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Herta T, Bhattacharyya A, Rosolowski M, Conrad C, Gurtner C, Gruber AD, Ahnert P, Gutbier B, Frey D, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Zahlten J. Krueppel-Like Factor 4 Expression in Phagocytes Regulates Early Inflammatory Response and Disease Severity in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726135. [PMID: 34589087 PMCID: PMC8473698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Krueppel-like factor (KLF) 4 fosters the pro-inflammatory immune response in macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) when stimulated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the main causative pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Here, we investigated the impact of KLF4 expression in myeloid cells such as macrophages and PMNs on inflammatory response and disease severity in a pneumococcal pneumonia mouse model and in patients admitted to hospital with CAP. We found that mice with a myeloid-specific knockout of KLF4 mount an insufficient early immune response with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma and an impaired bacterial clearance from the lungs 24 hours after infection with S. pneumoniae. This results in higher rates of bacteremia, increased lung tissue damage, more severe symptoms of infection and reduced survival. Higher KLF4 gene expression levels in the peripheral blood of patients with CAP at hospital admission correlate with a favourable clinical presentation (lower sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score), lower serum levels of IL-10 at admission, shorter hospital stay and lower mortality or requirement of intensive care unit treatment within 28 days after admission. Thus, KLF4 in myeloid cells such as macrophages and PMNs is an important regulator of the early pro-inflammatory immune response and, therefore, a potentially interesting target for therapeutic interventions in pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Herta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aritra Bhattacharyya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Ahnert
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgitt Gutbier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Frey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bhattacharyya A, Herta T, Conrad C, Frey D, García P, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Zahlten J. Induction of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Mediates Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:582070. [PMID: 33613460 PMCID: PMC7887292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are of central importance for the elimination of pathogens in bacterial infections. We investigated the Streptococcus pneumoniae-dependent induction of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 4 in PMNs as a potential regulator of PMN activation. We found that KLF4 expression is induced in human blood-derived PMNs in a time- and dose-dependent manner by wild-type S. pneumoniae and capsule knockout mutants. Unencapsulated knockout mutants induced stronger KLF4 expression than encapsulated wild types. The presence of autolysin LytA-competent (thus viable) pneumococci and LytA-mediated bacterial autolysis were required for KLF4 induction in human and murine PMNs. LyzMcre-mediated knockdown of KLF4 in murine blood-derived PMNs revealed that KLF4 influences pneumococci killing and increases the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and keratinocyte chemoattractant and decreases the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Thus, S. pneumoniae induces KLF4 expression in PMNs, which contributes to PMN activation in S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhattacharyya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Herta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Frey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Dabrowski AN, Shrivastav A, Conrad C, Komma K, Weigel M, Dietert K, Gruber AD, Bertrams W, Wilhelm J, Schmeck B, Reppe K, N'Guessan PD, Aly S, Suttorp N, Hain T, Zahlten J. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 4 Limits Bacterial Clearance and Inflammation in Lungs by Control of the Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2106. [PMID: 31616404 PMCID: PMC6763742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Endogenous host defense molecules such as peptidoglycan recognition protein 4 (PGLYRP4) might influence the course of this disease. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the relevance of PGLYRP4 in pneumonia. Therefore, wild type (WT) and PGLYRP4-deficient (PGLYRP4KO) mice were analyzed in an in vivo and in vitro experimental setting to examine the influence of PGLYRP4 on the course of pneumococcal pneumonia. Furthermore, caecal 16S rRNA microbiome analysis was performed, and microbiota were transferred to germfree WT mice to assess the influence of microbiotal communities on the bacterial burden. Mice lacking PGLYRP4 displayed an enhanced bacterial clearance in the lungs, and fewer mice developed bacteremia. In addition, an increased recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and an enhanced bacterial killing by stronger activation of phagocytes could be shown. This may depend partly on the detected higher expression of complement factors, interferon-associated genes, and the higher pro-inflammatory cytokine response in isolated primary PGLYRP4KO vs. WT cells. This phenotype is underlined by changes in the complexity and composition of the caecal microbiota of PGLYRP4KO compared to WT mice. Strikingly, we provided evidence, by cohousing and stable transfer of the respective WT or PGLYRP4KO mice microbiota into germfree WT mice, that the changes of the microbiota are responsible for the improved clearance of S. pneumoniae lung infection. In conclusion, the deficiency of PGLYRP4, a known antibacterial protein, leads to changes in the gut microbiota. Thus, alterations in the microbiota can change the susceptibility to S. pneumoniae lung infection independently of the host genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Dabrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anshu Shrivastav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kassandra Komma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Weigel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research/iLung, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System, The German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research/iLung, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe D N'Guessan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sahar Aly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Dabrowski AN, Conrad C, Behrendt U, Shrivastav A, Baal N, Wienhold SM, Hackstein H, N'Guessan PD, Aly S, Reppe K, Suttorp N, Zahlten J. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment Into the Lungs After Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30837960 PMCID: PMC6389715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGLYRPs) are a highly conserved group of host defense proteins in insects and mammals that sense bacterial cell wall PGN and act bactericidally or cleave PGN by amidase function. Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is one of the top five killers worldwide and causes, e.g., pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis and sepsis. S. pneumoniae accounts for approximately 1.5–2 million deaths every year. The risk of antibiotic resistance and a general poor prognosis in young children and elderly people have led to the need for new treatment approaches. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the relevance of PGLYRP2 in lung infections. Therefore, we infected mice deficient for PGLYRP2 transnasally with S. pneumoniae and examined the innate immune response in comparison to WT animals. As expected, PGLYRP2-KO animals had to be sacrificed earlier than their WT counterparts, and this was due to higher bacteremia. The higher bacterial load in the PGLYRP2-KO mice was accomplished with lower amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. This led to an abolished recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs, the spread of bacteria and the subsequent aggravated course of the disease and early mortality of the PGLYRP2-KO mice. These data suggest a substantial role of PGLYRP2 in the early defense against S. pneumoniae infection, and PGLYRP2 might also affect other infections in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Dabrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Behrendt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anshu Shrivastav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra M Wienhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philippe D N'Guessan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sahar Aly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Shrivastav A, Dabrowski AN, Conrad C, Baal N, Hackstein H, Plog S, Dietert K, Gruber AD, N'Guessan PD, Aly S, Suttorp N, Zahlten J. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 3 Does Not Alter the Outcome of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:103. [PMID: 29449834 PMCID: PMC5799233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococci frequently cause community-acquired pneumonia, a disease with high mortality rates, particularly in young children and in the elderly. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins such as PGLYRP3 may contribute to the progression and outcome of this disease. Since increasing antibiotic resistant strains occur all over the world, these endogenous antimicrobial molecules are interesting new targets for future therapies. In this study, the expression pattern of PGLYRP3 was analyzed in alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. Additionally, the function of PGLYRP3 during Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia was investigated in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model using PGLYRP3KO mice. PGLYRP3 is expressed in all selected cell types but pneumococcus-dependent induction of PGLYRP3 was observed only in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the bacterial loads within the lungs, the blood or the spleens, in the cytokine response, the composition of immune cells and the histopathology between wild type and PGLYRP3KO mice. Finally, we could neither observe significant differences in the clinical symptoms nor in the overall survival. Collectively, PGLYRP3 seems to be dispensable for the antibacterial defense during pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Shrivastav
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander N Dabrowski
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe D N'Guessan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sahar Aly
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zahlten J, Herta T, Kabus C, Steinfeldt M, Kershaw O, García P, Hocke AC, Gruber AD, Hübner RH, Steinicke R, Doehn JM, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Role of Pneumococcal Autolysin for KLF4 Expression and Chemokine Secretion in Lung Epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:544-54. [PMID: 25756955 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0024oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe pneumococcal pneumonia, the delicate balance between a robust inflammatory response necessary to kill bacteria and the loss of organ function determines the outcome of disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Krueppel-like factor (KLF) 4 may counter-regulate Streptococcus pneumoniae-related human lung epithelial cell activation using the potent proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 as a model molecule. Pneumococci induced KLF4 expression in human lung, in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, and in the lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Whereas proinflammatory cell activation depends mainly on the classical Toll-like receptor 2-mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and NF-κB pathways, the induction of KLF4 occurred independently of these molecules but relied, in general, on tyrosine kinase activation and, in part, on the src kinase family member yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (yes) 1. The up-regulation of KLF4 depended on the activity of the main pneumococcal autolysin LytA. KLF4 overexpression suppressed S. pneumoniae-induced NF-κB and IL-8 reporter gene activation and release, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of KLF4 or yes1 kinase led to an increase in IL-8 release. The KLF4-dependent down-regulation of NF-κB luciferase activity could be rescued by the overexpression of the histone acetylase p300/cAMP response element-binding protein-associated factor. In conclusion, KLF4 acts as a counter-regulatory transcription factor in pneumococci-related proinflammatory activation of lung epithelial cells, thereby potentially preventing lung hyperinflammation and subsequent organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zahlten
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Herta
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Kabus
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Steinfeldt
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro García
- 3 Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; and.,4 CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf-Harto Hübner
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Steinicke
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Moritz Doehn
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Heng NH, Zahlten J, Cordes V, Ong MMA, Goh BT, N’Guessan PD, Pischon N. Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2015; 86:569-77. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zahlten J, Kim YJ, Doehn JM, Pribyl T, Hocke AC, García P, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hübner RH. Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Oxidative Stress in Lung Epithelial Cells Depends on Pneumococcal Autolysis and Is Reversible by Resveratrol. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1822-30. [PMID: 25512625 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide. During pneumococcal pneumonia, the human airway epithelium is exposed to large amounts of H2O2 as a product of host and pathogen oxidative metabolism. Airway cells are known to be highly vulnerable to oxidant damage, but the pathophysiology of oxidative stress induced by S. pneumoniae and the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant systems of the host are not well characterized. METHODS For gluthation/gluthathion disulfide analysis BEAS-2B cells, primary broncho-epithelial cells (pBEC), explanted human lung tissue and mouse lungs were infected with different S. pneumoniae strains (D39, A66, R6x, H2O2/pneumolysin/LytA- deficient mutants of R6x). Cell death was proven by LDH assay and cell viability by IL-8 ELISA. The translocation of Nrf2 and the expression of catalase were shown via Western blot. The binding of Nrf2 at the catalase promoter was analyzed by ChIP. RESULTS We observed a significant induction of oxidative stress induced by S. pneumoniae in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Upon stimulation, the oxidant-responsive transcription factor Nrf2 was activated, and catalase was upregulated via Nrf2. The pneumococci-induced oxidative stress was independent of S. pneumoniae-derived H2O2 and pneumolysin but depended on the pneumococcal autolysin LytA. The Nrf2 inducer resveratrol, as opposed to catalase, reversed oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate a H2O2-independent induction of oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells via the release of bacterial factors of S. pneumoniae. Resveratrol might be an option for prevention of acute lung injury and inflammatory responses observed in pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zahlten
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Jan-Moritz Doehn
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Thomas Pribyl
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Pedro García
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Ralf-Harto Hübner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Doehn JM, Griß K, Zahlten J, Fatykhova D, Wienhold S, Müller-Redetzky HC, Kershaw O, Gruber AD, Suttorp N, Schütte H, Hocke AC, Witzenrath M, Hippenstiel S, CAPNETZ SG. Expression und Regulation von Pentraxin 3 bei ambulant erworbener Pneumonie. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1367784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Herta T, Garcia P, Hocke AC, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Divergente Induktion des Stammzellfaktors KLF4 in humanem Bronchialepithel versus Makrophagen durch Streptococcus pneumoniae und seine Funktion in der Inflammation. Pneumologie 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Bertrams W, Hocke AC, Schmeck B, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Krueppel-like Factor 4 terminates Streptococcus pneumonia-dependent IL-8 release and induces IL-10 expression in human Lung Epithelial Cells. Pneumologie 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1334525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kim Y, Zahlten J, Hocke AC, Doehn JM, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hübner RH. Antioxidantien machen einen durch Streptococcus pneumoniae induzierten oxidativen Stress in menschlichen Atemwegszellen und Mauslungen rückgängig. Pneumologie 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1334619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Bertrams W, Hocke AC, Scharf S, Schmeck B, Witzenrath M, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. TLR9- and Src-dependent expression of Krueppel-like factor 4 controls interleukin-10 expression in pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2012; 41:384-91. [PMID: 22653776 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00196311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The release of potent pro-inflammatory mediators is crucial to mounting an efficient host response during infection. However, excessive inflammation may lead to deleterious tissue damage. This is highlighted in severe pneumococcal pneumonia, in which the delicate balance between a robust inflammatory response necessary to kill pneumococci and the loss of organ function determines the outcome of the disease. We assessed the regulation of the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in pneumococcal infection via Western blot, ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Streptococcus pneumoniae induced IL-10 expression in mouse lungs and human lung epithelial cells. Pneumococcal infection resulted in a strong induction of Krueppel-like factor (KLF)4 expression in vivo and in vitro. The induction of both IL-10 and KLF4 is mediated by a pathway involving bacterial DNA, Toll-like receptor (TLR)9, MyD88 and Src kinase. KLF4 is recruited to the il10 promoter, and small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KLF4 expression blocked IL-10 expression during pneumococcal infection. In conclusion, KLF4 is induced in a bacterial DNA-TLR9-Src-dependent manner and regulates IL-10 expression, linking the detection of bacterial DNA by TLR9 to the control of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zahlten
- Dept of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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Kim Y, Zahlten J, Suttorp N, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Hübner RH. Das Antioxidans Resveratrol vermindert einen durch Streptococcus pneumoniae induzierten oxidativen Stress in Atemwegsepithelien. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1302830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Röhner E, Hoff P, Matziolis G, Perka C, Riep B, Nichols FC, Kielbassa AM, Detert J, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F, Zahlten J, Pischon N. The impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipids on apoptosis of primary human chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:327-33. [PMID: 22260531 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.657308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of oral bacterial infections including periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has gained increasing interest. Among the major periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been mostly associated with RA pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of P. gingivalis total lipid (TL) fraction and dihydroceramides, as potent virulence factors, on human primary chondrocytes. Primary chondrocyte cultures were incubated with P. gingivalis phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PG DHC) lipids, the TL fraction or phosphoethanolamine dihydroceramide. Cell morphology changes were determined by phase contrast light microscopy. Early and late apoptosis cell analysis was performed by Annexin-V, active caspases, and 7-Aminoactinomycin D staining, and examined by flow cytometry, and cell necrosis was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release. Procaspase-3 activation was determined by Western blot analysis. Microscopic analysis showed altered cell morphology and cell shrinkage following incubation with P. gingivalis TLs and PG DHC lipids. Flow cytometry demonstrated an increase of Annexin-V positive and active caspases positive chondrocytes after incubation with TL and PG DHC fractions but not after phosphoethanolamine dihydroceramide (control lipid) treatment or in untreated control cells. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed an early cleavage of procaspase-3 after 1 hr. Significant lactate dehydrogenase release following incubation with P. gingivalis lipids was demonstrated. The present data demonstrate that P. gingivalis lipids promote apoptosis in primary human chondrocytes, and thereby may contribute to the joint damage seen in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Röhner
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Scharf S, Zahlten J, Szymanski K, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, N'Guessan PD. Streptococcus pneumoniaeinduces human β-defensin-2 and -3 in human lung epithelium. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:100-10. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.652802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim Y, Zahlten J, Hocke A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hübner R. Streptococcus pneumoniae induziert über die Abnahme des intrazellulären Glutathione einen oxidativen Stress in den Atemwegsepithelien. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1272053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Szymanski K, Becher A, Zahlten J, Schneider P, Dalhoff K, Drömann D, Temmesfeld-Wollbrück B, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hocke A. Einfluss von S. pneumoniae auf die Regulation von COX2 und PGE2 abhängigen Signalwegen in humanem Lungengewebe. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1272052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Opitz B, Eitel J, N'Guessan P, Vinzing M, Witzenrath M, Schmeck B, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Krüppel-like Factor 2 terminiert die Streptococcus pneumoniae-induzierte pro-inflammatorischen Antwort in humanen bronchial Epithelzellen. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1272057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Lorenz J, Zahlten J, Pollok I, Lippmann J, Scharf S, N'Guessan PD, Opitz B, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Schmeck B. Legionella pneumophila-induced IκBζ-dependent expression of interleukin-6 in lung epithelium. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:648-57. [PMID: 20650996 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Severe community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia is caused by Legionella pneumophila. Lung airway and alveolar epithelial cells comprise an important sentinel system in airborne infections. Although interleukin (IL)-6 is known as a central regulator of the immune response in pneumonia, its regulation in the lung is widely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that different L. pneumophila strains induce delayed expression of IL-6 in comparison with IL-8 by human lung epithelial cells. IL-6 expression depended, at early time points, on flagellin recognition by Toll-like receptor (TLR)5, activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and, at later time points, on the type-IV secretion system. In the same manner, but more rapidly, the recently described transcription factor IκBζ was induced by Legionella infection and, binding to the nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunit p50 - recruited to the il6 promoter together with CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β and phosphorylated activator protein-1 subunit cJun. Similarly, histone modifications and NF-κB subunit p65/RelA appeared at the iκbζ and subsequently at the il6 gene promoter, thereby initiating gene expression. Gene silencing of IκBζ reduced Legionella-related IL-6 expression by 41%. Overall, these data indicate a sequence of flagellin/TLR5- and type IV-dependent IκBζ expression, recruitment of IκBζ/p50 to the il6 promoter, chromatin remodelling and subsequent IL-6 transcription in L. pneumophila-infected lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lorenz
- Dept of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Opitz B, Eitel J, N’Guessan PD, Vinzing M, Witzenrath M, Schmeck B, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. TLR2- and Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2-Dependent Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Expression Downregulates NF-κB–Related Gene Expression. J I 2010; 185:597-604. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Szymanski K, Becher A, Zahlten J, Schneider P, Dalhoff K, Drömann D, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Hocke A. Rolle von COX2 und PGE2 in der S. pneumoniae induzierten Infektion in humanem Lungengewebe. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Hocke A, Eulitz I, leClaire A, Szymanski K, Ryu M, Becher A, Zahlten J, Dalhoff K, Drömann D, Schneider P, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Streptococcus pneumoniae induzierte Dysfunktion des Glukokortikoid Rezeptor Signalweges in humanen Lungen. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Zahlten J, Hippenstiel S, Steinicke R, Witzenrath M, Opitz B, Eitel J, van Laak V, Dje N'Guessan P, Schmeck B, Suttorp N. Bakterielle DNA induziert IL-10 über TLR9 und Src-Kinasen abhängige Expression des Transkriptionsfaktors Krüppel-like-factor-4 (KLF4). Pneumologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Zahlten J, Hippenstiel S, Steinicke R, Vinzing M, Opitz B, Schmeck B, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N. TLR2- und Nod2-vermittelte Aktivierung der PI3-Kinase reduziert durch Induktion von Krüppel-like-factor-2 (KLF2) Pneumokokken-assoziierte Expression pro-entzündlicher Gene. Pneumologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Schmeck B, Lorenz J, N'Guessan PD, Opitz B, van Laak V, Zahlten J, Slevogt H, Witzenrath M, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. L. pneumophila induziert Histonmodifikationen in Lungenepithelzellen. Pneumologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Eitel J, Krüll M, Hocke AC, N'Guessan PD, Zahlten J, Schmeck B, Slevogt H, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Opitz B. Beta-PIX and Rac1 GTPase mediate trafficking and negative regulation of NOD2. J Immunol 2008; 181:2664-71. [PMID: 18684957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein NOD2 serves as a cytoplasmic pattern recognition molecule sensing bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP), whereas TLR2 mediates cell surface recognition of bacterial lipopeptides. In this study, we show that NOD2 stimulation activated Rac1 in human THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes. Rac1 inhibition or knock-down, or actin cytoskeleton disruption increased MDP-stimulated IL-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activation, whereas TLR2-dependent cell activation was suppressed by Rac1 inhibition. p21-activated kinase [Pak]-interacting exchange factor (beta-PIX) plays a role in this negative regulation, because knock-down of beta-PIX also led to increased NOD2-mediated but not TLR2-mediated IL-8 secretion, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that NOD2 interacted with beta-PIX as well as Rac1 upon MDP stimulation. Moreover, knock-down of beta-PIX or Rac1 abrogated membrane recruitment of NOD2, and interaction of NOD2 with its negative regulator Erbin. Overall, our data indicate that beta-PIX and Rac1 mediate trafficking and negative regulation of NOD2-dependent signaling which is different from Rac1's positive regulatory role in TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eitel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Schmeck B, Lorenz J, N'guessan PD, Opitz B, van Laak V, Zahlten J, Slevogt H, Witzenrath M, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Histone acetylation and flagellin are essential for Legionella pneumophila-induced cytokine expression. J Immunol 2008; 181:940-7. [PMID: 18606645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila causes severe pneumonia. Acetylation of histones is thought to be an important regulator of gene transcription, but its impact on L. pneumophila-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines is unknown. L. pneumophila strain 130b induced the expression of the important chemoattractant IL-8 and genome-wide histone modifications in human lung epithelial A549 cells. We analyzed the IL-8-promoter and found that histone H4 was acetylated and H3 was phosphorylated at Ser(10) and acetylated at Lys(14), followed by transcription factor NF-kappaB. Recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the IL-8 promoter corresponded with increases in gene transcription. Histone modification and IL-8 release were dependent on p38 kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Legionella-induced IL-8 expression was decreased by histone acetylase (HAT) inhibitor anacardic acid and enhanced by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A. After Legionella infection, HATs p300 and CREB-binding protein were time-dependently recruited to the IL-8 promoter, whereas HDAC1 and HDAC5 first decreased and later reappeared at the promoter. Legionella specifically induced expression of HDAC5 but not of other HDACs in lung epithelial cells, but knockdown of HDAC1 or 5 did not alter IL-8 release. Furthermore, Legionella-induced cytokine release, promoter-specific histone modifications, and RNA polymerase II recruitment were reduced in infection with flagellin-deletion mutants. Legionella-induced histone modification as well as HAT-/HDAC-dependent IL-8 release could also be shown in primary lung epithelial cells. In summary, histone acetylation seems to be important for the regulation of proinflammatory gene expression in L. pneumophila infected lung epithelial cells. These pathways may contribute to the host response in Legionnaires' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmeck
- FORSYS Junior Research Group, Systems Biology of Lung Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Vinzing M, Eitel J, Lippmann J, Hocke AC, Zahlten J, Slevogt H, N'guessan PD, Günther S, Schmeck B, Hippenstiel S, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Opitz B. NAIP and Ipaf control Legionella pneumophila replication in human cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:6808-15. [PMID: 18453601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mice, different alleles of the mNAIP5 (murine neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein-5)/mBirc1e gene determine whether macrophages restrict or support intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila, and whether a mouse is resistant or (moderately) susceptible to Legionella infection. In the resistant mice strains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor (NLR) family member mNAIP5/mBirc1e, as well as the NLR protein mIpaf (murine ICE protease-activating factor), are involved in recognition of Legionella flagellin and in restriction of bacterial replication. Human macrophages and lung epithelial cells support L. pneumophila growth, and humans can develop severe pneumonia (Legionnaires disease) after Legionella infection. The role of human orthologs to mNAIP5/mBirc1e and mIpaf in this bacterial infection has not been elucidated. Herein we demonstrate that flagellin-deficient L. pneumophila replicate more efficiently in human THP-1 macrophages, primary monocyte-derived macrophages, and alveolar macrophages, and in A549 lung epithelial cells compared with wild-type bacteria. Additionally, we note expression of the mNAIP5 ortholog hNAIP in all cell types examined, and expression of hIpaf in human macrophages. Gene silencing of hNAIP or hIpaf in macrophages or of hNAIP in lung epithelial cells leads to an enhanced bacterial growth, and overexpression of both molecules strongly reduces Legionella replication. In contrast to experiments with wild-type L. pneumophila, hNAIP or hIpaf knock-down affects the (enhanced) replication of flagellin-deficient Legionella only marginally. In conclusion, hNAIP and hIpaf mediate innate intracellular defense against flagellated Legionella in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Vinzing
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Lang F, Vardarova K, Scharf S, Zahlten J, Slevogt H, Opitz B, Eitel J, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, N'Guessan P. Streptococcus pneumoniae induced alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in infected human bronchial epithelial cells. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Schmeck B, Lorenz J, N'Guessan P, Zahlten J, Opitz B, Slevogt H, Lippmann J, Scharf S, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Legionella pneumophila induziert IkappaBzeta-abhängig Interleukin-6-Expression. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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N'Guessan PD, Temmesfeld-Wollbrück B, Zahlten J, Eitel J, Zabel S, Schmeck B, Opitz B, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Slevogt H. Moraxella catarrhalis induces ERK- and NF- B-dependent COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 in lung epithelium. Eur Respir J 2007; 30:443-51. [PMID: 17537778 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00008707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), are considered to be important regulators of lung function. The present authors tested the hypothesis that M. catarrhalis induces COX-2-dependent PGE(2) production in pulmonary epithelial cells. In the present study, the authors demonstrate that M. catarrhalis specifically induces COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) release in pulmonary epithelial cells. Furthermore, the prostanoid receptor subtypes EP2 and EP4 were also upregulated in these cells. The M. catarrhalis-specific ubiquitous cell surface protein A1 was important for the induction of COX-2 and PGE(2). Moreover, M. catarrhalis-induced COX-2 and PGE(2) expression was dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-driven activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, but not on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In conclusion, the present data suggest that ubiquitous cell surface protein A1 of Moraxella catarrhalis, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and nuclear factor-kappaB control cyclooxygenase-2 expression and subsequent prostaglandin E(2) release by lung epithelial cells. Moraxella catarrhalis-induced prostaglandin E(2) expression might counteract lung inflammation promoting colonisation of the respiratory tract in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D N'Guessan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Zahlten J, Riep B, Nichols FC, Walter C, Schmeck B, Bernimoulin JP, Hippenstiel S. Porphyromonas gingivalis dihydroceramides induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. J Dent Res 2007; 86:635-40. [PMID: 17586710 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis dihydroceramides are found in extracts of calculus-contaminated root surfaces, diseased gingival tissue, and atherosclerotic plaques. These ceramides have been shown to promote inflammatory secretory responses in gingival fibroblasts. Little is known about their effects on the vascular system. We tested the hypothesis that P. gingivalis lipids induce apoptosis of human endothelial cells, and investigated the effects of extracted and purified P. gingivalis lipids on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. P. gingivalis phosphoglycerol dihydroceramides induced apoptosis, but not necrosis, in endothelial cells. Early apoptotic cells showed exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, followed by the cleavage of procaspases 3, 6, and 9. The release of apoptosis-inducing factor was increased, suggesting mitochondrial involvement. Different caspase inhibitors and cAMP elevation blocked DNA fragmentation. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine significantly reduced apoptosis, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species in this process. Analysis of these data indicates that dihydroceramides may be important virulence factors of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zahlten
- Institute for Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Centrum 3 for Dental Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schmeck B, N'Guessan PD, Ollomang M, Lorenz J, Zahlten J, Opitz B, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Legionella pneumophila-induced NF-kappaB- and MAPK-dependent cytokine release by lung epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:25-33. [PMID: 16971406 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00141005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila causes community-acquired pneumonia with high mortality, but little is known about its interaction with the alveolar epithelium. The aim of this study was to investigate whether L. pneumophila infection of lung epithelial cells (A549) resulted in pro-inflammatory activation. L. pneumophila infection induced liberation of interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -8 and -17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, interferon-gamma and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, but not of IL-5, -7, -10, -12 (p70) or -13 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The present study focused on IL-8 and found induction by L. pneumophila strains 130b, Philadelphia 1, Corby and, to a lesser extent, JR32. Knockout of dotA, a central gene involved in type IVB secretion, did not alter IL-8 induction, whereas lack of flagellin significantly reduced IL-8 release by Legionella. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated and kinase inhibition reduced secretion of induced cytokines, with the exception of IL-2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. In contrast, inhibition of the MAPK kinase 1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway only reduced the expression of a few cytokines. L. pneumophila also induced binding of nuclear factor-kappaB subunit RelA/p65 and RNA polymerase II to the il8 promoter, and a specific inhibitor of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB complex dose-dependently lowered IL-8 expression. Taken together, Legionella pneumophila activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase- and nuclear factor-kappaB/RelA pathway-dependent expression of a complex pattern of cytokines by human alveolar epithelial cells, presumably contributing to the immune response in legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schmeck
- Dept of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Schmeck B, Lorenz J, Laak VV, N'Guessan P, Witzenrath M, Opitz B, Zahlten J, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Legionella pneumophila induziert Zytokinfreisetzung über Modifikation der Histone. Pneumologie 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schmeck B, Moog K, Zahlten J, van Laak V, N'Guessan PD, Opitz B, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Streptococcus pneumoniae induced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase- and AP-1 -dependent IL-8 release by lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Respir Res 2006; 7:98. [PMID: 16834785 PMCID: PMC1533820 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although pneumococcal pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death due to infectious diseases, little is known about pneumococci-lung cell interaction. Herein we tested the hypothesis that pneumococci activated pulmonary epithelial cell cytokine release by c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) or epithelial HEK293 cells were infected with S. pneumoniae R6x and cytokine induction was measured by RT-PCR, ELISA and Bioplex assay. JNK-phosphorylation was detected by Western blot and nuclear signaling was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). JNK was modulated by the small molecule inhibitor SP600125 and AP1 by transfection of a dominant negative mutant. Results S. pneumoniae induced the release of distinct CC and CXC, as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokines and growth factors by human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Furthermore, pneumococci infection resulted in JNK phosphorylation in BEAS-2B cells. Inhibition of JNK by small molecule inhibitor SP600125 reduced pneumococci-induced IL-8 mRNA expression and release of IL-8 and IL-6. One regulator of the il8 promoter is JNK-phosphorylated activator protein 1 (AP-1). We showed that S. pneumoniae time-dependently induced DNA binding of AP-1 and its phosphorylated subunit c-Jun with a maximum at 3 to 5 h after infection. Recruitment of Ser63/73-phosphorylated c-Jun and RNA polymerase II to the endogenous il8 promoter was found 2 h after S. pneumoniae infection by chromatin immunoprecipitation. AP-1 repressor A-Fos reduced IL-8 release by TLR2-overexpressing HEK293 cells induced by pneumococci but not by TNFα. Antisense-constructs targeting the AP-1 subunits Fra1 and Fra2 had no inhibitory effect on pneumococci-induced IL-8 release. Conclusion S. pneumoniae-induced IL-8 expression by human epithelial BEAS-2B cells depended on activation of JNK and recruitment of phosphorylated c-Jun to the il8 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Moog
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Peridontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent van Laak
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Dje N'Guessan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Rosseau
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Schmeck B, Zahlten J, N'Guessan Dje P, Moog K, van Laak V, Opitz B, Mitchell T, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. S. pneumoniae induziert JNK- und AP-1-abhängige Zytokinfreisetzung durch Lungenepithelzellen. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dje P'Guessan N, Etouem M, Schmeck B, Zahlten J, Opitz B, Flieger A, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Legionella pneumophila-induced PKC, P38 MAPK and NF-kB dependent COX-2 expression in human lung epithelium. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schmeck B, Huber S, Moog K, Zahlten J, Hocke A, Opitz B, Hammerschmidt S, Mitchell T, Kracht M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Pneumococci induced IL-8 expression in human pulmonary epithelium by TLR1 and TLR2 and Rac1. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dje P'Guessan N, Hippenstiel S, Etouem M, Zahlten J, Beermann W, Lindner D, Opitz B, Witzenrath M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Schmeck B. Streptococcus Pneumoniae-induced P38 MAPK and NF-kB dependent COX-2 expression in human lung epithelium. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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N'Guessan PD, Hippenstiel S, Etouem MO, Zahlten J, Beermann W, Lindner D, Opitz B, Witzenrath M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Schmeck B. Streptococcus pneumoniae induced p38 MAPK- and NF-kappaB-dependent COX-2 expression in human lung epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L1131-8. [PMID: 16414978 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00383.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia and death from infectious diseases in industrialized countries. Lung airway and alveolar epithelial cells comprise an important barrier against airborne pathogens. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins, such as PGE(2), are considered to be important regulators of lung function. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that pneumococci induced COX-2-dependent PGE(2) production in pulmonary epithelial cells. Pneumococci-infected human pulmonary epithelial BEAS-2B cells released PGE(2). Expression of COX-2 but not COX-1 was dose and time dependently increased in S. pneumoniae-infected BEAS-2B cells as well as in lungs of mice with pneumococcal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and DNA binding of NF-kappaB. A specific peptide inhibitor of the IkappaBalpha kinase complex blocked pneumococci-induced PGE(2) release and COX-2 expression. In addition, we noted activation of p38 MAPK and JNK in pneumococci-infected BEAS-2B cells. PGE(2) release and COX-2 expression were reduced by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-202190 but not by JNK inhibitor SP-600125. We analyzed interaction of kinase pathways and NF-kappaB activation: dominant-negative mutants of p38 MAPK isoforms alpha, beta(2), gamma, and delta blocked S. pneumoniae-induced NF-kappaB activation. In addition, recruitment of NF-kappaB subunit p65/RelA and RNA polymerase II to the cox2 promoter depended on p38 MAPK but not on JNK activity. In summary, p38 MAPK- and NF-kappaB-controlled COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) release by lung epithelial cells may contribute significantly to the host response in pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dje N'Guessan
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Slevogt H, Schmeck B, Jonatat C, Zahlten J, Beermann W, van Laak V, Opitz B, Dietel S, N'Guessan PD, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Seybold J. Moraxella catarrhalis induces inflammatory response of bronchial epithelial cells via MAPK and NF-kappaB activation and histone deacetylase activity reduction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L818-26. [PMID: 16399788 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00428.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD. Little is known about M. catarrhalis-bronchial epithelium interaction. We investigated activation of M. catarrhalis infected bronchial epithelial cells and characterized the signal transduction pathways. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that the M. catarrhalis-induced cytokine expression is regulated by acetylation of histone residues and controlled by histone deacetylase activity (HDAC). We demonstrated that M. catarrhalis induced a strong time- and dose-dependent inflammatory response in the bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), characterized by the release of IL-8 and GM-CSF. For this cytokine liberation activation of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and transcription factor NF-kappaB was required. Furthermore, M. catarrhalis-infected bronchial epithelial cells showed an enhanced acetylation of histone H3 and H4 globally and at the promoter of the il8 gene. Preventing histone deacetylation by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A augmented the M. catarrhalis-induced IL-8 response. After exposure to M. catarrhalis, we found a decrease in global histone deacetylase expression and activity. Our findings suggest that M. catarrhalis-induced activation of il8 gene transcription was caused by interference with epigenetic mechanisms regulating il8 gene accessibility. Our findings provide insight into important molecular and cellular mechanisms of M. catarrhalis-induced activation of human bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Slevogt
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Schmeck B, Huber S, Moog K, Zahlten J, Hocke AC, Opitz B, Hammerschmidt S, Mitchell TJ, Kracht M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Pneumococci induced TLR- and Rac1-dependent NF-kappaB-recruitment to the IL-8 promoter in lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L730-L737. [PMID: 16299055 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00271.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia. The respiratory epithelium constitutes the first line of defense against invading lung pathogens, including pneumococci. We analyzed the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and Rho-GTPase signaling in the activation of human lung epithelial cells by pneumococci. S. pneumoniae induced release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Specific inhibition of Rac1 by Nsc23766 or a dominant-negative mutant of Rac1 strongly reduced cytokine release. In addition, pneumococci-related cell activation (IL-8 release, NF-kappaB-activation) depended on MyD88, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Cdc42 but not on RhoA. Pneumococci enhanced TLR1 and TLR2 mRNA expression in BEAS-2B cells, whereas TLR4 and TLR6 expression was constitutively high. TLR1 and 2 synergistically recognized pneumococci in cotransfection experiments. TLR4, TLR6, LPS-binding protein, and CD14 seem not to be involved in pneumococci-dependent cell activation. At the IL-8 gene promoter, recruitment of phosphorylated NF-kappaB subunit p65 was blocked by inhibition of Rac1, whereas binding of the phosphorylated activator protein-1 subunit c-Jun to the promoter was not diminished. In summary, these results suggest that S. pneumoniae activate human epithelial cells by TLR1/2 and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and Rac1-dependent NF-kappaB-recruitment to the IL-8 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schmeck B, Beermann W, van Laak V, Zahlten J, Opitz B, Witzenrath M, Hocke AC, Chakraborty T, Kracht M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Intracellular bacteria differentially regulated endothelial cytokine release by MAPK-dependent histone modification. J Immunol 2005; 175:2843-50. [PMID: 16116170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic histone modifications contribute to the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. The role of epigenetic regulation in immunity to intracellular pathogens is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that epigenetic histone modifications influence cytokine expression by intracellular bacteria. Intracellular Listeria monocytogenes, but not noninvasive Listeria innocua, induced release of distinct CC and CXC chemokines, as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokines and growth factors by endothelial cells. Cytokine expression was in part dependent on p38 MAPK and MEK1. We analyzed global histone modification and modifications in detail at the gene promoter of IL-8, which depended on both kinase pathways, and of IFN-gamma, which was not blocked by kinase inhibition. Intracellular Listeria induced time-dependent acetylation (lysine 8) of histone H4 and phosphorylation/acetylation (serine 10/lysine 14) of histone H3 globally and at the il8 promoter in HUVEC, as well as recruitment of the histone acetylase CREB-binding protein. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK and MEK1 reduced lysine 8 acetylation of histone H4 and serine 10/lysine 14 phosphorylation/acetylation of histone H3 in Listeria-infected endothelial cells and disappearance of histone deacetylase 1 at the il8 promoter in HUVEC. In contrast, IFN-gamma gene transcription was activated by Listeria monocytogenes independent of p38 MAPK and MEK1, and histone phosphorylation/acetylation remained unchanged in infected cells at the IFN-gamma promoter. Specific inhibition of histone deacetylases by trichostatin A increased Listeria-induced expression of IL-8, but not of IFN-gamma, underlining the specific physiological impact of histone acetylation. In conclusion, MAPK-dependent epigenetic modifications differentially contributed to L. monocytogenes-induced cytokine expression by human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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Beermann W, van Laak V, Zahlten J, Opitz B, Chakraborty T, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Schmeck B. Listeria monocytogenes-induzierte die Freisetzung von Interleukin 8 über Rac1, p38 und ERK MAP-Kinase in humanen Endothelzellen. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zahlten J, Riep B, Walter C, Schmeck B, Kruell M, N'Guessan DP, Hippenstiel S, Nichols F, Suttorp N, Bernimoulin J. Aufgereinigte Ceramide von Porphyromonas gingivalis induzieren Apoptose in humanen Endothelzellen. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jonatat C, Opitz B, Zahlten J, Seybold J, Slevogt H, Schmeck B, Suttorp N. Die Rolle der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinasen ERK 1/2 und p38 und des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-κB für die Expression von Interleukin-8 in humanem Bronchialepithel nach Infektion mit Moraxella catarrhalis. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schmeck B, Zahlten J, van Laak V, Opitz B, Hammerschmidt S, Hoffmann E, Kracht M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. S. pneumoniae induziert die Phosphorylierung von p65/RelA am Promotor des il-8-Gens in Abhängigkeit der p38 MAP-Kinase. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zahlten J, Moog K, Sylvia H, van Laak V, Opitz B, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Schmeck B. S. pneumoniae induziert über TLR2 eine NF-κB- und AP-1-abhängige Expression von Interleukin 8. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walter C, Zahlten J, Schmeck B, Schaudinn C, Hippenstiel S, Frisch E, Hocke AC, Pischon N, Kuramitsu HK, Bernimoulin JP, Suttorp N, Krüll M. Porphyromonas gingivalis strain-dependent activation of human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5910-8. [PMID: 15385493 PMCID: PMC517532 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5910-5918.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important bacterium involved in periodontal diseases. Colonization by periodontopathogens has been associated with severe local inflammatory reactions in the connective tissue. In this study we characterized P. gingivalis-mediated infection and activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by using two strains of different virulence capacities, strains ATCC 53977 and DSMZ 20709. Both strains were able to adhere to and infect endothelial cells with an infection rate of 0.48% for ATCC 53977 and 0.007% for DSMZ 20709. The triggering of two signal transduction pathways in P. gingivalis-infected endothelial cells was demonstrated for both strains, with a rapid increase of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and a more delayed degradation of IkappaBalpha, followed by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. In addition, both strains induced enhanced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules E-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Target cell activation was independent of bacterial fimbriae expression since the fimA knockout strain A7436 DeltafimA induced the same level of ICAM-1 as the corresponding wild type (A7436-WT). Thus, two P. gingivalis strains, ATCC 53799 and DSMZ 20709, infect endothelial cells and trigger signaling cascades leading to endothelial activation, which in turn may result in or promote severe local and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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