1
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Mitochondrial ROS production by neutrophils is required for host antimicrobial function against Streptococcus pneumoniae and is controlled by A2B adenosine receptor signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010700. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) control Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infection through various antimicrobial activities. We previously found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were required for optimal antibacterial function, however, the NADPH oxidase is known to be dispensable for the ability of PMNs to kill pneumococci. In this study, we explored the role of ROS produced by the mitochondria in PMN antimicrobial defense against pneumococci. We found that the mitochondria are an important source of overall intracellular ROS produced by murine PMNs in response to infection. We investigated the host and bacterial factors involved and found that mitochondrial ROS (MitROS) are produced independent of bacterial capsule or pneumolysin but presence of live bacteria that are in direct contact with PMNs enhanced the response. We further found that MyD88-/- PMNs produced less MitROS in response to pneumococcal infection suggesting that released bacterial products acting as TLR ligands are sufficient for inducing MitROS production in PMNs. To test the role of MitROS in PMN function, we used an opsonophagocytic killing assay and found that MitROS were required for the ability of PMNs to kill pneumococci. We then investigated the role of MitROS in host resistance and found that MitROS are produced by PMNs in response to pneumococcal infection. Importantly, treatment of mice with a MitROS scavenger prior to systemic challenge resulted in reduced survival of infected hosts. In exploring host pathways that control MitROS, we focused on extracellular adenosine, which is known to control PMN anti-pneumococcal activity, and found that signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor inhibits MitROS production by PMNs. A2BR-/- mice produced more MitROS and were significantly more resistant to infection. Finally, we verified the clinical relevance of our findings using human PMNs. In summary, we identified a novel pathway that controls MitROS production by PMNs, shaping host resistance against S. pneumoniae.
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2
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Rana M, Setia M, Suvas PK, Chakraborty A, Suvas S. Diphenyleneiodonium Treatment Inhibits the Development of Severe Herpes Stromal Keratitis Lesions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0101422. [PMID: 35946937 PMCID: PMC9472634 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01014-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in tissue inflammation. In this study, we measured the intracellular level of ROS in herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) corneas and determined the outcome of manipulating ROS level on HSK severity. Our results showed the predominance of ROS generation in neutrophils but not CD4 T cells in HSK corneas. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) enzyme is known to generate ROS in myeloid cells. Our results showed baseline expression of different NOX2 subunits in uninfected corneas. After corneal herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, an enhanced expression of NOX2 subunits was detected in infected corneas. Furthermore, flow cytometry results showed a higher level of gp91 (Nox2 subunit) protein in neutrophils from HSK corneas, suggesting the involvement of NOX2 in generating ROS. However, no significant decrease in ROS level was noticed in neutrophils from HSV-1-infected gp91-/- mice than in C57BL/6J (B6) mice, suggesting NOX2 is not the major contributor in generating ROS in neutrophils. Next, we used diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a flavoenzyme inhibitor, to pharmacologically manipulate the ROS levels in HSV-1-infected mice. Surprisingly, the neutrophils from peripheral blood and corneas of the DPI-treated group exhibited an increased level of ROS than the vehicle-treated group of infected B6 mice. Excessive ROS is known to cause cell death. Accordingly, DPI treatment resulted in a significant decrease in neutrophil frequency in peripheral blood and corneas of infected mice and was associated with reduced corneal pathology. Together, our results suggest that regulating ROS levels in neutrophils can ameliorate HSK severity. IMPORTANCE Neutrophils are one of the primary immune cell types involved in causing tissue damage after corneal HSV-1 infection. This study demonstrates that intracellular ROS production in the neutrophils in HSK lesions is not NOX2 dependent. Furthermore, manipulating ROS levels in neutrophils ameliorates the severity of HSK lesions. Our findings suggest that excessive intracellular ROS in neutrophils disrupt redox homeostasis and affect their survival, resulting in a decrease in HSK lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashidur Rana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mizumi Setia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pratima K. Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anish Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Keskinidou C, Vassiliou AG, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Orfanos SE. Mechanistic Understanding of Lung Inflammation: Recent Advances and Emerging Techniques. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3501-3546. [PMID: 35734098 PMCID: PMC9207257 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s282695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma. Hence, it is considered as the most appropriate clinical syndrome to study pathogenic mechanisms of lung inflammation. ARDS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU), while no effective pharmacological treatment exists. It is very important therefore to fully characterize the underlying pathobiology and the related mechanisms, in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In vivo and in vitro models are important pre-clinical tools in biological and medical research in the mechanistic and pathological understanding of the majority of diseases. In this review, we will present data from selected experimental models of lung injury/acute lung inflammation, which have been based on clinical disorders that can lead to the development of ARDS and related inflammatory lung processes in humans, including ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, smoke, acid aspiration, radiation, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), influenza, Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae and coronaviruses infection. Data from the corresponding clinical conditions will also be presented. The mechanisms related to lung inflammation that will be covered are oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, surfactant, and water and ion channels. Finally, we will present a brief overview of emerging techniques in the field of omics research that have been applied to ARDS research, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which may recognize factors to help stratify ICU patients at risk, predict their prognosis, and possibly, serve as more specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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4
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Phagosomal Acidification Is Required to Kill Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zebrafish Model. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9429516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen causing invasive disease, including community-acquired bacteraemia, and remains a leading cause of global mortality. Understanding the role of phagocytes in killing bacteria is still limited, especially in vivo. In this study, we established a zebrafish model to study the interaction between intravenously administered pneumococci and professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, to unravel bacterial killing mechanisms employed by these immune cells. Our model confirmed the key role of polysaccharide capsule in promoting pneumococcal virulence through inhibition of phagocytosis. Conversely, we show pneumococci lacking a capsule are rapidly internalised by macrophages. Low doses of encapsulated S. pneumoniae cause near 100% mortality within 48 hours postinfection (hpi), while 50 times higher doses of unencapsulated pneumococci are easily cleared. Time course analysis of in vivo bacterial numbers reveals that while encapsulated pneumococcus proliferates to levels exceeding 105 CFU at the time of host death, unencapsulated bacteria are unable to grow and are cleared within 20 hpi. Using genetically induced macrophage depletion, we confirmed an essential role for macrophages in bacterial clearance. Additionally, we show that upon phagocytosis by macrophages, phagosomes undergo rapid acidification. Genetic and chemical inhibition of vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) prevents intracellular bacterial killing and induces host death indicating a key role of phagosomal acidification in immunity to invading pneumococci. We also show that our model can be used to study the efficacy of antimicrobials against pneumococci in vivo. Collectively, our data confirm that larval zebrafish can be used to dissect killing mechanisms during pneumococcal infection in vivo and highlight key roles for phagosomal acidification in macrophages for pathogen clearance.
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5
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Fiocca Vernengo F, Opitz B. TBK1´s Role in Bacterial Pneumonia: Perhaps More than Macrophages and IFNs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:596-597. [PMID: 35363998 PMCID: PMC9163646 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0040ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Fiocca Vernengo
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14903, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14903, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany;
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6
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de Porto AP, Liu Z, de Beer R, Florquin S, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, den Haan JMM, Hendriks RW, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T, de Vos AF. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Signaling in Myeloid Cells Is Required for Protective Innate Immunity During Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723967. [PMID: 34552589 PMCID: PMC8450579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic kinase expressed in B cells and myeloid cells. It is essential for B cell development and natural antibody-mediated host defense against bacteria in humans and mice, but little is known about the role of Btk in innate host defense in vivo. Previous studies have indicated that lack of (natural) antibodies is paramount for impaired host defense against Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae in patients and mice with a deficiency in functional Btk. In the present study, we re-examined the role of Btk in B cells and myeloid cells during pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis in mice. The antibacterial defense of Btk-/- mice was severely impaired during pneumococcal pneumosepsis and restoration of natural antibody production in Btk-/- mice by transgenic expression of Btk specifically in B cells did not suffice to protect against infection. Btk-/- mice with reinforced Btk expression in MhcII+ cells, including B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, showed improved antibacterial defense as compared to Btk-/- mice. Bacterial outgrowth in Lysmcre-Btkfl/Y mice was unaltered despite a reduced capacity of Btk-deficient alveolar macrophages to respond to pneumococci. Mrp8cre-Btkfl/Y mice with a neutrophil specific paucity in Btk expression, however, demonstrated impaired antibacterial defense. Neutrophils of Mrp8cre-Btkfl/Y mice displayed reduced release of granule content after pulmonary installation of lipoteichoic acid, a gram-positive bacterial cell wall component relevant for pneumococci. Moreover, Btk deficient neutrophils showed impaired degranulation and phagocytosis upon incubation with pneumococci ex vivo. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that besides regulating B cell-mediated immunity, Btk is critical for regulation of myeloid cell-mediated, and particularly neutrophil-mediated, innate host defense against S. pneumoniae in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P de Porto
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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The GPCR adaptor protein norbin suppresses the neutrophil-mediated immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3076-3091. [PMID: 34402884 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal pneumonia is a worldwide health problem that kills ∼2 million people each year, particularly young children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils provide the early innate immune response to clear pneumococcus from infected lungs. However, the level of neutrophil involvement is context dependent, both in humans and in mouse models of the disease, influenced by factors such as bacterial load, age, and coinfections. Here, we show that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) adaptor protein norbin (neurochondrin, NCDN), which was hitherto known as a regulator of neuronal function, is a suppressor of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity. Myeloid norbin deficiency improved the immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection by increasing the involvement of neutrophils in clearing the bacteria, without affecting neutrophil recruitment or causing autoinflammation. It also improved immunity during Escherichia coli-induced septic peritonitis. It increased the responsiveness of neutrophils to a range of stimuli, promoting their ability to kill bacteria in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner, enhancing degranulation, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps, raising the cell surface levels of selected GPCRs, and increasing GPCR-dependent Rac and Erk signaling. The Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Prex1, a known effector of norbin, was dispensable for most of these effects, which suggested that norbin controls additional downstream targets. We identified the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav as one of these effectors. In summary, our study presents the GPCR adaptor protein norbin as an immune suppressor that limits the ability of neutrophils to clear bacterial infections.
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8
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Yuan Q, Basit A, Liang W, Qu R, Luan Y, Ren C, Li A, Xu X, Liu X, Yang C, Kuo A, Pierce R, Zhang L, Turk B, Hu X, Li F, Cui W, Li R, Huang D, Mo L, Sessa WC, Lee PJ, Kluger Y, Su B, Tang W, He J, Wu D. Pazopanib ameliorates acute lung injuries via inhibition of MAP3K2 and MAP3K3. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/591/eabc2499. [PMID: 33910977 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) causes high mortality and lacks any pharmacological intervention. Here, we found that pazopanib ameliorated ALI manifestations and reduced mortality in mouse ALI models and reduced edema in human lung transplantation recipients. Pazopanib inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2)- and MAP3K3-mediated phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase 2 subunit p47phox at Ser208 to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in myeloid cells. Genetic inactivation of MAP3K2 and MAP3K3 in myeloid cells or hematopoietic mutation of p47phox Ser208 to alanine attenuated ALI manifestations and abrogates anti-ALI effects of pazopanib. This myeloid MAP3K2/MAP3K3-p47phox pathway acted via paracrine H2O2 to enhance pulmonary vasculature integrity and promote lung epithelial cell survival and proliferation, leading to increased pulmonary barrier function and resistance to ALI. Thus, pazopanib has the potential to be effective for treating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yuan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Abdul Basit
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yi Luan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ao Li
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard Pierce
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fangyong Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Weixue Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Run Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Danxia Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lili Mo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patty J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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9
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Liu ZZ, Yang YJ, Zhou CK, Yan SQ, Ma K, Gao Y, Chen W. STING Contributes to Host Defense Against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Through Suppressing Necroptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636861. [PMID: 34135886 PMCID: PMC8202078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STING (Stimulator of interferon genes) is known as an important adaptor protein or direct sensor in the detection of nucleotide originating from pathogens or the host. The implication of STING during pulmonary microbial infection remains unknown to date. Herein, we showed that STING protected against pulmonary S.aureus infection by suppressing necroptosis. STING deficiency resulted in increased mortality, more bacteria burden in BALF and lungs, severe destruction of lung architecture, and elevated inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory cytokines secretion. STING deficiency also had a defect in bacterial clearance, but did not exacerbate pulmonary inflammation during the early stage of infection. Interestingly, TUNEL staining and LDH release assays showed that STING-/- mice had increased cell death than WT mice. We further demonstrated that STING-/- mice had decreased number of macrophages accompanied by increased dead macrophages. Our in vivo and in vitro findings further demonstrated this cell death as necroptosis. The critical role of necroptosis was detected by the fact that MLKL-/- mice exhibited decreased macrophage death and enhanced host defense to S.aureus infection. Importantly, blocking necroptosis activation rescued host defense defect against S.aureus pneumonia in STING-/- mice. Hence, these results reveal an important role of STING in suppressing necroptosis activation to facilitate early pathogen control during pulmonary S.aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Kai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Qing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Bhattacharyya A, Herta T, Conrad C, Frey D, García P, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Zahlten J. Induction of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Mediates Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:582070. [PMID: 33613460 PMCID: PMC7887292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are of central importance for the elimination of pathogens in bacterial infections. We investigated the Streptococcus pneumoniae-dependent induction of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 4 in PMNs as a potential regulator of PMN activation. We found that KLF4 expression is induced in human blood-derived PMNs in a time- and dose-dependent manner by wild-type S. pneumoniae and capsule knockout mutants. Unencapsulated knockout mutants induced stronger KLF4 expression than encapsulated wild types. The presence of autolysin LytA-competent (thus viable) pneumococci and LytA-mediated bacterial autolysis were required for KLF4 induction in human and murine PMNs. LyzMcre-mediated knockdown of KLF4 in murine blood-derived PMNs revealed that KLF4 influences pneumococci killing and increases the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and keratinocyte chemoattractant and decreases the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Thus, S. pneumoniae induces KLF4 expression in PMNs, which contributes to PMN activation in S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhattacharyya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Herta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Frey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Qiu Q, Li C, Yan X, Zhang H, Luo X, Gao X, Liu X, Song Y, Deng Y. Photodynamic/ photothermal therapy enhances neutrophil-mediated ibrutinib tumor delivery for potent tumor immunotherapy: More than one plus one? Biomaterials 2021; 269:120652. [PMID: 33450581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated drug-delivery systems have gained widespread attention owing to their superior efficacy in cancer therapy. Neutrophils, the most abundant white cells in peripheral blood, are known to migrate to inflamed tumors. Here, we elaborate on a novel strategy to enhance tumor infiltration of neutrophils by photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) to deliver ibrutinib (IBR) nanocomplexes for cancer immunotherapy. DiR-loading liposomes (DiR-lipos) were administered to induce acute inflammation, and sialic acid (SA) derivative-coated IBR-loading nanocomplexes (SA-2@NCs) were fabricated for targeting activated peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs). This in vitro and in vivo attempt, therefore, proved the hypothesis that inducing acute inflammation via PDT/PTT could facilitate the migration of PBNs, which could deliver SA-2@NCs into the tumor. The enhanced tumor delivery of SA-2@NCs was accompanied by enhanced antitumor T-cell immune responses in a mouse orthotopic breast cancer model. Our findings indicate that the combination of IBR-mediated immunotherapy with DiR-mediated PDT/PTT bring together two leading novel strategies, taking advantage of their synergistic mechanisms of action for a potent anti-tumor efficacy for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Cong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Xinyang Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Xiang Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, No. 508 Huancheng West Road, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, 312000, PR China.
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
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12
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Pompilio A, Di Bonaventura G. Ambient air pollution and respiratory bacterial infections, a troubling association: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and future challenges. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:600-630. [PMID: 33059504 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1816894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization attributed more than four million premature deaths to ambient air pollution in 2016. Numerous epidemiologic studies demonstrate that acute respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of pre-existing chronic airway diseases can result from exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution. In this context, the atmosphere contains both chemical and microbial pollutants (bioaerosols), whose impact on human health remains unclear. Therefore, this review: summarises the findings from recent studies on the association between exposure to air pollutants-especially particulate matter and ozone-and onset or exacerbation of respiratory infections (e.g. pneumonia, cystic fibrosis lung infection, and tuberculosis); discusses the mechanisms underlying the relationship between air pollution and respiratory bacterial infections, which is necessary to define prevention and treatment strategies; demonstrates the relevance of air pollution modelling in investigating and preventing the impact of exposure to air pollutants on human health; and outlines future actions required to improve air quality and reduce morbidity and mortality related to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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13
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To EE, O'Leary JJ, O'Neill LAJ, Vlahos R, Bozinovski S, Porter CJH, Brooks RD, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. Spatial Properties of Reactive Oxygen Species Govern Pathogen-Specific Immune System Responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:982-992. [PMID: 32008365 PMCID: PMC7426979 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often considered to be undesirable toxic molecules that are generated under conditions of cellular stress, which can cause damage to critical macromolecules such as DNA. However, ROS can also contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and many other chronic inflammatory disease conditions, including atherosclerosis, metabolic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurodegenerative disease, and autoimmune disease. Recent Advances: The field of ROS biology is expanding, with an emerging paradigm that these reactive species are not generated haphazardly, but instead produced in localized regions or in specific subcellular compartments, and this has important consequences for immune system function. Currently, there is evidence for ROS generation in extracellular spaces, in endosomal compartments, and within mitochondria. Intriguingly, the specific location of ROS production appears to be influenced by the type of invading pathogen (i.e., bacteria, virus, or fungus), the size of the invading pathogen, as well as the expression/subcellular action of pattern recognition receptors and their downstream signaling networks, which sense the presence of these invading pathogens. Critical Issues: ROS are deliberately generated by the immune system, using specific NADPH oxidases that are critically important for pathogen clearance. Professional phagocytic cells can sense a foreign bacterium, initiate phagocytosis, and then within the confines of the phagosome, deliver bursts of ROS to these pathogens. The importance of confining ROS to this specific location is the impetus for this perspective. Future Directions: There are specific knowledge gaps on the fate of the ROS generated by NADPH oxidases/mitochondria, how these ROS are confined to specific locations, as well as the identity of ROS-sensitive targets and how they regulate cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice E To
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - John J O'Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Sir Patrick Dun's Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Emer Casey Research Laboratory, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia.,Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robert D Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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14
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Anthony D, Papanicolaou A, Wang H, Seow HJ, To EE, Yatmaz S, Anderson GP, Wijburg O, Selemidis S, Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species Inhibit IL-17A + γδ T Cells and Innate Cellular Responses to Bacterial Lung Infection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:943-956. [PMID: 31190552 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are detrimental to immune cellular functions that control pathogenic microbes; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Our aim was to determine the immunological consequences of increased ROS levels during acute bacterial infection. Results: We used a model of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) lung infection and superoxide dismutase 3-deficient (SOD3-/-) mice, as SOD3 is a major antioxidant enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of superoxide radicals. First, we observed that in vitro, macrophages from SOD3-/- mice generated excessive phagosomal ROS during acute bacterial infection. In vivo, there was a significant reduction in infiltrating neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced peribronchial and alveoli inflammation in SOD3-/- mice 2 days after Spn infection. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining revealed enhanced apoptosis in neutrophils from Spn-infected SOD3-/- mice. In addition, SOD3-/- mice showed an altered macrophage phenotypic profile, with markedly diminished recruitment of monocytes (CD11clo, CD11bhi) in the airways. Further investigation revealed significantly lower levels of the monocyte chemokine CCL-2, and cytokines IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-17A in Spn-infected SOD3-/- mice. There were also significantly fewer IL-17A-expressing gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) in the lungs of Spn-infected SOD3-/- mice. Innovation: Our data demonstrate that SOD3 deficiency leads to an accumulation of phagosomal ROS levels that initiate early neutrophil apoptosis during pneumococcal infection. Consequent to these events, there was a failure to initiate innate γδ T cell responses. Conclusion: These studies offer new cellular and mechanistic insights into how excessive ROS can regulate innate immune responses to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Anthony
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angelica Papanicolaou
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eunice E To
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Selcuk Yatmaz
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Gary P Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Odilia Wijburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Siwapornchai N, Lee JN, Tchalla EYI, Bhalla M, Yeoh JH, Roggensack SE, Leong JM, Bou Ghanem EN. Extracellular adenosine enhances the ability of PMNs to kill Streptococcus pneumoniae by inhibiting IL-10 production. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:867-882. [PMID: 32017200 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0120-115rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are crucial for initial control of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) lung infection; however, as the infection progresses their persistence in the lungs becomes detrimental. Here we explored why the antimicrobial efficacy of PMNs declines over the course of infection. We found that the progressive inability of PMNs to control infection correlated with phenotypic differences characterized by a decrease in CD73 expression, an enzyme required for production of extracellular adenosine (EAD). EAD production by CD73 was crucial for the ability of both murine and human PMNs to kill S. pneumoniae. In exploring the mechanisms by which CD73 controlled PMN function, we found that CD73 mediated its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting IL-10 production. PMNs from wild-type mice did not increase IL-10 production in response to S. pneumoniae; however, CD73-/- PMNs up-regulated IL-10 production upon pneumococcal infection in vitro and during lung challenge. IL-10 inhibited the ability of WT PMNs to kill pneumococci. Conversely, blocking IL-10 boosted the bactericidal activity of CD73-/- PMNs as well as host resistance of CD73-/- mice to pneumococcal pneumonia. CD73/IL-10 did not affect apoptosis, bacterial uptake, and intracellular killing or production of antimicrobial neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase. Rather, inhibition of IL-10 production by CD73 was important for optimal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by PMNs. ROS contributed to PMN antimicrobial function as their removal or detoxification impaired the ability of PMNs to efficiently kill S. pneumoniae. This study demonstrates that CD73 controls PMN antimicrobial phenotype during S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalat Siwapornchai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James N Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Essi Y I Tchalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Manmeet Bhalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jun Hui Yeoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sara E Roggensack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elsa N Bou Ghanem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
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16
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Machado MG, Tavares LP, Souza GVS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Ascenção FR, Lopes ME, Garcia CC, Menezes GB, Perretti M, Russo RC, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. The Annexin A1/FPR2 pathway controls the inflammatory response and bacterial dissemination in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. FASEB J 2019; 34:2749-2764. [PMID: 31908042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia leading to high mortality rates. Inflammation triggered by pneumococcal infection is necessary for bacterial clearance but must be spatially and temporally regulated to prevent further tissue damage and bacterial dissemination. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) mainly acts through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) inducing the resolution of inflammation. Here, we have evaluated the role of AnxA1 and FPR2 during pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. For that, AnxA1, Fpr2/3 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) controls were infected intranasally with S pneumoniae. AnxA1 and Fpr2/3 KO mice were highly susceptible to infection, displaying uncontrolled inflammation, increased bacterial dissemination, and pulmonary dysfunction compared to WT animals. Mechanistically, the absence of AnxA1 resulted in the loss of lung barrier integrity and increased neutrophil activation upon S pneumoniae stimulation. Importantly, treatment of WT or AnxA1 KO-infected mice with Ac2-26 decreased inflammation, lung damage, and bacterial burden in the airways by increasing macrophage phagocytosis. Conversely, Ac2-26 peptide was ineffective to afford protection in Fpr2/3 KO mice during infection. Altogether, these findings show that AnxA1, via FPR2, controls inflammation and bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia by promoting host defenses, suggesting AnxA1-based peptides as a novel therapeutic strategy to control pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gomes Machado
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pádua Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanna V Santos Souza
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Roque Ascenção
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus Eustáquio Lopes
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Laboratório de sinalização na inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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17
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Sant B, Kumar P, Soni AK, Kannan GM, Nagar DP, Prasad GBKS, Bhaskar ASB. Neutrophil mediated inflammatory lung damage following single Sub lethal inhalation exposure to plant protein toxin abrin in mice. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:135-150. [PMID: 31190576 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1620898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abrin, a highly toxic plant protein found in the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. To date, there is no antidote against abrin intoxication. Abrin is toxic by all routes of exposure, but inhalation exposure is the most toxic of all routes. Present study was conducted to evaluate the acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized abrin in BALB/c mice. Animals were exposed to 0.2 and 0.8LC50 doses of aerosolized abrin and evaluated at 1 and 3 day post toxin exposure. Bronchoalveolar fluid from lungs was used for evaluation of markers for lung injury. Abrin inhalation exposure caused rise in LDH activity, protein content, increase in β-glucuronidase and myeloperoxidase activity. Increase in CRP activity, MMP-9 expression and recruitment of CD11b + inflammatory cells in lungs was also observed which was associated with severe inflammation and lung damage. Histopathological findings support the lung damage after abrin exposure. Our results indicate lung injury after single aerosol inhalation exposure, associated with excessive inflammation, oxidative stress, pulmonary edema followed by lung damage. These results could supplement treatment strategies and planning for therapeutic approaches against aerosolized abrin inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sant
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - Pravin Kumar
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - A K Soni
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - G M Kannan
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - D P Nagar
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - G B K S Prasad
- b School of Studies in Biochemistry , Jiwaji University , Gwalior , India
| | - A S B Bhaskar
- a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
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18
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Bai KJ, Chuang KJ, Chen JK, Tsai CY, Yang YL, Chang CC, Chen TT, Lee CN, Feng PH, Chen KY, Lee KY, Su CL, Ho SC, Wu SM, Chuang HC. Alterations by Air Pollution in Inflammation and Metals in Pleural Effusion of Pneumonia Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050705. [PMID: 30818785 PMCID: PMC6427250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is known to increase the risk of pneumonia. However, the effects of air pollution on the pleural effusion of patients with pneumonia are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate alterations in inflammatory–immune biomarkers by air pollution in patients with pneumonia by analyzing their pleural effusion. Patients who had undergone thoracentesis to drain their pleural effusion in a hospital were recruited for this study. Patients with pneumonia and those with congestive heart failure respectively served as the case and control groups. We observed that an increase of 1 ppb in one-year NO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.105 ng/mL in cluster of differentiation 62 (CD62) (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.085, −0.004, p < 0.05) in the pleural effusion. Furthermore, we observed that an increase in one−year 1 ppb of NO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.026 ng/mL in molybdenum (Mo) (95% CI = −0.138, −0.020, p < 0.05). An increase in one-year 1 ppb of SO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.531 ng/mL in zinc (95% CI = −0.164, −0.006, p < 0.05). Also, an increase in one-year 1 ppb of O3 was associated with a decrease of 0.025 ng/mL in Mo (95% CI = −0.372, −0.053, p < 0.05). In conclusion, air pollution exposure, especially gaseous pollution, may be associated with the regulation of immune responses and changes in metal levels in the pleural effusion of pneumonia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Jen Bai
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences and School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Sleep Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - You-Lan Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Tao Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Nin Lee
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Chein-Ling Su
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Ho
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
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19
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Evans SJ, Clift MJD, Singh N, Wills JW, Hondow N, Wilkinson TS, Burgum MJ, Brown AP, Jenkins GJ, Doak SH. In vitro detection of in vitro secondary mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by engineered nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30760282 PMCID: PMC6374901 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) is vital to ensure the health and safety of those exposed to them. Further, there is a distinct need for the development of advanced physiologically relevant in vitro techniques for NM hazard prediction due to the limited predictive power of current in vitro models and the unsustainability of conducting nano-safety evaluations in vivo. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop alternative in vitro approaches to assess the potential of NMs to induce genotoxicity by secondary mechanisms. RESULTS This was first undertaken by a conditioned media-based technique, whereby cell culture media was transferred from differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) macrophages treated with γ-Fe2O3 or Fe3O4 superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to the bronchial cell line 16HBE14o-. Secondly construction and SPION treatment of a co-culture model comprising of 16HBE14o- cells and dTHP-1 macrophages. For both of these approaches no cytotoxicity was detected and chromosomal damage was evaluated by the in vitro micronucleus assay. Genotoxicity assessment was also performed using 16HBE14o- monocultures, which demonstrated only γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles to be capable of inducing chromosomal damage. In contrast, immune cell conditioned media and dual cell co-culture SPION treatments showed both SPION types to be genotoxic to 16HBE14o- cells due to secondary genotoxicity promoted by SPION-immune cell interaction. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study demonstrate that the approach of using single in vitro cell test systems precludes the ability to consider secondary genotoxic mechanisms. Consequently, the use of multi-cell type models is preferable as they better mimic the in vivo environment and thus offer the potential to enhance understanding and detection of a wider breadth of potential damage induced by NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Neenu Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - John W Wills
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Andy P Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Baruah S, Murthy S, Keck K, Galvan I, Prichard A, Allen LAH, Farrelly M, Klesney-Tait J. TREM-1 regulates neutrophil chemotaxis by promoting NOX-dependent superoxide production. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1195-1207. [PMID: 30667543 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vma0918-375r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil migration across tissue barriers to the site of injury involves integration of complex danger signals and is critical for host survival. Numerous studies demonstrate that these environmental signals fundamentally alter the responses of extravasated or "primed" neutrophils. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) plays a central role in modulating inflammatory signaling and neutrophil migration into the alveolar airspace. Using a genetic approach, we examined the role of TREM-1 in extravasated neutrophil function. Neutrophil migration in response to chemoattractants is dependent upon multiple factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated either extracellularly by epithelial cells or intracellularly by NADPH oxidase (NOX). We, therefore, questioned whether ROS were responsible for TREM-1-mediated regulation of migration. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils isolated from wild-type (WT) and TREM-1-deficient mice were stimulated with soluble and particulate agonists. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrated that NOX2-dependent superoxide production is impaired in TREM-1-deficient neutrophils. Consistent with these findings, we confirmed with Clark electrode that TREM-1-deficient neutrophils consume less oxygen. Next, we demonstrated that TREM-1 deficient neutrophils have impaired directional migration to fMLP and zymosan-activated serum as compared to WT neutrophils and that deletion or inhibition of NOX2 in WT but not TREM-1-deficient neutrophils significantly impaired direction sensing. Finally, TREM-1 deficiency resulted in decreased protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Thus, TREM-1 regulates neutrophil migratory properties, in part, by promoting AKT activation and NOX2-dependent superoxide production. These findings provide the first mechanistic evidence as to how TREM-1 regulates neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Baruah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shubha Murthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kathy Keck
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Isabel Galvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Allan Prichard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lee-Ann H Allen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mary Farrelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Julia Klesney-Tait
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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21
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Sarkar K, Sil PC. Infectious Lung Diseases and Endogenous Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN LUNG DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122037 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8413-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections, according to the World Health Organization, account for nearly one third of all deaths from infectious diseases. They account for approximately 4 million deaths annually including children and adults and provide a greater disease burden than HIV and malaria. Among the common respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, influenza, and pneumonia are very common and can be life threatening if not treated properly. The causative agent of tuberculosis is the slow-growing bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the causative agent of influenza is a segmented genome RNA virus. Pneumonia can be caused by a number of different microorganisms like bacteria, virus, and mycoplasma. In case of the entry of a pathogen in our body, the immune system gets activated, and the phagocytic cells try to eliminate it by generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) inside the phagosome. These reactive species or respiratory bursts are sufficient to eliminate most of the pathogens, except a few. M. tuberculosis is one such microorganism that has evolved mechanisms to escape this respiratory burst-mediated killing and thus survive and grow inside the macrophages. Infection with M. tuberculosis leads to the destruction of macrophages and release of cytokines, which lead to prolonged immune activation and oxidative stress. In some cases, the bacilli remain dormant inside macrophages for a long time. Flu viruses infect the epithelial cells present in respiratory tract, and the infection site is dependent on the hemagglutinin protein present on their capsid. Destruction of epithelial cells promotes secretion of mucus and activation of immune system leading to the oxidative damage. Community-acquired pneumonia is more serious and difficult to treat. In all these infections, ROS/RNS are developed as a defense mechanism against the pathogen. Persistence of the pathogen for a long time would lead to the uncontrolled production of ROS/RNS which will lead to oxidative stress and tissue damage to the host. Administration of antioxidants along with conventional treatments can be useful in the elimination of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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22
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Martinez RM, Fattori V, Saito P, Melo CBP, Borghi SM, Pinto IC, Bussmann AJC, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Lipoxin A4 inhibits UV radiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30201-9. [PMID: 29731194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a metabolic product of arachidonic acid. Despite potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution activities, it remains to be determined if LXA4 has effect on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of systemic administration with LXA4 on UV radiation-induced inflammation and oxidative damage in the skin of mice. METHODS Varied parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress in the skin of mice were evaluated after UV radiation (4.14 J/cm2). RESULTS Pretreatment with LXA4 significantly inhibited UV radiation-induced skin edema and myeloperoxidase activity. LXA4 efficacy was enhanced by increasing the time of pre-treatment to up to 72 h. LXA4 reduced UV radiation-induced skin edema, neutrophil recruitment (myeloperoxidase activity and LysM-eGFP+ cells), MMP-9 activity, deposition of collagen fibers, epidermal thickness, sunburn cell counts, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33). Depending on the time point, LXA4 increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10). LXA4 significantly attenuated UV radiation-induced oxidative damage returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as ferric reducing ability, scavenging of free radicals, GSH levels, catalase activity and superoxide anion production. LXA4 also reduced UV radiation-induced gp91phox [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) subunit] mRNA expression and enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA expression. CONCLUSION LXA4 inhibited UV radiation-induced skin inflammation by diminishing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress as well as inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Martinez
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - V Fattori
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - P Saito
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - C B P Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - S M Borghi
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - I C Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - A J C Bussmann
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - M M Baracat
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - S R Georgetti
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - W A Verri
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, Cx. Postal 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil.
| | - R Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Hospital Universitário, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brasil.
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23
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Ha Kim K, Sadikot RT, Yeon Lee J, Jeong HS, Oh YK, Blackwell TS, Joo M. Suppressed ubiquitination of Nrf2 by p47 phox contributes to Nrf2 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:48-58. [PMID: 28939422 PMCID: PMC5889093 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although critical in phagocytosis in innate immunity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) collaterally inflict damage to host phagocytes because they indiscriminate targets. Since Nrf2 increases the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes that nullifies ROS, ROS activating Nrf2 is a critical negative regulatory step for countering the deleterious effects of ROS. Here, we postulate whether, along with ROS activating Nrf2, NADPH oxidase components also participate in direct activation of Nrf2, contributing to protection from ROS. Our results show that the p47phox of the NADPH oxidase, but not p65phox or p40phox, physically binds to Nrf2, activating the Nrf2 function. p47phox binding to Nrf2/Keap1 complex suppresses the ubiquitination of Nrf2, while p47phox becomes ubiquitinated by Keap1. p47phox increases the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes, whereas genetic ablation of p47phox decreases the expression of those genes. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation mouse model, selective expression of p47phox in mouse lungs induces the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes and is sufficient to suppress neutrophilic lung inflammation. Therefore, our findings suggest that p47phox is a novel regulator of Nrf2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ha Kim
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Chu D, Dong X, Zhao Q, Gu J, Wang Z. Photosensitization Priming of Tumor Microenvironments Improves Delivery of Nanotherapeutics via Neutrophil Infiltration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201701021. [PMID: 28504320 PMCID: PMC5510494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of tumor microenvironments enables enhanced delivery of nanoparticles (NPs). This study shows that direct priming of a tumor tissue using photosensitization rapidly activates neutrophil infiltration that mediates delivery of nanotherapeutics into the tumor. A drug delivery platform is comprised of NPs coated with anti-CD11b antibodies (Abs) that target activated neutrophils. Intravital microscopy demonstrates that the movement of anti-CD11b Abs-decorated NPs (NPs-CD11b) into the tumor is mediated by neutrophil infiltration induced by photosensitization (PS) because the systemic depletion of neutrophils completely abolishes the nanoparticle tumor deposition. The neutrophil uptake of NPs does not alter neutrophil activation and transmigration. For cancer therapy in mice, tumor PS and photothermal therapy of anti-CD11b Abs-linked gold nanorods (GNRs-CD11b) are combined to treat the carcinoma tumor. The result indicates that neutrophil tumor infiltration enhances nanoparticle cancer therapy. The findings reveal that promoting tumor infiltration of neutrophils by manipulating tumor microenvironments could be a novel strategy to actively deliver nanotherapeutics in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Xinyue Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
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25
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Bou Ghanem EN, Lee JN, Joma BH, Meydani SN, Leong JM, Panda A. The Alpha-Tocopherol Form of Vitamin E Boosts Elastase Activity of Human PMNs and Their Ability to Kill Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:161. [PMID: 28516066 PMCID: PMC5413490 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are a key determinant of disease course, because optimal host defense requires an initial robust pulmonary PMN response to control bacterial numbers followed by modulation of this response later in infection. The elderly, who manifest a general decline in immune function and higher basal levels of inflammation, are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia. Using an aged mouse infection model, we previously showed that oral supplementation with the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E (α-Toc) decreases pulmonary inflammation, in part by modulating neutrophil migration across lung epithelium into alveolar spaces, and reverses the age-associated decline in resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia. The objective of this study was to test the effect of α-Toc on the ability of neutrophils isolated from young (22–35 years) or elderly (65–69 years) individuals to migrate across epithelial cell monolayers in response to S. pneumoniae and to kill complement-opsonized pneumococci. We found that basal levels of pneumococcal-induced transepithelial migration by PMNs from young or elderly donors were indistinguishable, suggesting that the age-associated exacerbation of pulmonary inflammation is not due to intrinsic properties of PMNs of elderly individuals but rather may reflect the inflammatory milieu of the aged lung. Consistent with its anti-inflammatory activity, α-Toc treatment diminished PMN migration regardless of donor age. Unexpectedly, unlike previous studies showing poor killing of antibody-opsonized bacteria, we found that PMNs of elderly donors were more efficient at killing complement-opsonized bacteria ex vivo than their younger counterparts. We also found that the heightened antimicrobial activity in PMNs from older donors correlated with increased activity of neutrophil elastase, a serine protease that is required to kill pneumococci. Notably, incubation with α-Toc increased PMN elastase activity from young donors and boosted their ability to kill complement-opsonized pneumococci. These findings demonstrate that α-Toc is a potent modulator of PMN responses and is a potential nutritional intervention to combat pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa N Bou Ghanem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at Tufts, University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - James N Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at Tufts, University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Basma H Joma
- Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts UniversityBoston MA, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at Tufts, University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Panda
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts UniversityBoston MA, USA
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Amatullah H, Shan Y, Beauchamp BL, Gali PL, Gupta S, Maron-Gutierrez T, Speck ER, Fox-Robichaud AE, Tsang JLY, Mei SHJ, Mak TW, Rocco PRM, Semple JW, Zhang H, Hu P, Marshall JC, Stewart DJ, Harper ME, Liaw PC, Liles WC, dos Santos CC. DJ-1/PARK7 Impairs Bacterial Clearance in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:889-905. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0730oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hajera Amatullah
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Yuexin Shan
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Patricia L. Gali
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sahil Gupta
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edwin R. Speck
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison E. Fox-Robichaud
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer L. Y. Tsang
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirley H. J. Mei
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton (Niagara Campus), Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia R. M. Rocco
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John W. Semple
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - John C. Marshall
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duncan J. Stewart
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton (Niagara Campus), Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C. Liaw
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claudia C. dos Santos
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and
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27
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Evans SJ, Clift MJD, Singh N, de Oliveira Mallia J, Burgum M, Wills JW, Wilkinson TS, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. Critical review of the current and future challenges associated with advanced in vitro systems towards the study of nanoparticle (secondary) genotoxicity. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:233-241. [PMID: 27815329 PMCID: PMC5180173 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the need to understand the potential biological impact of the plethora of nanoparticles (NPs) being manufactured for a wide range of potential human applications, due to their inevitable human exposure, research activities in the field of NP toxicology has grown exponentially over the last decade. Whilst such increased research efforts have elucidated an increasingly significant knowledge base pertaining to the potential human health hazard posed by NPs, understanding regarding the possibility for NPs to elicit genotoxicity is limited. In vivo models are unable to adequately discriminate between the specific modes of action associated with the onset of genotoxicity. Additionally, in line with the recent European directives, there is an inherent need to move away from invasive animal testing strategies. Thus, in vitro systems are an important tool for expanding our mechanistic insight into NP genotoxicity. Yet uncertainty remains concerning their validity and specificity for this purpose due to the unique challenges presented when correlating NP behaviour in vitro and in vivo This review therefore highlights the current state of the art in advanced in vitro systems and their specific advantages and disadvantages from a NP genotoxicity testing perspective. Key indicators will be given related to how these systems might be used or improved to enhance understanding of NP genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Neenu Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jefferson de Oliveira Mallia
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - John W Wills
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, MRC CLIMB Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK,
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Bryant JC, Dabbs RC, Oswalt KL, Brown LR, Rosch JW, Seo KS, Donaldson JR, McDaniel LS, Thornton JA. Pyruvate oxidase of Streptococcus pneumoniae contributes to pneumolysin release. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:271. [PMID: 27829373 PMCID: PMC5103497 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of community acquired pneumonia and acute otitis media. Certain aspects of S. pneumoniae’s virulence are dependent upon expression and release of the protein toxin pneumolysin (PLY) and upon the activity of the peroxide-producing enzyme, pyruvate oxidase (SpxB). We investigated the possible synergy of these two proteins and identified that release of PLY is enhanced by expression of SpxB prior to stationary phase growth. Results Mutants lacking the spxB gene were defective in PLY release and complementation of spxB restored PLY release. This was demonstrated by cytotoxic effects of sterile filtered supernatants upon epithelial cells and red blood cells. Additionally, peroxide production appeared to contribute to the mechanism of PLY release since a significant correlation was found between peroxide production and PLY release among a panel of clinical isolates. Exogenous addition of H2O2 failed to induce PLY release and catalase supplementation prevented PLY release in some strains, indicating peroxide may exert its effect intracellularly or in a strain-dependent manner. SpxB expression did not trigger bacterial cell death or LytA-dependent autolysis, but did predispose cells to deoxycholate lysis. Conclusions Here we demonstrate a novel link between spxB expression and PLY release. These findings link liberation of PLY toxin to oxygen availability and pneumococcal metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0881-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bryant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 295 E Lee Blvd., Harned Hall, Rm 219, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Ridge C Dabbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 295 E Lee Blvd., Harned Hall, Rm 219, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Katie L Oswalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 295 E Lee Blvd., Harned Hall, Rm 219, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Lindsey R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 295 E Lee Blvd., Harned Hall, Rm 219, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Keun S Seo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Janet R Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Larry S McDaniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Justin A Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 295 E Lee Blvd., Harned Hall, Rm 219, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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Bewley MA, Belchamber KBR, Chana KK, Budd RC, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Brightling CE, Kilty I, Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ, Singh D, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. Differential Effects of p38, MAPK, PI3K or Rho Kinase Inhibitors on Bacterial Phagocytosis and Efferocytosis by Macrophages in COPD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163139. [PMID: 27680884 PMCID: PMC5040258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation and bacterial colonization are central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Defects in macrophage phagocytosis of both bacteria and apoptotic cells contribute to the COPD phenotype. Small molecule inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity against p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and Rho kinase (ROCK) are being investigated as novel therapeutics in COPD. Concerns exist, however, about off-target effects. We investigated the effect of p38 MAPK inhibitors (VX745 and SCIO469), specific inhibitors of PI3K α (NVS-P13K-2), δ (NVS-P13K-3) or γ (NVS-P13K-5) and a ROCK inhibitor PF4950834 on macrophage phagocytosis, early intracellular killing of bacteria and efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from COPD patients (GOLD stage II/III) enrolled from a well characterized clinical cohort (MRC COPD-MAP consortium) or from healthy ex-smoker controls were studied. Both COPD AM and MDM exhibited lower levels of bacterial phagocytosis (using Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae) and efferocytosis than healthy controls. None of the inhibitors altered bacterial internalization or early intracellular bacterial killing in AM or MDM. Conversely PF4950834, but not other inhibitors, enhanced efferocytosis in COPD AM and MDM. These results suggest none of these inhibitors are likely to exacerbate phagocytosis-related defects in COPD, while confirming ROCK inhibitors can enhance efferocytosis in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Bewley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kylie B. R. Belchamber
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirandeep K. Chana
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Budd
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jadwiga A. Wedzicha
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louise E. Donnelly
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Barnes
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singh
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K. B. Whyte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the control of parasite loads and inflammation in Leishmania amazonensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:193. [PMID: 27056545 PMCID: PMC4825088 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) protect the host against a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. ROS have different effects on parasites of the genus Leishmania: some parasites are susceptible to their action, while others seem to be resistant. The role of ROS in L. amazonensis infection in vivo has not been addressed to date. Methods In this study, C57BL/6 wild-type mice (WT) and mice genetically deficient in ROS production by phagocytes (gp91phox−/−) were infected with metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis to address the effect of ROS in parasite control. Inflammatory cytokines, parasite loads and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluated. In parallel, in vitro infection of peritoneal macrophages was assessed to determine parasite killing, cytokine, NO and ROS production. Results In vitro results show induction of ROS production by infected peritoneal macrophages, but no effect in parasite killing. Also, ROS do not seem to be important to parasite killing in vivo, but they control lesion sizes at early stages of infection. IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 production did not differ among mouse strains. Myeloperoxidase assay showed augmented neutrophils influx 6 h and 72 h post - infection in gp91phox−/− mice, indicating a larger inflammatory response in gp91phox−/− even at early time points. At later time points, neutrophil numbers in lesions correlated with lesion size: larger lesions in gp91phox−/− at earlier times of infection corresponded to larger neutrophil infiltrates, while larger lesions in WT mice at the later points of infection also displayed larger numbers of neutrophils. Conclusion ROS do not seem to be important in L. amazonensis killing, but they regulate the inflammatory response probably by controlling neutrophils numbers in lesions.
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Panackal AA, Williamson KC, van de Beek D, Boulware DR, Williamson PR. Fighting the Monster: Applying the Host Damage Framework to Human Central Nervous System Infections. mBio 2016; 7:e01906-15. [PMID: 26814182 PMCID: PMC4742705 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01906-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The host damage-response framework states that microbial pathogenesis is a product of microbial virulence factors and collateral damage from host immune responses. Immune-mediated host damage is particularly important within the size-restricted central nervous system (CNS), where immune responses may exacerbate cerebral edema and neurological damage, leading to coma and death. In this review, we compare human host and therapeutic responses in representative nonviral generalized CNS infections that induce archetypal host damage responses: cryptococcal menigoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients, pneumococcal meningitis, and cerebral malaria. Consideration of the underlying patterns of host responses provides critical insights into host damage and may suggest tailored adjunctive therapeutics to improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil A Panackal
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Yu Y, Xu X, Liu L, Mao S, Feng T, Lu Y, Cheng Y, Wang H, Zhao W, Tang W. Progranulin deficiency leads to severe inflammation, lung injury and cell death in a mouse model of endotoxic shock. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:506-17. [PMID: 26757107 PMCID: PMC4759474 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a crucial secreted growth factor involved in various kinds of physiologic and disease processes and often has a protective role in inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of PGRN on endotoxic shock in a mouse model of PGRN deficiency. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to induce endotoxic shock in mice, PGRN levels were induced in wild‐type (WT) mice at 6 and 24 hrs. Survival rate analysis, haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated uridine triphosphate nick‐end labelling assay were used to reveal the susceptibility, lung injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, production of inflammatory mediators and lung cell death in mice after LPS injection. PGRN‐deficient (Grn−/−) mice were highly susceptible to LPS‐induced endotoxic shock, with decreased survival, severe lung injury, increased production of pro‐inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptotic death in the lung. Additionally, recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) administration before LPS stimulation ameliorated the survival of and abnormalities in both WT and Grn−/− mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that PGRN may be a novel biologic agent with therapeutic potential for endotoxic shock probably by inhibiting LPS‐induced systemic and local inflammation in mice for treating endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yizhe Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Kitur K, Parker D, Nieto P, Ahn DS, Cohen TS, Chung S, Wachtel S, Bueno S, Prince A. Toxin-induced necroptosis is a major mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus lung damage. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004820. [PMID: 25880560 PMCID: PMC4399879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strains cause a highly inflammatory necrotizing pneumonia. The virulence of this strain has been attributed to its expression of multiple toxins that have diverse targets including ADAM10, NLRP3 and CD11b. We demonstrate that induction of necroptosis through RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling is a major consequence of S. aureus toxin production. Cytotoxicity could be prevented by inhibiting either RIP1 or MLKL signaling and S. aureus mutants lacking agr, hla or Hla pore formation, lukAB or psms were deficient in inducing cell death in human and murine immune cells. Toxin-associated pore formation was essential, as cell death was blocked by exogenous K+ or dextran. MLKL inhibition also blocked caspase-1 and IL-1β production, suggesting a link to the inflammasome. Rip3-/- mice exhibited significantly improved staphylococcal clearance and retained an alveolar macrophage population with CD200R and CD206 markers in the setting of acute infection, suggesting increased susceptibility of these leukocytes to necroptosis. The importance of this anti-inflammatory signaling was indicated by the correlation between improved outcome and significantly decreased expression of KC, IL-6, TNF, IL-1α and IL-1β in infected mice. These findings indicate that toxin-induced necroptosis is a major cause of lung pathology in S. aureus pneumonia and suggest the possibility of targeting components of this signaling pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) cause a highly inflammatory pneumonia associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Much of this lung destruction is attributed to toxins that target specific receptors on human and murine cells. We demonstrate that the α-hemolysin (Hla) and other agr-regulated toxins activate RIP1/RIP3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis and IL-1β expression, through a mechanism that involves MLKL pore-formation and inflammasome activation. Cell death can be inhibited by osmoprotectants and K+ repletion. Necroptosis results in alveolar macrophage depletion and loss of anti-inflammatory signaling. Rip3-/- mice maintain significantly greater numbers of alveolar macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes, CD206+ and CD200R+; decreased proinflammatory cytokine production; and improved SA clearance. Necroptosis represents a common mechanism of pulmonary damage activated by multiple SA toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipyegon Kitur
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela Nieto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danielle S. Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wachtel
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Bueno
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Endogeous sulfur dioxide protects against oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in association with inhibition of oxidative stress in rats. J Transl Med 2015; 95:142-56. [PMID: 25581610 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2), an efficient gasotransmitter maintaining homeostasis, in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) remains unidentified. We aimed to investigate the role of endogenous SO2 in the pathogenesis of ALI. An oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI rat model was established. Endogenous SO2 levels, lung injury, oxidative stress markers and apoptosis were examined. OA-induced ALI rats showed a markedly downregulated endogenous SO2/aspartate aminotransferase 1 (AAT1)/AAT2 pathway and severe lung injury. Chemical colorimetry assays demonstrated upregulated reactive oxygen species generation and downregulated antioxidant capacity in OA-induced ALI rats. However, SO2 increased endogenous SO2 levels, protected against oxidative stress and alleviated ALI. Moreover, compared with OA-treated cells, in human alveolar epithelial cells SO2 downregulated O2(-) and OH(-) generation. In contrast, L-aspartic acid-β-hydroxamate (HDX, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation), an inhibitor of endogenous SO2 generating enzyme, promoted free radical generation, upregulated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression, activated caspase-3, as well as promoted cell apoptosis. Importantly, apoptosis could be inhibited by the free radical scavengers glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The results suggest that SO2/AAT1/AAT2 pathway might protect against the development of OA-induced ALI by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Olivo CR, Miyaji EN, Oliveira MLS, Almeida FM, Lourenço JD, Abreu RM, Arantes PMM, Lopes FD, Martins MA. Aerobic exercise attenuates pulmonary inflammation induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:998-1007. [PMID: 25190745 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00290.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has been recognized as a stimulator of the immune system, but its effect on bacterial infection has not been extensively evaluated. We studied whether moderate aerobic exercise training prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: Sedentary Untreated (sedentary without infection); Sedentary Infected (sedentary with infection); Trained Untreated (aerobic training without infection); and Trained Infected (aerobic training with infection). Animals underwent aerobic training for 4 wk, and 72 h after last exercise training, animals received a challenge with S. pneumoniae and were evaluated either 12 h or 10 days after instillation. In acute phase, Sedentary Infected group had an increase in respiratory system resistance and elastance; number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL); polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma; and levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β) in lung homogenates. Exercise training significantly attenuated the increase in all of these parameters and induced an increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in lungs. Trained Infected mice had a significant decrease in the number of colony-forming units of pneumococci in the lungs compared with Sedentary Infected animals. Ten days after infection, Trained Infected group exhibited lower numbers of macrophages in BAL, polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma and IL-6 in lung homogenates compared with Sedentary Infected group. Our results suggest a protective effect of moderate exercise training against respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae. This effect is most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice R Olivo
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Eliane N Miyaji
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francine M Almeida
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana D Lourenço
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo M Abreu
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Petra M M Arantes
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Fernanda Dtqs Lopes
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
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Bernard K, Hecker L, Luckhardt TR, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. NADPH oxidases in lung health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2838-53. [PMID: 24093231 PMCID: PMC4026303 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The evolution of the lungs and circulatory systems in vertebrates ensured the availability of molecular oxygen (O2; dioxygen) for aerobic cellular metabolism of internal organs in large animals. O2 serves as the physiologic terminal acceptor of mitochondrial electron transfer and of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of oxidoreductases to generate primarily water and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. RECENT ADVANCES The purposeful generation of ROS by Nox family enzymes suggests important roles in normal physiology and adaptation, most notably in host defense against invading pathogens and in cellular signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES However, there is emerging evidence that, in the context of chronic stress and/or aging, Nox enzymes contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Here, we review evolving functions of Nox enzymes in normal lung physiology and emerging pathophysiologic roles in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Sun K, Metzger DW. Influenza infection suppresses NADPH oxidase-dependent phagocytic bacterial clearance and enhances susceptibility to secondary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3301-7. [PMID: 24563256 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a leading contributor to mortality during recent influenza pandemics. The mechanism for this influenza-induced susceptibility to secondary S. aureus infection is poorly understood. In this study, we show that innate antibacterial immunity was significantly suppressed during the recovery stage of influenza infection, even though MRSA superinfection had no significant effect on viral burdens. Compared with mice infected with bacteria alone, postinfluenza MRSA-infected mice exhibited impaired bacterial clearance, which was not due to defective phagocyte recruitment, but rather coincided with reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. NADPH oxidase is responsible for reactive oxygen species production during phagocytic bacterial killing, a process also known as oxidative burst. We found that gp91(phox)-containing NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages and neutrophils was essential for optimal bacterial clearance during respiratory MRSA infections. In contrast to wild-type animals, gp91(phox-/-) mice exhibited similar defects in MRSA clearance before and after influenza infection. Using gp91(phox+/-) mosaic mice, we further demonstrate that influenza infection inhibits a cell-intrinsic contribution of NADPH oxidase to phagocyte bactericidal activity. Taken together, our results establish that influenza infection suppresses NADPH oxidase-dependent bacterial clearance and leads to susceptibility to secondary MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keer Sun
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
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40
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aberdein JD, Cole J, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:193-202. [PMID: 23841514 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages play an essential role in clearing bacteria from the lower airway, as the resident phagocyte alveolar macrophages must both phagocytose and kill bacteria, and if unable to do this completely must co-ordinate an inflammatory response. The decision to escalate the inflammatory response represents the transition between subclinical infection and the development of pneumonia. Alveolar macrophages are well equipped to phagocytose bacteria and have a large phagolysosomal capacity in which ingested bacteria are killed. The rate-limiting step in control of extracellular bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the capacity of alveolar macrophages to kill ingested bacteria. Therefore, alveolar macrophages complement canonical microbicidal strategies with an additional level of apoptosis-associated killing to help kill ingested bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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Wagener FADTG, Carels CE, Lundvig DMS. Targeting the redox balance in inflammatory skin conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9126-67. [PMID: 23624605 PMCID: PMC3676777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be both beneficial and deleterious. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS production is tightly regulated, and ROS participate in both pathogen defense and cellular signaling. However, insufficient ROS detoxification or ROS overproduction generates oxidative stress, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress has been linked to various inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is an essential response in the protection against injurious insults and thus important at the onset of wound healing. However, hampered resolution of inflammation can result in a chronic, exaggerated response with additional tissue damage. In the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin conditions, e.g., sunburn and psoriasis, inflammatory-mediated tissue damage is central. The prolonged release of excess ROS in the skin can aggravate inflammatory injury and promote chronic inflammation. The cellular redox balance is therefore tightly regulated by several (enzymatic) antioxidants and pro-oxidants; however, in case of chronic inflammation, the antioxidant system may be depleted, and prolonged oxidative stress occurs. Due to the central role of ROS in inflammatory pathologies, restoring the redox balance forms an innovative therapeutic target in the development of new strategies for treating inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, the clinical use of antioxidant-related therapies is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. D. T. G. Wagener
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
| | | | - Ditte M. S. Lundvig
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
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Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB, Mitchell TJ. Pneumococcal pneumonia: mechanisms of infection and resolution. Chest 2012; 142:482-491. [PMID: 22871758 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination and antimicrobial therapy remain the cornerstones of the management of pneumococcal pneumonia. Despite significant successes, the capacity of the pneumococcus to evolve in the face of the selective pressure of anticapsular immunity challenges immunization programs. Treatment focuses on antimicrobial therapy but ignores the central role of the dysregulated inflammatory response during pneumonia. Future therapeutic approaches need to build on the considerable recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia, including those from models of pneumonia. Enhancement of the essential components of the host response that prevents most colonized individuals from developing pneumonia and strategies to limit inappropriate inflammatory responses to lower respiratory tract infection are approaches that could be exploited to improve disease outcome. This review highlights recent discoveries relating to the microbial and host determinants of microbial clearance and regulation of the inflammatory response, which provide clues as to how this could be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield.
| | - Moira K B Whyte
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
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Jian J, Konopka J, Liu C. Insights into the role of progranulin in immunity, infection, and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:199-208. [PMID: 23089745 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PGRN, a pleiotrophic growth factor, is known to play an important role in the maintenance and regulation of the homeostatic dynamics of normal tissue development, proliferation, regeneration, and the host-defense response and therefore, has been widely studied in the fields of infectious diseases, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and neuroproliferative and degenerative diseases. PGRN has also emerged as a multifaceted immune-regulatory molecule through regulating the signaling pathways known to be critical for immunology, especially TNF/TNFR signaling. In this review, we start with updates about the interplays of PGRN with ECM proteins, proteolytic enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and cell-surface receptors, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. We then review the data supporting an emerging role of PGRN in the fields of the "Cubic of I", namely, immunity, infection, and inflammation, with special focus on its regulation of autoimmune syndromes. We conclude with insights into the immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, therapeutic potential of PGRN in treating diseases with an inflammatory etiology in a vast range of medical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Chimalapati S, Cohen JM, Camberlein E, MacDonald N, Durmort C, Vernet T, Hermans PWM, Mitchell T, Brown JS. Effects of deletion of the Streptococcus pneumoniae lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase gene lgt on ABC transporter function and on growth in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41393. [PMID: 22911788 PMCID: PMC3404074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are an important class of surface associated proteins that have diverse roles and frequently are involved in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. As prolipoproteins are attached to the cell membrane by a single enzyme, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt), deletion of the corresponding gene potentially allows the characterisation of the overall importance of lipoproteins for specific bacterial functions. We have used a Δlgt mutant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to investigate the effects of loss of lipoprotein attachment on cation acquisition, growth in media containing specific carbon sources, and virulence in different infection models. Immunoblots of triton X-114 extracts, flow cytometry and immuno-fluorescence microscopy confirmed the Δlgt mutant had markedly reduced lipoprotein expression on the cell surface. The Δlgt mutant had reduced growth in cation depleted medium, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, reduced zinc uptake, and reduced intracellular levels of several cations. Doubling time of the Δlgt mutant was also increased slightly when grown in medium with glucose, raffinose and maltotriose as sole carbon sources. These multiple defects in cation and sugar ABC transporter function for the Δlgt mutant were associated with only slightly delayed growth in complete medium. However the Δlgt mutant had significantly reduced growth in blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a marked impairment in virulence in mouse models of nasopharyngeal colonisation, sepsis and pneumonia. These data suggest that for S. pneumoniae loss of surface localisation of lipoproteins has widespread effects on ABC transporter functions that collectively prevent the Δlgt mutant from establishing invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneeta Chimalapati
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Camberlein
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathanael MacDonald
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Durmort
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Vernet
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter W. M. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Mitchell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Marriott HM, Daigneault M, Thompson AAR, Walmsley SR, Gill SK, Witcher DR, Wroblewski VJ, Hellewell PG, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. A decoy receptor 3 analogue reduces localised defects in phagocyte function in pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 2012; 67:985-92. [PMID: 22735687 PMCID: PMC3505869 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies to modulate the host response to bacterial pneumonia are needed to improve outcomes during community-acquired pneumonia. This study used mice with impaired Fas signalling to examine susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia and decoy receptor 3 analogue (DcR3-a) to correct factors associated with increased susceptibility. Methods Wild-type mice and those with varying degrees of impairment of Fas (lpr) or Fas ligand signalling (gld) were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae and microbiological and immunological outcomes measured in the presence or absence of DcR3-a. Results During established pneumonia, neutrophils became the predominant cell in the airway and gld mice were less able to clear bacteria from the lungs, demonstrating localised impairment of pulmonary neutrophil function in comparison to lpr or wild-type mice. T-cells from gld mice had enhanced activation and reduced apoptosis in comparison to wild-type and lpr mice during established pneumonia. Treatment with DcR3-a reduced T-cell activation and corrected the defect in pulmonary bacterial clearance in gld mice. Conclusions The results suggest that imbalance in tumour necrosis factor superfamily signalling and excessive T-cell activation can impair bacterial clearance in the lung but that DcR3-a treatment can reduce T-cell activation, restore optimal pulmonary neutrophil function and enhance bacterial clearance during S pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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NOD2 signaling contributes to host defense in the lungs against Escherichia coli infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2558-69. [PMID: 22547547 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06230-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia remains a significant cause of mortality in the United States. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading bacteria. Neutrophil recruitment to the lungs is the first step in a multistep sequence leading to bacterial clearance. Ligand interaction with pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs) leads to chemokine production, which drives neutrophils to the site of infection. Although we demonstrated that RIP2 is important for host defense in the lungs against Escherichia coli, the individual roles of NOD1 and NOD2 in pulmonary defense have not been addressed. Here, we explored the role of NOD2 in neutrophil-mediated host defense against an extracellular pathogen, E. coli. We found enhanced bacterial burden and reduced neutrophil and cytokine/chemokine levels in the lungs of NOD2⁻/⁻ mice following E. coli infection. Furthermore, we observed reduced activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the lungs of NOD2⁻/⁻ mice upon E. coli challenge. Moreover, NOD2⁻/⁻ neutrophils show impaired intracellular bacterial killing. Using NOD2/RIP2⁻/⁻ mice, we observed bacterial burden and neutrophil accumulation in the lungs similar to those seen with NOD2⁻/⁻ mice. In addition, bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from NOD2/RIP2⁻/⁻ mice demonstrate a reduction in activation of NF-κB and MAPKs similar to that seen with NOD2⁻/⁻ mice in response to E. coli. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of the NOD2-RIP2 axis for host defense against extracellular Gram-negative bacteria. This pathway may represent a novel target for the treatment of lung infection/inflammation.
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A Streptococcus pneumoniae infection model in larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2653-60. [PMID: 22466968 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading human opportunistic pathogen. The limitations of the current vaccine have led to increased recognition of the need to understand bacterial behaviour and competitive dynamics using in vivo models of infection. Here, we investigate the potential application of the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as an informative infection model. Larvae were challenged with a range of doses of S. pneumoniae isolates differing in known virulence factors to determine the LD(50) values. Infection dynamics were determined by obtaining bacterial counts from larvae over a time course. Differences in virulence between serotypes could be distinguished in this host. Infection with strains differing in known virulence factors demonstrated predicted differences in virulence. Acapsulate and pneumolysin-negative strains were less virulent than their respective wild types. A large reduction in virulence was seen in strains lacking cell wall D-alanylation. The mortality of G. mellonella larvae is attributable to bacterial growth within larvae, while surviving larvae are able to clear infections by reducing bacterial numbers. These data demonstrate that G. mellonella larvae represent an in vivo infection model with applications for investigating aspects of bacterial-host interactions such as the role of antimicrobial peptide activity and resistance.
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Batra S, Cai S, Balamayooran G, Jeyaseelan S. Intrapulmonary administration of leukotriene B(4) augments neutrophil accumulation and responses in the lung to Klebsiella infection in CXCL1 knockout mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3458-68. [PMID: 22379035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In prior studies, we demonstrated that 1) CXCL1/KC is essential for NF-κB and MAPK activation and expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine in Klebsiella-infected lungs, and 2) CXCL1 derived from hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host immunity against Klebsiella. However, the role of CXCL1 in mediating neutrophil leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production is unclear, as is the contribution of these factors to host immunity. In this study, we investigated 1) the role of CXCL1 in LTB(4), NADPH oxidase, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lungs and neutrophils, and 2) whether LTB(4) postinfection reverses innate immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice via regulation of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. Our results demonstrate reduced neutrophil influx, attenuated LTB(4) levels, and decreased ROS and iNOS production in the lungs of CXCL1(-/-) mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Using neutrophil depletion and repletion, we found that neutrophils are the predominant source of pulmonary LTB(4) after infection. To treat immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice, we intrapulmonarily administered LTB(4). Postinfection, LTB(4) treatment reversed immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice and improved survival, neutrophil recruitment, cytokine/chemokine expression, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and ROS/RNS production. LTB(4) also enhanced myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2,) RNS production, and bacterial killing in K. pneumoniae-infected CXCL1(-/-) neutrophils. These novel results uncover important roles for CXCL1 in generating ROS and RNS in neutrophils and in regulating host immunity against K. pneumoniae infection. Our findings suggest that LTB(4) could be used to correct defects in neutrophil recruitment and function in individuals lacking or expressing malfunctional CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Interleukin-1β regulates CXCL8 release and influences disease outcome in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, defining intercellular cooperation between pulmonary epithelial cells and macrophages. Infect Immun 2011; 80:1140-9. [PMID: 22158745 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05697-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) as a pulmonary pathogen is related to its restriction of innate immune responses by respiratory epithelial cells. The mechanisms used to overcome this restriction are incompletely elucidated. Pulmonary chemokine expression involves complex cellular and molecular networks, involving the pulmonary epithelium, but the specific cellular interactions and the cytokines that control them are incompletely defined. We show that serotype 2 or 4 pneumococci induce only modest levels of CXCL8 expression from epithelial cell lines, even in the absence of a polysaccharide capsule. In contrast, coculture of A549 cells with the macrophage-like THP-1 cell line, differentiated with vitamin D, or monocyte-derived macrophages enhanced CXCL8 release. Supernatants from the THP-1 cell line prime A549 cells to release CXCL8 at levels similar to cocultures. Interleukin-1Ra (IL-1Ra) inhibits CXCL8 release from cocultures and reduces the activity of macrophage-conditioned media, but inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) had only a minimal effect on CXCL8 release. Release of IL-1β but not TNF-α was upregulated in cocultures. IL-1 type 1 receptor knockout C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice confirmed the importance of IL-1 signaling in CXC chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment in vivo. In fulminant disease, increased IL-1 signaling resulted in increased neutrophils in the airway and more invasive disease. These results demonstrate that IL-1 is an important component of the cellular network involving macrophages and epithelial cells, which facilitates CXC chemokine expression and aids neutrophil recruitment during pneumococcal pneumonia. They also highlight a potential clinical role for anti-IL-1 treatment to limit excessive neutrophilic inflammation in the lung.
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