalazine, and subcutaneous dexamethasone. Additionally, there was a fourth group of animals submitted to induction of colitis without receiving any form of treatment, and a fifth group in which no colitis was induced. Seventy-two hours after instillation of acetic acid, the animals were killed and the following parameters were assessed: morphological score of damage, histological score of colonic inflammation, and immunohistochemical expression of TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta. RESULTS RC-3095 was the only treatment to significantly reduce macroscopic and microscopic scores of inflammation as compared with the animals from the non-treated colitis group. RC-3095 also significantly reduced the colonic expression of TNF-alpha, but not the expression of IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS RC-3095 reduced the colitis severity in a well-established experimental model of IBD. The anti-inflammatory activity of this compound was associated with a reduction in the colonic expression of TNF-alpha. These results suggest that interference with GRP pathway might represent a potential new strategy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis that deserves further investigational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Damin
- Division of Coloproctology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease associated with premature birth and characterized by early lung injury. In this review we discuss some pitfalls, problems, and progress in this condition over the last decade, focusing mainly on the last 5 years, limited to studies in human neonates. Changes in the definition, pathogenesis, genetic susceptibility, and recent biomarkers associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia will be discussed. Progress in current management strategies, along with novel approaches/therapies, will be critically appraised. Finally, recent data on long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhandari
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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31
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:272-80. [PMID: 19307901 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32832ad5c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Degan S, Lopez GY, Kevill K, Sunday ME. Gastrin-releasing peptide, immune responses, and lung disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1144:136-47. [PMID: 19076373 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is produced by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), with highest numbers of GRP-positive cells present in fetal lung. Normally GRP-positive PNECs are relatively infrequent after birth, but PNEC hyperplasia is frequently associated with chronic lung diseases. To address the hypothesis that GRP mediates chronic lung injury, we present the cumulative evidence implicating GRP in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of premature infants who survive acute respiratory distress syndrome. The availability of well-characterized animal models of BPD was a critical tool for demonstrating that GRP plays a direct role in the early pathogenesis of this disease. Potential mechanisms by which GRP contributes to injury are analyzed, with the main focus on innate immunity. Autoreactive T cells may contribute to lung injury late in the course of disease. A working model is proposed with GRP triggering multiple cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune systems, promoting cascades culminating in chronic lung disease. These observations represent a paradigm shift in the understanding of the early pathogenesis of BPD, and suggest that GRP blockade could be a novel treatment to prevent this lung disease in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Degan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms by which mammalian bombesin receptors are regulated and which intracellular signaling pathways have been characterized to mediate agonist-dependent receptor biological effects. RECENT FINDINGS Mammalian bombesin receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in a larger array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions than previously reported. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of animals genetically deficient of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor demonstrated roles in memory and fear behavior, lung development and injury, small intestinal cell repair, autocrine tumor growth, and mediating signals for pruritus and penile reflexes. Intracellular signaling studies predominantly of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor owing to its frequent overexpression in some human malignancies showed that PI3 kinase activation is an important mechanism of cell proliferation. Tumor cell treatment including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonists combined with inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor resulted in an additive effect on blocking cell proliferation. Novel molecular mechanisms of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype-3 and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene regulation have been elucidated. SUMMARY Inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in human malignancies represents an attractive target for pharmacological treatment. Novel functions of bombesin related peptides have been identified including processes in the central nervous system, lung and intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Das S, Du Z, Bassly S, Singer L, Vicencio AG. Effects of chronic hypercapnia in the neonatal mouse lung and brain. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:176-82. [PMID: 19142892 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permissive hypercapnia is increasingly utilized in the care of premature infants to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In a previous investigation, we described gene expression changes in the neonatal mouse lung exposed to chronic hypercapnia that might contribute to lung protection and accelerated maturation. However, it is unknown whether chronic hypercapnia increases alveolar formation, nor if it has detrimental effects in other developing organs such as the brain. OBJECTIVE To determine whether chronic hypercapnia accelerates early alveolar formation and increases neuronal cell injury in the developing mouse lung and brain, respectively. DESIGN Mouse pups were exposed to 8% CO(2) + 21% O(2) starting at postnatal day (P) 2 until P7. Control animals were maintained in room air. Animals were sacrificed at P4 or P7, and lungs and brains were excised and analyzed. RESULTS Exposure to 8% CO(2) resulted in an increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma) which localized to the tips of developing alveolar buds, and also an increased number of alveolar buds at P7. Importantly, hypercapnic animals also demonstrated evidence of increased TUNEL-positive cells in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to chronic hypercapnia may lead to early initiation of alveolar budding in the neonatal mouse, but may also lead to increased TUNEL-positive cells in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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Baroni A, Perfetto B, Canozo N, Braca A, Farina E, Melito A, De Maria S, Cartenì M. Bombesin: a possible role in wound repair. Peptides 2008; 29:1157-66. [PMID: 18455266 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During tissue regeneration and wound healing of the skin, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes are important processes. Here we assessed the effect of a neuropeptide, bombesin, on keratinocytes during regeneration from scratch wounding. Bombesin purified from amphibian skin, is homologous of mammalian gastrin-releasing peptide and is active in mammals. Its pharmacological effects mediate various physiological activities: hypertensive action, stimulating action on gastric secretion, hyperglycemic effect or increased insulin secretion. In vitro it shows a hyperproliferative effect on different experimental models and is involved in skin repair. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of Bombesin in an in vitro experimental model on a mechanically injured human keratinocyte monolayer. We evaluated different mediators involved in wound repair such as IL-8, TGFbeta, IL-1, COX-2, VEGF and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4). We also studied the effects of bombesin on cell proliferation and motility and its direct effect on wound repair by observing the wound closure after mechanical injury. The involvement of the bombesin receptors neuromedin receptor (NMBR) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) was also evaluated. Our data suggest that bombesin may have an important role in skin repair by regulating the expression of healing markers. It enhanced the expression of IL-8, TGFbeta, COX-2 and VEGF. It also enhanced the expression of TLR2, while TLR4 was not expressed. Bombesin also increased cell growth and migration. In addition, we showed that NMBR was more involved in our experimental model compared to GRP-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baroni
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bush
- F.R.C.P., Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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37
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Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Gonzalez N, Moody TW, Igarashi H, Ito T, Jensen RT. Bombesin-related peptides and their receptors: recent advances in their role in physiology and disease states. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:58-64. [PMID: 18185064 PMCID: PMC2631407 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f3709b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mammalian bombesin-related peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B actions are mediated by two receptors (BB1-receptor, BB2-receptor), which are closely related to the orphan receptor BRS-3 (BB3-receptor). The purpose of this review is to highlight advances in the understanding of these peptides in physiology/disease states. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacologic/receptor-knockout studies show involvement of these receptors in a number of new processes/diseases. Neuromedin B/BB1-receptor is an important physiological regulator of pituitary-thyroid function; in mediating behavior, especially feas/anxiety; in mediating satiety through different cascades than gastrin-releasing peptide/BB2 receptors and for its autocrine tumor-growth effects. Gastrin-releasing peptide/BB2-receptor plays important roles in mediating signals for pruritus, lung development/injury, small intestinal mucosal defense, and central nervous system processes such as learning/memory. The signaling mechanisms of its potent growth effects are being elucidated and their possible therapeutic targets identified. BB3-receptor knockout mice provided insights for their obesity/glucose intolerance and demonstrated that this receptor may be important in the lung response to injury, tumor growth and gastrointestinal motility. Each receptor is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and has potent growth effects. This effect is being explored to develop new antitumor treatments, such as bombesin-receptor ligands conjugated to cytotoxic agents. SUMMARY This receptor family is involved in an increasing number of central nervous system/peripheral processes physiologically and in disease states, and increased understanding of its role may lead to novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Gonzalez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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