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Fang Q, Jing G, Zhang Y, Wang H, Luo H, Xia Y, Jin Q, Liu Y, Zuo J, Yang C, Zhang X, Liu S, Wu X, Song X. Erbin accelerates TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and autophagy and alleviates sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and organ injuries. J Transl Med 2023; 21:916. [PMID: 38105228 PMCID: PMC10725606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting attention has been focused on defects of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in sepsis, however, the precise mechanisms governing the autophagy-lysosomal process in sepsis are poorly known. We have previously reported that Erbin deficiency aggravated the inflammatory response and organ injuries caused by sepsis. In the present study, we found that Erbin knockout impaired the autophagy process in both muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and sepsis mouse liver and lung, as detected by the accumulation of LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62, and autophagosomes. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) further aggravated inflammatory response and organ injuries in vivo and in vitro sepsis model. We also observed that the impaired lysosomal function mediated autophagic blockade, as detected by the decreased expression of ATP6V, cathepsin B (CTSB) and LAMP2 protein. Immunoprecipitation revealed that the C-terminal of Erbin (aa 391-964) interacts with the N-terminal of transcription factor EB (TFEB) (aa 1-247), and affects the stability of TFEB-14-3-3 and TFEB-PPP3CB complexes and the phosphorylation status of TFEB, thereby promote the nucleus translocation of TFEB and the TFEB target genes transcription. Thus, our study suggested that Erbin alleviated sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and organ injuries by rescuing dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway through TFEB-14-3-3 and TFEB-PPP3CB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoqing Jing
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huan Luo
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yun Xia
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiyan Jin
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences at, Wuhan University, Wuchang, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Life Sciences at, Wuhan University, Wuchang, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xuemin Song
- The Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Dixon CL, Wu A, Fairn GD. Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242659. [PMID: 37869013 PMCID: PMC10585062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. This review will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 detect microbes and cellular stress and detail the molecular mechanisms that regulate activation and signaling while highlighting new evidence and the impact on inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Li X, Zhang M, Zhou G, Xie Z, Wang Y, Han J, Li L, Wu Q, Zhang S. Role of Rho GTPases in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 36690621 PMCID: PMC9871048 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rat sarcoma virus homolog (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) function as "molecular switch" in cellular signaling regulation processes and are associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chronic intestinal tract inflammation primarily encompasses two diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex and considered to include four main factors and their interactions: genetics, intestinal microbiota, immune system, and environment. Recently, several novel pathogenic components have been identified. In addition, potential therapies for IBD targeting Rho GTPases have emerged and proven to be clinically effective. This review mainly focuses on Rho GTPases and their possible mechanisms in IBD pathogenesis. The therapeutic possibility of Rho GTPases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qirui Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Lee PH, Choi SM, An MH, Hwang DY, Park S, Baek AR, Jang AS. Nectin4 is a potential therapeutic target for asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049900. [PMID: 36457999 PMCID: PMC9707334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nectins comprise a family of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion. Neither the biological significance nor clinical potential of Nectin4 for asthma has been investigated. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to elucidate the role of Nectin4 in airway inflammation and to determine the relationship between Nectin4 and clinical variables in patients with asthma. METHODS The relationship between Nectin4 levels in the blood of asthmatic patients and clinical variables was examined. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 (Der p1)-exposed normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, and Nectin4-deficient (Nectin4-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice sensitized/challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), were used to investigate the involvement of Nectin4 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma via the Src/Rac1 pathway. RESULTS Plasma Nectin4 levels were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than controls and correlated with specific IgE D1, D2, lung function. The ROC curves for Nectin4 levels differed between asthma patients and controls. Nectin4/Afadin and Src/Rac1 levels were significantly increased in NHBE cells exposed to Der p1, but decreased in NHBE cells treated with Nectin4 siRNA. Airway obstruction and inflammation, as well as the levels of Th2 cytokines, Nectin4, and Src/Rac1, were increased in WT OVA/OVA mice compared with WT sham mice. Nectin4 knockdown resulted in lower levels of Afadin and Src/Rac1 in Nectin4-/-OVA/OVA than WT OVA/OVA mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Nectin4 is involved in airway inflammation and may be a therapeutic target in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun-Haneul Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Seon Muk Choi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Min Hyeok An
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Da Yeon Hwang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Shinhee Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ae Rin Baek
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Kienes I, Johnston EL, Bitto NJ, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Kufer TA. Bacterial subversion of NLR-mediated immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930882. [PMID: 35967403 PMCID: PMC9367220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mammalian Nod-like receptor (NLR) protein family are important intracellular sensors for bacteria. Bacteria have evolved under the pressure of detection by host immune sensing systems, leading to adaptive subversion strategies to dampen immune responses for their benefits. These include modification of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), interception of innate immune pathways by secreted effector proteins and sophisticated instruction of anti-inflammatory adaptive immune responses. Here, we summarise our current understanding of subversion strategies used by bacterial pathogens to manipulate NLR-mediated responses, focusing on the well-studied members NOD1/2, and the inflammasome forming NLRs NLRC4, and NLRP3. We discuss how bacterial pathogens and their products activate these NLRs to promote inflammation and disease and the range of mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to evade detection by NLRs and to block or dampen NLR activation to ultimately interfere with the generation of host immunity. Moreover, we discuss how bacteria utilise NLRs to facilitate immunotolerance and persistence in the host and outline how various mechanisms used to attenuate innate immune responses towards bacterial pathogens can also aid the host by reducing immunopathologies. Finally, we describe the therapeutic potential of harnessing immune subversion strategies used by bacteria to treat chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kienes
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ella L. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J. Bitto
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas A. Kufer,
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A unique NLRC4 receptor from echinoderms mediates Vibrio phagocytosis via rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and polymerization of F-actin. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010145. [PMID: 34898657 PMCID: PMC8699970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many members of the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NACHT)- and leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein (NLR) family play crucial roles in pathogen recognition and innate immune response regulation. In our previous work, a unique and Vibrio splendidus-inducible NLRC4 receptor comprising Ig and NACHT domains was identified from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, and this receptor lacked the CARD and LRR domains that are typical of common cytoplasmic NLRs. To better understand the functional role of AjNLRC4, we confirmed that AjNLRC4 was a bona fide membrane PRR with two transmembrane structures. AjNLRC4 was able to directly bind microbes and polysaccharides via its extracellular Ig domain and agglutinate a variety of microbes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Knockdown of AjNLRC4 by RNA interference and blockade of AjNLRC4 by antibodies in coelomocytes both could significantly inhibit the phagocytic activity and elimination of V. splendidus. Conversely, overexpression of AjNLRC4 enhanced the phagocytic activity of V. splendidus, and this effect could be specifically blocked by treatment with the actin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D but not other endocytosis inhibitors. Moreover, AjNLRC4-mediated phagocytic activity was dependent on the interaction between the intracellular domain of AjNLRC4 and the β-actin protein and further regulated the Arp2/3 complex to mediate the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and the polymerization of F-actin. V. splendidus was found to be colocalized with lysosomes in coelomocytes, and the bacterial quantities were increased after injection of chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor. Collectively, these results suggested that AjNLRC4 served as a novel membrane PRR in mediating coelomocyte phagocytosis and further clearing intracellular Vibrio through the AjNLRC4-β-actin-Arp2/3 complex-lysosome pathway. Vibrio splendidus is ubiquitously present in marine environments and in or on many aquaculture species and is considered to be an important opportunistic pathogen that has caused serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. Phagocytosis is the first step of pathogen clearance and is triggered by specific interactions between host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from invasive bacteria. However, the mechanism that underlies receptor-mediated V. splendidus phagocytosis is poorly understood. In this study, an atypical AjNLRC4 receptor without LRR and CARD domains was found to serve as the membrane receptor for V. splendidus, not the common cytoplasmic NLRs. The Ig domain of AjNLRC4 is replaced with a conventional LRR domain to bind V. splendidus, and the intracellular domain of AjNLRC4 specifically interacts with β-actin to mediate V. splendidus endocytosis in an actin-dependent manner. Endocytic V. splendidus is ultimately degraded in phagolysosomes. Our findings will contribute to the development of novel strategies for treating V. splendidus infection by modulating the actin-dependent endocytosis pathway.
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Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Enzyme CAD: Its Function, Regulation, and Diagnostic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910253. [PMID: 34638594 PMCID: PMC8508918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CAD (Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase) is a multifunctional protein that participates in the initial three speed-limiting steps of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Over the past two decades, extensive investigations have been conducted to unmask CAD as a central player for the synthesis of nucleic acids, active intermediates, and cell membranes. Meanwhile, the important role of CAD in various physiopathological processes has also been emphasized. Deregulation of CAD-related pathways or CAD mutations cause cancer, neurological disorders, and inherited metabolic diseases. Here, we review the structure, function, and regulation of CAD in mammalian physiology as well as human diseases, and provide insights into the potential to target CAD in future clinical applications.
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Pei G, Dorhoi A. NOD-Like Receptors: Guards of Cellular Homeostasis Perturbation during Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136714. [PMID: 34201509 PMCID: PMC8268748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect distinct conserved molecular motifs from microbes to initiate antimicrobial responses. Activation of PRRs triggers a series of signaling cascades, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials, thereby contributing to the early host defense against microbes and regulating adaptive immunity. Additionally, PRRs can detect perturbation of cellular homeostasis caused by pathogens and fine-tune the immune responses. Among PRRs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have attracted particular interest in the context of cellular stress-induced inflammation during infection. Recently, mechanistic insights into the monitoring of cellular homeostasis perturbation by NLRs have been provided. We summarize the current knowledge about the disruption of cellular homeostasis by pathogens and focus on NLRs as innate immune sensors for its detection. We highlight the mechanisms employed by various pathogens to elicit cytoskeleton disruption, organelle stress as well as protein translation block, point out exemplary NLRs that guard cellular homeostasis during infection and introduce the concept of stress-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs). We postulate that integration of information about microbial patterns, danger signals, and SAMPs enables the innate immune system with adequate plasticity and precision in elaborating responses to microbes of variable virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (A.D.)
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Lopes Fischer N, Naseer N, Shin S, Brodsky IE. Effector-triggered immunity and pathogen sensing in metazoans. Nat Microbiol 2019; 5:14-26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Ho PY, Li H, Cheng L, Bhalla V, Fenton RA, Hallows KR. AMPK phosphorylation of the β 1Pix exchange factor regulates the assembly and function of an ENaC inhibitory complex in kidney epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1513-F1525. [PMID: 31566435 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), a key regulator of salt reabsorption by the kidney and thus total body volume and blood pressure. Recent studies have suggested that AMPK promotes the association of p21-activated kinase-interacting exchange factor-β1 β1Pix, 14-3-3 proteins, and the ubiquitin ligase neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein (Nedd)4-2 into a complex that inhibits ENaC by enhancing Nedd4-2 binding to ENaC and ENaC degradation. Functional β1Pix is required for ENaC inhibition by AMPK and promotes Nedd4-2 phosphorylation and stability in mouse kidney cortical collecting duct cells. Here, we report that AMPK directly phosphorylates β1Pix in vitro. Among several AMPK phosphorylation sites on β1Pix detected by mass spectrometry, Ser71 was validated as functionally significant. Compared with wild-type β1Pix, overexpression of a phosphorylation-deficient β1Pix-S71A mutant attenuated ENaC inhibition and the AMPK-activated interaction of both β1Pix and Nedd4-2 to 14-3-3 proteins in cortical collecting duct cells. Similarly, overexpression of a β1Pix-Δ602-611 deletion tract mutant unable to bind 14-3-3 proteins decreased the interaction between Nedd4-2 and 14-3-3 proteins, suggesting that 14-3-3 binding to β1Pix is critical for the formation of a β1Pix/Nedd4-2/14-3-3 complex. With expression of a general peptide inhibitor of 14-3-3-target protein interactions (R18), binding of both β1Pix and Nedd4-2 to 14-3-3 proteins was reduced, and AMPK-dependent ENaC inhibition was also attenuated. Altogether, our results demonstrate the importance of AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of β1Pix at Ser71, which promotes 14-3-3 interactions with β1Pix and Nedd4-2 to form a tripartite ENaC inhibitory complex, in the mechanism of ENaC regulation by AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Ho
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivek Bhalla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth R Hallows
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Singh DP, Kaur G, Bagam P, Pinkston R, Batra S. Membrane microdomains regulate NLRP10- and NLRP12-dependent signalling in A549 cells challenged with cigarette smoke extract. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1767-1783. [PMID: 29623357 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicted to become the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide by 2030; with cigarette smoking (active or passive) being one of the chief cause of its occurrence. Cigarette smoke exposure has been found to result in excessive inflammation and tissue injury, which might lead to COPD, although the exact pathophysiology of the disease remains elusive. While previous studies have demonstrated the role of membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced inflammation, scant information is available about the role of cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in regulating CS-mediated inflammatory responses. Thus, we investigated the role of NLRP10 and NLRP12 in regulating inflammatory responses in human alveolar type II epithelial cells (A549) and human monocytic cells (THP-1) in response to a challenge with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). We observed CSE-mediated increase in caspase-1 activity; production of IL-1β and IL-18; and expression of NLRP10 and NLRP12 in A549 and THP-1 cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence imaging results demonstrated an increase in the membrane recruitment of NLRP10 and NLRP12 proteins in CSE-challenged A549 cells. We also observed an increase in the expression of lipid raft proteins (caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and flotillin-1) and an induction of lipid raft assembly following CSE-exposure in A549 cells. Lipid rafts are cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains well known to act as harbours for signalling molecules. Here we demonstrate the recruitment of NLRP10 and NLRP12 in lipid raft entities as well as the interaction of NLRP12 with the lipid raft protein caveolin-1 in CSE-challenged A549 cells. Furthermore, enrichment of lipid raft entities with poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) rescued A549 cells from CSE-mediated membrane recruitment of NLRP10 and NLRP12, and also from inflammatory responses and inflammasome activation. Enrichment of membrane microdomains with PUFA was able to reverse filipin (chemical agent used for disrupting lipid rafts)-mediated enhanced inflammation in CSE-challenged A549 cells. Overall, our findings unveil a novel mechanism by identifying an important role of membrane microdomains (lipid rafts) in regulating CSE-induced inflammation and NLRP10/NLRP12-dependent signalling in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra P Singh
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Rakeysha Pinkston
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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12
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Ruiz-Moreno JS, Hamann L, Jin L, Sander LE, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M, Cambier J, Witzenrath M, Schumann RR, Suttorp N, Opitz B. The cGAS/STING Pathway Detects Streptococcus pneumoniae but Appears Dispensable for Antipneumococcal Defense in Mice and Humans. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00849-17. [PMID: 29263110 PMCID: PMC5820968 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00849-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper respiratory tract and a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia. The innate immune system senses pneumococcal cell wall components, toxin, and nucleic acids, which leads to production of inflammatory mediators to initiate and control antibacterial defense. Here, we show that the cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP [cGAMP] synthase)-STING pathway mediates detection of pneumococcal DNA in mouse macrophages to primarily stimulate type I interferon (IFN) responses. Cells of human individuals carrying HAQ TMEM173, which encodes a common hypomorphic variant of STING, were largely or partly defective in inducing type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines upon infection. Subsequent analyses, however, revealed that STING was dispensable for restricting S. pneumoniae during acute pneumonia in mice. Moreover, explorative analyses did not find differences in the allele frequency of HAQ TMEM173 in nonvaccinated pneumococcal pneumonia patients and healthy controls or an association of HAQ TMEM173 carriage with disease severity. Together, our results indicate that the cGAS/STING pathway senses S. pneumoniae but plays no major role in antipneumococcal immunity in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Hamann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - John Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- CAPNETZ Stiftung, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf R Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- CAPNETZ Stiftung, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
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13
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Corridoni D, Chapman T, Ambrose T, Simmons A. Emerging Mechanisms of Innate Immunity and Their Translational Potential in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018. [PMID: 29515999 PMCID: PMC5825991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system through pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling plays a pivotal role in the early induction of host defense following exposure to pathogens. Loss of intestinal innate immune regulation leading aberrant immune responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The precise role of PRRs in gut inflammation is not well understood, but considering their role as bacterial sensors and their genetic association with IBD, they likely contribute to dysregulated immune responses to the commensal microbiota. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the emerging functions of PRRs including their functional cross-talk, how they respond to mitochondrial damage, induce mitophagy or autophagy, and influence adaptive immune responses by interacting with the antigen presentation machinery. The review also summarizes some of the recent attempts to harness these pathways for therapeutic approaches in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Chapman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Ambrose
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Nozawa T, Aikawa C, Minowa-Nozawa A, Nakagawa I. The intracellular microbial sensor NLRP4 directs Rho-actin signaling to facilitate Group A Streptococcus-containing autophagosome-like vacuole formation. Autophagy 2017; 13:1841-1854. [PMID: 29099277 PMCID: PMC5788493 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1358343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy, also known as antibacterial autophagy, functions as a crucial defense system that can utilize intracellular pattern recognition sensors, such as NLRP4, to recognize and selectively eliminate bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about how NLRP4 regulates xenophagy. Here, we report that NLRP4 binds ARHGDIA (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor α) to regulate Rho GTPase signaling and facilitate actin-mediated xenophagy. Specifically, NLRP4 is recruited to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and colocalizes with GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs), where it regulates ARHGDIA-Rho GTPase recruitment to promote autophagosome formation. The interaction between NLRP4, ARHGDIA, and Rho GTPases is regulated by ARHGDIA Tyr156 phosphorylation, which acts as a gate to induce Rho-mediated xenophagy. Moreover, ARHGDIA and Rho GTPase are involved in actin-mediated ATG9A recruitment to phagophores, facilitating elongation to form autophagosomes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NLRP4 functions as a Rho receptor complex to direct actin dynamics regulating xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Keestra-Gounder AM, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: Beyond Peptidoglycan Sensing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:758-767. [PMID: 28823510 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system with well-established roles in sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan. In addition to their role as microbial sensors, recent evidence indicates that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) can also recognize a broader array of danger signals. Indeed, recent work has expanded the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 to encompass not only sensing of infections with viruses and parasites but also perceiving perturbations of cellular processes such as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. This review will comment on recent progress and point out emerging questions in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA.
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16
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Zhou W, Li X, Premont RT. Expanding functions of GIT Arf GTPase-activating proteins, PIX Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GIT-PIX complexes. J Cell Sci 2017; 129:1963-74. [PMID: 27182061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GIT proteins, GIT1 and GIT2, are GTPase-activating proteins (inactivators) for the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) small GTP-binding proteins, and function to limit the activity of Arf proteins. The PIX proteins, α-PIX and β-PIX (also known as ARHGEF6 and ARHGEF7, respectively), are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (activators) for the Rho family small GTP-binding protein family members Rac1 and Cdc42. Through their multi-domain structures, GIT and PIX proteins can also function as signaling scaffolds by binding to numerous protein partners. Importantly, the constitutive association of GIT and PIX proteins into oligomeric GIT-PIX complexes allows these two proteins to function together as subunits of a larger structure that coordinates two distinct small GTP-binding protein pathways and serves as multivalent scaffold for the partners of both constituent subunits. Studies have revealed the involvement of GIT and PIX proteins, and of the GIT-PIX complex, in numerous fundamental cellular processes through a wide variety of mechanisms, pathways and signaling partners. In this Commentary, we discuss recent findings in key physiological systems that exemplify current understanding of the function of this important regulatory complex. Further, we draw attention to gaps in crucial information that remain to be filled to allow a better understanding of the many roles of the GIT-PIX complex in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Design, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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Thiébaut R, Esmiol S, Lecine P, Mahfouz B, Hermant A, Nicoletti C, Parnis S, Perroy J, Borg JP, Pascoe L, Hugot JP, Ollendorff V. Characterization and Genetic Analyses of New Genes Coding for NOD2 Interacting Proteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165420. [PMID: 27812135 PMCID: PMC5094585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD2 contributes to the innate immune response and to the homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. In response to its bacterial ligand, NOD2 interacts with RICK and activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, inducing gene transcription and synthesis of proteins required to initiate a balanced immune response. Mutations in NOD2 have been associated with an increased risk of Crohn’s Disease (CD), a disabling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because NOD2 signaling plays a key role in CD, it is important to further characterize the network of protein interacting with NOD2. Using yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screens, we identified new NOD2 interacting proteins (NIP). The primary interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and/or bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments for 11 of these proteins (ANKHD1, CHMP5, SDCCAG3, TRIM41, LDOC1, PPP1R12C, DOCK7, VIM, KRT15, PPP2R3B, and C10Orf67). These proteins are involved in diverse functions, including endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), cytoskeletal architecture and signaling regulation. Additionally, we show that the interaction of 8 NIPs is compromised with the 3 main CD associated NOD2 mutants (R702W, G908R and 1007fs). Furthermore, to determine whether these NOD2 protein partners could be encoded by IBD susceptibility genes, a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed on 101 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the main corresponding haplotypes in genes coding for 15 NIPs using a set of 343 IBD families with 556 patients. Overall this work did not increase the number of IBD susceptibility genes but extends the NOD2 protein interaction network and suggests that NOD2 interactome and signaling depend upon the NOD2 mutation profile in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Thiébaut
- UMR1149, INSERM et Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Esmiol
- INRA, UMR866, DMEM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lecine
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Marseille, France
| | - Batoul Mahfouz
- UMR1149, INSERM et Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Hermant
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Marseille, France
| | - Cendrine Nicoletti
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISM2 UMR7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Parnis
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISM2 UMR7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Perroy
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34094, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- UMR1149, INSERM et Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75018, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, service de gastroentérologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Ollendorff
- INRA, UMR866, DMEM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Claes AK, Zhou JY, Philpott DJ. NOD-Like Receptors: Guardians of Intestinal Mucosal Barriers. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:241-50. [PMID: 25933824 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors, which are critically involved in mucosal immune defense. The association of the NLR, NOD2, with inflammatory bowel disease first pointed to the NLRs potential function as guardians of the intestinal barrier. Since then, several studies have emphasized the importance of NLRs in maintaining gut homeostasis and intestinal infections, and in shaping the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the function of NLRs in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Claes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division Models of Inflammation, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; and Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jun Yu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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19
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Wang H, Liu Y, Shi H, Wang X, Zhu H, Pi D, Leng W, Li S. Aspartate attenuates intestinal injury and inhibits TLR4 and NODs/NF-κB and p38 signaling in weaned pigs after LPS challenge. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1433-1443. [PMID: 26907088 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate whether aspartate (Asp) could alleviate Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury by modulating intestine inflammatory response. METHODS Twenty-four weaned piglets were divided into four treatments: (1) non-challenged control; (2) LPS-challenged control; (3) LPS + 0.5 % Asp; and (4) LPS + 1.0 % Asp. After feeding with control, 0.5 or 1.0 % Asp-supplemented diets for 21 days, pigs were injected intraperitoneally with saline or LPS. At 4 h postinjection, blood and intestine samples were obtained. RESULTS Asp supplementation to LPS-challenged pigs improved intestinal morphology, indicated by higher jejunal and ileal villus height/crypt depth ratio and lower ileal crypt depth linearly or quadratically. Asp also improved intestinal barrier function, indicated by increased jejunal and ileal diamine oxidase activities as well as enhanced protein expression of jejunal claudin-1 linearly or quadratically. In addition, Asp decreased plasma, jejunal and ileal tumor necrosis factor-α concentration and ileal caspase-3 protein expression linearly and quadratically. Moreover, Asp down-regulated the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD) signaling-related genes, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and p38, decreased phosphorylation of jejunal p38, and increased phosphorylation of ileal extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 linearly or quadratically. Finally, Asp increased mRNA expressions of TLR4 and NOD signaling negative regulators including radioprotective 105, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, toll-interacting protein, Erbb2 interacting protein and centaurin β1 linearly or quadratically. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Asp supplementation is associated with inhibition of TLR4 and NODs/NF-κB and p38 signaling pathways and concomitant improvement of intestinal integrity under an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Dingan Pi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Weibo Leng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
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20
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Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved strategies to detect microbial intrusion and instruct immune responses to limit damage from infection. Recognition of microbes and cellular damage relies on the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPS, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so-called "danger signals" by various families of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Members of the recently identified protein family of nucleotide-binding domain andleucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLR), including Nod1, Nod2, NLRP3, and NLRC4, have been shown to detect specific microbial motifs and danger signals for regulating host inflammatory responses. Moreover, with the discovery that polymorphisms in NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 are associated with susceptibility to chronic inflammatory disorders, the view has emerged that NLRs act not only as sensors butalso can serve as signaling platforms for instructing and balancing host immune responses. In this chapter, we explore the functions of these intracellular innate immune receptors and examine their implication in inflammatory diseases.
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21
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The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:559-73. [PMID: 26292640 DOI: 10.1038/nri3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton--actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement--have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence.
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22
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Boyle JP, Parkhouse R, Monie TP. Insights into the molecular basis of the NOD2 signalling pathway. Open Biol 2015; 4:rsob.140178. [PMID: 25520185 PMCID: PMC4281710 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NOD2 is activated by the peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide to generate a proinflammatory immune response. Downstream effects include the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 8, the upregulation of pro-interleukin 1β, the induction of autophagy, the production of antimicrobial peptides and defensins, and contributions to the maintenance of the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Polymorphisms in NOD2 are the cause of the inflammatory disorder Blau syndrome and act as susceptibility factors for the inflammatory bowel condition Crohn's disease. The complexity of NOD2 signalling is highlighted by the observation that over 30 cellular proteins interact with NOD2 directly and influence or regulate its functional activity. Previously, the majority of reviews on NOD2 function have focused upon the role of NOD2 in inflammatory disease or in its interaction with and response to microbes. However, the functionality of NOD2 is underpinned by its biochemical interactions. Consequently, in this review, we have taken the opportunity to address the more ‘basic’ elements of NOD2 signalling. In particular, we have focused upon the core interactions of NOD2 with protein factors that influence and modulate the signal transduction pathways involved in NOD2 signalling. Further, where information exists, such as in relation to the role of RIP2, we have drawn comparison with the closely related, but functionally discrete, pattern recognition receptor NOD1. Overall, we provide a comprehensive resource targeted at understanding the complexities of NOD2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom P Monie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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24
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Bielig H, Lautz K, Braun PR, Menning M, Machuy N, Brügmann C, Barisic S, Eisler SA, Andree M, Zurek B, Kashkar H, Sansonetti PJ, Hausser A, Meyer TF, Kufer TA. The cofilin phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 (SSH1) links NOD1 signaling to actin remodeling. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004351. [PMID: 25187968 PMCID: PMC4154870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD1 is an intracellular pathogen recognition receptor that contributes to anti-bacterial innate immune responses, adaptive immunity and tissue homeostasis. NOD1-induced signaling relies on actin remodeling, however, the details of the connection of NOD1 and the actin cytoskeleton remained elusive. Here, we identified in a druggable-genome wide siRNA screen the cofilin phosphatase SSH1 as a specific and essential component of the NOD1 pathway. We show that depletion of SSH1 impaired pathogen induced NOD1 signaling evident from diminished NF-κB activation and cytokine release. Chemical inhibition of actin polymerization using cytochalasin D rescued the loss of SSH1. We further demonstrate that NOD1 directly interacted with SSH1 at F-actin rich sites. Finally, we show that enhanced cofilin activity is intimately linked to NOD1 signaling. Our data thus provide evidence that NOD1 requires the SSH1/cofilin network for signaling and to detect bacterial induced changes in actin dynamics leading to NF-κB activation and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bielig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Lautz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter R. Braun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Center for Systems Biomedicine, Falkensee, Germany
| | - Maureen Menning
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Machuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Brügmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Barisic
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Eisler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Andree
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birte Zurek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Lipinski S, Rosenstiel P. Debug Your Bugs - How NLRs Shape Intestinal Host-Microbe Interactions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:479. [PMID: 24409180 PMCID: PMC3873519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host's ability to discriminate friend and foe and to establish a precise homeostasis with its associated microbiota is crucial for its survival and fitness. Among the mediators of intestinal host-microbe interactions, NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins take center stage. They are present in the epithelial lining and innate immune cells that constantly monitor microbial activities at the intestinal barrier. Dysfunctional NLRs predispose to intestinal inflammation as well as sensitization to extra-intestinal immune-mediated diseases and are linked to the alteration of microbial communities. Here, we review advances in our understanding of their reciprocal relationship in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and implications for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Philpott DJ, Sorbara MT, Robertson SJ, Croitoru K, Girardin SE. NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 14:9-23. [PMID: 24336102 DOI: 10.1038/nri3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2 enable detection of intracellular bacteria and promote their clearance through initiation of a pro-inflammatory transcriptional programme and other host defence pathways, including autophagy. Recent findings have expanded the scope of the cellular compartments monitored by NOD1 and NOD2 and have elucidated the signalling pathways that are triggered downstream of NOD activation. In vivo, NOD1 and NOD2 have complex roles, both during bacterial infection and at homeostasis. The association of alleles that encode constitutively active or constitutively inactive forms of NOD2 with different diseases highlights this complexity and indicates that a balanced level of NOD signalling is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Philpott
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
| | - Matthew T Sorbara
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
| | | | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
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28
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Chaput C, Sander LE, Suttorp N, Opitz B. NOD-Like Receptors in Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:393. [PMID: 24312100 PMCID: PMC3836004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a particularly vulnerable organ at the interface of the body and the exterior environment. It is constantly exposed to microbes and particles by inhalation. The innate immune system needs to react promptly and adequately to potential dangers posed by these microbes and particles, while at the same time avoiding extensive tissue damage. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) represent a group of key sensors for microbes and damage in the lung. As such they are important players in various infectious as well as acute and chronic sterile inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumoconiosis, and asthma. Activation of most known NLRs leads to the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and/or to the induction of cell death. We will review NLR functions in the lung during infection and sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chaput
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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29
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Menning M, Kufer TA. A role for the Ankyrin repeat containing protein Ankrd17 in Nod1- and Nod2-mediated inflammatory responses. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Di Virgilio F. The Therapeutic Potential of Modifying Inflammasomes and NOD-Like Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:872-905. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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31
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32
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Moreira LO, Zamboni DS. NOD1 and NOD2 Signaling in Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:328. [PMID: 23162548 PMCID: PMC3492658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing intracellular pathogens is a process mediated by innate immune cells that is crucial for the induction of inflammatory processes and effective adaptive immune responses against pathogenic microbes. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) comprise a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors that are important for the recognition of damage and microbial-associated molecular patterns. NOD1 and NOD2 are specialized NLRs that participate in the recognition of a subset of pathogenic microorganisms that are able to invade and multiply intracellularly. Once activated, these molecules trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of transcriptional responses culminating in the expression of a subset of inflammatory genes. In this review, we will focus on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in the recognition and response to intracellular pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and on their ability to signal in response to non-peptidoglycan-containing pathogens, such as viruses and protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian O Moreira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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33
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Richmond AL, Kabi A, Homer CR, García NM, Nickerson KP, NesvizhskiI AI, Sreekumar A, Chinnaiyan AM, Nuñez G, McDonald C. The nucleotide synthesis enzyme CAD inhibits NOD2 antibacterial function in human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1483-92.e6. [PMID: 22387394 PMCID: PMC3565430 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polymorphisms that reduce the function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2, a bacterial sensor, have been associated with Crohn's disease (CD). No proteins that regulate NOD2 activity have been identified as selective pharmacologic targets. We sought to discover regulators of NOD2 that might be pharmacologic targets for CD therapies. METHODS Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD) is an enzyme required for de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; it was identified as a NOD2-interacting protein by immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry. CAD expression was assessed in colon tissues from individuals with and without inflammatory bowel disease by immunohistochemistry. The interaction between CAD and NOD2 was assessed in human HCT116 intestinal epithelial cells by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, reporter gene, and gentamicin protection assays. We also analyzed human cell lines that express variants of NOD2 and the effects of RNA interference, overexpression and CAD inhibitors. RESULTS CAD was identified as a NOD2-interacting protein expressed at increased levels in the intestinal epithelium of patients with CD compared with controls. Overexpression of CAD inhibited NOD2-dependent activation of nuclear factor κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as intracellular killing of Salmonella. Reduction of CAD expression or administration of CAD inhibitors increased NOD2-dependent signaling and antibacterial functions of NOD2 variants that are and are not associated with CD. CONCLUSIONS The nucleotide synthesis enzyme CAD is a negative regulator of NOD2. The antibacterial function of NOD2 variants that have been associated with CD increased in response to pharmacologic inhibition of CAD. CAD is a potential therapeutic target for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Richmond
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amrita Kabi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig R. Homer
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Kourtney P. Nickerson
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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34
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Eitel J, Meixenberger K, van Laak C, Orlovski C, Hocke A, Schmeck B, Hippenstiel S, N'Guessan PD, Suttorp N, Opitz B. Rac1 regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome which mediates IL-1beta production in Chlamydophila pneumoniae infected human mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30379. [PMID: 22276187 PMCID: PMC3262829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes acute respiratory tract infections and has been associated with development of asthma and atherosclerosis. The production of IL-1β, a key mediator of acute and chronic inflammation, is regulated on a transcriptional level and additionally on a posttranslational level by inflammasomes. In the present study we show that C. pneumoniae-infected human mononuclear cells produce IL-1β protein depending on an inflammasome consisting of NLRP3, the adapter protein ASC and caspase-1. We further found that the small GTPase Rac1 is activated in C. pneumoniae-infected cells. Importantly, studies with specific inhibitors as well as siRNA show that Rac1 regulates inflammasome activation in C. pneumoniae-infected cells. In conclusion, C. pneumoniae infection of mononuclear cells stimulates IL-1β production dependent on a NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated processing of proIL-1β which is controlled by Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eitel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Meixenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia van Laak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Orlovski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Dje N'Guessan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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35
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Abstract
Initial recognition of bacteria by the innate immune system is thought to occur primarily by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors are present in multiple compartments of host cells and are thus capable of surveying both the intracellular and extracellular milieu for bacteria. It has generally been presumed that the cellular location of these receptors dictates what type of bacteria they respond to: extracellular bacteria being recognized by cell surface receptors, such as certain Toll-like receptors, and bacteria that are capable of breaching the plasma membrane and entering the cytoplasm, being sensed by cytoplasmic receptors, including the Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Increasingly, it is becoming apparent that this is a false dichotomy and that extracellular bacteria can be sensed by cytoplasmic PRRs and this is crucial for controlling the levels of these bacteria. In this review, we discuss the role of two NLRs, Nod1 and Nod2, in the recognition of and response to extracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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36
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Sorbara MT, Philpott DJ. Peptidoglycan: a critical activator of the mammalian immune system during infection and homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2011; 243:40-60. [PMID: 21884166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is a conserved structural component of the bacterial cell wall with molecular motifs unique to bacteria. The mammalian immune system takes advantage of these properties and has evolved to recognize this microbial associated molecular pattern. Mammals have four secreted peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGLYRP-1-4, as well as two intracellular sensors of peptidoglycan, Nod1 and Nod2. Recognition of peptidoglycan is important in initiating and shaping the immune response under both homeostatic and infection conditions. During infection, peptidoglycan recognition drives both cell-autonomous and whole-organism defense responses. Here, we examine recent advances in the understanding of how peptidoglycan recognition shapes mammalian immune responses in these diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Sorbara
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Salomon RG, Hong L, Hollyfield JG. Discovery of carboxyethylpyrroles (CEPs): critical insights into AMD, autism, cancer, and wound healing from basic research on the chemistry of oxidized phospholipids. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1803-16. [PMID: 21875030 DOI: 10.1021/tx200206v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basic research, exploring the hypothesis that 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) modifications of proteins are generated nonenzymatically in vivo is delivering a bonanza of molecular mechanistic insights into age-related macular degeneration, autism, cancer, and wound healing. CEPs are produced through covalent modification of protein lysyl ε-amino groups by γ-hydroxyalkenal phospholipids that are formed by oxidative cleavage of docosahexaenate-containing phospholipids. Chemical synthesis of CEP-modified proteins and the production of highly specific antibodies that recognize them preceded and facilitated their detection in vivo and enabled exploration of their biological occurrence and activities. This investigational approach, from the chemistry of biomolecules to disease phenotype, is proving to be remarkably productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular sensor for small peptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component, peptidoglycan. Recent studies have uncovered unexpected functions of NOD2 in innate immune responses such as induction of type I interferon and facilitation of autophagy; moreover, they have disclosed extensive cross-talk between NOD2 and Toll-like receptors, which has an indispensable role both in host defense against microbial infection and in the development of autoimmunity. Of particular interest, polymorphisms of CARD15 encoding NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease and other autoimmune states such as graft vs. host disease. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding normal functions of NOD2 and discuss the mechanisms by which NOD2 polymorphisms associated with Crohn's disease lead to intestinal inflammation.
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39
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Muise AM, Walters T, Xu W, Shen-Tu G, Guo CH, Fattouh R, Lam GY, Wolters VM, Bennitz J, Van Limbergen J, Renbaum P, Kasirer Y, Ngan BY, Turner D, Denson LA, Sherman PM, Duerr RH, Cho J, Lees CW, Satsangi J, Wilson DC, Paterson AD, Griffiths AM, Glogauer M, Silverberg MS, Brumell JH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that increase expression of the guanosine triphosphatase RAC1 are associated with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:633-41. [PMID: 21684284 PMCID: PMC3152589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS RAC1 is a guanosine triphosphatase that has an evolutionarily conserved role in coordinating immune defenses, from plants to mammals. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with dysregulation of immune defenses. We studied the role of RAC1 in inflammatory bowel diseases using human genetic and functional studies and animal models of colitis. METHODS We used a candidate gene approach to HapMap-Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in a discovery cohort; findings were confirmed in 2 additional cohorts. RAC1 messenger RNA expression was examined from peripheral blood cells of patients. Colitis was induced in mice with conditional disruption of Rac1 in phagocytes by administration of dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS We observed a genetic association between RAC1 with ulcerative colitis in a discovery cohort, 2 independent replication cohorts, and in combined analysis for the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs10951982 (P(combined UC) = 3.3 × 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.43 [95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.63]) and rs4720672 (P(combined UC) = 4.7 × 10(-6), odds ratio = 1.36 [95% confidence interval: 1.19-1.58]). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who had the rs10951982 risk allele had increased expression of RAC1 compared to those without this allele. Conditional disruption of Rac1 in macrophage and neutrophils of mice protected against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS Human studies and knockout mice demonstrated a role for the guanosine triphosphatase RAC1 in the development of ulcerative colitis; increased expression of RAC1 was associated with susceptibility to colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleixo M Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Thomas Walters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Wei Xu
- Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, 5-507, Princess Margaret Hospital 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9
| | - Grace Shen-Tu
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Ramzi Fattouh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Grace Y Lam
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
| | - Victorien M Wolters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Joshua Bennitz
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Paul Renbaum
- Genetic Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Yair Kasirer
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Bo-Yee Ngan
- Department of Pathology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto
| | - Dan Turner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Fellowship Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center MLC 2010 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Richard H Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian, Mezzanine Level, C-Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - David C Wilson
- Child Life and Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | | | - Anne M Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | | | - Mark S Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Disease Group, University of Toronto Group, Dr. Zane Cohen Digestive Diseases Clinical Research Centre, 600 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5
| | - John H Brumell
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto
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40
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Witzenrath M, Pache F, Lorenz D, Koppe U, Gutbier B, Tabeling C, Reppe K, Meixenberger K, Dorhoi A, Ma J, Holmes A, Trendelenburg G, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, van der Linden M, Tschopp J, Mitchell TJ, Suttorp N, Opitz B. The NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Differentially Activated by Pneumolysin Variants and Contributes to Host Defense in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:434-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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TLR2-dependent pathway of heterologous down-modulation for the CC chemokine receptors 1, 2, and 5 in human blood monocytes. Blood 2010; 117:1851-60. [PMID: 21148810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-287474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During innate immune responses, the inflammatory CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 mediate the recruitment of blood monocytes to infected tissues by promoting cell migration in response to chemokines CCL2-5. Toll-like receptors also play an essential role, allowing pathogen recognition by the recruited monocytes. Here, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus leads to gradual down-modulation of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 from the plasma membrane of human blood-isolated monocytes and inhibits chemotaxis. Interestingly, LTA does not promote rapid desensitization of chemokine-mediated calcium responses. We found that the TLR2 crosstalk with chemokine receptors is not dependent on the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein, but instead involves phospholipase C, the small G protein Rac1, and is phorbol ester sensitive. Activation of this pathway by LTA lead to β-arrestin-mediated endocytosis of Ser349-phosphorylated CCR5 into recycling endosomes, as does CCL5 treatment. However, LTA-induced internalization of CCR5 is a slower process associated with phospholipase C-mediated and phorbol ester-sensitive phosphorylation. Overall, our data indicate that TLR2 negatively regulates CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 on human blood monocytes by activating the machinery used to support chemokine-dependent down-modulation and provide a molecular mechanism for inhibiting monocyte migration after pathogen recognition.
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Regueiro V, Moranta D, Frank CG, Larrarte E, Margareto J, March C, Garmendia J, Bengoechea JA. Klebsiella pneumoniae subverts the activation of inflammatory responses in a NOD1-dependent manner. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:135-53. [PMID: 20846183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. Subversion of inflammation is essential for pathogen survival during infection. Evidence indicates that K. pneumoniae infections are characterized by lacking an early inflammatory response although the molecular bases are currently unknown. Here we unveil a novel strategy employed by a pathogen to counteract the activation of inflammatory responses. K. pneumoniae attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators-induced IL-8 secretion. Klebsiella antagonizes the activation of NF-κB via the deubiquitinase CYLD and blocks the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) via the MAPK phosphatase MKP-1. Our studies demonstrate that K. pneumoniae has evolved the capacity to manipulate host systems dedicated to control the immune balance. To exert this anti-inflammatory effect, Klebsiella engages NOD1. In NOD1 knock-down cells, Klebsiella neither induces the expression of CYLD and MKP-1 nor blocks the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Klebsiella inhibits Rac1 activation; and inhibition of Rac1 activity triggers a NOD1-mediated CYLD and MKP-1 expression which in turn attenuates IL-1β-induced IL-8 secretion. A capsule (CPS) mutant does not attenuate the inflammatory response. However, purified CPS neither reduces IL-1β-induced IL-8 secretion nor induces the expression of CYLD and MKP-1 thereby indicating that CPS is necessary but not sufficient to attenuate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Regueiro
- Program Infection and Immunity, Fundació Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, Bunyola, Spain
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Lecat A, Piette J, Legrand-Poels S. The protein Nod2: an innate receptor more complex than previously assumed. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:2021-31. [PMID: 20643110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For almost 10 years, Nod2 has been known as a cytosolic innate receptor able to sense peptidoglycan from Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and to trigger RIP2- and NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory and antibacterial response. Mutations in the gene encoding Nod2 in humans have been associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Mechanisms by which Nod2 variants can lead to CD development are still under investigation. The most admitted hypothesis suggests that the impaired function of Nod2 variants in intestinal epithelial and phagocytic cells results in deficiencies in epithelial-barrier function which subsequently lead to increased bacterial invasion and inflammation at intestinal sites. Very recent results have just reinforced this hypothesis by demonstrating that Nod2 wild-type (unlike Nod2 variants) could mediate autophagy, allowing an efficient bacterial clearance and adaptative immune response. Other recent data have attributed new roles to Nod2. Indeed, Nod2 has been shown to activate antiviral innate immune responses involving IRF3-dependent IFN-β production after viral ssRNA recognition through a RIP2-independent mechanism requiring the mitochondrial adaptor protein MAVS. Recently, Nod2 has been also shown to be exquisitely tuned to detect mycobacterial infections and mount a protective immunity against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Lecat
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Research, GIGA B34, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Zahlten J, Steinicke R, Opitz B, Eitel J, N’Guessan PD, Vinzing M, Witzenrath M, Schmeck B, Hammerschmidt S, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. TLR2- and Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2-Dependent Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Expression Downregulates NF-κB–Related Gene Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:597-604. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meixenberger K, Pache F, Eitel J, Schmeck B, Hippenstiel S, Slevogt H, N'Guessan P, Witzenrath M, Netea MG, Chakraborty T, Suttorp N, Opitz B. Listeria monocytogenes-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce IL-1beta, depending on listeriolysin O and NLRP3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:922-30. [PMID: 20008285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Different NOD-like receptors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4, as well as the recently identified HIN-200 protein, AIM2, form multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes, which mediate caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-IL-1beta. Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen that is actively phagocytosed by monocytes/macrophages and subsequently escapes from the phagosome into the host cell cytosol, depending on its pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). In this study, we demonstrate that human PBMCs produced mature IL-1beta when infected with wild-type L. monocytogenes or when treated with purified LLO. L. monocytogenes mutants lacking LLO or expressing a noncytolytic LLO as well as the avirulent Listeria innocua induced strongly impaired IL-1beta production. RNA interference and inhibitor experiments in human PBMCs as well as experiments in Nlrp3 and Rip2 knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages demonstrated that the Listeria-induced IL-1beta release was dependent on ASC, caspase-1, and NLRP3, whereas NOD2, Rip2, NLRP1, NLRP6, NLRP12, NLRC4, and AIM2 appeared to be dispensable. We found that L. monocytogenes-induced IL-1beta production was largely dependent on phagosomal acidification and cathepsin B release, whereas purified LLO activated an IL-1beta production independently of these mechanisms. Our results indicate that L. monocytogenes-infected human PBMCs produced IL-1beta, largely depending on an LLO-mediated phagosomal rupture and cathepsin B release, which is sensed by Nlrp3. In addition, an LLO-dependent but cathepsin B-independent NLRP3 activation might contribute to some extent to the IL-1beta production in L. monocytogenes-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Meixenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lipinski S, Till A, Sina C, Arlt A, Grasberger H, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. DUOX2-derived reactive oxygen species are effectors of NOD2-mediated antibacterial responses. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3522-30. [PMID: 19759286 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a pivotal protective component of the innate immune system in many eukaryotes. NOD (nucleotide oligomerisation domain containing protein)-like receptors (NLRs) have been implicated as phylogenetically ancient sensors of intracellular pathogens or endogenous danger signals. NOD2 recognizes the bacterial cell wall component muramyldipeptide leading to NFkappaB and MAPK activation via induced proximity signalling through the serine-threonine kinase RIP2. In addition to the subsequent induction of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, NOD2 has been shown also to exert a direct antibacterial effect. Using a fluorescence-based ROS detection assay we demonstrate controlled ROS generation as an integral component of NOD2-induced signalling in epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the NAD(P)H oxidase family member DUOX2 is involved in NOD2-dependent ROS production. Coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy were used to show that DUOX2 interacts and colocalizes with NOD2 at the plasma membrane. Moreover, simultaneous overexpression of NOD2 and DUOX2 was found to result in cooperative protection against bacterial cytoinvasion using the Listeria monocytogenes infection model. RNAi-based studies revealed that DUOX2 is required for the direct bactericidal properties of NOD2. Our results demonstrate a new role of ROS as effector molecules of protective cellular signalling in response to a defined danger signal carried out by a mammalian intracellular NLR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Auerbuch V, Golenbock DT, Isberg RR. Innate immune recognition of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type III secretion. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000686. [PMID: 19997504 PMCID: PMC2779593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized protein translocation systems are used by many bacterial pathogens to deliver effector proteins into host cells that interfere with normal cellular functions. How the host immune system recognizes and responds to this intrusive event is not understood. To address these questions, we determined the mammalian cellular response to the virulence-associated type III secretion system (T3SS) of the human pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that macrophages devoid of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling regulate expression of 266 genes following recognition of the Y. pseudotuberculosis T3SS. This analysis revealed two temporally distinct responses that could be separated into activation of NFkappaB- and type I IFN-regulated genes. Extracellular bacteria were capable of triggering these signaling events, as inhibition of bacterial uptake had no effect on the ensuing innate immune response. The cytosolic peptidoglycan sensors Nod1 and Nod2 and the inflammasome component caspase-1 were not involved in NFkappaB activation following recognition of the Y. pseudotuberculosis T3SS. However, caspase-1 was required for secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in response to T3SS-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis. In order to characterize the bacterial requirements for induction of this novel TLR-, Nod1/2-, and caspase-1-independent response, we used Y. pseudotuberculosis strains lacking specific components of the T3SS. Formation of a functional T3SS pore was required, as bacteria expressing a secretion needle, but lacking the pore-forming proteins YopB or YopD, did not trigger these signaling events. However, nonspecific membrane disruption could not recapitulate the NFkappaB signaling triggered by Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing a functional T3SS pore. Although host cell recognition of the T3SS did not require known translocated substrates, the ensuing response could be modulated by effectors such as YopJ and YopT, as YopT amplified the response, while YopJ dampened it. Collectively, these data suggest that combined recognition of the T3SS pore and YopBD-mediated delivery of immune activating ligands into the host cytosol informs the host cell of pathogenic challenge. This leads to a unique, multifactorial response distinct from the canonical immune response to a bacterium lacking a T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph R. Isberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Dugan JW, Albor A, David L, Fowlkes J, Blackledge MT, Martin TM, Planck SR, Rosenzweig HL, Rosenbaum JT, Davey MP. Nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 interacts with 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase type 2 and enhances RNase-L function in THP-1 cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:560-6. [PMID: 19853919 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) is an intracellular protein involved in innate immunity and linked to chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. Further characterization of the full spectrum of proteins capable of binding to NOD2 may provide new insights into its normal functioning as well as the mechanisms by which mutated forms cause disease. Using a proteomics approach to study human THP-1 cells, we have identified 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase type 2 (OAS2), a dsRNA binding protein involved in the pathway that activates RNase-L, as a new binding partner for NOD2. The interaction was confirmed using over-expression of OAS2 and NOD2 in HEK cells. Further confirmation was obtained by detecting NOD2 in immunoprecipitates of endogenous OAS2 in THP-1 cells. Finally, over-expression of NOD2 in THP-1 cells led to enhanced RNase-L activity in cells treated with poly(I:C), a mimic of double-stranded RNA virus infection. These data indicate connectivity in pathways involved in innate immunity to bacteria and viruses and suggest a regulatory role whereby NOD2 enhances the function of RNase-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae W Dugan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239-2999, USA
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Abstract
Recognition of bacterial infection is the first key step to the initiation of an inflammatory response and host defense. Transmembrane proteins of the Toll-like receptor family have long been recognized as key detectors of the extracellular presence of pathogens. Recently, much research has identified a variety of intracellular detectors that also mediate innate immune responses following bacterial infection. These cannot only recognize bacteria that invade the cell cytoplasm, but also a variety of bacterial products that are introduced into cells by specialized secretion systems or are secreted toxins. This article will focus on these intracellular detectors and the bacterial components that they recognize. These detectors are particularly well adapted to recognize the presence of pathogenic bacteria as opposed to commensal organisms. Their growing importance suggests that targeting such intracellular pathways may be important in the future for manipulating the immune response to infection as an aid to augmenting host defense and providing more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas John Evans
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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